Box# 31

Folder# 608

Word's Fair: Hall of Science·- Special

Meeting of Board of Directors

Jan 25,1965

HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

WORLD'S FAIR, N.Y. 11380

AGENDA

SPECIAL MEETING OF TRUSTEES OF HAlL OF SCIENCE OF CITY OF NEW YORK

January 25, 1965 11:00 A. M.

TERRACE CLUB

MAYOR ROBERT F. WAGNER, Presiding

v AGENDA ITEM 1.

0~ENDA ITEM 2.

AGENDA ITEM 3.

~ENDA ITEM 4.

/AGENDA ITEM 5.

~/AGENDA ITEM 6.

JAGENDA ITEM 7.

Welcome by Mayor Wagner to newly-elected Trustees.

Approval of minutes of Special Meeting of December 8, 1964.

Progress report by Mr. Joseph A. Martino, Chairman of Committee to nominate permanent President, and to nominate 5 additional elective Trustees for Executive Committee.

Statement by Hon. Paul R. Screvane, on purpose of Hall of Science subsequent to closing of World's Fair.

Statement by Commissioner Robert Moses.

Statement by Mr. Daniel M. MacMaster, Consultant.

General discussion.

Statement by Mr. Guy F. Tozzoli, Director of World Trade of the Port of New York Authority.

~GENOA ITEM 8.

/AGENDA ITEM 9.

v-{GENDA ITEM 10.

JGENDA ITEM 11.

/AGENDA ITEM 12. I

/AGENDA ITEM 13.

AGENDA ITEM 14.

Statement by Hon. Bradford N. Clark.

Statement by Colonel John T. 0' Neill, Director of Engineering of World's Fair.

Statement by Mr. William L. Laurence, Science Consultant of World's Fair.

Consideration of appointment of a scope and plan Committee for permanent Hall of Science.

Other business.

Consideration of time and place for next meeting of Trustees.

Adjournment.

·-··--· - ·•

Remarks by Daniel Miller MacMaster, Director Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago

Meeting of the Board of T rustee• of the New York Museum of Science & Technology

January ZS, 1965

In spite of the fact that the name of your institution - Museum of Science

and Technology - seems to be quite specific and descriptive, you may be some-

what surprised to find that you have many alternatives from which to choose, as

you prepare to face the task of determining its ultimate character.

Without presuming to suggest specific conclusions, I plan to indicate to

you what some of the alternatives are which lie before you, to tell you how one

institution - the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago - has chosen among

them, and to speak further about the three-dimensional exhibit as an effective

medium in "non-formal" public education.

Many of you are experienced institutional trustees, but your experience

may well have been acquired in connection with institutions which had been in

existence for an appreciable period of time before your period of trusteeship.

As members of the original board of the New York Museum of Science

and Technology, you find yourselves in quite a different situation. It is perhaps

a more difficult one, but at the same time, a potentially more rewarding one.

Those who comprise this distinguished board know that the bright light

of public scrutiny is being focused as never before upon our institutions of all

kinds. Quality is being demanded in greater measure. It is no longer enough that

an institution merely refrain from being undesirable as was the case not too many

years ago. To survive, our institutions must excel. But what is excellence? What

is institutional success?

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Aside from other definitions which may be applicable, isn't success

measured by the extent to which objectives are achieved? Unless objectives are

isolated and defined, doesr11t success remain immeasurable and impossible of

achievement?

Certainly any museum to be successful must have well defined aims,

!l'.lrposes, and objectives -an institutional philosophy of life, if you will -and

tbese objectives, whatever they may be, must be pursued with conscientious,

perservering, undeviating, and relentless vigor.

You, and those who will comprise the professional staff which you are

now responsible for assembling are the individuals who will mold this new institu ~

tion. Individually and collectively you will determine what kind of an institution

it will be. In what directions will you go?

It is generally accepted that the basic purposes of the traditional museum

are three in number: to engage in basic research, to serve as a repository, and

to contribute to the education of the public.

To engage in basic research resulting in significant new contributions to

human knowledge in whatever field, is indeed, a noble pursuit. To bring to bear a

level of scholarship, singleness of purpose, unbiased judgment, to uncover the

necessary evidence, and to impartially judge it without reference to preconceived

ideas, is the essence of basic research. The significance of much basic research

done by museums is undeniable. Some museums do it and some don't. Will this

one?

To find and acquire the artifacts of our heritage and to select from them

those sufficiently significant to warrant preservation, to properly preserve them

against the ravages of time, nature, and man, to protect, save and keep them for

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posterity no matter what the obstacle, is the essence of the repository function of

the museum. Some museums do this and some don't. Will this one?

If museums over the yearo and over the world have one thing in common,

it is their dissimilarity. This is particularly true of science museums, and I don't

see anything wrong with this.

In another field, that of higher education, with which you may be even

:r.,•;re familiar than you are with museums, we are fortunate indeed in this country

I feel, because of the variety of institutions which we have.

We have colleges, and we have universities, and some of the colleges ar~

bigger than some of the universities. we have privately supported institutions anrl.

publicly supported ones. We have all-male, all-female, and coeducational ones.

We have church related institutions which run the gamut from total dependence to

theoretical relationship at best. We have institutions, it would seem at least, for

all levels of academic ability and all levels of economic ability. We have practical

experience oriented institutions and academically oriented institutions. We have

technical institutions and quite dissimilar liberal arts schools. The list could go

on and on. Here in this city, your institutions of higher education are character­

ized by their differences, one from another. In fact, throughout the country, it is

easier to point out the differences than it is to identify the similarities in connec­

tion with institutions of higher education.

I am among those who feel that this is desirable, tl·at an important part

of the strength of American higher education lies in its diversity, and that it would

be unfortunate indeed if it were cast into one monolithic pattern.

I feel the same way about museums. Even within the field of science

museums, we have those which are history-of-science oriented and those which

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are basic-principles -of-science oriented. We have those which are repositories

for historical objects, and those which couldn't care less about historical objects.

We have science museums which have curators in charge of collections, and we

have others which have neither curators nor collections.

We have science museums which devote a substantial portion of their

resources to basic research, and others which do no basic research at all. We

have science museums which emphasize communications with the general public,

and others interested primarily in communing with scholars.

We have science museums with no industrial exhibits, and those with

corporately identified industrial exhibits. Again, this list could go on and on, and

again, it is my feeling, that there is nothing wrong with this. There is no right or

wrong in this situation. It is a question of agreeing upon a plan, a format, a phil­

osophy, and pursuing it with conviction, intelligence, and enthusiasm,

It is inevitable that as the ultimately responsible governing body of the

New York Museum of Science and Technology meets for the first time, your

institution has no well defined institutional philosophy. It couldn't be otherwise. It

is a function of the trustees to establish the aims and purposes and objectives of

the institution for which it is responsible.

The advantages and disadvantages of following any of the alternatives

available to you must be weighed. What kind of an institution do you want this to be

in the years to come? Pure Science? Science and Technology? Science and corp­

orately identified industry? A repository for collections of things? An institution

!or communicating ideas? An educational institution? A research institution? A

center for formal classes? A community cultural center? It can't be all things to

all people. To be distinguished, it must have a character of its own, and that

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character must be determined before intelligent decisions can be made as to which

of its present exhibits to keep, what new ones should be sought, and so on. It is

difficult enough to hit the target when one knows what he is shooting at,

Largely as the result of the answers to these basic questions will be

determined such matters as sources of revenue, costs of operation, sources of

exhibits, the nature of the staff procurement program, and so on,

Some of the institutions around the world which fall into this general

category are the Deustches Museum in Munich, the Palais de la Decouverte in

Paris, the Science Museum in South Kensington, London. In this country, they are

to be found in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Dearborn, Chicago, Los AngeleA

and elsewhere. This is by no means an exhaustive list, New ones are being

organized constantly. They are of all shapes and sizes and of all philosophical dis­

positions, No two are alike,

Let me tell you about the one I know best - the Museum of Science and

Industry in Chicago. Physically, it is substantial in size, encompassing as it does

some 608,000 square feet of floor space - 14 acres, As far as audience is con­

cerned, it is also substantial in size. Vfhile it is located in Chicago, it is not a

local institution. Last year 2, 906, 567 individuals visited from all over the United

States and most other parts of the world and stayed an average of three hours and

twelve minutes each - representing more than 9 million man-hours of visitor

time. During a six-day survey made in August, not less than 44 of our 50 states

were represented by visitors on each individual day. During the course of the six

days, not including Sunday which is the day of our largest attendance, our visitors

came from 2, 787 towns and cities in all of the 50 states and a few over 1, 000 of

the 50 thousand sampled came from 230 places in 57 foreign countries. Only 260/o

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of our visitors were from the Chicago area (and I might add, parenthetically, that

the Museum was not located on the grounds of a great World's Fair, during this

period).

How has this institution chosen among the alternatives which institutions

of this general nature here and abroad have available to them?

We don't do research, We feel that in view of the quantity of research in

the physical and biological sciences being supported by the Federal Government,

by the universities, and by industry, we would be ill-advised to dissipate any por­

tion of our relatively limited resources by supporting work in this field. We feel

that we can maximize our contribution to the public good by serving as an effective

medium of public education rather than as a research institution.

We are principles-of-science oriented rather than historically oriented

as most of the European, and some of the American, institutions in this general

field are, We do not serve as a repository for historical objects. Only ten or

fifteen percent of all of our floor space is devoted to historical materials, We

want enough significant historical material to indicate progess and development,

but we don't engage in the practice of making definitive collections for professional

or scholarly purposes. As a consequence, we don't have curators.

Our emphasis is on today and tomorrow. We change about ten percent of

all of our exhibits every year.

In addition to our basic science exhibits, we welcome and seek out out­

standing industrial exhibits sponsored and identified with individual industrial

corporations or groups of corporations. About half of our space is devoted to

exhibits of this kind, We feel that they are among the most outstanding and signif­

icant exhibits whir.h we have. Industrial corporations bear the cost of designing,

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installing, and maintaining these exhibit•. If we could obtain an equivalent amount

of money in some other way, we would still prefer to have corporations sponsor

these industrial exhibits. We are a Museum of Science and Industry, and we feel

that much of our strength and effectiveness comes from our constant and intimate

auociation with contemporary industry.

We don't rent space. Some institutions do. We provide space for indus­

trial exhibits without a apace rental charge, although corporate exhibitors pay us

for the maintenance of their exhibits. It is a situation quite unlike that of a trade

fair or a World's Fair where little control is exercised by the fair manal 'ment

over the handling of the subject matter by the exhibitor. We must approve every

detail in connection with our industrial exhibits.

Our great emphasis is on the third basic purpose of the traditional

museum, that of contributing to the education of the public. This involves commun·

ication, and communication implies two accomplishments -not one. To commun­

icate to use the terminology of electronics, means to send, to be sure, but at the

same time it implies that what is sent is received. Otherwise, no communication

has been accomplished. We feel that for a museum to be effective as a commun­

ications medium for public education, it must show, display, exhibit its material

in such a manner as to be understandable by the general public. We feel that it is

no longer enough that museums me rely be 11 open to the public". The public must

actually use them, use them in large numbers and use them effectively, or else

the museum, not the public, has failed. To be successful as a contributor to

public education, the museum is no longer in a passive role. It can no longer take

the position that 11 we have made these treasures available, and if the public doesn't

take advantage of this opportunity, it's not our fault". Today's musuem finds

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itself undeniably committed to the propostion that if the student hasn't learned, the

teacher hasn't taught. The general public is the museum's student body.

Therefore, when we think of the function of the museum with respect to

the public, two factors are involved: visitors and educational effectivenessG I£ a

museum does not succeed in attracting "iaitors -and not just a few but in large

numbers, because we must remember that museums, aside from anything else

they may be, are public institutions and the public is a large group, not a small

one - then it has failed.

Communicating educationally with the public in an effective manner

necessitates the use of techniques quite different from those which are effective

in communicating with scholars in the same field of subject matter and quite

different from those which are successful in the formal school.

To the extent that museum administrators and staff members fail to

recognize this basic point, they will fail to achieve success in connection with thP

museum 1 s function of contributing to the education of the general public even

though they may be eminently successful in the fields of basic research and

preservation.

In the museum, the audience is not a captive one. It is, in fact, a most

elusive one. Since no one is required to visit a museum, we feel that every effort

must be made to win the audience through an attractive and effective presentation,

and to hold the audience once it is won - if mass educational effectiveness is the

aim. Holding the audience is more difficult than attracting it. It requires eternal

vigilance.

Unlike the situation which obtains in the formal school, the museum

audience is completely hetergeneous. Visitors are of all ages and interests;

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they are of all social and economic backgrounds, and of all degrees of previous

preparation. None of the motivating influences which serve the schools so well

are present.

There are no compulsory attendance laws for museum visitors. They

don't have to come, and they can leave at any time, No grades are given. There

are no diplomas or degrees awarded, There are no parental pressures, no social

pressures. If visiting a museum costs the visitor anything at all, the cost is of no

significance as an educationally motivating influence. There is little opportunity

for a coordinated course of study, for a spiral curriculum for homework, for

repetition, or for disciplinary action.

As the result of our visitor surveys, we know that our substantial

audience is half male, half female, one-third of college age or under, two-thirds

adult. The occupations of the adults are in direct correlation with the Bureau of

Labor Statistics figures for the country as a whole, This, then, is a cross sectiol'

of the public. It is not a connoisseur group; it is not a specially motivated group.

These visitors can look at, utilize, learn from, and be influenced by the exhibits

which appeal to them, and they can ignore those which don't,

I mention all of this simply to indicate that in addition to its primary

purposes, the Museum of Science and Industry is a rather good living laboratory

for making observations with respect to the educational effectiveness of exhibits

in connection with the mass, general public.

Housed in the Museum is a vast installation of exhibits in the basic fields

of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and the medical sciences, as well as an

unique collection of exhibition areas devoted to the applications of the basic

physical sciences by industry. The individual areas occupied by each of these

exhibits range in size up to 17, 000 square feet of floor space.

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This is a mass education institution based on the premise that acquiring

information, knowledge, understanding should be a pleasant experience. It is our

observation that it is not necessary to be dull to be educational; that in fact, it

helps not to be, More effective education results we find, from an interesting,

appealing, attractive, emotionally-stimulating presentation.

Our basic approach is to accept people as they are - emotional human

beings. We don't take the attitude that, "This is good for you," or "You ought to

do it".

We feel that color, light, architectural design are of great importance ......

not as ends in themselves, but as means toward accomplishing an educational end>

We have found that ideas and quality are more important than anything else. We

feel that until the visitors' attention and interest are caught and held, nothing has

been accomplished.

We believe that ii there is no audience, there has been no accomplishment.

We don't believe that endless rows of glass cases, even of perfect specimens,

provide an irresistable, motivating influence giving rise to educational effective-

ness.

We have found that relative cost is by no means a reliable measure of

exhibit educational effectiveness. We have seen thoroughly effective inexpensive

exhibits, and ineffective ones which cost much more. Similarly, relative size is

not a reliable measure of exhibit effectiveness. We have seen small exhibits which

drew, held, and delivered educational effectiveness, and large ones which didn't.

Our audience at the Museum of Science and Industry is not a captive one.

The Museum is located some six miles from the center of the city in a somewhat

remote and somewhat difficult place to reach. It stands alone. It doesn't benefit

from other attractions in the same area: there aren't any. Practically none of our

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visitors atop in because it ie convenient to do so. This means that to draw and

hold this very large attendance, we must strive constantly to utilize the most

effective exhibit techniques available.

Today' s exhibit designer must function as an educational psychologist.

His job is to select from the many techniques which exist those which best serve

his purpose in reaching and influencing visitors, not merely to make the exhibit

look "pretty". No one technique is superior in all cases. Each should be used,

alone, or in combination with others, when its particular characteristic will con­

tribute to the solution of the problem at hand.

What is it that characterizes exhibits as a medium of communication as

distinguished from the other media, What do exhibits have that the others don't

have? What is the heart and soul, the ultimate reality, the very essence of this

medium? II we have learned one thing above all others in connection with exhibits,

it is that the great advantage which the exhibit has is the opportunity which it pro­

vides to involve the visitor personally - physically and mentally. The exhibit

which is designed to take advantage of this opportunity - to cause the visitor to

participate, to become personally - physically and mentally - involved, is an

effective exhibit. The exhibit which is not designed to take advantage of this

opportunity - which allows the visitor to remain a non-participant • a mere

spectator - is almost always an ineffective one. One might measure exhibit

effectiveness by measuring the degree to which the visitor becomes personally

involved,

Yet, if you will look at the next museum that you visit, from this point of

view, you will find that for the most part, no attempt has been made to involve

the viewer.

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Designing and producing educationally effective visitor-participation

exhibits aimed at the general public is quite as technical and creative and pro·

feesional a field of activity a.a any, Educational exhibits have come of age. When

properly done, they need take second place to no other medium of communication.

That is one institution's philosophy of life. Inevitably yours will be

different. In your collective wisdom, which in this group is great indeed, you will

seek it out. You will weigh the alternatives and come to your own convictions. U

we can be of any help to you in your deliberations, we hope you will let us know.

000 iroooo

r MEMORANDUM

NEW YORK WORLD.S FAIR 1964-1965 CORPORATION

TO: Mr. Robert Moses oATE: January 21, 1965

FROM: J olm T. 0 1 Neill

suBJEcT: Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science

You asked me to have a survey made of suitable exhibits for possible Post Fair Use in the Hall of Science. The following is a preliminary report on the investigations made to date.

The report is essentially submitted in three parts, 1) Hall of Science Displays - 1966, suggested utilization of science exhibits currently on display in Exhibitor Pavilions, 2) Comments on future expansion of the Hall of Science, 3) Sketches of Hall of Science, indicating general layout, availability of space and suggested space allocation for display arrangements.

I - Hall of Science Displays - 1966

Use of the existing Hall of Science Building will fall generally into two categories, a) The Great Hall Display on the Main Level, b) Use of the Lower Level as the Main Exhibit Area for the temporarily combined Hall of Discoveries and Inventions. The follow­ing data is significant in consideration of the use of the Hall of Sci<~nce Lower Level: Useable Area - Approximately 27, 800 s. f. , Ceiling Height - Approximately 25', Construction - exposed concrete floor, ceiling and structural members. Main Floor: Approximate useabk area - 6, 650 s. f.

The Great Hall or Main Floor, presently displays the Martin­Marietta Company Exhibit of a simulated rendezvous in space of full­sized, manned orbital space vehicles, It is suggested that this exhibit remain with the following possible modification.

The filmEld portion of the presentation might be used to explain, categorize and review United States and Russian Space Projects to date, which have led up to the Rendezvous in Space. Instead of ending with the rendezvous, since this is a project scheduled for 1965-1966, it is sugges­ted that the film continue with animated or real displays and pictures of future space shots, moon landing, etc. Detailed explanations of physical requirements for Astronauts, necessary preparation and training, reactions to space flight, weightlessness, eating, radiation, etc., might also be discussed to provide a basic background for the uninformed visitor.

Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

The movie could also serve to introduce the exhibits displayed on the Lower Level. A suitable introduction might inform the public that they are about to enter the temporary home of the Hall of Discoveries and Inventions, and might briefly summarize or categorize the exhibits.

The Main Exhibit Area on the Lower Level would be designated as the Hall of Discoveries and Inventions, with the area divided into the following categories:

A. Physical Sciences

Engineering Communications Transportation Space Technology

B. Life Sciences

Public Health Behavioral Sciences Medicine Nutrition

The categories outlined conform to those planned for the Post Fair expansion of the Hall of Science and can, perhaps, serve as the nucleus of the future exhibits which would explore in depth the topics listed.

To obtain maximum utilization of existing science exhibits presently on display in Exhibitor Pavilions, it is suggested that the main emphasis be placed on a presentation of the Physical Sciences, with a smaller amount of space dedicated to discoveries or inventions which have benefited man in the Life Sciences.

Because the exhibits, proposed for the Lower Level, deal primarily with topics of contemporary or future importance, the tone of all exhibits and the general theme Will tend to relate to man's present and future achieve­ments in science, as opposed to a display of the History of Science. In the final museum environment, a complete study of various topics can be made, but within the limited space available, it would be virtually impossible to achieve this goal.

Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

A review of data obtained from Science Surveys performed by Mr. William Laurence and to lesser degree, by the Engineering Division, of Exhibitor Science Displays, reveals the foil owing list of Science Exhibits worthy of consideration for ret~ntion in the Post Fair Hall of Science:

I - Currently in the Hall of Science

Martin-Marietta Exhibit' The Atomic Energy Commission Exhibit The American Chemical Society Exhibit The Abbott Laboratories Exhibit The Upjohn Company Exhibit The General Aniline & Film Company

II - Science Exhibits in Other Pavilions

The Bell Laboratories Exhibit The DuPont Exhibit The Eastman Kodak Motion Picture Electric Light & Power Exhibit The General Electric Exhibit The Sinclair Exhibit The Travelers Insurance Exhibit The New England Exhibit The Ford Exhibit The General Motors Exhibit The Sweden Exhibit U. S. Space Park

A careful study of the exhibits listed above shows that many probably must be eliminated from serious consideration for use in a permanent or semi-permanent exhibit, The reasons for elimination are as follows: commercialized presentation, personnel requirements, space limitations, temporary nature of the exhibit, lack of sufficient scientific depth to merit use in the Science Museum.

To provide a degree of continuity, the Hall of Science might be broken into major display areas, utilizing the following science exhibits to introduce general concepts:

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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

A. SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Main Floor

Martin-Marietta, Space Rendezvous (currently on display­Hall of Science).

