WtW Daily Express Sabah Final
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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH.......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Daily Express Sabah, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal.
PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (75.35%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towardscoverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (83%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians
(24%) and independent/other political figures (16%).
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Muhyiddin Yassin and Mohamad Mahathir were first and second most commonly engaged inattack politics.
BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than either oppositionpoliticians or Independents and Others.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.
4 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (33.41%), followed by Others, PR, PKR, then DAP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
BN
Other
PR
PKR
DAP
PAS
UMNO
SAPP
MCA
PBS
UPKO
Gerakan
MIC
SUPP
PBB
PSM
PRS
SPDP
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
33.41
12.62
10.02
9.44
9.20
7.05
6.04
4.29
2.28
1.80
1.60
0.68
0.62
0.41
0.26
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.01
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN (47.26%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
47.26
35.71
4.40
12.62
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (87%).
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4%4%
87%
5%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PR and BN were the most negatively covered (both 20.2%), followed by Others (14.82%),PAS (11.11%), DAP (10.77%), then DAP (10.77%).
PR were the most attacked (32.87%), followed by BN (29.76%), then Others (10.73%), Dap(7.61%), then PAS (7.27%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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PR
BN
Other
PAS
DAP
PKRUMNO
PBS
SAPP
MCA
MIC
UPKO
SUPP
PBB
Gerakan
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (67.05%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPR (7.37%) then Others (5.07%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
Other
PKR
DAP
PR
PASUMNO
SAPP
MCA
PBS
UPKO
Gerakan
MIC
SUPP
PBB
PSM
PRS
SPDP
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (75.35%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.23 5%
Neutral 1 : 0.76 87%
Negative 1 : 1.67 4%
Attacked 1 : 1.36 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
36.68
30.98
46.78
75.35
49.83
51.85
35.54
17.28
13.50
17.17
17.69
7.37
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(258.2%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (10.95%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang
Musa Aman
Mahathir Mohamad
Yong Teck Lee
Bernard Dompok
Lim Guan Eng
Ibrahim Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Nik Aziz
Muhyiddin Yassin
Maximus Ongkili
Tian ChuaHadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Karpal Singh
Taib Mahmud
Rafizi Ramli
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
28.20
10.957.23
6.60
6.29
5.66
4.30
3.41
2.88
2.83
2.15
2.10
1.99
1.831.62
1.62
1.62
1.57
1.05
0.89
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards coverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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53.14 37.84
9.01
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(24.99%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (12.91%), Musa Aman (11.66%), Anwar Ibrahim(8.43%), then Mahathir Mohamad (5.88%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Jeffrey Kitingan
Chua Soi Lek
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
24.99
12.91
11.66
8.43
5.88
5.36
4.01
2.55
2.45
2.13
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians(24%) and independent/other political figures (16%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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60%24%
16%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (83%).
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8%
83%
3%6%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Lim KitSiang received the most negative coverage (15.39%).
Anwar Ibrahim was the most attacked (25.46%), followed by Yong Teck Lee and Mahathir
Mohamad (both 13.64%), then Lim Kit Siang (12.73%).
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Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Yong Teck Lee
Ibrahim Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
Tian Chua
Najib Razak
Nik Aziz
Maximus Ongkili
Karpal Singh
Jeffrey Kitingan
Rafizi Ramli
Bernard Dompok
Chua Soi Lek
Ng Yen Yen
Teresa Kok
Muhyiddin Yassin
Azmin Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Taib MahmudHadi Awang
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (52.32%) and neutral coverage (28.33%).
