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Transcript of WtW Utusan Borneo Sabah Final
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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH.................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
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Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEOSABAH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Borneo Sabah, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards BN(60.25%).
PR were attacked (87.19%) and covered negatively (60.95%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (90.65%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (20%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedheavily towards BN (74%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive and neutral coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.
3 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
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Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (48%) than Independents/Otherspoliticians (23%) who were also used more than PR politicians (8%).
Muhyiddin Yassin and Musa Aman were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.
BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (84%) than either
opposition politicians or independents and others.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.
4 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (49.53%), followed by PR< Others, PKR, then UMNO.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
BN
PROther
PKR
UMNO
PAS
DAP
SAPP
PBS
UPKO
MCA
MIC
Gerakan
SUPP
PRS
PBB
SPDP
PSM
PRM
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
49.53
12.269.39
7.37
5.43
5.22
3.41
2.05
1.67
1.22
0.86
0.42
0.33
0.32
0.20
0.17
0.10
0.04
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards BN (60.25%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
60.25
28.27
2.09
9.39
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (20%).
7 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
5%7%
67%
20%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PR were the most negatively covered (39.05%), followed by Others (27.61%).
PR were also the most attacked (69.21%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
PR
Other
PAS
PKR
BN
DAPMCA
UMNO
SAPP
PBS
Gerakan
MIC
UPKO
PBB
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
SUPP
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (82.52%) coverage by a very significant margin.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
BN
Other
PKR
PR
UMNO
PASDAP
SAPP
PBS
UPKO
MCA
MIC
Gerakan
SUPP
PRS
PBB
SPDP
PSM
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (87.19%) and covered negatively (60.95%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (90.65%).
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.08 20%Neutral 1 : 0.43 67%
Negative 1 : 5.7 7%
Attacked 1 : 12.8 5%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6.81
10.65
60.90
90.65
87.19
60.95
26.36
6.82
5.99
28.40
12.74
2.54
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed heavily towards BN (74%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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74%
23%
3%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(26.13%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (19.89%) then Musa Aman (17.86%).
13 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Election Commission Spokesperson
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Taib Mahmud
Chua Soi Lek
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26.13
18.89
17.86
5.36
3.85
3.20
2.16
1.60
1.13
0.85
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (48%) than Independents/Otherspoliticians (23%) who were also used more than PR politicians (8%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
69%
8%
23%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).
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1%
98%
1%1%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (28%) and attacks (28.57%).
Nik Aziz was second most attacked (25.71%) and second most negatively covered (16%).
Lim Kit Siang was third most attacked (14.29%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Alfred Jabu
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Karpal Singh
Azmin Ali
Rafizi Ramli
Jeffrey Kitingan
Baru Bian
Najib Razak
Nurul Izzah
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng Jen
Chua Soi LekDzulkefly Ahmad
Elizabeth Wong
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (73.42%) and neutral coverage (44.99%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakMusa Aman
Anwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Bernard Dompok
Lim Kit Siang
Jeffrey Kitingan
Lim Guan Eng
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Mahathir Mohamad
Nik Aziz
Taib Mahmud
Hadi Awang
Yong Teck Lee
Hassan Ali
Maximus Ongkili
Rosmah Mansur
Karpal Singh
Azmin Ali
Ibrahim Ali
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Chua Soi Lek
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive and neutral coverage.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.09 1%
Neutral 1 : 0.29 96%
Negative 1 : 7.33 1%
Attacked 1 : 7.75 1%
18 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
11.43
12.00
74.16
89.87
88.57
88.00
21.73
8.44
0.00
0.00
4.10
1.69
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (41.67%) then Musa Aman (19.79%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (15.63%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Taib Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
41.67
19.79
15.63
4.17
3.13
2.08
2.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (84%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents and others.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
84%
4%
11%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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65%
35%Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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50%
3%
39%
4%0%2%1%0%2%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed bySocioeconomic Status, then Ethnicity.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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17%
4%
5%
26%
1%1%
46%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 18646
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 831
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 26.8
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/ -
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN49.528
DAP 3.4102
Gerakan 0.33377
MCA 0.85619
MIC 0.42084
PAS 5.2242
PBB 0.17414
PBS 1.6688
PKR 7.3719
PR 12.262
PRS 0.20316
PRM 0
PSM 0.043535
SAPP 2.0461
SPDP 0.10158
SUPP 0.31926
UMNO 5.4274
UPKO 1.219
Other 9.3891
TABLE 2
Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 49.528
BN 60.25214
Gerakan 0.33377
MCA 0.85619
MIC 0.42084
PBB 0.17414
PBS 1.6688
PRS 0.20316
SPDP 0.10158
SUPP 0.31926
