Topic 8: Interwar period (part 2)
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Transcript of Topic 8: Interwar period (part 2)
Introduction
• 20’s = No stability.
• Triumph of the Soviet Revolution in Russia.
• Great Depression
Crisis on the democratic systems
• Countries without deep democratic tradition.
• Supports.– Owners.– Army– Church
Dictatorships (map on page 76)
• Hungary.
• Poland.
• Lituania.
• Letland.
• Estonia.
• Greece
• Bulgaria.
• Austria.
• Germany.
• Italy
• Spain.
• Portugal.
• Violent reaction against the democracy and the socialism.
• Antidemocratic• Against political opponents.
• Violent state
• Giacomo Matteotti verbal attacks on Mussolini lead to his murder.
• On August 18th his body was found in a grave just outside of Rome.
• Against the national sovereign authority
• Against the universal suffrage
• Against the parliament
• Economic Interventionism
• Autarchism.
• Control of the fascist organizations.
• Parties prohibition.
• Against rationalism
• Arouse of the irrational behaviour.
• Praise of the war.
• Against pacifism.
• Legitimise the violence
• Imperialist agresivity.
• Territorial reivindications.• War as a progress weapon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q-6H4xOUrs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yypR80BLEo4&feature=related
Italian fascism seemed to be unstoppable
• 1919-1922- 4 goverments
• Socialist called for general strike
• From 1925 he began to change Italy into a dictatorship, where people had to do as they were told.
• He got rid of political parties, and became the head of State.– The king had no real power left.
Fascism was a big danger to democracy
• Most dictators are cruel tyrans who would bully and even murder their opponents when it suited them.
• Many countries were now becoming dictatorships– Democracy was rejected by people who felt
betrayed by the Peace Treaties and the poor living conditions since the War finished
Dictatorships
• Hungary.
• Poland.
• Lituania.
• Letland.
• Estonia.
• Greece
• Bulgaria.
• Austria.
• Germany.
• Italy
• Spain.
• Portugal.
The booming twenties
• As the 1920s went on, it seemed that there was a real chance that peace would last.
• Most countries were getting richer.
Behind the prosperity there were signs of trouble.
• USA was properous– Cheap labour– High wages– Mass production
Not americans were well-off
• Many were low paid.
• USA started to protect their own goods.
• Many americans were borrowing money nd buying shares
European countries had US debts
• Germany borrowed billions of US dollars.
• France occupied the Ruhr.
• The Dawes plan tried to solve the situation.
• Germany relied on the USA.
Artificial prices!!
• People hoped banks keep value
• They had short of money
• Banks failed
• Goverment made nothing: free market
The Wall Street Crash 1929
• People rushed to sell shares bc they realised their companies were doing badly.
• By october 1929 the selling was frantic (crazy) in Wall Street, the trade center of USA.
• Bussiness collapsed and thousands of people were ruined.
• People hoped the Banks would keep the value of shares up artificially, but they couldn´t cause they were short of money.
• Republican government did not interfere (free market)
“The black Tuesday”
• 29 october, banks ask people to give money back.
• People sell shares no matter how much to get cash.
• Values fall down till 1932.
• In 1929 Usa stopped lending money abroad and called in its loans.
• By 1930 nearly 2000 banks collapsed as people rushed to withdraw savings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qu2uJWSZkck&feature=related
Britain was forced to devalue the pound in september 1929
• This made it worth less.• Britain introduced
protection but it did not work.
• Germany was particulary affected.– Banks failing– Exports suffering– Unemployment rising– 6 million germans affected.
Some good things came out of the Depression
• Not everybody was worse off
• Many people who were still in work found their standard of living rising.
• Industries using electricity or oil weren’t so badly affected.
The Depression continues (p.14)
• At the start of the 1930’s the depression got worse and soon became a big political issue
Key political effects of the Depression
• People criticised governments
• Countries turned to dictators
• Italy, Japan and Germany decided to expand into other countries– This led to lots of
international tension.
Factors in the rise of the dictators
• Locarno• Depression• Democracy• Communism
• Isolationism• France• Disarmament failed
Japanese agression led to the Manchurian Crisis
• Since 1905, Japan controlled the territory of the South Manchurian Railway.
• In September 1931, it used the excuse of a disturbance to take Mukden and send its troops to overrun the rest of Manchuria.
• Japan withdrew from the League in 1933.
• Dictators like Hitler and Mussolini saw the weakness of the League.
• Japan signed a treaty with Germany in 1936 (Antikomintern)and in 1937 it started to invade China.
• The League did nothing to stop it.
Italy under Mussolini
• Mussolini came to power in 1922.
• He turned the country into a dictatorship.
• He was an injured soldier
• He considered himself as a “Great leader”
• There was a Council of Deputies (did what Grand Council said)
• He began a Corporate state. Individuals weren’t as important as the good of Italy as a whole
National Recreational Club
• Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro or OND was the Italian Fascist leisure and recreational organization.
Opera Nazionale Balilla
• It was an Italian Fascist youth organization functioning, as an addition to school education, between 1926 and 1937.
Ideario
• Amar a Dios y levantar sobre este amor todos mis pensamientos y acciones.
• Servir a mi Patria y procurar la unidad entre sus tierras y entre sus hombres.
• Hacer de mi vida, con alegría y humildad, un acto permanente de servicio.
• Sentir la responsabilidad de ser español dentro de la necesaria comunidad de los pueblos.
• Recordar que el estudio y el trabajo constituyen mi aportación personal a la empresa común.
“Positive achievements”
• Wheat harvest doubled
• Reclaimed the Pontine Marshes and drained it
• Massive road-buildings
• Electrified railways• Lateran Treaty in
1929 “Wheat battle”
• The project was seen as a triumph over nature
• Mussolini used the ten-year operation for propaganda purposes.
• Mussolini was often photographed between workers, shirtless with a shovel in his hand, or threshing wheat at harvest time.
He was ruthless and cowardly at times
• Used thugs and terror to win the power
• Ready to run away if March over Rome failed
• Murdered Matteotti
• Secret policy called Ovra
• Increasement of population=soldiers
• Taxes 4 singles
• Allowed persecution of jews
Invasion of Abisinia in 1935
• 1896. Abisinia (Ethiopia) defeated Italy• Wanted revenge• Strategic position in Africa for the
future’s Italian Empire
• League of Nations imposed economic sanctions
• Discussions between diffent countries
• 1938 completed conquest
• Lost Credibility
• Italy was really confident
• Invaded Albania in 1938
• Signature of pact of Steel
Pact of Steel
• Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy
• The Pact consisted of two parts: – The 1st section was an
open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy
– The 2nd, a 'Secret Supplementary Protocol' encouraged a joint military and economic policy.
L of N failed to prevent war or solve international disputes. It did not
achieve its original aims
• To prevent aggression
• To encourage co-operation
• To work towards disarmament
• To prevent a major war breaking out again
Failure of the LON
• The Manchurian crisis was the turning point– The league should have resisted japan
• Too many members did not keep to the rules.– They left the League (Germany, Japan, Italy)