Introductory film covering the space program leading up to the Apollo Program and projecting future space probes, interplanetary travel, etc. As a conclusion, this film might introduce the public to the general categories of exhibit to be found on the Lower Level.

Lower Level- (Area A, see attached sketch)

A selection of several of the following exhibits on Space Technology:

1. Exhibits from NASA-DOD Display in the U. S. Space Park, examples as follows:

a) Mercury Capsule b) Syncom, Telstar, Relay and Echo·

Communications Satellites c) X-15 Rocket-Powered' Aircraft d) Appropriate Display Panels e) Possible displays of equipment, clothing,

space suits, foods, etc., used by Astronauts (to be obtained from NASA/DOD or manufacturP.rs)

2, Display of Cosmic Ray Spark Chamber (currently included in the General Motors Exhibit).

3. General Motors Display, showing their part in the basic research and development of The Apollo and other space projects.

4. Additional Displays, as available, showing current (1965-1966) or future space projects,

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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

B. ENGINEERING, CO:rvrM:UNICATIONS, CHE:MISTRY -(Area B, see attached sketch)

1. A selection of several of the following exhibits exemplifying progress in the fields of Engineering, Communications and Chemistry.

a) The American Chemical Society Exhibit on salt water conversion - "Chemical Frontiers of the Sea". (currently in the Hall of Science)

b) The animated motion picture, "The Chemical Man" o (currently exhibited by the Abbott Laboratories in the Hall of Science)

c) Sweden's Display of the Development of DC-AC Power and Power Generation.

d) Appropriate chemical displays from the DuPont Exhibit (minimizing the use of demonstrators but maximizing audience participation in the performance of various experiments)

e) Bell System Exhibits on Communications in­cluding displays showing Transistors, the Maser and Laser Beams, and other applicable communications displays. (Note: The Bell System Displays are undergoing radical revision, displays available in 1965 are still unknown),

f) General Motors Display showing research and development in the fields of Magnetoplasma Dynamics, Thermodynamics, External Combus­tion engines and the Sterling Engine.

g) The Eastman Kodak Exhibit Film on photography in the Study of Atomic Particles, Astronomy, etc,

h) Additional Science Films as applicable and available, used to supplement exhibits on display.

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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

C. DISCOVERIES - (Area C, see attached sketch)

It is suggested that the exhibits in this area deal primarily with the Discovery and Use of Atomic Energy.

a) General Electric Atomic Fusion Exhibit (for suggested location see sketches attached).

Full development of this exhibit depends upon a thorough basic presentation of the principles of the Atom, Atomic Fusion and Atomic Fission. A suggested approach might be a film presentation prior to a demonstration of the fusion process. The film might also include projected uses of Atomic Energy, progress in the development of Nuclear Power Plants, etc. In addition, the technician required in the operation of the fusion equipment might be conspicuously displayed and available for question, answer or lecture purposes.

b) General Motors Display of Research in the Field of Atomic Energy.

c) Atomic Energy Commission.Exhibit, "Atomsville" (currently on display in the Hall of Science).

D. INVENTIONS - lJFE SCIENCES

1. General Motors -Heart Pump used for heat transfer during Heart Operations.

2. Additional displays obtained from outside sources in the various fields of Life Science.

The above listed recommendations must be qualified by stating that a detailed survey of Power, Structural and Space Requirements must still be performed to insure full utilization of the exhibits described. It should also be noted that many of the exhibits, taken out of their current environments will not relate a comprehensive picture of the topics covered.

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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science (Continued)

Considerable additional attention will be required in the preparation of descriptive and background materials for each display. In most cases, the Exhibitors, or perhaps their Research and Development Divisions, are ready and willing sources for this information and in some cases, such as General Motors, General Electric or Bell, may even aid in modifying or supplementing their exhibits to this end.

Modifications of the Display Area may also be required primarily from an interior decorating point of view. Appropriate backdrop, enclosures, acoustical and lighting effects will undoubtedly be required.

II - Hall of Science Future Expansion

Expansion of the Hall of Science complex, to include either new structures or the use of existing adjacent buildings, such as the Ford Rotunda, would allow for an increase in the scope and degree of depth obtainable in each science display. But, an expansion of display space also brings into much sharper focus the need and requirement for a well defined plan for the growth of the Hall of Science.

The overall plan would reflect the basic aims and philosophy of the · Hall of Science. The choice of exhibits and displays might then follow definite patterns, each complementing the other and all together, clearly stating a basic theme. It is suggested that the aims and purposes be along educational lines, utilizing displays and techniques that can communicate with the general public. The need in New York is for a greater awareness of the tremendous advances currently being made throughout the world in the fields of pure and applied science. Measurement of these advances re­quires an understanding of basic principles and a knowledge of the history of development from early inventions and discoveries to current and future usage. The expanded Hall of Science through careful selection and orientation of basic science, technological and industrial exhibits could achieve this purpose.

Attachments

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HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK

Minutes of Special Meeting

-of-

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

A Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees of

the Hall of Science of The City of New York was duly held

on Tuesday, December 8, 1964 at 4:00 o'clock in the after­

noon at Gracie Mansion, 88th Street and East End Avenue,

New York, New York.

Present:

Hon. Mario J. Cariello Hon. Robert Moses Charles F. Preusse, Esq. Hon. P8ul R. Screvane Hon. Robert F. Wagner

Mayor Wagner, President of the Corporation, acted

as Chairman of the meeting.

There was presented to the meeting a waiver of

notice of the meeting, signed by each of the Trustees, fixing

the time and place of the meeting. Mr. Preusse, Secretary

of the Corporation, was requested to file said waiver with the

minutes of the meeting.

The minutes of the Firat Meeting of the Board, held

on September 3, 1964, were read by Mr. Preusae and were unan­

imously approved.

Mayor Wagner stated that the ~-Laws or the Corpora­

tion provide for a Board of Trustees to consist or twenty-one

elective trustees and not more than four ~ officio Trustees

(said ~ officio Trustees to be composed of the Mayor or the

City of New York, the President of the City Council, the

Commissioner of Parks, and the Borough President of the Borough

of Queens, each to act as a Trustee during the term of his office

with the City of New York). Mr. Screvane noted that, under

the Corporation's Charter, Mr. Moses and Mr. Preusse were already

members of the Board and that, in addition, three of the four

required ex officio Trustees were also members of the Board.

Whereupon, upon motion duly made, seconded and unani­

mously carried, it was

RESOLVED, that Hon. Newbold Morris be, and he hereby is, elected to serve as an ex officio Trustee of this Corporation during the-term of his office as Commissioner or Parks or the City of New York; and

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the following persons are elected to serve as Trustees of this Corporation to hold office until the third Tuesday in September, 1965 or until their successors shall be elected and shall qualify:

Dr. Leona Baumgartner Detlev w. Bronk Joseph E. Davis Seth H. Dubin Dr. John R. Dunning Charles E. Eble Daniel Gilmartin Grayson Kirk William L. Laurence Joseph A. Martino Frank Pace, Jr. Clifton w. Phalen Dr. Isidor Isaac Rabi Robert W. Sarnoff Ralph I. Straus Mrs. Marietta Tree

Mayor Wagner pointed out that, although he had

accepted the office of President of the Corporation at the

first meeting of the Corporation held on September 3, 1964, he

had done so with the understanding that he would hold office

only until such time as full consideration could be given to

the election of another Trustee as President, in view or his

many other executive responsibilities as Mayor. He asked that

he be relieved of his office as President at the earliest

feasible date. In this connection, he expressed his desire

that Mr. Preusse, who had been elected Secretary at the same

meeting, continue to serve as Secretary until such time as the

Hall of Science was in full operation. Mr. Preusse then stated

that he would continue to act as Secretary so long as his

professional obligations would permit his service to the

Corporation in this capacity.

Mr. Cariello noted that the Ew-Laws of the

Corporation provide for the election by the Board of an

Executive Committee consisting in not less than five

members of the Board. Mr. Moses then stated that, in view

of the responsibilites of the Executive Committee under the

B,y-Laws, it would seem appropriate to elect the five members

of the Executive Committee at a Special Meeting of the Board,

as presently constituted, in the near future, the present

ex officio members of that Committee. Mr. Screvane suggested

that a committee be appointed at this meeting both to nominate

an elective Trustee to serve as President or the Corporation

and to nominate five additional elective Trustees to serve

as members of the Executive Committee, the names of such

nominees to be submitted for approval at a Special Meeting

of the Board.

Upon motion duly made and seconded, it was unanimously

RESOLVED, that Dr. Leona Baumgartner, Mr. Detlev W. Bronk and Mr. Joseph A. Martino be, and they here­by are, apnointed to act as a committee to nominate an elective Trustee of the Corporation for the office of President of the Corporation, and to nominate five additional elective Trustees to serve as members of the Executive Committee of the Corporation; and,

FURTHER RESOLVED, that Mr. Martino be, and he hereby is, appointed as Chairman of said nominating committee; and,

FURTHER RESOLVED, that said nominating committee shall submit the names of their nominees for said positions to the members of the Board of Trustees at a Special Meeting of the Board to be held at the earliest feasible date.

Mayor Wagner then requested Mr. Preusse.to advise

the new members of the Board of Trustees of their election

to the Board, and to notify the members of the nominating

committee of their appointments and duties.

A discussion then ensued both as to a place for

a temporary office for the Corporation pending the conclusion

of the 1964-1965 World's Fair, and as to engaging the services

as consultant, on a temporary basis, of a qualified expert

in the field of science-museum work to assist the Board in its

planning for permanent operation of the Hall of Science. Mr.

Moses then stated that space could be provided for a temporary

office·for the Corporation in the Administration Building at

the Fair. All of the members of the Board agreed that efforts

should be made to engage the services of Daniel M. MacMaster,

Director of the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, as

consultant dur~ng the planning stage of the Corporation. Mayor

Wagner then requested Mr. Preusse to communicate with Mr.

MacMaster on this matter.

Mr. Preusse then stated that, after consulting the

other members of the Board, as Secretary of the Corporation

..

he had filed on November 5, 1964, an application for Federal

Income Tax Exemption, and that on November 30, 1964, the

application had been granted qualifying the Corporation as

a non-profit educational corporation. He then explained

that the exemption was applicable to any of the Corporation's

federal income taxes (other than unrelated business income);

rendered deductible, for federal income tax purposes, con­

tributions to the Corporation by donors; and, rendered

deductible, for federal estate and gift tax purposes, bequests,

legacies and gifts.

i-lhereupon, upon motion duly made, seconded and

unanimously carried, it was

RESOLVED, that the action of Charles F. Preusse, Secretary of the Corporation, in making application on behalf of the Corporation for Federal Income Tax Exemption be, and the same hereby is, ratified, confirmed and approved.

A discussion then ensued as to the date, place and

time of the next meeting of the Board of Trustees.

Upon motion duly made, seconded and unanimously

carried, it was

RESOLVED, that a Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees of this Corporation be held on r1onday, January 25, 1965 at 12:30 P.M. at the Top of the Fair Restaurant, New York World's Fair, Flushing ~1eadow, New York, New York.

Secretary

. SCIENCE AT THE FAIR ' - . - . . . -

WILUAM t. LAURENCE, Editor

With Prefatory Notes by ROBERT MOSES, President NewYork World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation

and by PAUL R. SCREV ANE, President of the Council The City of New York

•. ;J\t.my--req~e&t, Mr.WliliamL.Laurence, ourtopsd~~-a(f~~r~:·~':·-·· ,_,.·.· ... •-.' .... , .... ,, .. wri~ for qur ~ecutives a short, 'Utlderstandable pit~ce ~ s(!en,~ at}: .. ·. . .

tlte Fai,r.-Jdenttfybtg the .·pavilions and- exhibits £ea~tijlg: jqep~rJ#·r:> .. _. •·· ·. O~pV&}' ~fP~4C)th~r.and explaU\i1'tgWhat Our SPon$0t,s;l;;ay~'~~.~U,J_· .>:~:;i

sl\ow th~ i~u,atpu~lic.• Next' to t1te gteat sdentistS th~YtS-~";···-· ..• · . '·.those·._ wt.ti 'expl"it·-'thetrrevelatiori& .ir\ ba~it .r .. rch·· 81\d::;pJ:iSJtf~/ ,;.·, .• ·implesn~~tlbn~com.Stheyeryfewreporterswho •. ~.mat(t!-the&.e~;·) .•. ·••· · lati~#s,·ci)Diprehenst~Ie:by laymen;~the gi.fted . .. .• ·. ·.. .· ·

· puf~bst~ terms .and form~s -.in-. simple Ettglish,,-who ·"· ... .:: •. -....... .:: '~ex{l~tisef.linso'out ofthetmodynamics, space: and · · · · __ .. _· _ •.• _ ·. .·.· · ·

. U¢'enkf1 is the·:best of this .rare. breed. He was picked to rej)~t;,--,. · ... ·_._ · ·.· jqdrnalists··bilthe spot at Los-Alamos, Hi~ andNap$W~-·.,/(·.t ··•·•:·

11\ preparation for P~t Fair Flushing Meadow,:Mr~-·J.a:~¢e.-,i$· \ f?· workbig on _future bUildingS arid exhibits for. thenew~t·aau;: ; ;: ., of Science. This little piece is to be read iri ·connection'witl\ tlie:prt~~.; ,· .· ...

; . vious report· on the Post Fair Park and the shorter one on the Hall~cif : ', ~· Science. . . • · -·._·,·_ ,<: .. ; ·

. It won't take long to· read this piece. ·It won't require ~t t!ffot( It. will be most rewarc:ling. · · · :,.· .. ·.

' .

This book on· Sdenee at the 'New· YorkW6rlci's Fatr .... ..: ............ . Y4th ~ty the frttpact ofthe scientific ~voltttion the Wltneslll\g. . .

·The pageS devoted· to the Hall of Science, which will~n"' .. ~.,,l1!._ .... ·or-.

City a permanent museum to meet the needs ofan era ill w· tudl selllm~• • is playing such an aU-important role; are gratifyirig to me~. ··~n.utif~

· as one who has felt the need for such a rnijsewn and has WOJ. rk•r:t With:::: ·Mayor Wagried9i its establlShnt~t.· . . The thedie' ofthe Fair-11Peace throUgh Undletst;andling~

· · double ·~t: The ·understandin8 of people, the scX:ltal·iind;l\~-~.;;; ta~ comprehension, must be. coupled withar. w· l'lde~.~il\d~R;·qttbe physical world, of the 1,1rtiverse we live in. . .· . ·.. . . , . . , .•

The sdentiac exhibits at the H~l·of Science, thl;<Untte<I·:.$Atef'Y :: Space Park and· other paVilions, deScribed. in thesepa~~P~~··«sr:· .... ·········•

. dramatic illustration of the breath-taking pace d{~entffic ~~ ·. :'·.:·.:·: · during the quarter--century since the last New York World's fc~tjn.);,.:.\•' · 1939. TheyteUusthatw4!are living in tWonewages-theSpa~:~;:, · ···· :. · as well as the Atomic Age, and that we now stand at ne!W ~tiers:(;( knowledge that Will greatly enrich the life of mankind eV~hefe.. .

The present Hall of Science is but a nucleUs of what will, irt tiineP '- · grow into a magnificent Science Center, to take its pla~ With tin~~, Center, the MettQpolitan Museum, the AmeriCa!\ M~()f NahifatX .. · History and our institutions of learning; as part of a: great cwtui .. ::.i: .'< :

®mpb ~KW anywhere m iliewmM~~~",;

. .. i -INTi.ODUCTlON---h · wm;.,...,;-1 .. , , :' .··-····· ..... · · .. Y

··· n. umt:m ·sTA.rts srACE PARK : ·- .· ·. · :a. ·Tit~ taux\ch Vehiel~ ·. · ·· · · ·

. b. · Proj~~ :(;e.-nini ._ · · · c .. · Saturn: Project Fact Sheet· d~ SaturtiVThrustSttuclurt'r ··. e, Apollo ·· .·' . .t

·. m. TH£· HALL OF SCIENCE · · · :a; Rend~vo\lS m Space (Martiri;..Mati~~taCo.).

··· b •. ··Sdentific.A.spectsofaNationaiOrbihtl:'•.·· · . · . Spa~$tation..:-.(NOSS), _.. ·. ·:_· .... ·

. c. UnitedStat~s Atoll\ic Energy Commission ~t_ .. The.Atont-by.WilliUx\ t. Laurence

· ·. e. New Dimensions in Space ari4 Time · · ·. · J. 'Office Of pvtlian Defense- · · ··

The Sdence oE Survival . · ·.g.· The Upjohn Company~ The Brain inActi~n

-h. TheHumanBra~by WiUiamL.Lauience·. i. Abbott-Laboratories-The Chemical Min j. The J:nzYllles--by William·L. La1Jretu:e .. ·. . .

. k. Life. is an Electron--:·byWilliari\L, Laurence ·. · 1. DNA-by William L; Laurence · ·. · ·

m. Ames Company I Inc. . . · .. ·.·TheBlood

The Kidneys ·'· · . . .. . . . _ . Facts about theHeatt~by Williamt •• taurenci{: . ·.

n~ American Cancer Society · · . . . o. Interchemical CorpQration-Physics of <;:olo~

P• General Aniline & Filin Corporation- .. · · · · · Chemistry and the World of Color · · · q, Hearing.Aid Industry Corifererice, Inc; r. American Chemical Society

IV. 01HER PAVIUONS a. General Electric Pavilion- ·

The Cosmic Powerhouse-by WilliamL. Laurence b. Bell System · · · ·

1) The Transistor ~) Maser 3) Laser 4) TASI 5) Undersea Telephone Cables 6) Voiceprints 7) Tic-tac-toe Machine

c. The DuPont Show-Wonderful World of Chemistry

d .. The mM Exhibit e. Sinclair Dinosaur Exhibit

. ,, ·.'

. :4() . 43·',,.

·45 ' 47

48

.·.: S4 57 .. 59

n. United States Space Park

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. ~ ifoajor ~lure of the N~Yorl< World's Fair IS the~~ · · :Uni~ States Space Park which includes, am()ng other spacW.ge

hard~are, the Aurora 7 that carried Astronaut Scott Carp4!nter. on the second U.S. manned orbital flight. . . . . ·' · · .. ··.·. , · .· .· · · ·The Space Park is co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense and:~~ World~s Fair •. It includes the most impOsing array of full-scale ltS•·~ets ·

.· and$pacecraft ever assembled Qutside ()fCape.Kenn~,Roricfa• .· .'· .... · Hishllghting the park is a EuU-5cale "boattall" or propU1Si9nseetiol\ : ·: •

· · of the. massive Saturn Y rocket which will send .AlneriW\>astronci"U~ ·'· .~ to the Moon.' Th~·model stands 52 'feet .tall, measure&·33 :f~Jndi.arn:-, eter, and is the bottom section of the 2$2-foot tall Sa~. ·· · .

. .· Among the· spa~craft shown are the Tiros and NimWJ weatJltr · 'satellites; Syncom, Telstar, Relay and Echo communication$ sa~itet; · Explorers for near-Earth space investigation; the. orbiting observa·: ;

.. · tories; Rangers and Surveyors for unmanned lunar exploration,and . ·.Mariner n, the world's first successfulVenus probe. Also in.the sroup ·

. are the Canaclian~built Alouette, the BritishArieO, and Discoverer .xrv, the first satellite recovered from orbit by aircraft when ·it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. .

Towering over the two-acre exhibit is a Titan 11-Gemini launch vehicle and its two-man spacecraft. The Titan li booster, 110 feet high, stands with the Gemini ~psule attached on· top. just as it. will be on the launch pad at Cape Kennedy. ··

Surrounding · the Titan U-Geri\inl are full-scale models of the Apollo Con\mand and SeMc~ Modules which will carey Am~cai\. .. astronauts to the moon, the Lunar Excursion Module, and two-inan Gemini spacecraft.

Other full-scale exhibits in the Park are . the Atlas-Mercury • and thor-Delta rockets, an X-15 rocket-powered research aircraft and the Agena rocket.

A biosatellite spacecraft illustrates future missions to explore the. .. effects of the space environment on animal and plant tissues~ .· .

The NERVA, or Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application, is ... shown in one-quarter scale, and the SNAP-8 {Space Nuclear Auxiliary · Power) is represented in one-twelfth scale. A 1/48th scale mOdel:()f · the Titan m C launch vehicle is also shown. . .

i ; i ;-

TITAN LAUNCH VEHICI.ES

PROJECT GEMINI

Titan II, a two-stage U.S. Air Force booster, has been chosen by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration· to launch .the Gemini two-man spacecraft. Its first stage develops about 430,000 pounds of thrust at sea level. The second stage develops about 100,000 · pounds of thrust at altitude. Titan II stands 90 feet tall and can place a spacecraft weighing about 7,000 pounds into orbit around the Earth. It is 10 feet in diameter and uses storable liquid propellants that burn on contact with each other. Thus the Gemini launch vehicle can be fueled well ahead of launch and need not be drained if a launch is postponed.

Modifications of Titan II for the Gemini program include devel­opment of a malfunction detection system, duplication of vital sys­tems, and increased astronaut control of the vehicle.

A full scale model of Titan II with a Gemini spacecraft mounted on top, 110 feet talt is on display in the U.S. Space Park.

Titan III is under development as a standard space launch sys~ tern and part of the National Launch Vehicle Program. It is the first launch system developed by the Air Force from the outset as a space booster. Capable of performing a variety of manned and unmanned space missions in the next decade, Titan Ill, in its "C" configuration, is a three-stage, 103-foot-tall vehicle developing about 2.5 million pounds of thrust.