Musa Aman and Bernard Dompok received the second most positive coverage (11.92%
each). Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Musa Aman
Mahathir Mohamad
Yong Teck Lee
Bernard Dompok
Lim Guan Eng
Jeffrey Kitingan
Ibrahim Ali
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Hadi Awang
Maximus Ongkili
Karpal Singh
Tian Chua
Taib Mahmud
Abdul Rahman DahlanRafizi Ramli
Ng Yen Yen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.17 8%
Neutral 1 : 0.72 83%
Negative 1 : 2.15 3%
Attacked 1 : 1.85 6%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
30.00
25.00
52.98
83.44
55.45
53.85
38.34
13.91
14.55
21.15
8.68
2.65
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (19.71%) and Mahathir Mohamad (16.06%) were first and second mostcommonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (15.33%) then Anwar Ibrahim(11.68%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Jeffrey Kitingan
Musa Aman
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Nik Aziz
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Nazri Aziz
Taib Mahmud
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
0 5 10 15 20 25
19.71
16.06
15.33
11.68
8.03
5.84
5.11
4.38
3.65
2.92
2.19
1.46
0.73
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than eitheropposition politicians or Independents and Others.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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58%
34%
7%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Equal coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues and Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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50% 50%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Domestic Policy, Crime and National Security.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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57%
1%
14%
4%
2%
12%
1%0%
8%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed byEthnicity.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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34%
8%
5%10%
4%
2%
37%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 27540
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 905
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 29.2
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/ -
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 33.412
DAP 9.2017
Gerakan 0.68391
MCA 2.2756
MIC 0.62174
PAS 7.0505
PBB 0.26113
PBS 1.803
PKR 9.438
PR 10.022
PRS 0.087043
PRM 0.012435
PSM 0.099478
SAPP 4.29
SPDP 0.062174
SUPP 0.41035
UMNO 6.0433
UPKO 1.6041
Other 12.621
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 33.412
BN 47.264347
Gerakan 0.68391
MCA 2.2756
MIC 0.62174
PBB 0.26113
PBS 1.803
PRS 0.087043
SPDP 0.062174
SUPP 0.41035
UMNO 6.0433
UPKO 1.6041
PR 10.022
PR 35.7122DAP 9.2017
PAS 7.0505
PKR 9.438
PRM 0.012435
Independent 4.401913PSM 0.099478
SAPP 4.29
Other 12.621 Other 12.621
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 29.758 20.202 32.118 67.051 149.129
DAP 7.6125 10.774 9.5524 3.2258 31.1647
Gerakan 0 0 0.7293 0.92166 1.65096
MCA 0 1.0101 2.4882 1.3825 4.8808
MIC 0 1.0101 0.6149 0.92166 2.54666
PAS 7.2664 11.111 7.0928 2.9954 28.4656
PBB 0.34602 0 0.2574 0.46083 1.06425
PBS 0 3.0303 1.9019 0.69124 5.62344
PKR 2.0761 9.7643 10.124 3.6866 25.651
PR 32.872 20.202 8.7659 7.3733 69.2132
PRS 0 0 0.1001 0 0.1001
PRM 0 0 0.0143 0 0.0143
PSM 0 0 0.1144 0 0.1144
SAPP 2.7682 2.3569 4.5617 2.3041 11.9909
SPDP 0 0 0.0715 0 0.0715
SUPP 0 0.6734 0.429 0.23041 1.33281
UMNO 6.5744 4.0404 6.3492 2.3041 19.2681
UPKO 0 1.0101 1.716 1.3825 4.1086
Other 10.727 14.815 12.999 5.0691 43.6101
Parties &Coalitions
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26 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 36.67842
Negative 30.9764
Neutral 46.7755
Positive 75.3459
PR
A ttacked 49.827
Negative 51.8513
Neutral 35.5351
Positive 17.2811
A tta cked 13.4952
Negative 17.1719
Neutral 17.6894
Positive 7.3732
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.78616
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.052411
Anwar Ibrahim 10.954
Azmin Ali 0.4717
Baru Bian 0.052411
Bernard Dompok 4.2977
Chong Chieng Jen 0.15723
Chua Soi Lek 0.57652
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.052411
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.36688
Hadi Awang 1.6247
Hassan Ali 0.15723
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.15723
Ibrahim Ali 2.8826
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 2.8302
Karpal Singh 1.5723
Khalid Ibrahim 1.6247
Khalid Samad 0.20964
Lim Guan Eng 3.4067
Lim Kit Siang 7.2327
Liow Tiong Lai 0.10482Mahathir Mohamad 6.2893
Maximus Ongkili 1.9916
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.41929
Muhyiddin Yassin 2.0964
Musa Aman 6.6038
Najib Razak 28.197
Ng Yen Yen 0.62893
Nik Aziz 2.1488