UMNO 5.4274
UPKO 1.219
PR 12.262
PR 28.2683DAP 3.4102
PAS 5.2242
PKR 7.3719
PRM 0
Independent 2.089635PSM 0.043535
SAPP 2.0461
Other 9.3891 Other 9.3891
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 5.4496 7.1006 47.881 82.524 142.9552
DAP 3.8147 3.9448 4.0225 1.0152 12.7972
Gerakan 0 0.19724 0.4109 0.21755 0.82569
MCA 0 1.1834 0.95156 0.65265 2.78761
MIC 0 0.19724 0.45415 0.50761 1.159
PAS 7.3569 9.2702 5.7526 1.3053 23.685
PBB 0 0 0.19464 0.21755 0.41219
PBS 0.27248 0.78895 2.141 0.72516 3.92759
PKR 6.812 8.6785 8.9317 1.8854 26.3076
PR 69.21 39.053 7.6557 2.6106 118.5293
PRS 0 0 0.25952 0.072516 0.332036
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0.064879 0 0.064879
SAPP 0.54496 0.78895 2.7465 0.58013 4.66054
SPDP 0 0 0.12976 0.072516 0.202276
SUPP 0 0 0.4109 0.21755 0.62845
UMNO 1.0899 0.98619 6.423 4.9311 13.43019
UPKO 0 0.19724 1.6436 0.50761 2.34845
Other 5.4496 27.613 9.9265 1.9579 44.947
Parties &Coalitions
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26 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
TABLE 4
BN
A tta cked 6.81198
Negative 10.65086
Neutral 60.90003
Positive 90.645812
PR
A tta cked 87.1936
Negative 60.9465
Neutral 26.3625
Positive 6.8165
A tta cked 5.99456
Negative 28.40195
Neutral 12.737879
Positive 2.53803
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 1.6701
Alfred Jabu 0.41754
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.20877
Anwar Ibrahim 6.5762
Azmin Ali 0.83507
Baru Bian 0.10438
Bernard Dompok 2.4008
Chong Chieng Jen 0.10438
Chua Soi Lek 0.31315
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.10438
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.10438
Hadi Awang 1.5658
Hassan Ali 0.83507
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.31315
Ibrahim Ali 0.52192
James Masing 0.10438
Jeffrey Kitingan 2.0877
Karpal Singh 1.0438
Khalid Ibrahim 0.31315
Khalid Samad 0.10438
Lim Guan Eng 1.8789
Lim Kit Siang 3.0271
Liow Tiong Lai 0.10438Mahathir Mohamad 1.4614
Maximus Ongkili 0.83507
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.83507
Muhyiddin Yassin 3.9666
Musa Aman 11.691
Najib Razak 49.269
Ng Yen Yen 0.10438
Nik Aziz 2.8184
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 0.41754
Rafizi Ramli 0.41754
Rosmah Mansur 0.6263
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 1.357
Teresa Kok 0.20877
Tian Chua 0.20877
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 1.0438
Percentage(mention)
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27 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 0.52191
BN 74.11233
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.10438
Alfred JabuPBB 1.77454
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.83507
James Masing PRS 0.10438
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 68.37125
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 2.4008
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 6.26295
PR 22.65133
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 5.42803
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 10.96035
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.20877
3.23586
Hassan Ali Independent 0.83507
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.52192
Rosmah Mansur 0.6263
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 1.0438
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 1.1278
BN 68.797
Mahathir Mohamad 3.1955
Muhyiddin Yassin 18.891
Musa Aman 17.857
Najib Razak 26.128
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 1.5977
Anwar Ibrahim 3.8534
PR 8.36471
Baru Bian 0.28195
Hadi Awang 2.1617
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.84586
Khalid Ibrahim 0.093985
Lim Guan Eng 0.18797
Lim Kit Siang 0.84586
Nik Aziz 0.093985
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.093985
Independent 22.83827
Hassan Ali 0.093985
Vox Pop Male 9.7744
Vox Pop Female 1.1278
6.391
5.3571
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 1.9757 1.2658
Alfred Jabu 0 8 0.30395 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.84388
Anwar Ibrahim28.571 28 6.6869 0.84388Azmin Ali 0 4 0.75988 0.84388
Baru Bian 2.8571 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 3.4954 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.15198 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 0 0.45593 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.15198 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.15198 0
Hadi Awang 0 12 1.6717 0.42194
Hassan Ali 0 0 1.0638 0.42194
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.45593 0
Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.75988 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 5.7143 0 2.4316 0.84388
Karpal Singh 2.8571 4 0.75988 1.2658
Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 0.30395 0.42194
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.15198 0
Lim Guan Eng 5.7143 4 2.1277 0.42194
Lim Kit Siang 14.286 4 3.0395 1.2658
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.15198 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 1.8237 0.84388Maximus Ongkili 0 0 1.0638 0.42194
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 12 0.75988 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 8.5714 4 5.0152 0.42194
Musa Aman 0 0 12.462 12.658
Najib Razak 2.8571 0 44.985 73.418
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0.42194
Nik Aziz 25.714 16 1.8237 0.42194
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 2.8571 0 0.15198 0.84388
Rafizi Ramli0 4 0.30395 0.42194Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.91185 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.8237 0.42194
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.30395 0
Tian Chua 0 0 0.15198 0.42194
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 1.3678 0.42194
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 11.4285
Negative 12
Neutral 74.16427
Positive 89.87344
PR
Attacked 88.5709
Negative 88
Neutral 21.73249
Positive 8.43876
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 4.10333
Positive 1.68776
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 84.3757
Mahathir Mohamad 4.1667
Muhyiddin Yassin 41.667
Musa Aman 19.792
Najib Razak 15.625
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 3.125
Anwar Ibrahim 2.0833
PR 4.1666
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 2.0833
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 11.4583
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 5.2083
Vox Pop Female 0
6.25
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 22.073
Policy Issues 44.011227
Environment 1.144Economy/Development 17.093
Education 1.5478
Foreign Policy 0.033647
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.87483
Oppressive Legislation 0.23553
Health 0.10094
Religion 0.90848
Ethnicity 4.0713
23.95721
Religion 1.0094
Democracy & Human Rights 1.1777
Socioeconomic Status 6.1911
Mudslinging 0.33647
Gender 0.16824
Electioneering 11.003
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other