Titan III is based on Titan II, modified principally by strapping two large solid-fuel rockets to its sides and adding a liquid-propellant third stage. It will be able to place 5,000 to 25,000-pound payloads in low altitude orbits, 10 tons in a 100-nautical-mile orbit, or 13,000 pounds in a 1,000-nautical-mile orbit.

It will be used to launch the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL).

The next major step after Mercury in the United States manned space flight program is Project Gemini. This project's goals are:

To determine man's performance and behavior during orbital flights for as long as two weeks;

To develop and perfect techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking, the bringing together and coupling of craft in orbit;

To carry out scientific investigations of space that require partici­paHon and supervision of men aboard a spacecraft.

The Department of Defense and NASA have agreed on joint ar­rangements for the planning of experiments, the conduct of flight tests, and the analysis and dissemination of results.

The two-man Gemini spacecraft externally resembles the Mercury spacecraft. It is 1 ~ feet wider than Mercury at the base and length-ened proportionately. It provides about 50 percent more cabin space 5

than Mercury and weighs about 7,000 pounds. Two men will pilot the Gemini spacecraft.

Gemini components will be outside the crew compartments and ar-ranged in easily removable units, thereby facilitating check-out and maintenance.

Included in Gemini equipment are docking apparatus for coupling with another vehicle in space; a life support system for maintaining pressure, temperature, and atmospheric composition of the crew cabin; instruments to collect, transmit, and record data on conditions of the spacecraft and astronauts; guidance and controls systems oper­ating in conjunction with a computer to aid in navigation, rendezvous with another craft, entering Earth's atmosphere, and landing; radar to aid in rendezvous operations; and a landing and recovery system including a small parachute to stabilize the craft, the paraglider mech­anism, landing gear, and recovery aids such as tracking beacons, flash­ing lights, and two-way voice radios.

Ejection Seats-Gemini will have no es.cape tower. Instead, each astro­naut will have an ejection seat (similar to that used in a fighter air­craft) for escape during launch or for emergencies in the recovery phase.

Adapter Section-The two-piece adapter section is attached to the heat shield at Gemini's base. The adapter section is 7¥! feet in diam­eter at the top, 7~ feet long, and 10 feet in diameter at its base. It weighs about 2,200 pounds. It is made up of the equipment and retro­grade modules. As an aid in distinguishing the Gemini parts, the crew section has been designated the re-entry module.

The equipment module contains fuel, fuel cells, oxygen for breath-

PHOTO BY PETER A. LEAVENS

ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS

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Ph a so-< fed and stal mil me1 flas sigl to 1

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ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS

ing; and a propulsion system for orbital attitude cont.-ol (orientation) cmd ·.maneuvers. !he .• retrograde . module, . sandwiched between the

.eqUJpmentand·re-entry moclulE!s1 contains the 'btaking rockets that ·decelerate Gemini and enable it to descend from orbit. It also contains

.•. a J)rQpulsion system to aid in orienting and maneuvering .the craft. . ' 'Tl\e astronauts jettison the equipment module during preparation . for return to Earth. They discard the retrograde module just before

·. entcy into the atmosphere. .

.· To Land Like An Airplane-Gemini flights will employ parachutes ·· for landing. In later flights the parachutes may be replaced by a 45-

foot wide wedge-shaped paraglider. The paraglider will be part of the equipment of the r&-entry module,

the only part of Gemini designed to return to Earth. The device, de­ployed at about 40,000 feet, will enable the astronauts to maneuver the module to any desired landing point within a 20-mile radius.

· Phase 1-Launch and Insertion Into Orbit-In the Gemini orbital ren­. dezvous mission, an Atlas will first launch an Agena l"ocket, modified to link up with the Gemini spacecraft, into a near-circular orbit. Ground stations will track Agena and determine the best time to launch Gemini. Later, a Titan II will propel Gemini into an elongated orbit with an altitude generally lower than that of Agena but with apogee (highest altitude) at the same altitude of the Agena orbit.

Because its altitude is lower, Gemini will be able to circle the Earth more quickly than Agena and gradually overtake the rocket. When the two are most favorably located relative to each other, a Gemini rocket will be fired to increase Gemini's speed and to thrust the space­craft into a circular orbit almost identical with that of Agena.

Phase 2-Ciosing-As soon as Gemini's radar acquires Agena, the so-called closing phase of rendezvous begins. Radar information is fed into Gemini's computer which tells the pilots which rockets to fire and when and how long they must operate them to keep the craft stabilized and gain on their target. When the two craft are about 20 miles apart, the astronauts are expected to sight Agena and supple­ment radar information with visual observation. A high-intensity flashing light on Agena will help the .astronauts keep their target in sight. By the end of the closing phase, Gemini and Agena will be 10 to 100 feet apart and traveling in the same orbit.

Phase 3-Docldng-The fmal phase of rendezvous is docking, the link-up of the two vehicles. In this phase, much of the sensing, com­puting, and decision requirements are within the capability of man. Using visual observation, the astronauts will carefully maneuver Gemini into contact with Agena. They are aided by an aiming bar on the Gemini spacecraft and a notch in the rocket's receiving cone.

As they near their target, the astronauts must reduce the relative 'J

8

velocities between the two craft to less than 1 Y2 miles per hour, al­though both are whirling around the Earth at about 18,000 miles per hour. Moreover, they must align the conical nose of their craft with the docking socket of the Agena.

They will accomplish this by using the attitude controls to pitch Gemini (move its nose up or down), yaw the craft (turn its nose to the right or left}, or roll it around the long axis, as conditions demand.

Docking will be accomplished when the cone-shaped nose of Gemini is gently nudged into the matching slot of the Agena. Cou­pling of the craft will be automatic, and the astronauts will be able to operate the joined vehicles as a single unit, adding the Agena's pro­pulsion system to that of the Gemini spacecraft.

At the conciusion of their mission, the astronauts will detach Agena and jettison the equipment module. Then, they will turn the spacecraft around, fire the retrorockets to slow down and descend to Earth, and discard the retrograde module.

Gemini Crew May Step Out Into Space--During advanced stages of the Gemini program, its pressure-.suited crew may open the hatches and emerge from the spacecraft while in orbit. Moreover, they may push themselves from the craft, and appear to float in space as they speed around the Earth at about 18,000 miles per hour. For this opera­tion, they will be tethered to the craft to insure their return. Gemini will store sufficient oxygen to re-fill its cabin when the astronauts return.

This experiment will help pave the way for future operations in which man can make repairs, assemble orbiting stations, and perform other functions in space.

SATURN PRO}EC FACT SHEET

. •.~>~.·l)~a\'Y$p'~:vehicle&a~e~ingdriel9P#i·"Y,tlle.~~~ol'lij:A~·.i);.; .. . n~~ti~ and Space .~drt\inistr~tiOl\ ijftcler.th~:ptC)j~::n.ll\e ~~~~~···~c.· .. :·

. :}11~ $~~~ Pr(,)jec:t ~ p~~c#ns.v~~cl~ cap~bl! :f)ts,~ng p~yl~•~ , ·. · .· of;fuat\'onsmto>&tthorbit tothe.Moonaful.:"'"te.dee .s ·.·.:-·:me···.··.··· . :· '• . y.t. : ..... , ... ·. ·:· .· I.· . .. ' '· .. ··, ••"t'· '·•."''·~· , .... · .... ,

···.· :~tlj'p\apo~e of the· prQj~ct is ~e4 space ~xeJ9raijot\,:4tclu~· •··• ·.· . . ~e ~~~gJ1.E men and equipment on th~ .M()Ori Wit!Un. thi!id~f1dCJ~· · ·

··.The.~;iturn d~velopnt¢J'lt p~ogram is'.unqer•tiut'di~~~~n~fJhe.~-~: tip~LAeronauti,cs and Space Ad!rt~istration., · · . •·· · .. · · · · · · · ·

· 'The smallest vehicle;Satutn I, has • a booster dev~Ioping :r..s million.·.·· ·pounds thrust. This dev,elopment program l\'as started in l•teJ9~~ · The initial Sa tum 1 booster with inert upper stages was launched·or,t a perfecH11ght over the Atlantic Missile Range Oct~ 27, 1961. The "c­o~d, third and fourth launchings, on April 25; and Nov.16, 1~62/' March 28,1963 and Jan. 29,1964 were lik~se succ~sful. . .. . ... ·... .

The largest Saturn vehicle, Saturn V, will have. a b~ter of 7.5 mil~ . . · lion pounds thrust. The program was initiated i~ Jat\uary ,.1962, .· · .....•

·In addition to these two basic Sa tum vehiclesi the, Saturn IB will be.· used. Th~ IB will consist of the first stag' of theS~tumJ and the! third. stage .of the Saturn, v. The IB will·be capable of delivering 1~ tQl\5. tp,, JowEarth orbit, compared to 11 tons for the Saturn I. Both will~ used: . . tn(!arly phases of the Apollo program, while the SaturriV wUl be itsed for the Moon landing. . . . . : · .

. All Sat:um boosters or first stages use as prope»ai\ts ~ .. 1 (kerO. . serie) and liquid oxygen, whereas all upper stages use the high energy. combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.. . · . . · .. .· .·

Sa tum l consists of two stages, S..l and S"'IV• There is a·tO-;ve}Ucle> . research and development flight test program. In the firstfour,()~y ·.· •. the boQster was "live." In the remaining ones, the booster (S-1) and the. second stage (S..IV) are live. The first live upper stage launch was made on January 29, 1964, successfully placing in orbit the spel\tsec .. ond stage and inert ballast weighing a total of 37,700 pounds. The.sec-. · ond live launch was made on May 26, 1964. .

The initial Sa tum I test rocket weighed about 92s;ooo pounds when fueled. The later Saturn I, with a live second stage and Apollo payload, · weighed 1,130,000 pounds. The vehicle placed a boUer plate Apc)llo spacecraft ill to low Earth orbit in preparation for the lunar voyages that will follow. Its Earth orbital capability is about 22,000 pouncls .. ·.

Following are descriptions of the Saturn I stages:

5-I: The Saturn I first stage or booster, called 5-1, is powered by a cl\Js­. ter of eight H-1 engines, each of which produces 188,()00 pounds of

thrust to give a total of1,SOO,OOO pounds, or 32,000,000 horsepOwer .. . The booster is 21 ~ feet in diameter and 82 feet in length. Empty

weight is slightly less thanlOO,OOO pounds. The H-1 engine, an advanced and compact offspdng of the Jt,tpiter'

and Thor engine, was selected because of its relative simplicity, early 9

10

availability, and proven reliability. It burns RP-1 kerosene fuel and

liquid oxygen.

5-IV: The second stage of the Saturn I vehicle, known as S-IV, is pow­ered by six RL-10 engines, each having 15,000 pounds thrust. This is the same engine that is used for the Centaur space vehicle.

The S-IV stage is 18 feet in diameter and about 40 feet in length, with propellant capacity of 100,000 pounds. Since this stage uses the super-cold fuel, liquid hydrogen, the design includes many innova-

tions. The Saturn V consists of three stages, the first stage having 7.5 mil-

lion pounds thrust-five times more than the Saturn I first stage. The vehicle will be capable of placing about 120 tons in Earth orbit and sending about 45 tons to the vicinity of the Moon. The rocket will weigh more than six million pounds at liftoff.

Following is a description of the Saturn V stages:

S-IC: The Saturn V booster, or S-IC stage, is approximately 138 feet in length and 33 feet in diameter. The basic configuration will be cylindrical, with separate propellant tanks. Suction lines from the for­ward liquid oxygen tank will pass through tunnels in the fuel tank to the engine. Dry weight of the stage will be about 280,000 pounds, with a propellant capacity of about 4,400,000 pounds.

Structural configuration for the stage propellant tanks will be an all-welded assembly of cylindrical ring segments with dome-shaped bulkheads. Both propellant tanks will include slosh baffles over the full depth of the liquids.

The propulsion system will use five F-1 engines for a total thrust of7,500,000pounds. The F-1, under development for NASA, has been static fired at full thrust (1.5 million pounds) for full flight duration (about 2~ minutes). The first production engine is scheduled for delivery in 1964.

S-11: The second, 5-11 stage will measure about 82 feet long and 33 feet in diameter and have a propellant capacity of 930,0000 pounds. The basic configuration will be cylindrical, with an insulated common bulkhead separating the liquid oxygen tank and forward hydrogen tank.

The propulsion system will use five J-2 engines, providing a total of 1,000,0000 pounds thrust.

Four engines will be placed in a square pattern, with the fifth engine rigidly fixed in the center.

5-IVB: The third stage for the Saturn V configuration will be identi­fied as the 5-IVB stage which measures about 21 ~ feet in diameter and about 58 feet in length. The tankage is sized for about 230,000 pounds of propellant for orbital operations, which includes an allow­ance for boil-off and power during orbital coast.

One J-2 engine, providing about 200,000 pounds of thrust at alti-

SAJURN V THRUST STRUCTURE

APOLLO

. · Ni~i~r~'~ the N~w ·Y~tk:Wo~fd'~ i~tr:thl~ ·. • >' ;·~~Mcl.look ~tc t~e "busi.nt?S:f; end'~, · ':"'i·fi~'~"JW~:eJfl'.~'ltt~$. ;~ltl~' >:'2

' '·.···' ' Sp~~~Admirlistri\.ti9{l' smatnmoth ~ .. uurn V:M~OOlil:mct<e:t: · • .. ,_A.:•fl,l}hsize m()ck•up of t~~ ,thrust. c:.t ........ · •r ... htr,, """· tf\tl~·s•tage:r~!Cl<~'~''Y:

et~sbooster,the~ICst~ge,.rest$onfour . >·. ·. · .. · .... ·· hugeF:J.engines.li feefabo~eth~groUilcli ...•. ·· ... ·.··· ... · .. · .. · .. ,;· •... · .. ·• ·; · ·

.. Fair visitors are able to walk beneath the 52--foot-"taU. $trUct\l~ · > · · · · · g~eJ1pw~rd into the nozzles.of the iO..ton en8fri~s~ whkb ,Wilt

the real Saturn, V booster a total thrust o£7.5 iniliion po\mds~ ''·' ,- ; ··: A compl~te: booster will be 138 ·feet. tall ~d ~~. EeetJn di~~te&-: , :·:··r · · ·

With all thf~e; s,tag~s:.~~~lllbJ~ and ~e. Apollo ~~.c:ef;raft 1rtountef;(. ·.···: atop, the Saturn V will tower some 360 feet into the ·sky.· · .. . · · ' · · .. The Saturn V is being developed as the vehie}e whidf will~d the ApoVo spacecraft and three astronauts tc).theM~J;l:-~fore1~70-( ' .·• ~ . · _- At theba5e of the exhibit is an Apollo CouUnartd MQdule'to sltow. ":, Visitors how the three astronauts will ride tcfthe_¥9Pn~ ahd_;IL~t/

. _'Excursion Module, the vehicle kn()Wn as the "bug~f 'w.hich \'Villlowet ·: .. twoastronauts ftomlunar orbit to the Moon's surfaee •.. :, , , ·•-·•;;< ;, -. The- Command M<Jdule, Lunar Excursion Modul~;and a thfrd_'sec~ .

tion, the ServiCe Module~ containing instrumentatiotland apropUJ~ion -• system, make up the Apollo spacecraft.·. · · ·

• . . . . .J

· · , Liftoff--The hip to the Moon wil{start at CaPe K~edy, Fla., .wh~· thitSatU.rn V rises from thelaurichpad. The~ster; or·S..1Cst~t drops away after burning and cutoff. The escape tower is diseardea · · after second stage ignitioJ1. _. - __ · · · · · _ .. _ _ _- _ ·-- · -·•-. ·

-- The second stage is also separated after burnout. J\ partial burrt of the single J-2 engine in the thirclf or S..IVB, stage is ~ecessary to place · this stage and the Apollo Spacecraft into a uparking"Earth orbit• .. ·

InjeCtion Into Lunar Trajectory-_ At least 1 ~ ~eVolutions a~und the· Earth will be required to reach the proper launCh ~'window~'~ (rito5t · dil·ect line toward the Moori), to ch.eck out the spacecraft, and to deter~ mine that everything is ready to commit the spaeecra!fto the-missicm •.. When the decision is made'to go, the third stage engine Wilibe ignited ..•.. again to rt,?ach the escape velocity of about 25,000 mil~s an ho1Jr~ . Apollo Spacecraft-The Apollo Spacecraft has three major parts. the Command Module carries the crew, plus guidance and control insm.t.:. ·

· mentation. The Command· Module· will· weigh ·about five· ton5 ·and meast?-re 12 feet high. The Service Module, containing. the 'p'rimary spacecraft propulsion elements, will weigh about 23 tons and measure ·· 23 feet l,tigh. The third element is. the Lunar Excursion ModUle, or "Bug/' It will weigh about 15 tons and stand about 20 feet tall. In addition to its scienti6c instruments, communications, and guidance

12

systems, the Bug will carry two astronauts to and from the lunar sur­face and the orbiting Command-Service modules.

When the proper Earth-to-Moon trajectory has been established, fairings which have shielded the Bug are released. The Command­Service modules are separated from the Lunar Excursion Module-third stage, and turned 180 degrees, then mated nose-to-nose with the Bug. This will be done by "flying" the Command-Service Module to its re-oriented position through attitude control. After this maneuver the third stage is jettisoned.

The crew makes navigation checks by taking bearings on the Earth, Moon, and stars, and corrects the spacecraft's course, if necessary. The pull of Earth's gravity will slow the vehicle's speed to about 6,500 miles an hour after one day, and 1,500 miles an hour after two days. As the Moon looms nearer, its gravitational pull becomes stronger, and the craft begins to fall toward the Moon, gaining velocity.

Entering Lunar Orbit-A number of mid-course maneuvers may be required to place the spacecraft into position for braking into a pre­cise, circular lunar orbit. Approximately 72 hours after liftoff, the Service Module propulsion unit will ignite, slowing the entire space­craft into a precise circular orbit about 60 miles above the Moon.

Entering Landing Ellipse and Landing-After preparing the Bug for descent to the lunar surface, the two lunar explorers will transfer to the Bug through the hatch at the connecting point of the two vehicles. Once they are transferred, the Bug will separate from the Command­Service modules, which will remain in lunar orbit.

The Bug's propulsion system will place the two-man ship into a trajectory having the same period as the Command-Service Modules but with a lower perigee of approximately 60,000 feet. This low peri­gee permits a close examination of the intended landing site. It also enables the Bug and the mother ship to come closely together twice during each orbit. This would be a natural position for rendezvous if for any reason the situation calls for an aborted mission.

After a carefully blended combination of manual control and auto­matic system operation, retro-maneuver will be executed, bringing the Bug out of lunar orbit. It drops to within 100 feet of the Moon.

The explorers will be aided by maps, reconnaissance data and pos­sibly a previously landed beacon. The Bug can maneuver laterally 1,000 feet to get in the best possible position of lunar touchdown. Descent to the surface is probably the most critical phase of the entire operation. Fortunately, the Bug will be small and will be designed specifically for landing, rather than for both landing and re-entry.

The Bug will have a reasonable amount of glass area so that the landing maneuver can be under visual control of the two astronauts. During the landing maneuver, the Command-Service Module with the one astronaut aboard will always be in line of sight and radio commu­nication with the Bug.

,C-

~. '

~ ~

.• . .~!':ttlunar tqu~down ha$ ~t.( .,~,IeteQHI~:~fc).l'.e 1t$inii~Y· ... other actiQn;·the· ~o.expl()t~m· · ... J ''!PJ.reJ)ltre .. tor te-.Ja$1lc;hing; ~., .... ~.w.·~.

:will ~e.as,ts~:by th~ astro~atJ.t •m~the moltl'ler smlD·'aJUJ 'irlfOI~Jio~( · : · ttar;.$mitt~Jrorn Earth•: ·

. Lunar EXploratlan-:-Wh~ th~ first 'astronatit s':t :eJq~.trem'l· tt~te·uwt:M~···~·· ~~ setiloot ontheMaort, it will\t'ariscend . si~;l\·ifibat\C:~·ttl~ nl())'i,mt:OI~'·' · 'dtscevety'·of coritinenbror oceans hete dn E. a~f;.l\~ll\eci~q,Ic~r~t:i911t::• of-the Moon:is a logic.alextension of . ~ ~ .. ~ .~. . . . . . .. . . , .. .

~· Man's· judgment arid ability to make unschedule<{ .• ~ •. . . . . ·. . . · · ... · him a valuable means for gathering information~ Much of tl\•d..n~·.'

. ·exploration \-Viii~ be geologic.hl nat\ire.~. It. wi}l ~dude mapPing,·~···. tograp~y~ observation of surface characteristics, .cote ana ~f-~· ·~·" . ·· ....

. ~sampling, seismic measurements, and radiatiOn nt~surentet)ti. Th~··.: ... , .• ' . Bug will carry about 2.00 pounds ofequipmentfor thi~ purpose. ~· ' Lunar Uftoff-Once the decision has been made to re-l~urich the Bill¥ the crew will fire the launching engine at a pred~ely de~ 'in~<. stant while the mother ship is within line of sight. Thel~~g stage , in effect becomes a launch pad, a "Lunar Kennedy," and s~chJ~. ,, ....