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 1.6247
Rafizi Ramli 0.89099
Rosmah Mansur 0.26205
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 1.0482
Teresa Kok 0.41929
Tian Chua 1.8344
Tony Pua 0.26205
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0.052411
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 5.6604
Percentage(mention)
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27 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 1.31027
BN 53.14454
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.36688Alfred Jabu
PBB 1.0482Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 1.9916
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 44.12989
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 4.2977
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 13.102681
PR 37.840623
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 4.454841
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 20.283101
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.052411
9.014691
Hassan Ali Independent 0.15723
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 2.8826
Rosmah Mansur 0.26205
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 5.6604
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 2.4466
BN 60.22948
Mahathir Mohamad 5.8824
Muhyiddin Yassin 12.91
Musa Aman 11.661
Najib Razak 24.987
Nazri Aziz 0.26028
Taib Mahmud 2.0822
Anwar Ibrahim 8.4331
PR 24.102
Baru Bian 0.10411
Hadi Awang 2.0822
Jeffrey Kitingan 2.5508
Khalid Ibrahim 0.98907
Lim Guan Eng 4.0083
Lim Kit Siang 5.3618
Nik Aziz 0.57262
Ambiga Sreenevasan 2.1343
Independent 15.668856
Hassan Ali 0.052056
Vox Pop Male 7.2358
Vox Pop Female 3.0713
2.3425
0.8329
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.95057 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.66225
Anwar Ibrahim 25.455 15.385 10.52 3.9735
Azmin Ali 1.8182 0 0.4436 0
Baru Bian 0 0 0.063371 0
Bernard Dompok 0 1.9231 3.9924 11.921
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.063371 1.3245
Chua Soi Lek 0 1.9231 0.63371 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.063371 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.4436 0
Hadi Awang 0.90909 0 1.9011 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0.12674 0.66225
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.12674 0.66225Ibrahim Ali 0.90909 9.6154 3.0418 0.66225
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.90909 1.9231 3.2319 0.66225
Karpal Singh 0 3.8462 1.711 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 1.9645 0
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.25349 0
Lim Guan Eng 1.8182 0 3.6122 2.649
Lim Kit Siang 12.727 15.385 7.161 1.9868
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.12674 0
Mahathir Mohamad 13.636 7.6923 5.8935 2.649Maximus Ongkili 3.6364 5.7692 1.7744 1.9868
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.50697 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 3.6364 0 2.0913 1.3245
Musa Aman 0 0 6.8441 11.921
Najib Razak 7.2727 5.7692 28.327 52.318
Ng Yen Yen 0 1.9231 0.69708 0
Nik Aziz 5.4545 5.7692 2.0279 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.9011 0.66225
Rafizi Ramli 0.90909 1.9231 0.8872 0.66225
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.31686 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 1.8182 0 1.0773 0.66225
Teresa Kok 0 1.9231 0.4436 0
Tian Chua 5.4545 7.6923 1.2674 1.3245
Tony Pua 0 0 0.25349 0.66225
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.063371 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 13.636 11.538 5.1965 0.66225
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 29.9997
Negative 25
Neutral 52.97844
Positive 83.4448
PR
Attacked 55.45467
Negative 53.847
Neutral 38.339934
Positive 13.9073
Attacked 14.54509
Negative 21.1534
Neutral 8.6819
Positive 2.649
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 58.39333
Mahathir Mohamad 16.058
Muhyiddin Yassin 19.708
Musa Aman 5.1095
Najib Razak 15.328
Nazri Aziz1.4599Taib Mahmud 0.72993
Anwar Ibrahim 11.679
PR 34.3067
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 5.8394
Khalid Ibrahim 2.1898
Lim Guan Eng 2.9197
Lim Kit Siang 8.0292
Nik Aziz 3.6496
Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.3796
Independent 7.29936
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 0.72993
Vox Pop Female 1.4599
0.72993
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 13.227
Policy Issues 23.0278
Environment 0.2457Economy/Development 3.1532
Education 0.9555
Foreign Policy 0.42315
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.7983
Oppressive Legislation 0.2184
Health 0.06825
Religion 1.9383
Ethnicity 7.7942
23.15065
Religion 1.952
Democracy & Human Rights 1.1603
Socioeconomic Status 2.3342
Mudslinging 0.96915
Gender 0.4095
Electioneering 8.5313
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other