. as fuel tariks for landing gear itself will be left on th~ luriat sW:f~. ·: , •, · " > ~

Lunar Orbit Rendezvou&-At liftoff the Bug's en~e ;propeJ~ :¥b~i·. , module up~ trajectory which enables it to rendezvous With themotl\er· ship. During the ascent maneuver, there will be radar an~~siullco~~; tact between the Lunar Excursion Module and the Conunand~Se~ice' · Module. A flashing light on the mother ship willaid visual acq'UisjHP~· , , .'~. , When Bug and mother craft are about three miles apad/th~':Bug,.Wdl• · · > ···

re-orient itself, coming into the correct position for nose~ta-:l\~ lt!ri~ dezvous with the mother. craft. When the two are joined,~ the' Lunar ~ .. Excursion Module crew will transfer into the Command Module, and·· the Bug will be detached and abandoned in.lunarorbit. ~ .

The Return-After the Command and Service Modules are . thorM ' oughly checked out, the Service Mcxlule, with a 20,000pound thrust engine, will provide the propulsion to break out of lunar orbit and · ··: onto the proper return trajectory. Mid-course correction is made, if necessary; using the propulsion system in the Service Module.

On return to the Earth, a very precise trajectory must be flo'Wn to bring the spacecraft into position for a 25,000 mile-per-hour re-entty. Too shallow an approach and the Earth is missed entirely; too steep an approach and ·the spacecraft plunges directly into the abnospher~~ The re-entry corridor is only 40 miles wide, yet must not be· mis~d from a distance of 250,000 miles away. (In comparison, this is like a rifleman with a .22 standing at one end of a football field and hitting a nickel at the other, with both rifleman and nickel moving.)

Just before entering the Earth's atmosphere the Service Moduleis jettisoned and the five-ton Command Module, containing the three crewmen, turns around, facing its blunt end forward. The angle of 13

14

attack at re-entry will be about 30 degrees. Heating rates several times those experienced during Project Mercury may be encountered. NASA is hopeful that, by the first Apollo flight, it will be able to over­come the ionization problem and retain spacecraft communication throughout re-entry.

Drogue chutes will be deployed at 50,000 feet. Pressure and friction of the atmosphere slow the module. Final braking of capsule will be by three 85-foot-diameter parachutes, unless the Gemini program proves that a paraglider or a Rogallo wing is feasible.

Radar and optical instruments track the capsule to the predesig­nated landing area. The astronauts will aim for an area the size of a large airport. A number of sites in the United States plains states are being considered by the Manned Spacecraft Center, which is seeking a flat area with generally good visibility and few of the restrictions posed by a dense population.

·'

:'.·1

~

·· IJi. TheHallofSdence

RENDEZVOUS IN SPACE

Exhibit by the Martin-Mariettu Company in New York City's Hall of Science

SOME Of THE SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS Of A NATIONAL ORBITAL SPACE STATION­(NOSS)

(Martin-Marietta)

16

The City of New York has appropriated monies to build a permanent Museum of Science and Technology in the Transportation Area of the fair Site.

In the Great Hall of the building, Martin-Marietta Corporation will provide a majestic ten-minute show in which 400 visitors at a time will be introduced to the story of science and man's search for knowl­edge. The audience will be engulfed from all sides with light and color and sound in a presentation that will lead from the beginnings of sci­ence up to the new experiences that await man in his first step into outer space. It will be climaxed by a demonstration of "Rendezvous in Space," employing two full-sized manned orbital space vehicles. The meeting "in space" takes place high above the heads of visitors in the cathedral-like Main Floor. The production includes wide screen motion pictures, directional sound, and animated figures.

The full-scale model of NOSS is based on advanced space vehicles that Martin-Marietta has developed and is still developing. The feasibility is established; such an orbital space station could be built and launched into space within the next decade.

The name NOSS derives from the name of this project, "National Orbital Space Station." The orbital laboratory makes it possible to gather facts that are accessible only to a scientist living in space, and also to gather more precise information about the lethal environment encountered during prolonged periods of space travel.

NOSS is designed for a usefullO-year life in orbit. It completes one orbit of earth every ninety-six minutes (equivalent to a speed of more

:c ··:-;'

.. ' . ~

""'- ·oaa...-... U\to.itS ,...,.;:.,,tozi~t'""....,,u. -...;;;. an Balli$tic'Missile · ·

~rkhorsespaceboOster. · ·' . ~- • · ·. _·_ ·· ·. .. . .. _. . llltl".\l:tC attainS the plann~d Otbit, CleWS alld supplies ~t~ U~S;;_

,ftt\i .... t•fift. . spacelabC>ratQry via ·~maller !'taXi'" vehicl~omewnat . PYNA-SOAR, a mamied controlled spac;~ glider Eor w~ldt ··

. a.in~.Titan Il has b$ de~ignated as ~e. l:loqst¢r~ ·· ·. . .... · ·' .· :. " ·,·. · .. ·. 1:11:' ()qfer ~\dtl of the. @l)pra#IY: is ~~~ted)ti~Ui'ti,. thirtY~<· .•... . tw:o··thou!aridths ofan .. iitch thick,· roVidin · a thermal and·~ritlc> ·.· ·

. ·: $hietcl~ th¢·al.ummtim ~er .skirt, ~E\Y~thc>~andths t>fari 4\¢h tiUB,<; · ·.·· .. prQ~des a ton~taitt p~ssur~ wall~~ th~ ~tru&ur~JOitl\lf!l'lCJ.Un~ .. irit~o~ ~Pn\el\t. the' two walls' are separat~· by,lristilation~ whiCh ... at~o ~enclo- a warnhtg systezi tcj 'detect. iJnpact ()fmt!teOriteS~ This'. ' . ·. ~e ~truc;tUre prC,vides 'protectiPn agclinst excesstve radiation~·- •·· -·• ·

·,·~ . . ") ·1 .

. . ~-b~CN OFNOSS. The NOSS s~ce laborat()cy is •the ecnuva- . lent of a luxury trailer in size~ FUlly eq\lippecHt ~ighs about ~9;®_0 .

· pounds. It is 41 feet long, 15 ~tin diameter;· and divided~tOfOutc · · separate· compartments.- ·-Each is capable of supporting· internal p~ •·

sure to ·minimize the principal hazard tO humanlife.in spa~ in· · .advertent loss· of life sustaining atmospJ:iere; ·.· ; . · -· · · · • c · Sa£ety and htunan .factors have been given prime consideration, based on extensive knowledge gained in current· astronautical ·Jrii$­. £lions. ·continuous televised viewing of all compartments· by any .cteW •. ' . .

.. man is made possible for the purpose ohnaster wamhtg as well as ·fcir'· .·. · ·monitoring laboratory activities. Duplication of key electrical;and. . mechanical systems is provided. The control systeni of the interior cOmpartments is selected to minimi%e human. fatl81Je. and encOurage well-being. The green floor and blue sky ceiling also provie:le a re£er<.: · ence for the "where's. up?" feeling associated With weightlessness; ·

• EsCape- provisions in NOSS are provided by interlocking -rescue hatches at the intersection of the four compartments. The enclosure provides air-lock access to the compartments as well as a supply of·

, emergency-space suits, food and equipment to·sustain the five.man · . cre-w for several days, while they await an earth launched reSa!e

vehicle. · 17 · · ·

18

Compartment 1 houses engineering test laboratories, containing equipment for a wide variety of tests in zero gravity-commonly re­ferred to as weightlessness. Among its potential uses: tests on struc­tures and materials; observation of the earth and the space around it in greater detail and over longer time periods than ever before; and the recording of these data. Also in this compartment is the environmental

control system. Compartment 2 is, in effect, the space bedroom, It contains sleeping facilities, storage space for the crew's personal belongings, personal toilet equipment, and laundry facilities. Compartment 3, housing the feeding and recreation and biological laboratories, is the most vital portion of NOSS. Here man becomes not only the experimenter but also the experiment. The importance of man in this vehicle is that his ability to judge, correct, analyze and synthe­size data cannot be replaced by tons of complicated electronic equip­ment. Herein lies the answer to the question: Why send man, instead of a "black box" into space? Compartment 4 is the station control and maintenance center, where the nerve ends of the station all come together. Here are such things as the guidance and control system panels, and electronic consoles to monitor, test and maintain and repair NOSS equipment. Radiation sensors both inside and outside the laboratory are provided and mete­orite impact sensors, beneath the outer hull of the station, connect with electronic monitoring equipment inside the laboratory. An elabo­rate master warning and intercom network for the crew, and an earth to space communications network are also included, together with the space laboratory's tapes and computers. These store scientific data, which are transmitted back to earth.

LIVING IN A SPACE LABORATORY. At 350 miles above the sur­face of the earth, five men live and work in a controlled environment.

Temperature inside NOSS is kept at 72 degrees and at a relative humidity varying between 30 and 50 percent. This means that the liv­ing conditions in NOSS are considerably more comfortable than in Washington, D.C., or New York City on a muggy summer day.

This atmosphere is circulated through all compartments at a rate suitable to control heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen ex­change, and to force the elimination of toxic and foreign particles which could accumulate within the space station. Such a highly devel­oped environmental control is calculated to give a healthy atmosphere for the five crewmen for tours of duty of 30 to 90 days. Their working and resting activities are also scheduled for maximum efficiency and minimum fatigue. New crews and fresh supplies are put aboard NOSS at necessary intervals.

The crew's movements are free and unhampered, despite the weightless condition. Crewmen wear normal laboratory working clothes, except for special shoes coated with Velcro, a nylon fabric

UNITED STATE! ATOMIC ENER< COMMISSION Oak Ridge, Tenm

AE.C Exhibit at New) World's Fair Will Fea; Children's Display

>-; ·•

. UNITED. STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

·eqlli~tn~. 'lt. fs'mfiltaut:!<l ""~"•\ri~'t•·exerCise for ·funr getaerat()rs that replenisk

. ;n~tic table is eqtiipped for card.gairi.es arid'ch~. · ' · The ·space bedroom is desig~ted for. convemefice and safety m a .

weightless environment. Since no mor, than three of the aw~ : .. ·.·:.·· . members areoffdutyatthe saxne time, only three b~ are p~ .. ·. Eaclt :crewman has a sleepil)g bag which is clipped. tO. the burilcwnen. . .• .. in Use~ Once the bag is snapped into position, the'ere~ cllmbsJnto .·. · it and zips himself in. Chair$ with special proVision for tetainftis· crewmen in a comfortable, weightless Position .•re alSo ;pi'O\ijd~, .: These Chairs have been developed by Aircraft M~ctlnC.' · .i·: .·/ ·.· ·• · .. The sdentiflc creWS that. setVe:on· NOSS pUt'themSeJvett ~ . '

tesr&thafcmnotbereproduced on earth. These te&t!J involV.e pf9blans · · · ·. mamly deriving from the effeCts of weightlessness'Ol)·humartd~t~~: ·. ·

'.··' ... 'ttY~ movement, general'. physiolOgy,. and work. actiVitieS. ;In thiS" en'-· .. ·.·. · · ·. Vironmentbio-medical measiUements can• be tnadeoE metabolic rlite;.

r~piratory &change; blOod chemistry~ clrculation/wion; end~e •· ... balance; neuromuscular reflexes, digestion, and liver and kidney £Uri~-. · · tions. .. · · . · ··· . · ·.

The' space· station environment al50 contributes. inun~urably:..to information on the biological effects of: radiation. on man~ ' : . . . • .

. Data derived from these experiments form a ba&e for man"s\ne~t step toward wresting more secrets from the uriivers&--such asla~dllig successfully and safely for a prolonged stay on the moon; and maldntf deeper space probes and explorations. . . . . ·

Yotmg visitors at th~ 1964 World's Fair in New York City will r~ve ·. : .· special attention in a section of the Atomic Energy Co1Ilini$sion~s. ·

.Oak Ridge, Teimessee exhibit which introduces the principles of atomic: science to the yo1lng~ . · · sters as they operate interesting new science-;.edueational devi(el~ • ·

AEC Ezliibit at New York . ·· · World'• Fair Will Ftaturs · · Children's DisplRy

·This children's sectioo, called uAtomwille, USA," 'is designed to. appeal to youngsters between the ages of '1 and 14.: The ·~t ofthe ·... · exhibit, titled "Radiation and Man," is also devoted .to explait\ing . · principles of nuclear· science, but for older students . and adultS. It

· iricludes· other· new educational displays and ·a large perc:entage·of · audienc~participation devices. .

The AEC exhibit, occupying 3,500 square feet in the Hall of Sdence, is a part of the Commission's continuing public education· effort which includes a program of exhibits for the entire country. J'he.

20

World's Fair exhibit was designed and fabricated by the Oak Ridge (Tennessee) Institute of Nuclear Studies, the contractor whic~ op.er­ates the Commission's national exhibits program under the d1recbon of the AEC's Division of Technical Information.

The" Atomsville" exhibit poses a number of questions about atomic energy which are answered when the youngsters press buttons, push levers and otherwise activate various displays.

Adults are able to observe the children in "Atomsville" on closed­circuit television or through one-way glass portholes. Photographs can be made through these portholes.

One of the chief displays is a simulated pool-type research reactor to demonstrate the characteristic bluish-white glow from Cerenkov radiation, charged particles passing through the water. Children are invited to manipulate the controls to "operate" the reactor while lis­tening to a tape-recorded explanation of the science involved in terms they can understand. If they bring the simulated reactor up to power too fast, it will"scram" (shutdown), as would a real reactor.

There will be mechanical hands for handling make-believe radio­active materials. This operation teaches the children about shielding for protection from radiation.

Other special devices in the children's exhibit include a control board at which the young visitors may create patterns of different atoms; an atomic model viewed through a small aperture which gives the impression that the viewer is actually inside matter; a "pinball" machine to demonstrate the effect of shooting a neutron into a urani­um-235 nucleus; and an "atomic scale" on which a child can read his weight in atoms.

The children's exhibit also includes such items as an oscilloscope, a Geiger counter which youngsters may use to check the presence of radiation, an electroscope, a thermal electric display, and a graphic rep­resentation of the processes involved in the production of uranium.

The "Radiation and Man" section of the AEC exhibit also covers highlights of the basic science of nuclear energy, with emphasis on the effects of radiation on living tissue.

This exhibit includes animated devices that demonstrate such things as how radiation falls off with increasing distances, how radioactivity decays with time, and what happens when a person is X-rayed.

· A "Radiation in Perspective" display compares the amount of radiation in natural background to which people are exposed all the time with that from watch dials, X-ray machines and other sources.

The "Radiation and Man" exhibit includes an electroscope unit which visitors can charge and discharge by various means.

A feature of the exhibit is a motion picture projected from over­head to give a 360-degree image on a horizontal, bowl-shaped screen below. This film shows the tracks of subatomic particles as they ap­pear in cloud chambers, bubble chambers and spark chambers.

There is also a short motion picture on power reactor installations.

THEATON

by William L. j

thesMll'ri'<: nuc~~~·A.t01li\d/:ij\IS·

atclm-iC'{f1fun· ~.' revolve tiny. ~~pl~ets". in.tJelttnt1te Plr~t·ctain~ .. orJbi~$t 'reglllari.ty. and • Qbedienw .to. it nt.rtutalbl~ la:wJ;,:,as~·oor

other planets revolve around our .. ~ · . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. · .theatomiscomposed·ofthe.nvoEundculle*tal·llilil4~" <.

ing. blocks the universe, protons and' neutrons .. Sittce .the·tW~·~·: · ·. · intetcltangeable, one into the other, they are known tinde., 4 .~1\ · ::

• · · / iwne;:the nucleons. Wlilfrexdted; ~ protpn may become:a ~'eutt~, ~'· · · ·.·<:·a ·neutrpn may be·transmuted hy ~tuie's.alcheniy into: a protoni.··<. ': · • ~On the· atoinic scale, protons.and ·neutrons have,a·ptat:;s·of ·Oti~::>.:. • · atdltdc untt•each; for example; the hydrog4!Jl~ a~~::the·nu~lijl$.~9f· '

•·. ·· •· .wliiCh.. c:Onsists ·oforily one protoni h~s,:~ a~,tomir;: mil&$' of: on•• ·The~· . · '.hellfun atQitt, With.a:nud~s of twO protonS arid two:l\eu.tron$; ~~ M .

. at()micma&s oHour~ A twfn);or ts6tope, ofhy.drogeniltitown· as·h·~ . · hydto$en, Ot- deuterium/ the nucleus of·.whtch.consi$tiJ of orie pr~n . · .ltd :01\e neutron,; has an atomic ·mass <>f two, whil~.:a thirc.i fot:rn'ol'

. : ·. ' hydrogen~ named tritium, withp nucleus of one prOton,and tW() niu;w' • ·· .·· .· ttons; ha$ an atomic mass ofthtee. · .· · • · ·. . : ·· .. ; ·· . ·. :• · ~ < · , ;,

• !; •. · • ' :: ; ,An·~tOpe is thus a variant of the sameelemE!llt~ ih,whicl\ tht:~f' .. · -- . -'be!: of protons always temains the same, the only .difference beirig .ther' :

. . . number ofne1itrons in the nucleus; · :. · · · · ... : · · · .. · : The ltplanets" revolving in their ptedetermiried orbtts aro~d·t;ht

· "$Un'~ in the nucleuS are the electrons; entities so•h\finitesunllly.,i1ij.:.: ' . , nute:.that it woul~ take nearly 2;000:electrons to,balallce the scale.

against just one proton or one neutron. It is this bit: of . .tlnost notlili\g~ ·• the fln\~est :nt!lttrial entity in _the universe, that has made. possible ... radio, television~ talking motion pictures, the electron mlcrosco.pe,~th" . ·. · • · gi~t calculating machines that. solve in seconds\c:o~plex.mathen.r~. • ·

· c~ Pt"oblems that would require year&> to solve by the most b1illi~t oi .. · ·· hmnan mathematicians, and the thousand and one other au~tJ.e · ' d~es that have become commonplace in•rieryday life. · . , . . ..

. · ... Jn,fact, as its nameimplies, it is the electron that has made elec.:.' . ·· tridtypossible;thoughelectridtyhasbeenknownformorethan·2,SOO. ·· ·· . ·years and has been harnessed for the uses of man for nearly a century

.before the electron was discoverf!d in ·1897~ A current of electricity, . . as we know today, is the flow of electrons in a suitable conductor. · .

Both the electron and the proton carry a fundamental unit of elec~ · fric charge. The quantity of the charge in each is exactly the same,

NEW DIMENSIONS IN SPACE AND TIME

22

differing, however, in sign, the charge in the proton being a c~arge of positive electricity, whereas the electric charge of the electron ts nega­tive. It is the smallest electric charge in nature, the "atom of elec­tricity," one of the fundamental constants of the cosmos.

A fifty-watt electric-light bulb uses up in one second a quantity of electricity equal to the charge carried by three billion billion electrons, that is, three billion billion atoms of electricity. .

The neutron is the only normal constituent of the nucleus that does not carry an electric charge. Being electrically neutral, as its name implies, it is the most penetrating particle in nature.

It is this ability of the neutron to penetrate the heavy electrical barrier guarding the nuclei of atoms that has provided man with the key to the atom's nucleus and, in the case of uranium 235, has enabled him to split it in halves. It was the neutron, as we already know, that made possible the atomic age.

In the atomic world, and particularly in the nucleus, a millionth of a second is a very long time, a billionth of an inch is something very, very long, and a trillionth of a gram is a mass of great weight.

If there be any doubting Thomases around let them consider Hiro­shima and Nagasaki and the Pacific island that was blown off the map, for none of these would have happened were it not for precise meas­urements in terms of fractions of a millionth of a second and billionths of an inch and trillionths of a gram.

We had better be more at home in these new dimensions, for on our knowledge of them greatly depends the shape of things to come.

The radius of the electron, believe it or not, is one tenth of a tril­lionth of a centimeter, which is about the smallest length known in nature. Its mass is less than one billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a gram. In that one drop of water mentioned earlier there are 20,000 billion billion electrons, 20,000 billion billion protons and 16,000 billion billion neutrons.

And although the mass of the proton and of the neutron is nearly two thousand times that of the electron (actually 1,838 times) their radius is of about the same order as that of the electron. It would take 600,000 billion billion protons or neutrons to make up the weight of one gram. But it would take more than 1.1 billion billion billion elec­trons to make up the same quantity.

The Alice-through-the-Looking-Glass world of the atom becomes increasingly fantastic as one enters further into the realm of the nu­cleus. The radius of the atom is one one-hundred millionth of a centi­meter, whereas the radius of the nuclei of the naturally occurring elements ranges from fifteen hundredths of a trillionth of a centimeter for the nucleus of common hydrogen, the first and lightest of the natural elements, to nine tenths of a trillionth of a centimeter for uranium, the last and heaviest of the elements.

This means that the volume occupied by the nucleus is about one-

j::lt:1J•,fl'®·'i~:~vQJa tblil·t· .s~~~tbe.J.~ ~q;l~ .. Will~ ... ~"!~~ shatter.tlie ·~temoJtd lt n•er ·

::·::;.:· •. :~.;?ln~~-~!!Dllil~~r·pt. ~#\lcl~•~f .. Ot:tbJi'itc)nt'fl kJtaL Sp;lCe, and SfA~ . . . . .· . . .· Jftass::c»f ~J\e',~tOlrn i$ concenti•t~ U,i . . space of' · .. · n\l~:le\liJ;,.lt. . . . . . . obVious that the densitY . . ·.· in the nucleus

. staggedng dimensions. . · · . ·. · ·. · .· · . · · •· ·· · ... ·.· ... •.. . .. •· . \ltc:l., m·~ cu·!e.i _11, ~o itis.'The density of matter in ~l)e.·nu~ei of atom!fts· ·· ·

240 ... 8rams per eubic centimeter, aS compared Withwater;th,e·· density of which is just one gram. per cubic centimeter. . . •. . ·····• •.

One. 4itrie; if its atoms were as denselY pa~ed as the protons and' · . : n~trQhs' m .the nuclei of its silver' atoms, w(>uld weigh 6()0 lnillion .· • .... · tPns ratliel" than its actual weight of 2:s grams. At tJte current rate of . :. · ..

' ·. . 90.5 cents per fin' ounce of silver the dUne would be worth·J:note,thari: . ; ..• '' · · · ·.· · . 13 ;trillion, 32 billion dollars. ·. ·. · . . . . . .·. · .. ··. . . . · < · . .. •

·· :The forc6, Within the n\icleus holding its Particlefl together aie,/ .. :· ~ equally staggering. 1his becorpes self-evident when OI\e considers th~; ... natUre of the elecai~ charges present. .· •. . . . ' .. · . .. . ' .As. everyone knows, like electrical charge.s repel each other .. witl\·a· force that varles inversely as the 'square of the distance,. the cl~ the'· .. charges the greater the force ofrepulsion. · · ·

Since. the. distance between· the. positively ·charged protons in. the . nucleusis measured in tenns of a tenth o£ a trillionth'ofa eentimetet) .. the electrical repulsion force between them, krtoWI\ as the coulomb

·. force, is tremendous. Frederick Soddy, British physicishvlto won the ·· . No~ .Prize ·f()r experiments that proved the exist~ce of the a~mic:. · nvtD,S~(is~pes) ha.S .calculated that two ~ams (four~fifths the wt!isht . o£ ,:~~).~~ .P.roto~ placed at the oppos1te poles of the earth would · repel~cl\:other with a foree of twenty ..six tons. · . • . .

If'~Jorce prevailed, all the atoms of the universe, With the excep-. tion of.the hydrogen atom, which consists of only one proton, would fly apart, transforming the cosmos· into one great cloud of hydrogen ga:s. In fact, the universe of matter, ~.- its great aggregates :of starJ and galaxies, coulc:hteVer have come into being. ; " .

That the universe does exist is therefore absolute proof that th~e · exists within the nuclei of atoms ·a tremendous force of· attraCtion · much greater than the electrical-repulsion force. ·· ..

As. yet we know .Pradicaily nothing ·abOut· this force, ·but we• do .. . know that it is by far the greatest in the universe, that it resides within

the. nucleus of the atoms, and that under certain conditions a small fraction of this force can be harnessed fOr use either in weapon$ that could push man back to the cave or as a source of great power that . could open the gates to a new Promised Land. i3 ..

THE SCIENCE OF SURVIVAL THROUGH KNOWLEDGE AND ADAPTATION

Exhibit of Office of Civilian Defense

24

This force is known as the nuclear force. It is the force that holds the universe together, that makes possible the Milky Way and i~s 1~0 billion giant suns, of which our sun and its satellites are but an. mslg­nificant part, and the millions upon millions of other galax1es, of dimensions of the same order as the Milky Way 1 in the inconceivable

reaches of space. It is the force that enables the sun to pour out in space every second

an amount of energy equal to that of a dozen quadrillion tons of coal, in a process that has been going on for some five billion years, at a rate that will permit it to go on for at least another ten billion years.

And it is a minute portion of that radiance that falls upon our earth and gives it the climate that makes life on it possible.

The exhibit is intended to encourage people to understand that they can survive the dangers of Radioactive Fallout.

The story line is in three parts. Part I explains the fundamentals of radiation in nature and how civilized man applied his knowledge of it.

Part II is devoted to the Nature of Fallout, its cause and behavior. Part III shows OCD' s programs for protecting our people from fall­

out and for enabling them to carry on the essentials of existence while fallout is present. The School Shelter Program receives the emphasis.

Section A. Radiation, an Expression o£ Energy 1 serves to prepare the visitor for the later section on the nature of fallout and how we can defend ourselves from its effects. In addition to graphic representa­tions of sources and behavior of radiant energy, this first section con­tains a large Wilson Cloud Chamber, permitting a number of people to observe actual cosmic rays as they pass through, or are absorbed by the chamber. Recorded voice explains what is taking place.

Section B. The Cause and Nature of Fallout is directly across the aisle from Section A. This area consists of a group of illustrations, graphs and animated models, some representing fallout particles greatly enlarged, the total effect of which is to prepare the viewer to understand the rationale of fallout shelters and to accept their impor­tance to survival in case of a nuclear explosion.

Section C. Civilization, the Art of Survival follows Section B. It shows that intelligent men and women always have planned for sur­vival in the event of disaster. In America, we anticipate the tornado with storm cellars; the shipwreck with life boats and a Coast Guard system; fire with thousands of local and volunteer fire departments and with fire escapes; accidents with a highly organized ambulance and hospital system. When major disasters strike, all these, plus the Red Cross, are called into action. Against the hazard of radioactive fallout, man has devised a simple and effective system of shelters which may someday save a hundred-million lives.

Section D. The Principle of the Shelter. This explains how knowl-

THEBRAII' IN ACTIO!'

The Upjohn CJ

'i.!

. • ;; ''"';; r:<~ ;;~ >~:;c;;,;·;: ' :";;• 'l\ ·,: ' ~ ,<(; ' <: ' , i C ';_'j,l' \:' . . .' ·. I' >.<: . . ~-:·:• ::.·~ life;.,.the·br~:ts always~active·even during~sl~;~a~~ ·· .

. : ,,.:are~being'.Jle<:eived:and·are autontatically,and ~c)uSly··~· ' .. acted upon. Ftagmentary.memerles are &om· tbrie'.~"~e·,~ -~­)• ·vated;uvth~·mem:ory; oortices ·as -indicated .. by;~tl\t:fh'~t·~uems

·.·~ :.: :appe8t4)g tl\~· and:mayAiit· thro118h 'CQ11$cldusnes$ ·a5 ·indicated by .... ii ~.the.pattems.onthe.een:tralamsciowmess·•scr.eeli~'-· ,:·t .... · .' .

. ·. Reel patterns in the memory (ortict!$Jnd.icatlr.visual.:memori·· and ·".: ;i·are·a~pamed•J?yian·iU\ageonthesaeen; grftri·patterns.~.sound . . ,;,:,m.~·and ate-accinnpanied·by 50unds:iri~the,~d system. .. • , :. · CJ1tt,df!JnonstrationLwill .consist of tracing·.the.two.prtndpal sensa- ·

('; tirinsi'~·the•eyes· and: ears, encountered.il1·attendinsa. canc:ert · •. ·. . .':lf;yoit·willlook:behfnd.you;.you-Will·see:the in\age:of a sln8erand. ·, : 1 •.. . , , • initfulsOpri:d system you: will hear. her vdiee; . , · ~ ; ·! , ' · · . ·

We wili now, with the model, indicate· what. tlie·brain does with

26

the image of the singer and the sound of her song. To see her clearly, the eye has to adjust to the brightness of the light.

If one were in a theatre or a concert hall, as the house lights dim, a stimulus goes up the optic nerve to a visual relay station whence an impulse, indicated by the white lights, returns to the eye and the iris expands. It expands too much, and an impulse traveling to the relay station causes the return impulse to contract the pupil-again it over­acts and the pupil gets too small. A third impulse adjusts it correctly.

You will see coded nerve impulses from the eyes travel along the optic nerves. The coded impulses alert the activating center in the mid­brain; go on to the visual cortices; set up a pattern and return to the activating center. The brain now becomes conscious of the singer, as is indicated by her appearance on the consciousness screen.

To adjust the ear to the intensity of the sound, an impulse first travels to a relay station which feeds back an impulse to adjust the muscle that regulates the tension on the ear drums.

After the coded impulses leave the ears, you will see some branch off to the activating center to focus attention on the song. The rest will continue to the auditory cortices where patterns are set up. They then return to the activating center and the brain becomes conscious of the song and you will hear it.

Now that we have seen how both the image of the singer and the sound of the song have been received and processed, let us consider what happens when both processes occur together and how they are united into a single impression and are coordinated with previous experience for the initiation of action and storage as a memory.

When the composite pattern of the singer and the song reach the memory regions of the cerebral cortex, this, for comparison, will bring up memories of previously heard singers.

You now see the impulses starting from both eyes and ears and traversing the course we have already pointed out. But this time when both the auditory and visual patterns are transmitted to the activating system they are fused into a single composite pattern and the brain is conscious not just of a woman and of a song, but of the living impres­sion of the woman singing the song. It is this composite impression that is transmitted to the memory cortex.

The coded impulses are leaving the eyes and ears and follow the same paths as you have seen before, stimulating the activating center where they fuse into one image. You become conscious of a singer and you see her image and hear her voice.

This arouses memories of other singers for comparison as the sing­er's performance is evaluated. There is something reminiscent of a blues singer; or of a religious song; or of operatic grandeur; or of the deep feeling of a spiritual singer. It was a moving performance, there­fore the center of the mid-brain is activated and the motor cortices of the brain which control the muscles then respond by directing the hands to applaud.

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THE HUMAN BRAIN

by William L. Laurence

28

Of all the marvels of living nature, the most marvelous of all is the human brain. Weighing only 50 ounces and occupying a volume of about 1,500 cubic centimeters (about one and a half quarts), it is in actuality a vast world of about ten billion cells, grouped in areas the equivalent of geographical continents, each subdivided into smaller regions in which are hidden life's greatest mysteries and miracles. The whole encompasses one of the glories of creation-the human mind.

The human brain is nature's greatest marvel. It is known to function by means of electrical impulses transmitted to it by the vast network of the nervous system, but the mechanism whereby the brain trans­lates these electrical impulses into thought is one of the great mys-

teries of all living processes. The constitution of the brain as a physical entity is so complex that

it makes any of the giant electronic computers mere child's toys by comparison. Even a single nerve cell of the brain is composed of in­finitely more complex parts than the greatest machine ever made by man. Yet the cerebral cortex of the brain, the seat of the higher mental functions, which constitutes only a small part of the total organ, is composed of ten billion individual nerve cells. Each is a complex pro­toplasmic unit functioning as an individual living dynamo.

For years students of the nervous system and the brain have been engaged in exploring and mapping the geography of the brain in an effort to localize its infinite functions in human responses, conscious, subconscious and unconscious, involuntary and voluntary. Much progress has been made during the last half century in localizing brain centers controlling such functions as sight, smell, hearing, touch and other sense perceptions. Yet by and large the human brain still re­mains a vast, unexplored "no-man's land," the greatest mystery of them all, that of the mind itself, still eluding man's most intensive probings. In fact, relatively speaking, the unexplored regions of the brain are greater by far than the still unexplored region of the earth, or, for that matter, of the solar system.

At the annual autumn meeting of the National Academy of Sci­ences, in 1957, Dr. Wilder Penfield, director of the Montreal Neuro­logical Institute and one of the world's leading authorities on brain function, told a fascinated audience of leading scientists in all fields about his discovery, by stimulating the brain of human patients with tiny electrical currents, of a new area in the cerebral cortex to which until now no function had been assigned. The new "cerebral conti­nent," spread over both hemispheres, covers most of the superior surfaces of the temporal lobes, as well as the lateral and probably the interior surfaces.

In that area, Dr. Penfield told the academy, "there is hidden away a record of the stream of consciousness. It seems to hold the detail of that stream as laid down during each man's waking conscious hours. Contained in this record are all those things of which the individual was once aware; such detail as a man might hope to remember for a

J'c!llfic!]ld, s;!id~ '~mi,ht . . . strip with ·~·~ ""'""'~fc-"'•

,.,;:, 1Nh,6t\' lit nolrffiii'f'l rl!gipn of th¢.ateawa, .. · . . . thEr.eJl~~IJ'<, ~p~~~et~~~\lllO~la sudderily hear a long .fp~gotten . . testified,'~itwas not~ as though! were ffH!RfJmri:J( · · · · •· ··actually heard it.lt is notor.e of my faoorlte $DnJS/$0 .· ·

. . . .· know why l heard that· song.'~ OthE!fB :suddfJ\ly J."ellyed, ai thougli it was. actually happening· agaiiv long forgotten. epis(Xies ()f" ~ their childhood. Stimulati~n of th~ same area, ·without the patient i being>aware of it, always brmight back the same episode, •not; as: a, . . snem.ot)',Jmt .as something taking place in the pre~t, 'th~tg}, the

· pe\tient at the same time knew it was something outofthe p~~. . · · .. ''Many a patient has told met Dr. Penfield· repartedj 11that ~he. e:tperience brought ·back by the electrode is much more reed *"n r~'

··. mimh~ring. And yet he is still aware of the present situaHO"' There · • • J •·• .• • is a dol4bling'ofconsciousness and yet he knows wllich is the presinf. ; . · ·

A·patient may cry. out in astonishment that he is hearing and seeing ... ·· · . " .friends h.e knows are far mvay.'~ . . .. . . .. . . .. · .. ·.·· ·· .. ·

Curiously enough, he added, two eXperiences or strips of.tiD"f~e never activatec:lconcurrently. Consequently there is no confusion. ~'There. seems to be an all-or .. nothing organization which bzhihits · .. other records from being activated; . . . . . · . . . . · .. ·' · · "How is this record <>f the past.stored in the braih?" Dr>P~eld asked, ~'One may assume that at the time ofthe original experien.ie '

· · electrical potentials passed through the ner:ve cells and nerve ~on~ec .. tions. of a recording mechanism in a specific patterned tjequence, imd .·· that some form of permanent facilitation preserves that· sequence so .. that the record can bP. played at a later time, in a manner analogous to ... the replaying. of a wire or tape recorder.'' .

The studies make it evident; Dr. Penfield added; that the tempor~ cortex yields on stimulation two types of response which are psychical. rather than sensory or motor. The two forms are: (1) a Sashback of past expe~ence, and (2) a signaling of interpretation ofth, ptesent experience. The two types of responses, he said, "would seem .to form

. parts•of.one subconscious process, the process of comparingpresent experience with p~t similar experience." · Or. Penfield naJnes the area in the temporal cortex 11the area for

· ·. · comparative interpretation" or, more· briefly~ the "interpretive cor­te>c/' This area makes possible the scanning proces9 by which. past expmences, b()wever scattered they may have been in tin\e, are ~

.lectectand.madeavailable to the present for the purpose of compata~ tive interpretation. · ·

THE CHEMICAL MAN

Abbott Laboratories

THE ENZYMES MASTER CHEMISTS

by William L. Laurence

30

It is this faculty of comparative interpretation that holds the key to the understanding of how the brain, in the words of Hippocrates, distinguishes "the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good, the pleasant from the unpleasant."

"This discovery that an electrode can cause the past to flash into consciousness again and provide signals for present interpretation," Dr. Penfield concluded, "should open a new chapter in the physiology of the brain.

"There is," he summarized, "a permanent record of the stream of consciousness within the brain. It is preserved in amazing detail. No man can, by voluntary effort, call this detail back to memory."

"But, hidden in the areas of the temporal lobes, there is a key to a mechanism that unlocks the past and seems to scan it for the purpose of automatic interpretation of the present. It seems probable, also, that this mechanism serves us as we make conscious comparison of present experience with similar past experience."

Chemical man portrays by means of three-dimensional models, micro­photography and specially created animated motion pictures the won­drous molecular activity that creates and sustains human life. The fifteen-minute presentation starts with man as a recognizable being, then proceeds down to the cellular and subcellular levels to show how atoms combine to form molecules, and the actions of enzymes, pro­teins, chromosomes and DNA-the master code for life.

Every step in the living process, from bacteria to man, is governed by highly specific chemical catalysts named enzymes. They are bio­chemical mediators of the body's miraculous chemical factory. They regulate the conversion of all substances required for life and for func­tion. It has been estimated that a single living cell contains 100,000 enzymes to effect the 1,000 to 2,000 chemical reactions the cell is capable of producing at incredible speeds.

All known enzymes are proteins, the most complex biochemical molecules in nature. No enzyme has yet been synthesized by man in the laboratory. They must be extracted by painstaking and slow chemical procedures. As much as three-quarters of the time of a re­search scientist may be spent in preparing the enzymes he needs to carry out his studies on basic life processes. Moreover, he is limited by ordinary laboratory equipment in the amount of a given enzyme he can prepare. Only a few are now being produced commercialiy.

Enzymes are very special kinds of proteins. Serving as catalysts, they are responsible for speeding up the thousands of biochemical changes that continually take place in the living organism. They are usually unaffected by the reactions they produce. They may be de­stroyed, however, by wear, tear or poisoning.

Enzymes, for example, are directly responsible for the digestion of food, the building of tissues, the replacement of used-up blood cells,

"I

''.

;.,;,l~ttuswit:l\atltt>trus specific entyme th~ wdulcf.i>e',.~o 9f~t;fc>~:~f:·)~ .. · ' _life, . host of. other enzymesl the ihfinite vU.lebt .of.:. . .

. . chetntcal'changes in livhtg organist!)& wouldnottake place.- ... · .. >;~. · .. · : · . . . · · .. ;The.ra~ ·4Itd direction .of the living pl'oc~s-movinSJ ·ltteathb:.lg,:· .. ·· .. :::

· .. ·. , u8Jng~and stQrlng energy, the .tr~misslon of sipal. tQ act iilul<t~ctf · _ •. -~u are controlled by the number artd efficienc:Y of the v&rlOU$ en;., ·

;i :: ey1neg, each having a very specific and .very limited job. Operatirig il\.·,_ . . minute:con,centrations, they carry out extraordinary hiochemicalEe~ts . :

· .. of far~greater complexitY•than'any d~sed:l?_y.man. · . · · · •. · ·• •· .... ·• ·. · > .. · .. . .. ~-. Each-'~e,.-itds nt)w.believe<i~ough notfUlly col:iftrmed ot• .• .·:-.. ·· ............ .

.• . ;.und.erstOOdJn all~ries out~ $ingle: s~il~dibg tO an-<Jvf#'~ ' ' .. an physiological result.:....th~ lifting• of:aJiriger, for. ~ple/ .. i . •• .· ·,· •.

i AI\ additional e~ple is the . . . ' ' . (sw' ~)Jn~ cai'boit dioxide and alcohol in ;yeast ~cells •. Ovet 20 ~dHf'er~:tt C.I:Lemieal'.

· · ..... '- reactions aril involved in this. process; ,and each is.-eataJ!yzea~ "" .. «'"'"""' .. . . · .: · ferent en.ayrlte. It works. much the same way in the! hwnal1 Ql'l1~tl$., ;.:::''''·'·''

.. · .· .•· . : i To illU!!trate:lb cell in the human body is · ;ul'(.)l\•to~cQnVtrt01~J>..:, . stance A into substance Z, thi& is acco.J nplilShE!d w~uall!Y:'llO

stepbut.inaseries of small steps. C· :o·! _mp:nlllid··.~~·is.Ua~sf~orni.xf.·•finlt::; into .compaund B by a specific enzyme. ·• is then . . . .. . .

· . formed into Compound C by another specific ~yme;.and so .on. The' · .... · · . . .... enzyme for the A to B conversion cannota;nvett B: t6 c~ . . . ··• ·· . · : .) •· ·•· · .. ·

.· In·certainhereditarydiseases, and.m somedise~not:dearly il\.o · ·<: _>' heritedbut caused.by adefect;in the.boc:ly;metabollstri.;:it is ~evtd·.

. that a particular enzyme is IJ'issing because. the lx)dy' s apparatuS to; · ···.· ~. '- . ; : , ... . ;synthesize it is defective. Many disease~e of the anemiasi bloOd ;· .

disorders and perhaps diabetes--are believed to be ·.~n.oba~ly due. to · ·· ·· . the absence, or reduction in activity, ofoneorrnor.een%ymes~· ·. · .... ·

··.·.Investigation ofenzyme structure; action and (o~troHs ~to: bring added insight to a host of biological and medical problent$ now .. · orily partially understood and partially manageable.·,· ... ·· · ... ·· ,, •···.··.

Increased. knowledge of the mechanism of protein 'biosynthesis· Will· be applicable not only to hereditary diseases, but in many other areas, . including malignant disease, arid also in preventing disease. Althou8h it may only be a dream at present, there is even hope thateverit:UallY ·. .· enzymes· may help provide the added knowledge that Will help to . ·.·. make possible the replacement of wom.:.out orpns, ·and tO pl'()duc:e · .. new and potent anti-virus vaccines in the laboratory. · · , · .. 31-·•

LIFE IS AN ELECTRON

by Willmm L. lAurence

DNA

by William L I.muence

:\~!I~ O.)~H'Y\'\ l,l.

It is the electron revolving In thtt out~r l.)t'bil~ uf the ntum that has made possible all the myrlt'td!l of d\t'!ll\1~·"1 JWI'n\Uldllon~t dnd cumblna­tions between the elements, nll th~ ll\drvelmtH dttnnkal rl'actlonli re· sponsible for the existence of the lntlnlt" v.ulcty of HUbNtances, living and nonliving, natural and artifldal, that ll\i\kc up our world. It Is, in fact, responsible for life itself.

Without the electron there could be no Hudl vital nub~ttances as water (a chemical combination of hydrogen and c.lxygtm) and carbon dioxide (a combination of carbon and oxygen), the two basic com­pounds that make possible plants and all other forms of life

Without the electron there would be no food or clothing, no hor­mones, or enzymes, or any other substance essential for the main­tenance of the chemical processes that keep the fires of life burning.

The functioning of our central nervous system, including the brain, is an electrical process associated with the production of complex chemicals at the nerve endings. These chemicals, like all the others in the vast labyrinth of life, are created through the mediation of the tiny electrical charges of the electron.

Life, insofar as we are able to fathom it, is an electrical phenomenon mediated by an infinite variety of chemical permutations, and the electron is the vital force behind it all.

Recent evidence in the field of genetics strongly suggests that the gene is largely, if not exclusively, composed of a basic chemical, one of the most important of life's substances, named DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It is a giant molecule, with a molecular weight in the range of 6,000,000 (six million times the weight of the hydrogen atom). A human cell contains about 800,000 molecules of DNA.

Many lines of evidence point to DNA as the major chemical of heredity. It is presumed to act as a controlling code carrying the in­structions for all genetic traits. It has been estimated that there is enough DNA in a single human cell to encode the information in 1,000 large textbooks; it is capable of many billions of different com­binations. It is present in different forms and varying sizes, though composed of the same basic materials, in all forms of life including bacteria and viruses. It is these differences that determine whether an egg will develop into a fish, a bird, a mouse, an elephant, or a human being, all according to a "genetic code" carried by the DNA

Tlris e4t1tibit slwws tlrt• lumzmt l,o,ly 1lS •• drcmic1U fa..-ton; in w'l-.ich t•aclt t'Cll is ct l,thomtl,,.y, nrmruf,Kturiu~ it:: tHen p.rrtku~ ~"f"odurts mt1i n,cJuirin~ its own SJ't'l'i~tl r·,tw rrllth•ri,tls whith it s.dt"· .. -ts .from di­~t"Stl"•i ft"'IOastutfs. lrr ht•;rltlr, mUtlmrts ,,f tl~c· t'<iY'il,lts ,~!:.f-,r.i~~ i-n the }.!(lt:hi .m,l w·int• rt•ntttin withirt '' f~tirly limite•./ nm,t. h7 .iisc.-2..--.c there isll dr.m~c· in tl~t• •JU•mtity .ut,IJ'''' "·'1'S tltt• ;~IMht~ l~~ tb.~· sul.,¢-B"'...["£5. T1m,u~h drc•mk,tltllltlly~is plty~id1m~ nt.ty Wh\.~<y,· l~·~SI.i!~l"l'~--tc .. i di_.::.­

•:~r.li'r$ ''"'t'Mtn~ tht• l'J'1~''' turtity h1r n;dv t, ...... ,;:,l~t.,~! , ... ~.~ •·t~~-,.,~.;. ' -

Junction of · thebloOd c•rrles . ""'"'""""'

~~~a,~'n\ilLtet'i.als, horm~ne&, was~ Pl()!cludt$, .. Mc•r,.$pecijtl.c _.lythe-blQOd;. · · · .·· .··· .

li.: . oxygtm: from lUngS tO tistifleB; .. · · 3! Cattiesnutritl\tstbsorbed.Ero,nthept(soln~~t!S·· ·!~tet .. ttJt~\ . , . ;lormati,on in, t~ liver)- to the .tfs~u~· · · ·

... ' < ·r~~ IZ,arii~ hormor:tea from ·the endocrine glat,i.d~ t9. g OV~ll\·]~~ . . functtonsofothet()rg~~ts. . . . · ..•. .. . ·),•,: ....

'; :•~ earrieswaste prpductsf~m org~ to kidneys• .... · ' . : : . . : .... ·;;,,,. ' ·. · ;I.i\he.tlth, when all the va#.oll$.otgatl$ are wor:lqng •·theY•!.\~~-" .the.fr~i~~tsforrawmat~rialsand·theb:~tionofwas.~·p~~ < ·

. . ' . . uct~. run .. ~,more or.less c6n5tant pace. As a ¢0nsequen~e, ~.;~Pft~··· ' ·. < : . .. · tta..~on, Qhllthe various cbetnicitlsin the blOQd &tre~m .~-W.t~: .·· •·· ·· · :a~ain;limitedrat\ge~ . · · · :' .... : · · · .

. · ,.Howevei, when disease occurs~ certain organs m~y,:manuf~bij'~-: : ·· .. m.oreorless than-they should of certain clterm~~ :c;;r n\ay everrmanl.l~ ::. facwre abnormal products. Or wheri. the kidn~s be(opte ·~~~. ·•.

· . · thij: nutY f~ .to excrete waste products as they sh.0'4dd. · . .. • . • . .. · · .·· 'qJ,tde.elther set of cb'qunstances the cltemi~aldn the blood ~e · ·. " .~bnq~l in quality· or quantity~ . .. ·.· , .•. · ... J; ·. . . . •· ; ·

·.. ·. The nature o£ the abnormality naturally depends on the natUs:~· ~f. · · .· . · · . . the diseas~ and the organs involved. By dt!tennining·the natunfof.the .·. •· · · ·

' . . abnormality (by chemical analysis of the blood) :the physiCian gains;· ..••.. · . : clues·as to the :ttature of the dise~d by measuting thet .s~eriti!.

· · of. the abnormality he can often estimate the seoerity of the di9ea5e.

. THE KIJ)NEYS. The kidneys essentially fUlfil the function of filter.. . ' .. :. ins the blood, removing from it all the ·waste product&. whidu~ of · .. · · ..

no further use to the body. .. . . . . . . · ..... · . . . They also very carefully and selectively drain the bloOa.of just the ....

rightauu:nmt of salty substances so that the .blood itself arid the other · .. body fluids retain just.the right degree of "saltiness.'~ .·. · · ·• ,

. To achieve its purpose the. kidney reeeives an .exceptionally l4fge ··. · ·. · · · . blood Supply for its sit~ost three pints everyminute.11Usm,8ns. 33 .· ..

34

that a volume of blood equal to all that in the body passes through the

kidneys every 4-5 minutes. Each kidney contains about one million tiny filtering units known

as nephrons. Just as with the blood, when the body is healthy, the constituents

of the urine will remain within a normal concentration range and will consist only of water, salts and the waste products of the body.

However, when the body becomes diseased, the constituents of the

urine may alter. This may come about in two general ways: 1. When the kidneys themselves are diseased:

(a) They may fail to excrete waste products as they normally should, with the result that these products "pile up" in the blood and poison the tissues.

(b) They may filter out valuable nutrients, predominantly pro­tein, which should be retained in the blood for the nourish-ment of the tissues.

2. When other body systems are diseased: (a) Substances which are normally present in the blood (e.g.,

sugar), and are not normally excreted in the urine, may be formed in excessive amounts. When this happens the con­centration in the blood may become so high that the kidney is forced to excrete the excess.

(b) Entirely abnormal substances may be formed in the body which the kidney filters out into the urine.

Again, just as with the blood, certain diseases produce certain char­acteristic changes in the urine and by determining the nature and de­gree of these changes (by chemical analysis of the urine) the physician obtains valuable information to help him in his diagnosis.

FACTS ABOUT THE HEART. The human heart is one of the most amazing creations of nature, infinitely more efficie.nt than any man­made machine. It beats at a steady tempo more than 100,000 times a day, 36 million times a year, more than 2.5 billion times in the course of a lifetime of three score and ten. It is a muscle, a living pump, about the size of a man's fist, weighing about three-quarters of a pound, which in a 24-hour period performs work equal to the lifting of one ton 50 feet into the air. Every day it pumps 4,320 gallons of blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessels, a distance equal to two-and-a­half times the earth's circumference, supplying oxygen and nourish­ment to some 300 trillion cells in the average human body. Yet it is active only one-third of the time, resting between beats about two-thirds of the time.

The normal human heart is such a sturdy organ that it could keep on contracting and relaxing at the same tempo for an estimated hundred years. But the stresses and strains of modem living are resulting in changes in the internal chemical environment in which the heart pul-

AMERICAN CANCER 50(

PHYSICS OF

Interchemical Co

CHEMISTRY THE WORLD OF COLOR

General Aniline & Film Corporat1

'~ '

.I , . I .. _·­! .

' ·. sates, which lead to . oftlurarteries l'~~Utl~~l~.r~~tr.:ano .... · ·. -:, .·~~l'll\tnfof . · .·. . .. · .· · .. ·. ··· . · · ... , :t!te·'blooavessets have greatly mq·e~St~ tl1utU'Itg.rEiCet\·tlfl:l\es •

. · ... : d)~~~~·eancer SPcl~tfs riiU.,Jt .ts .;i~ed~ .· .. • . · :.~~.~,.,~-~' ··"'·"""',..;·..-... u ::.:.;GR.EAT1$~SAVINGAQVANCEAGAlNST .· "''T ...... ~"·"

· . · ··•·~~ a;B.clentif'ic'techriicPJe helpeci sa\te tftelive$o~.·1 tt\0\$1ii(ls.~~fjiV~:diJn.: · · ftom.t.t~rine cancet: •. 'I'he'method,;calleaH ... EXf:olicltNe t:Ytc,lOi'YJ~

'. '·'

· .. ·dfSth-\gulsliben.vemnormalandmalignantctlls shed .· . 1'4e.exliibit's inam·obj~tiytris to save the live~· .womm ViSitors. . ·. . . . . . · . . . · .. ·· . . . .

.. · ...... fart-lexplains the meal\ing of research and. its potentJa.lities, l>Y . presc.\ntmg a particUlarly simple and understandable · eXIUJlpl~n t}\e ,

study of the long-known factthat-every•tissue, inside ol' on tlttfs;lrt•~ · of: the human body, continually sheds1 or exfoliates it5 older._eelbr~d stows new .ones to replace them. By means. ofa sequence: ofpltotp.. graphs; drawings and other two-dimensional graphics, this puft~ . ·• the dr~atic story of Dr. George N. PapanicolaQu's life:-long $tudyQf cell eXfoliation; and his discovery. in 1928 of a new way todete(t ~If; · . tain forms o£ cancer.in their.earliest, and most curable stage •• ~ ... xneth~ . od that is usually called the "Pap" test, in Dr~ fapanicoltou's ho~i.

Part II looks into .the future of the ~'Pap" test, By means of a sequen~ ·•. ofstriking color transparencies,. it tells of the on•goillg resea,tch h.\t6 the many possible uses of the ~'Pap" test for the earlier detection Ql. still other forms of cancer. . . . . '

Part III illustrates the dramatic results o£ the discovery ofthe "P,•p~' . ·· · test. A demonstrator, supported bY a variety e>f speaker's aids, su.ch"af:i.. .·

-.motion piCture sequences, slides ~d t1tree;;dimen5ionaldevices;·teUf .. · .oH:hemany lives that are being saved every year thanks tothedevel~· opment of the "Papn test .•. with parti~r emph,clsis ql) tl'(e tli~~ ..

. sands of women who have, in a sense, saved: their oWn>lives,beCause theihad "Pap" tests as a routine part of their annualCheek-ups~ The

· demonstrator urges every woman to do likewise~ · · ·

PHYSICS OF COLOR The theme ofthe exhibit is the science of color anditspow~ to brigljt~ . the world around us. Focal point of the lntercheni"~olor Center is a. 14-foot high "Color Tree." At the· base· of. the tree and around the ·• periphery of the exhibit space twelve demonstrations help explain the

lnterchemical. CcirporRtion l - '

. . .ClfEMISTRY AND tHEWOaLO OF COLOR

. ·phenomena of color.

1 -.~ .. ,

The exhibit is a presentation of basic principles oforganic chemistry with emphasis on the ways in which the search fot new color (om~ ponents led the research chemist to the creation of thousands of car .. bon-containing compounds that fill the needs of industry and the' con· sumer in a variety of ways . l

'

I

. General Aniline · 61 Film Corporation · The technology·of devising specific chemicals which make possible

modem high-speed photographic color film are described i.tt_·vi511al and audio treatments. The processes by which chemists, "architects 35 ·

HEARING AID INDUSTRY CONFERENCE, INC.

36

of the molecule," synthesize, from simple building blocks, complex dyes, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and other products bet­ter to serve human needs, are shown in easily followed steps.

It is also shown that from this continuing research has recently come a new high point in the progress of organic chemistry. This is the growing understanding of the elaborate chemistry of plant and ani­mal life. The accurate determination of the structure of the DNA mole­cule, the genetic code of life within the cell's chromosomes, is the most complex organic chemical achievement to date.

The exhibit, using an enlarged model ear and tape recordings, demon­strates how we can hear, what sound is like with hearing loss and how hearing loss can be corrected. The exhibit shows the development from trumpets to modem, miniature, transistorized hearing aids.

The overall concept of the exhibit is to have people listen to a re­corded continuous message via earphones as they examine an enlarged model of the human ear. In addition, tape recordings are incorporated in the exhibit to illustrate various hearing deficiencies.

The purpose of this tape recording is to demonstrate to people with normal hearing and border-line hearing the sounds heard by persons with various types of hearing loss. It is inconceivable to a person with normal hearing to be able to understand how words sound to a person with impaired hearing.

The circular applique panels placed on the back wall of the exhibit surrounding this model of the ear show the variety of methods which can be used to correct hearing loss. This includes treatment by surgery, drugs, and the application of the right type electronic hearing aids.

To the left of this area is a concave curved wall which shows the vari­ous component parts and function of a modern transistorized hearing aid. This section is also devoted to the story of the power source used in a hearing aid.

To the left of this section is an identical curved wall devoted to case histories of people who have had hearing problems and had these problems corrected by use of hearing aids.

The wall facing the exhibit is used to show the various devices and methods used to detect a hearing loss. Some of these methods include the person himself determining that he has a hearing problem by noticing that other people seem to mumble, or he has difficulty hearing the television set, or a mother may have difficulty hearing her child cry. The external portion of this unit shows a variety of hearing aids and a history of the industry dating back from the first, or early, hearing trumpets and carried right on through the modern hearing aid.

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Chemical FrontiE of the Sea

.-,.·. ·:··-:·-'' · AMERICAN ·.cHEMICAL

'. ·, . SOCIETY . '

·. · Chemit«l Frontiers. · i· ·.of the Sea. ·

The oceans, which occupy more than 300 nill}ion citbic ~es at\d · . ·.rover nearly three-quarters of the earth'~ surface;calways hav~:l~a+ • ·. nated and challenged people of all nations. Over the years, man ~as .

. sailed over and through the farthe5tseas,yetUft1elsknowri scif!nti$~·· . cally about. the aqueous part of his environment. drily recently·have /

·. · ·scientists intensified their study of the &ea .. ·. .. . · · · .... · ·.· . ·. · . As the human population of the world continues to rlsef the oc~

increasingly will serve mankind. As the agricultural and miner~ ~P-:- · · plies of the land threaten to become inadequate, the ahnostlbnitless • potential of the sea will be harnessed to meet groWing needs for metals" · . . . . . chemicals, medicine, food, water, and energy. The research anddevel· · )1:·

opment talents of chemists and chemical engineers will be concen­trated more and more on the sea, to unlock more secrets of the earth and to use more fully the ocean's resources.

The theme of the ACS exhibit is presented on a tall pylon con-structed in such a way as to conceal the building column. Below this theme structure, a glowing blue globe of the world, five feet in diame­ter, rotates slowly. Land areas are shown in opaque white and the principal oceanographic centers of the world are indicated.

Behind the theme center is a large enclosed and ceiled room, or theater, with artistic treatment on the exterior to make it resemble the ocean as seen from below. The visitor entering this ocean enclosure has the illusion that he is actually entering an underwater world to learn something of its chemical secrets. Overhead speakers at the entrance transmit actual ocean noises, and interior lighting is subdued.

Spotlighted on a platform in the middle of the theater is a model of an undersea research vehicle or research equipment. Five display cen­ters, or stages, are placed around the sides of the theater to present various aspects of chemical research in the sea. In the soft lighting of the room, these scenes glow with luminous paint bathed in ultraviolet light. Backlighted color transparencies also are used. The five stages, each of which has a brief recorded story in addition to the visual pre-sentation, presents information as follows:

History of Chemical Study of the Sea. From the recovery of salt by evaporation in Old Testament days to modern recovery of bromine and magnesium, a brief history is outlined along with a description of studies of salt-water corrosion.

Natural Phenomena of the Sea. Chemists follow, by means of radio­active isotopes, the water cycle from the ocean through evaporation and rain back to the ocean. Also shown is the ocean's part in control­ling atmospheric carbon dioxide and in cleansing the air and the land.

Chemical Challenges of the Sea. The chemical studies of the Inter­national Geophysical Year; investigation of the oxygen and nitrogen cycles in the sea; and research on such seaborne organic substances as amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and various metabolites are among the topics to be outlined.

The Chemical Potential of the Sea. Vast deposits of manganese on the ocean bed, supplies of all elements in solution, and undersea stores of petroleum and sulfur are described along with novel methods pro­posed for their recovery.

Future Contributi~ns .of the Sea. ~ontinuing research and develop­ment efforts are begmmng to provide feasible methods for recovery of pure water from the ocean, and chemical methods may be applied to organized "farming" of the sea.

rv; ·di'Hetf>tlviliDns '·, - • •• • • • ! '. -' -

~ .-

'., ::

. ~ ·~· .

GENERAL ELECTRIC PAVILION

The Cosmic Powerhouse

by William L. Laurence

In the General Electric Pavilion a journey to the interior of the sun and billions of other luminous suns in our own galaxy of the Milky Way, and in other billions of galaxies in the infinitude of space, constitutes a most spectacular, awe-inspiring experience in which for a few eter­nal moments dwellers on earth are privileged to witness the cosmic powerhouse that provides the universe with its inexhaustible energy.

They see an actual demonstration, shown for the first time in public in this country, of the fundamental process in the interior of the sun that made it possible for life in all its multifarious forms to originate on this earth, and which is responsible for the continued existence of all living things, plants, animals and man. And it is this very same process that holds out the possibility of the existence of living things, similar to those on earth, on other planets nourished by the life-giving light and heat from other suns similar to ours.

For it is the light and heat poured down by the sun in inexhaustible quantities that make life on earth possible. Without them the earth, the oceans and the atmosphere surrounding them would be one vast frozen lifeless mass in a great void of eternal night.

It is this very basic cosmic process by which the sun and all other suns in the vastness of space produce their light and heat, as well as other forms of radiation, such as ultraviolet rays and X-rays, that visitors to the General Electric Pavilion see in actual operation on this earth. It will be one of the momentous experiences of a lifetime, once its true significance and the promise it holds for the future of all man­kind on this planet are fully realized.

This cosmic process is known as fusion, or more technically as thermonuclear fusion, which, as the term implies, is the fusion of two or more nuclei of an element, under the influence of enormous temper­atures, into the nucleus of a heavier element.

In the sun, and in other stars of the same family, the process consists of the fusion of four nuclei of atoms of hydrogen, the lightest element in nature, into the nucleus of an atom of helium, which has an atomic mass 0.7 percent less than the total mass of the original four hydrogen nuclei. It is this small amount of matter that is converted into an enor­mous amount of energy, in accordance with the famous Einstein for­mula, which revealed that one gram of matter, two-fifths the weight of a dime, is the equivalent of 25 million kilowatt-hours of energy, or more than the total output of Grand Coulee in twelve hours.

In the interior of the sun, a mass of 600,000,000 tons of th~ light variety of ~ydrogen is fused into 596,000,000 tons of helium every second, which means that 4,000,000 tons of the sun's mass are con­verted every second into light and heat and other forms of radiant energy .. Since one ton equals one million grams, and since one gram is the equivalent of 25,000,000 kilowatt-hours of energy, this means that the sun generates every second into space an energy of 100 billion

. .. · • years the ·J\· ·!tor,ntc :J:Jnerl!~ q~n,l$$,ii9Ji~• •~n~£ext~~. •I.Jt,.a· multi~1nilllon c~. ol@Jr ·pJ~gr~, .. ,l<l\omk~";~I1Jt«::t .,.~;:

.·me~-;~w.•:,:·: .. . . ·~ul~c·• .. , :11 .1\ft,"'· iQal~tc:tW\tfm tntiertQJr OJ:!;.

. . . . ;source Qf~ergy.- ~.· . . .. i ' •·· .• ,· . . ' ·and consid~able:pr~s ·g~ .. ~tY~Lt;W'Ie,. Oi\¢!~•Ull~··

·, ... ~t~f(!Ver.llriderta}(ert, h~u;':been reported:in.-l re·a. '!rttmo:ntl\$1ij1ri8ll

· . ~ .,tlie$!'coimtries,arid p~ticularly ·m .. the United Sta~,. tn0111Pttn~tUJt1"' ,::'matt;~OaJ:·t~·sliltsQll'l.e-decades.away" ...... · ; · .. ··.··.· .. ··.· .·. · .. ·· ~·, • ·... .

··· .. < . · ,·· ~: JHs:thelatestprogres&~long:tlteselines .. thatitrbeingdemonsijafea' ·. ·.· . · .· -,aftha General. Electric :exhibit at tlurNew ·York World's Fair~ Herei ..

,0: ..

··'' .. ·-, ·.

-' .··'

, .···. fQr'~afiist. tune in th.e·lJpl.ted States; visitors~ ~e a~·fllStf)n·(){ . · · · · .• Jwdrosen 1\Uclei at a t¢mperature C)f ~ore ·than ZO;OOQj()Q():;4e~· . .. · certtigracle;· The thermonud~r·fus~on rea.CtionJ~stS-ot)ly :a#-;1c:tt~ ·.

·.: of a ~ecpnd an.d the nutrib~ ofl)ydrogen 1\UcleiJuSedis ve.y srn~;.fu: ' . . :frOm sid£i<;ieri.Uo.prQdua!' er.ergy on a pfacticalscale~' but it markS the · . · ... . . aeation 01\ earth ()fa znnua~e'sun, offering a gltmps~ of the .fu~ b1 ' :· .

which; man, atwerilietl1 eentury ~rsion.of Ap9llC:J,,Will ilaritess::the. . . sUn. to. his industrial chariot; to proVide undr~ed ofabundatktffQ* '' ... an mankiild .everywh'ere ... ~ . . . ' ,· . ' . . · .. . Beeause the process of fusion of ordinary light hydrogen in the sun· . .

reqUires • a cycle taking millions. of yea~,. it is not pOSsible· t()~~~the •·· · .. ·.· .· .·•·. , .. ·light variety of hydrogen tmdet terrestrial ~Qnditions, in w1Udl·th~ •,. , .

. ·.· teactton mU.St be completed in,teims of secondS. The. tyPe of hydrogen . .tharcan.:beused.on ,arthis the.v.arjety of doublecweight hydfPJen;. · · · named.cleuterium; or of tripl~\\feight hydrogen, named tritium. J:)eu-·

terlum is present in-enormous .amount!; in the world's oeeans; lakes ·. • · . . andrivers .. Trilium does not exist in nattn"e butit can be made:arii&-· .··

· ciallyoutofthelightelement, Uthium, Becauseof.itsgreatabttndance,·: .· .. , ... ·. deut~um is expected to beth~ fuel of the future. · · · · 41 > .· ..

42

The seemingly insurmountable difficulty in the way of c~eating a miniature sun on earth is the requirement of enormously htgh tem­perature. Even if such a temperature could be achieved, no material exists on earth that would not be instantly vaporized at a temperature above 6,000 degrees Centigrade. This means that no material.vessel could be made to contain hydrogen gas at the temperature requued to

produce fusion. Since no material container is possible, scientists have invented a

container called a "magnetic bottle," which consists of extremely powerful magnetic lines of force in which the dectrically charged nu­clei of the heavy hydrogen gas are confined and r,queezed into a very narrow beam. Thus surrounded by a powerful magnetic wall, the electrical particles can be raised to an enormously high temperature by means of extremely powerful electrical charges, the greater the

charge the higher the temperature. The magnetic bottle takes advantage of the fact that a gas in a tube

subjected to an electrical discharge will be broken up, even at moderate temperatures, into its electrically charged components, negative elec­trons and positive protons, or ions. Such an electrified gas, known as a plasma, and described as the fourth state of matter (neither solid, nor liquid, nor gas) can therefore be subjected to electromagnetic forces. Feeding an electric current into this fourth state of matter raises its temperature to any degree desired, the greater the amount of the current fed into it the higher the temperature.

The magnetic lines of force surrounding them prevent the electri-cally charged hydrogen nuclei from crossing them and thus from striking the walls of the vessel, which therefore remains cold despite the fact that the plasma within it is at a temperature of many millions of degrees. Instead of going across the magnetic lines of force, the electrically charged nuclei are forced to travel in spirals inside them without approaching the walls of the material container.

The fusion of the nuclei of one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of deuterium would yield a total of 75,000,000 kilowatt hours. A typical swimming pool of 12,000 to 18,000 gallons of water, which contains about 2 to 3 gallons of deuterium, would supply the power requirements of a city of one million population for an entire year. A pitcher of water has enough deuterium in it to provide electricity for a typical home for an entire year.

The fusion apparatus at the General Electric Pavilion consists of a quartz tube 6 inches in diameter and three feet long, which contains the positively charged hydrogen nuclei. A gigantic battery of 72 ca­pacitor units stores up in 30 seconds an energy of 100,000 joules at 60,000 volts. When the capacitors are discharged they release a tre­me~dous electrical current of one million amperes. This creates a mag­~ehc bottle of .the enormous magnitude of 100,000 gauss, a magnetic fteld 200,000 times as great as the magnetic field of the earth.

The entire reaction takes place in six millionths of a second, during

.. ;_,.

:' ,, <

acc:oml'atuet:l with a loud bang/"·s ·~ JaU:tYt~~·· .. a.Jtew_age, whiclt, in the course ofh\rQ <fecades

• mankind a s<>mce ·of elettd~l·energy· great e·nolltJth:to ·Jlast of,years, wi~ the oceans of the world servitl& asan:me:K!tatu$tibl~';t~ft .. ervoir of fuel for a new industrial Civilization.

T~e Belt System .Exhibit is composed of tw~ majQT· elements; 't~eiUe . . '.in the floating wing, 4nd a series of live demonstrations, aisplays;:~ana.·. '

· . audience participation games in the Exhibit Hallloca~f!d in tiU! lo,'W~r :. · ·.· .... ==:P:U=~ ~a new dep~ m ~~~~~s~ . .•. . : seated in two r~s of movtng cflah-s, visitors are tl:-~e4.:P~t.:~· :: ·

·series of .scenes·· and stcmes. Each person has a ~al'a~e ~d .$YftP · '. built ~t into the chair; and each. Qne sees every·s~ei\¢kt lts:#~~ty~: ..

. .. : . J:h~tti£al techniques include~~ dimensio~.st~ge~set~rffl#t · · · . · tedmique that is three dimensional in naturej and £ront and~ p~ .. ·

jections of still and motion pictures. . · · · · · · ·

' ' ' THE EXHIBIT HALt. the display$, demonstrations and games~ the . ' Exhibit. Hall are designed· to telhhe story· of how the Bell System:; . . through science and technology,has ~the past and Will.~ue'tQ· . make communicating easier ·andbetter for everyone, everywhertk

.··.The folloWing de$qibes the major. areas .~(the. £xhil>it:

C.tures and Man Area. This display consists of' a .series o{li~~ · boxes axut copy block~picture& of aeatitres of land; &ea ~·~. well as photographs of some of man's accomplishment!; m. COJ:I\ll\uni ... · ·

. catiolw. The story told is essentially that all creatures conun~cate~. Some have more highly developed senses than man, but man becaUse he can think and reason has developed his ability to cOJl}.municate to .· . .

.· a far greater degree than any otherform.oflife~ · · · · ·. · ·

. Senses Area. Here speech, vision, and hearing are examined. There are .

. two major exhibits-a demonstration of Visible Speech and: VoiC:e ' Prints, and one of the Artificial Larynx and the Vocoder .. · · · · .

Because the voice is transmitted on the telephone, Bell has devised · .. ways of studying it. The ·Visible SpeeCh Translator .. shows us ·the · sounds of the voice on a television saeen. · . ·. ·'

44

The Visible Speech exhibit features an isolation booth in which a volunteer from the audience reads a sentence. His speech patterns appear to the audience on a television screen.

The Artificial Larynx is demonstrated as the Bell Telephone Labora-tories invention which restores the gift of speech to those who have lost their vocal chords.

In the Vocoder exhibit it is shown how this experimental machine samples the voice, selecting only parts for transmission and recon­structing them into a complete conversation at the receiving end. It will actually be demonstrated how your voice can be taken apart and put back together again.

One wall includes an animated display of the ear, eye and throat, explaining how they function. The visitor is also able to test his skill at pitch matching, and to participate in an optical illusion game.

Telephone ofT oday and Vision. Two displays make up this area. They demonstrate some of the products of over 80 years of Bell System research. The first exhibit explains the development of telephone in­struments and services from our earliest offerings to the modern instruments and services. The second exhibit demonstrates how re­search in the area of vision has enabled us to gain knowledge in areas where we were once unable to see. It ranges in scope from the elec­tronic microscope to the radio telescope.

Basic Science Exhibit. The major display in this area demonstrates crystal growth. It is supported with displays of the dramatic develop­ments that have been made possible by knowledge acquired through research on the structure of crystals--the transistor, solar battery, Maser and Laser. One wall is devoted to a display of the dramatic im­pact on our lives that has resulted from these inventions, namely, miniaturization of electronic equipment, use in satellites, computers, transmission, radio and television equipment, etc.

Waves Exhibit. The waves exhibit features a Torsional Wave Machine that demonstrates the behavior of waves. It is demonstrated that waves carry information and that this fact makes it possible to trans­mit voice, music and television over great distances.

Supporting displays show the various transmission media-cable, coaxial cable, wave guide, microwave, Maser and Laser.

Tasi Complexity Exhibit. This exhibit shows the underseas cable routes and how they operate. The Tasi derJtOnstration explains how utilization of these routes is almost doubled by using the silent times occurring in a conversation (e.g., time spent listening, thinking or pauses) to transmit parts of another conversation. In the foreseeable future, the Vocoder, demonstrated in the Senses Area, will be used in conjunction with Tasi to more than quadruple the information-carry­ing capacity of the underseas cable.

THE TRANSI~

' •}. ;·:, ._.:.·· '•

.. ·. TmTRA165mR.':',,iif(;jjt.£1f! Qfth~:tr~ltlto~, a new semicoridu(!tox: d«Wice. Slritef then~e tra .. ii~

.!!rJs~-~~C:~~~~~~=na~t=:~ :·,~.:,, ,,rr,·,; h·;:.~~ible/andiit·:has·.helped.fosterr~..State~phtsics:u i'majOriirifa. ·. · .·

•r. ! ~l\ _,of~:·and)development .. :i : ·: ... ··f ,,; ~;,, · · ; ·_·. '<:-_·r . . :' -~rta~~itJ~~tb:Unders~·better·.how'tlietranSi&tcnt~Plish~··ijl

·''.I l;i\~··. :d ,. ::; .! ·~ let':s:~ebrl,O.Y, how this :tiny device;made;out ofa solidma"" . ::<,'!, ;, .u;teiial~~tobe:andwhat.jts~,advamaget~aret;',.,:·, · .. · .. · .·;·':.'

_ •• ;;.~;;? ~~,j~e traftsisiOr is anputgiowth ilf• attempt .tound~~_. .• · ,mental physiql-pheni)m.ena~ The work~a;.at·eventually re&utted itt' the· · trans~srorwasbegun·inthelate19JO'swhenBenLaQ9tatorles.d~~­

.·. ·. r;, ;:: •.r. to-'explote-~.bel)aViou>f;electrotl$ ~ 'Solid$3Fhe wo,rk:Was t;i~ for a: while during World War II and theniesutnedh\:1946 by•a&fOuP

._;·,~,';\::~\.~\~:~;;::\, ~··\< . '

46

of scientists who focused their attention on two semiconductors, sili­con and germanium. (These materials are called semiconductors be­cause they conduct electricity better than insulators, but not as well as metals or conductors.)

The original transistor was called a point-contact transistor because it was essentially a wafer of germanium with two pointed wire con­tacts made close together on one side. On the other side of the wafer a third contact was made using a flat metal electrode.

The resistance of one point contact was found to depend on the cur­rent flowing through the other point contact. In other words, there­sistance effect was transferable from one point to the other; hence the name transistor.

Soon afterwards a different structure for the transistor was found which showed that the transistor effect took place through the body of the semiconductor rather than merely along the surface as some had thought. This provided the basis for a proposal that another type of transistor-not dependent on point contacts-was possible. Called a junction transistor, it too was invented at Bell Laboratories.

Today the transistor is no longer one device: it is a family of devices made in dozens of different ways.

Although vacuum tubes continue to play an important role in elec-tronics, transistors have several inherent advantages:

1. The transistor does not need a warmup period because it usu­ally operates cold.

2. The transistor has low power requirements. It requires merely a fraction of the power that a vacuum tube needs.

3. The transistor is resistant to shock and vibration.

4. The transistor is tiny. It can be made as small as a pinhead, allowing extreme miniaturization.

5. The transistor is extremely reliable. It can be trouble-free for decades when properly manufactured and operated within its design limits.

6. The transistor, for many applications, is simpler and lower in cost than an equivalent vacuum tube.

In the Bell Telephone System the transistor is being used more and more to help achieve an even better telephone system. It has made practical an all-electronic telephone switching system that performs interconnection functions with speed and ease, it permits automatic dialing from a "memory" system, and has made possible telephone headsets for the hard-of-hearing, to name a few applications.

The transistor has lived up to all its expectations. It is revolutioniz­ing the world around us; it is creating new industries and giving us new understanding of the technology by which men communicate with each other.

MASER

(Microwlft1e A.n by Stimulated E of Radiation)

LASER

ANew Light for Technology

48

passing through the chamber provided a continuous supply of 24-kmc energy, a steady-state release of energy was created which could be used either as an oscillator or an amplifier.

The first solid-state maser was built at Bell Telephone Laboratories by H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher and H. Seidel. Its design was based on the theoretical work of Professor N. Bloembergen at Harvard University.

At the heart of the solid-state maser is a crystal which is mounted in a resonant cavity and cooled by liquid helium to a temperature approaching absolute zero. The cavity containing the ruby and its coolant is surrounded by a magnet.

When the atoms of the crystal are subjected to a magnetic field, they become excited and rise to a higher energy level. A signal from a "pump" (such as a klystron oscillator) maintains the atoms in an ex­cited state. As these atoms drop from a higher to a lower energy state, they give off radiation. This is the energy used to amplify signals.

In 1956, scientists at Bell Laboratories developed a highly sophisti­cated amplifier known as the traveling-wave maser. This was the pro­totype maser used in receiving signals from the Echo and Telstar satel­lites. Here is an amplifier that makes almost no internal noise. When used with the horn antenna at the Bell System earth station in Andover, Maine, it forms a receiver so sensitive that it can detect clearly a signal with the power of only one billionth of a millionth of a watt.

The maser has greatly increased the range of radio astronomy­weak signals once obscured by noise in the receiving circuits are now detected at good signal-to-noise ratios. Perhaps most significant is the fact that the first demonstration that stimPhted emission of radiation can be controlled and applied. It has opened the door to new research and has already had a decisive impact on the technology of science.

A little over six years ago two scientists came up with some ideas on how to harness light waves. These ideas have since grown into the "optical maser," or "laser," a device which has opened new directions to the sciences of optics and electronics.

The laser was conceived by Arthur Schawlow, a physicist at Bell Laboratories and Charles Townes, maser pioneer. These men saw the device as an extension of the principle of the maser-the microwave amplifier used in space-communications experiments, which utilizes radiation of atoms for transmission.

That atoms emit radiation is well known. The "excited" neon atoms in the neon signs we see every day do just that. But normally they radiate their characteristic red light in random directions and at ran­dom times and the resulting light is incoherent. Incoherent is a tech­nical term meaning just what you might expect-a jumble.

The trick is to find the right atoms, with the right internal storage mechanisms and arrange an environment in which they can all coop­erate-to give up their light at the right time and all in the same direc­tion. A laser is a device to make light waves coherent.

B;:tsically, a laser consists of cylindrically shaped active material- . · · soUd,Jiquid, or gas-excited by some external solU'ce of eJ:lergy. R~ fl~tive surfaces at both ends of the rod permit en~rgy to reflect: .ll~ · and forth, building up on each passage. . . . . .. •· . ·. Such a device can generate a powedul and highly directional~ ' of Ught which is coherent (well organized) and of n~rly a single fr~ · quency. This beam may someday provide a carrier signal with a very · large capacity for telephone, television, and data transmission. · .· ~y other appllcations.have been suggested and.tried. They in-:

dude such things as micro-welding and drilling, optical radars, use in .•. special.types of tumor surgery, and as. a tool in physical and chelnieal research. Over 500 ~dustrial and academic research organizations are now reported to be conducting research on the laser. . . . · · .··

In early 1960 Schawlow and Townes received a patent, assign~ to Bell Laboratories, for the laser. That summer Theodore Maiman at 49:

TASI

(Time Assignment Speech Interpolation)

50

Hughes Aircraft Co. built the first working laser-a pulsed device using a ruby rod with silvered ends and a powerful flash lamp.

In February 1961 Bell Labs scientists Ali Javan, William Bennett Jr., and Donald Herriott announced they had constructed a gaseous laser -a continuously operating device using a mixture of helium and neon gases and a radio frequency generator as the source of external energy.

Since then, dozens of improvements and innovations on the laser have poured from research laboratories. There are now several crystal­line materials, in addition tc• ruby, which will work-at least five of them in continuous operation. The original helium-neon mixture has been operated at several additional frequencies, and it has been joined by nearly a dozen other gases and mixtures of gases. The entire group provides over two hundred potential frequencies for communications.

In addition to crystals and gases, lasers have been made from liq­uids, plastics, and glass. A little over a year ago scientists at G.E., IBM, and Lincoln Laboratories succeeded in making lasers from semicon­ductors. The most popular of these has been gallium arsenide.

Much research and development still remains to be done, primarily how to control the device. For example, in communications applica­tions we need adequate means of putting telephone, television, or data signals on the carrier, or light beam. We also need to find a way to amplify the signals. These needs mean finding efficient modulators, detectors, and amplifiers to operate at the extremely high frequencies characteristic of the laser.

Another problem is how to transmit light beams over long distances and still get clear signals, difficult to do through rain, snow, and fog.

Bell Labs scientists and engineers are working hard on these prob­lems. There have been some achievements. People have found mate­rials that are properly sensitive so as to be useful in modulators and detectors. They have discovered ways to increase the power of the laser. And they are studying ways to transmit a laser beam, so that it will not be seriously affected by the earth's atmosphere, by putting it inside a shielding tube.

These are preliminary steps. And even if the technical problems are solved, use of the laser for communications will depend on whether it can compete with other systems already in existence or under devel­opment. As Schawlow pointed out in a Scientific American article, the laser's vast communications potential "is still far in the future."

TASI is a recent development, now being used on undersea cable, that increases the conversation capacities of the cables. The equipment takes advantage of the times when people are listening or pausing. The voice channels they leave temporarily unused are automatically assigned to other talkers; and when a listener starts to talk, he in­stantly has the use of a channel which another person has left idle.

In practice, the system does not work with only two talkers on one line since they would frequently be speaking at the same time. How-

>'tn(mte~r~tal'ilv.Jtnattiv.e. ehannel.when he statts tO ......... ., ...• . . ts·st!ent~ :· ·'· . . ·.. . . ·. : ,: : . . . , · , talker starts· talking, his voice actuates.a ~ detedbr,., ...

. .The sPeech c;letectorsare scanned by a control drCUit' sirhllai to~ a m«l"' ·~: ': · . . . . · ··· ert\:di8ital"eoinput:er. When·a talkerbecomes•''actiye'~thiS·cOl\~V/>?' ·· · .

. · : · ;cit~t itlitiatua·cOded tone bUtst con~i!iting•oE a 8ro1JP oEJ~.~\lclR{:·:i? . · · ' ' .:· .t()ne!i which precedes the voice.over an available eable ~~~ ' : ' '

: . _,' the:.tol\f! bUrst/which lasts' only 10 ~' the ~trol mOl(~ ' ' connectS! the ta1ket td the same' channel~ .'The coded tQl\es~o~a~··' . sWi~tno ~eetthe talker.'tO the proper line at tile. l'etei~ilts;·~.. : .· : .· .. :

•.. The·tc:me&'arenotheard since the liStener is· not connecfed:,WJille,'~f!Y·.· .. · .. : .·•··.· · ·.a~e ~ trai\$ttdtttd. When a ~is nOt #ac~ve'' ar\ql'ds ~' ·.·:.>,. •.,· .·

- ~s:.netded,. anothe+ ccided toni! burst is transmitt¢tt·ovet i($ep~te ·· · · · · · ·: sipalq\g•diani\el and sev~· the connection.. . · ' ··. ' , . . ..... .

· .. -. Swit¢ldngiof: talbpurl& frQin one.dtannel•to anoth~t &:~~~ . . lishedmafewnilllisecotulsby. atlme4livisicm 'tch~S~:..:.;.,..,,;;.ii:Wn;;;.; . p . ' .. . . ' . $WI -~~ ... ' ,, ..•. · pledfqt about two microseconds and th~ ~tins' p\ll$es steerf!d t~

the·apptopriate idle channei·dUring.,the sampling by ·.the set~~~ operation of transistor 11gates" in each channel. '1'hi$ short interval of · sampling makes· it possible to sample altactive · talkel's • 8000. tltti~ -- , . secOild and then recanstrucube speech: from the samples before i(is. •·.

. . transnuftecfover the undersea eable. ' ·. · .. • . .· • . . .·.·· ';' . . ' . . ,. ; < . ·· · ·. < Tht signaling sys~ in TASlkeeps the receiving ~d m£otrri~ ~f . . · the eonn~tio~s that the translnitting end has establish~. Fo\#' groups .· ..

· · · . · ·· ·· ;of audio .. tone8 are ~plojed foi' signaling P\U'P~fbtlr, :ton~ bi each of three groups and three in the fOurth group~:.EClch signal cO~ ' priseS one and orily one tone from ~ch grcruP,..if mo~e or less:are

· pre~enti' an el'ror is indicated and·appropfiate s~ are tak,en~to eor• · , -. rect it.uCOrinec:Y' signals which precede the voice Signal at thebe~;'.. : ~· .. rung ()f the· speaker's talkspurt are sent over the'same ·channt!las. tJie . · ~ · ·

· · ~ DiscOnnect and corin~on checking signals are senfoWr :a• ·. ·. separate Channel Used only for this purpose. .. . · . . · > ..

AU of thecitcuits fOrT A.SI are completely:tt:ansistorizect T~ . fOr dOl!blirig the capacity of the transatlantic cable require several' .

thousand transistors of four different types1 and tellS of thol.lSandS o£ . semiConductor diodes and passive coinponents. ·· · ·. · : . : · · ·.

' .

UNDERSEA The Bell System's international telephone service reaches more than TELEPHONE CABLES 170 overseas countries and territories. Circuits are provided via high

frequency radio, over-the-horizon or tropospheric scatter radio sys-tems and on a network of undersea cables.

Because these cables are reliable, and carry many conversations simultaneously and clearly, they are being used increasingly for telephone circuits between the United States and foreign countries.

The first undersea telephone cable was laid in 1921 between Florida and Cuba. Radio telephone service-between New York and London -was established six years later. But it was not until1956 that the first transatlantic telephone cable was laid.

This was placed between Oban, Scotland, and Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, via Clarenville, Newfoundland. It was made possible by the development of undersea repeaters for amplifying telephone sig-

nals. An undersea cable between Seattle and Ketchikan, Alaska, was laid

that same year and a California-Hawaii cable followed in 1957. The second transatlantic cable was put into service in 1959 between

Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, and Penmarch, France. Other cables link Florida and Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland and Bermuda.

Each of these cables carries 48 one-way channels. Two cables are

required for each link. To meet the increase in the volume of overseas telephone service,

Bell Laboratories developed a new cable capable of carrying 128 two­way conversations, more than any other ocean cable in use today. The cable gets its strength from a core of 41 steel wires and does not re­quire the outer armoring used in previous deep sea cables.

The armorless cable has a new type of repeater, stationed every 20 miles along its length, which amplifies telephone signals 100,000 times. These repeaters have new high-vacuum electron tubes that will not change significantly over a 20-year life span.

The first two-way armorless cable was laid in 1963 between Florida and Jamaica and recently was extended to the Panama Canal Zone.

Another armorless system-the third transatlantic cable-was completed that same year. It extends 3,500 nautical miles from Tuck­erton, N.J., to Widemouth, England. The system includes 182 repeat-ers. It went into service October 14, 1963.

An undersea cable of this kind from Hawaii to Japan, via Midway, Wake, and Guam, is expected to be ready by the fall of 1964; and be­fore the end of this year an armorless cable system between Hawaii and the continental United States is scheduled for completion.

To lay the armorless cable and its two-way repeaters, a new type of cable ship was designed and built. This ship, the CS Long Lines, holds 2,000 miles of undersea cable in its tanks. It includes a new type of cable engine that has tractor-like grips to handle both small-diameter cable and large-diameter repeaters. The engine lays out cable smoothly

52 at a constant rate.

VOICEPRINTs

• ·• · yo1tt · EaCh · ... · . ctem .. beJS ~ogran\ measures a total voice ' . ·. .; · ......• ,,, ,c~=:::r=n\ideofthasaint~~~~··

.. · · · .. , . ~ntpet'SQns.Eachutteranceofthewordwasvoicepti.t\tedon~~til:' · · card. Then the cards were shulfled, people Witb:cmt previ~.ir.'aiiUft8-'·.

were asked to identify each' voice. Out of about 25iOOO dfci$i~.otl\e ~t i4entffication was made J110te than 99 per ~tof the~ .• ··•·• J::: .

. .. ·· ,. .• Th~ finclirigs from basic researCh iri commlliii~ti<)n;JR~y~a ~o. . valt.iable aids for personal identification. Law. ~rt¢11\ent agencies~ . . ~ven erl. dilfetent. word samples frq~ an \tllid~tified)~ttt' .

.. may J:,, ab~e to identify the speakets voict! &om ®mons ol o~· despite any, attempt by the spe.aJ.<er to disguis~ his V()i~e. .· . · .... •··. : • · .. ·. ·

· · · ·. •. Since voi~rints ~be analyzed and ~odaf. by 'compUtet, the:cOcie of an urudentified voice could be matched againSt. those on me. FiJ\al·. identification, as m the case of fingerprints, would be made vbnuilly by .. · an expert &om a number of prints that are similar.

TIC-TAC-TOE MACHINE

THE DUPONT SHOW

Wonderful World of Chemistry

54

You can play a game of tic-tac-toe with a machine developed by William Keister of Bell Telephone Laboratories, but don't expect to win. The machine can be tied but cannot be beaten. The machine rep­resents the kinds of processes that can be built into telephone systems. It illustrates how relay-type equipment (like that used in telephone systems) makes logical decisions in connecting one caller with another.

The face of the cabinet is divided into nine squares. When you press a button near one of the squares to light it with a figure, such as "x", the machine automatically places the other symbol, in this case an "o", in another square and waits its tum for another play. The electro­mechanical brain can make three decisions. If you succeed in marking two symbols in a row, the machine makes a defensive play by filling in the third space in the row. If the machine itself has two in a row, it will fill in the third and win. If there is no immediate chance to win and no need to block you from winning, the machine marks the most advantageous square.

No matter how good you are, the best you can hope for is a draw.

Synopsis of Chemistry Demonstrations for the DuPont Pavilion:

1. Freezing a Flower in Freon. In this demonstration a flower such as a carnation or a rose is dipped for a few moments in Freon. Since the Freon is at about 50° below zero, the flower freezes instantly. The flower is removed from the Freon and when struck on the table top, it shatters like glass.

2. Rubber vs. Adiprene Balls in Freon. A rubber ball frozen in Freon will shatter like glass when dropped on the floor. A ball made of DuPont Adiprene, on the other hand, retains its elasticity and bounces after its immersion in Freon.

3. Disappearing Blue. In this demonstration a large flask containing a clear liquid changes to a deep blue color when the flask is shaken. This blue color slowly changes back into a clear solution again. This can be done repeatedly by simply shaking the flask.

This demonstration is based on the fact that a certain indicating dye will turn deep blue when combined with air which is accomplished by the shaking. Another chemical in the flask reverses this situation and the liquid becomes colorless.

4. Hindu Rope Trick. This demonstration features DuPont Stren which is a Nylon fishing line. It is so fine and transparent that we can reconstruct the well known Hindu rope trick by attaching the Stren to a piece of manila rope and using it to lift the rope, which then hovers in mid-air as though unsupported.

5. Conductive Paint. A tape recorder is separated from its loud-speaker by a pa~el of tra~sparent plastic sheet so that although the tape re­corder IS mechamcally operating, no sound comes out of the loud-

56

10. Tipersul. A performer lays a piece of Yil" Tipersul on his open palm and an assistant places a red hot bolt on the Tipersul. This thin sheet protects his hand and the performer shows the high temperature of the bolt by dropping it on a piece of wood which catches fire.

11. Mylar and Butacite Drum. Two drums about 3' in diameter have their ends covered with Mylar and Butacite respectively. A heavy solid Lucite bowling ball is dropped on to the plastic sheets from a height of about 3'. Upon striking the Mylar, the ball rebounds sharply. The Butacite drum, however, cushions the blow and the rebound of the

ball is substantially less.

12. Jacob's Ladder. A 50,000-volt arc up to a foot long is generated between two vertical rods in the form of a "V". A piece of wood placed in the gap catches fire immediately because of the intensity of the arc. A sheet of Mylar is then placed in the gap, power turned on, but the arc does not strike due to the high insulating ability of the Mylar. As soon as the Mylar sheet is removed, the arc is immediately generated.

13. Zepel. A piece of cloth is prepared with the letters Z-E-P-E-L printed on it with Zepel which cannot be seen. Stains of various sorts such as ink, tomato juice, salad oil, etc., are poured on the cloth and stain it completely except where the material has been treated with Zepel. The letters Z-E-P-E-L then stand out since they are unstained.

14. Iodine Clock. In this demonstration a small quantity of clear liquid is added to a large flask containing another clear liquid. In the order of 10 seconds the solution turns instantly black.

15. Color Sequence. The black solution from the previous demonstra­tion is then poured into 4 beakers. The black solution becomes color­less, then red, then wine colored and finally blue as it is transferred from one beaker to another.

16. Parabolic Mirrors. Two highly polished parabolic mirrors s' in diameter are mounted to face each other. A light source at the focal point of one mirror is used to reflect light from that mirror through a distance of about so' to the other mirror. The second mirror refocuses the light at its focal point at which a match can be ignited.

17. Vortex Gun. A Vortex Gun 4' in diameter generates a vortex (con­centrated jet of air) which is used to blow out a flame, rattle a sheet of paper, etc. (at a distance of 40' to 60').

18. Chemiluminescence. A small amount of liquid is added to about a quart of liquid in a 6-qt. spherical flask. When the mixture is shaken, intense blue or yellow is produced. This light is generated completely by the chemicals in the flask.

THE.IBM E

a c.omputer can be used effectively by people many miles away from the machine itself.

The language translation is from Russian to English. The matter to be translated is transmitted over telephone lines to two IBM 1050 data communications systems in a company plant at Kingston, N.Y. The completed translation is sent bade to the pavilion by the same method.

At the pavilion. a typist seated at a printer keyboard copies sen­tenc:es from Russian redmical reports. The typist does not understand Russian. but has learned to recogniz:e letters of the Russian alphabet. As each Russian sentence is typed, it is instantly transmitted over the telephone lines via the IBMTelepux:essingequipmentto the computer in I<.ingston. 90 miles from the Wodcrs fair site.

The compute~' is linked to a ••memoryn disk that contains the coded meanift&s of 200.000 Russian \\'Oids. The disk looks like a transparent phonographreconl and cnntains coded "'-onls and phrases in Russian, ~with their English meanings. The \\'Ords are photographically ~in circular tracks on one side of the disk. The rode for eadt 'mMd consists of a stqUerKe of blade rectangles of microscopic size.

AJi&ht beam searches the disk until it makhes each word or phrase in the sentence with the coded equivalent of that ,,-ord or phrase on the .. cl.ictiooary .... disk. When a per&ct makh is made for each word in the sentence" the light beam instantly relays the English translation and pe~tinmt gtaJJUDatical information back to the computer. The computer: follows the rules stored in its 0\\'11 memo~)'. clarifies mean­mgs.. mel in some cases inserts ptepositions. articles and auxiliaty wrbs so .Ut the tAnslation will oonfonn more dosdy to English gammu- instmd of the Rus;s;im.

lhe6nal£ng,mh traMlation 1$ then ttammitted hade to the World's fair site, where it is printed man automatic t}"p!\'l"'liittr.

AD this ~ at remubble speed \\'hen the I)-pis! feeds an awerage Russ.im semtma of about 15 ''-onk into the romputer. the miChine ~tes the entire smtmce in Clftt" to h\.'0 ~-Then it tabs about 6 seoonds fw the ~!ia" to print oot the translation on -~tic typewriter-

ln. «lDl' mine,. the~ is ~of t:r.tnsbting tsoo ""rds, or~ me~ cl ~t~ tedmi-."31 mamul from R~i.m to ~ Whm a~ 1&"1 pine is use! this~ tr.msb­tioll an ~printed in~ Wsallmlik. T~ in m cage ol npiid Sltien:~ ~"'~· hum.m ~~

QDIIIIIQJtthq!tupmtih tire~ of~ mfunryti(llm ~reins r~ in Frmd.., (";.rnNn, R~ ~ .urd ollber ~

"f1wft 6 a pa:essiog nreed b ~!!i51t5 b1l bq7o 1lliF mth ~ \14\).rA-;;$ Q$ lhm-~.mdhmt!mrm ~~~ ~~ bstt ~ l!i!l~IDi!'ft d.aima dmlt iin !he~~ w~ m ~~ ~ &da)-eu.A~~to~~is*~~t~ a $)"'511nD 0E ~ a~ttiit ~f!imm. tal~ b:r ~,

SINCLAIR· DINOSAURE

~eh~ld.th~ rrzightyplnosaur, . ·. Fmnous in prehistoriclore, · . · Not only for his toeightand strength, ·· ·. ·. But for his intellectual length. You will· observe by these remains ·The creature had two sets .of brains­One in his head (the usual place), The other at his spinal bQfe. . Thus he could reason a priori As .well as a posteriori. No problem bothered him a bit; He made both head and tail of it.

· So wise he was, so wise and solemn, Each thought filled j!-4st a spinal column. If one brain found the pressure strong, It passed a few ideas along; If something slipped his forward mind, .

'Twas rescued by the one behind; And if in error he was caught, He had a saving afterthought. As he thought twice before he spoke, He had no judgments to revoke; For he could think, without congestion, Upon both sides of every quesHon.

Oh, gaze upon this model beast; Defunct ten million years at least.

COURTESY OF 'IHE CHICAGO TRIBUNE

THE STOKY Of THE DINOSAURS

~ s ~aJWr Nri;IIri.1i,. calledl ''Sinclair Din6latt&"', features fu!T~ safe~ d tLil:uf ~ent spe~ries o.f dinosaurs, ranging tn size mmm t!h-m-ffioot~ ()mil:homm:ms to; tPte massive 7Q.-foot Bronto-

5dlwrill5,, w~ ~ ~ers. ttltNl1l!T stlilcies a;loove the ground. 1'Emree ~,, iimd~ lilite ~105au'!lll&, a:re pareiaLly animated

tto ~I±® flEre reaili5m mll:he ~-~ ~ f5: ~ i:Im ttlhe temrab:IJ .md &fa; oi ehe geclogjal

pmod iiml. wBridn i!lt ~ 1iHre CllOOldefo· ne spaced tthrough an outdoor <HU.~~~telrymme·aae.

Maa:Dy s:riemrl!i5i!s ffiindi the r:R ~ ~al;] ot l!iirncs.ams--thetr emet""gence SQ1mUf' 2JOOI ~ ~ a9l md tillteiT exltim..tti£1:1: 601 mi1Iion years ago ~ mmys~ tBr.m ~!hE· me m& fa~TII or c~Irures and ndtions ~ tthe refa.mely Fmeft pmcd t!l!tatt m.1n has, ruled the earth.

Di!mD&all:l'lls «HWm cl!te Greek afemas. sauros meal'ring "terrib{e lizarcf'') Ilr\l'ed mm tillnfs; jp'E.met a:t: reas-t 8~>-300\ t!:iJtrles. fooger than the entire exist­~ of I:I!T.iim. Dim Ifact,~· d~ted the earth [onget" and more StDnl:e55trm:l1Iy t:llrdll1D my m.il.ha ki:.lru:l: d creawn ~the past or present.

1ii:t t:Ihe late P~zaD: ~ill~ a:ncierttt liiJe )i &a, the forerunners of dino~ sa:tlii!S firs.t ~ a;s. sl!llialill,, agile crlfalto:re;.. Through the eons of the ~g ~ic ~fummmemte Eifey &a. mcstt species of dh'"lO ... 5CflJ:I5 '&le~mas5We <m& pcl~-

11'1!ttt Me~t~!Zlllic &:1, ~a'll~Jrlliitg: scome 160 million years, covered t:Mee ~ ~ peric~: Trriiass&,. ~ma:S&k and Cretaceous. lDinoo­S:ltlXS ~d cllDrmiLgh tEre !':ate· T ~. mfu'e JIJil'assiC and IIIOst of

t!l!te Get!~~ .. ~~ !from whom man ulti:mltely ~Ve:E,. ~ m tEte Dane Jmns&k pence£, T!rot lli:~-ed oosrorely tn the ~s- GJf ~ Jfmt' s.:m-es of millio~DttS of years.

Sevaall fax:ttil'I!S· a:re mmeve& to haive coombuted to the extinction of ~in the· fate Geta~ ~One throry hoEds that the di:­mare~ drrasticaiTy as l!l!OOltmtt.aJJ:ts rose .md seas receded. fnstead of wamn Ptrmtid! weathEr ;ill !!he !rime, there began ahernating seasons cf &.eat a:nd em&£.. Ul'l!tabf:e tliJ' ~tiSi:,. dil:t<Jsams peris.hed-

Ancrther tthem:y pmintts to· the E'V~Dh:ttticn o~ pLmtt life clS a key factor. JDuri:rtg; the Cretai::lf<JUS period, friOlW'ering pLmts and hanhvoodS O'Ver­ran ~:£ire· I:a:nd, rrepfa:ci:ttg tfuxe li:onife:rs .md e-J.rtier forms of flora. lrtmt­ea:t:i:rtg ~rJXS, a.o:IDi!dl.ng t"" tf:nLs. thecry, ~~ un.1bte to s:u:nive on a r:tew at:, .m& c5 !!hey e:qri::red, 50 did the predarory a~rers am£lt'tg tilite· ~-

Still ~~ ~ Rarys part of the blame oo the earty mammals. ~fammals started~ w mmthipLy rrapidly m l!h~ Late Cretacrous period, and Sllltrle' of the rmut'lf' wret:fatory are· srid! ro have fro 00 the- eggs of dlnosa~, thereby aml!rilottttmg tct ~ exmction.

I'Dtr:ring their htrydaly, howe'\ln, &mosat!i5 were the IOOSt a~~· creattmes eve:r l:m' inha&i:t the eaL'th. One Q,tt !!he earliiest of the trul)' mas­sive dinosaurs. t and one at the· most wi:~iy recognized) was the- Sron­tmsatll'U5, a: pfdnt-eamr wilml pamd 25 ~r JO' toos into a frame meastu:­ing: 7(l feet Iong. and: fr.~ux stones high. Ets name originates from the

62

may have made a hungry carnivore pause before attacking, Stego­saurus was woefully ill-equipped for a battle of wits, since its brain

was no larger than a small dog's. Rounding out the collection are the duck-billed Corythorsaurus and

the Trachodon. Both were plant-eaters, Trachodon attaining a length of 38 feet and a height of 16 feet and Corythorsaurus reaching some 30 feet in length. T rachodon munched weeds and roots with as many

as 1,500 teeth.

DESIGNED BY ROBERT HALLOCK

LITHOGRAPHED BY CRAFTON GRAPHIC COMPANY. INC.

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. HALL OR SCIENCE

PREPARED BY NEW YORK WORLD'S FAlR

1964-1965 CORPORATION

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NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR 1964-1965

SHOWING AREA AVAILABLE FOR

HALL OF SCIENCE EXPANSION

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••••• NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR 1964·1965 CORPORATION

·INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION AT FLUSHING MEADOW PARK

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, · · . . The Hall of Science began with a space exhibit. Then it was decided to include dramati~ · · : ·motlels, gadgets and graphic evidences of recent scientific advances. At any rate, it is to be a pe,mla· · rient ~tructute with a. space garden and plenty of room for post-Fair expansion into a major general science m1,1seum, ultimately it may be hoped, the finest in the world. . · . . . . .. · ·

· This brochure briefly tells the story to date and outlines what our consultants think about the · · future. This is no small project. The Hall of Science will fill a gap in our City cultural institutions · whkh has long been noted and deplored.

. There follows a statement by Paul R. Screvane, President of the City Council, who has taken a special interest in this program and has done more than any other person to bring a mirage closer to reality.

Wallace K. Harrison, our architect, adds pictures of the present design and of the possibilities · · of expansion. The report of our consultants follows. · ·

. I do not know just what was in Mr. Harrison's mind when he designed a glass dorne for a: science pavilion. Perhaps he does not know precisely himself, because such strokes of unapprehended •· · inspiration are not easy to define. At any rate, this will be the dominating feature of a ·st.rtictwe . ·

. which·· houses quaint devices to make the mathematics of space and mechanistic discoveries com~ prehensible to the average mind, for the Hall of Science we visualize will be much more than"· museum.

Science, having ruthlessly destroyed many of our romantic illusions of the physical wodd, : has as . yet offered few substitutes to the terrifying loneliness of multiplying man on. a shrinking ·globe. Apparently we must abandon the pleasing picture of the rising and setting sun, the familiar moon of poetry and Tin Pan Alley, the stars as loadstones and patines of bright gold and t4e music . of the spheres. That is why we have devoted so much ground and attention at the Fair to the temples . . · of religion, so that the clergy and revivalists may find spiritual meaning in the vast new disturbing cosmos. Perhaps between the scientists and the holy men we may learn where we are going and· measure in human terms on the one hand the immense cumulative purpose and blind animal instinCt that build the coral rock, and on the other the suicidal mania that drives the lemmings to the sea.

There were indeed men at the very dawn of history who, minus laboratories and fine instru· . ments, speculated about interplanetary space and the immense forces imprisoned in atoms, and successors at the great revival of learning in the Middle Ages who figured the mysteries of gravity and attraction and risked their reputations and lives to speculate about the Supreme Intelligence that makes the world go round. In the subsequent debates over the origin of man, the politicians smelled a popular issue and lined up against the apes with the angels. These were shattering con· cepts, discoveries and inventions which extended man's outlook, but recent atomic explosions, relativity, orbital and moon explorations have shrunk his significance, rocked his complacency and profoundly disturbed his equilibrium.

This Hall will add immeasurably to our cultural as well as practical treasures and will offer to visitors .another proof of the indomitable, restless, inquiring spirit of our City, the Wodd's Capital, on its Three Hundredth Anniversary.

ROBERT MOSES President

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PAUL R. SCREVANE PRUIDINT

THE CITY OF NEW YORK

OFFICI: OF

THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL

NEW YORK 7. N.Y.

In three centuries, New York City has become a world leader in the arts and the sciences. New York boasts an impressive concentration of universities, colleges and other institutions of learning, as well as many of the nation's finest art museums and galleries. We, and all who visit New York, are provided with some of the world's finest opera, drama, ballet and concert performances. We all benefit from our great natural history museum, our planetarium, our zoos and our botanical gardens wherein man's progress in the fields of anthropology, geology, astronomy, zoology and botany is recorded. These institutions are great treasures, but New Yorkers throughout the years have felt increasingly a lack in the City's educational and cultural

storehouse-the City had no permanent museum of science. During the Second World War a Museum of Science and Industry was opened in

Rockefeller Center. Limited in size and scope as compared with the great museums in London, Washington and Chicago, it disappeared without a trace.

But soon a large permanent Museum of Science will become a reality in our City. We shall have at first a Hall of Science as part of the World's Fair. After the Fair, this Hall will remain to form the nucleus of a permanent Museum of Science. Plans then call for the con­struction of new facilities to expand the Hall into a living presentation of man's progress in

science, industry and technology. The concept of a "dynamic" science museum has been advanced by many eminent scien-

tists and educators. Planning only for a static museum in a time of exploding scientific knowl-

edge is, to such people, short-sighted. Using every technique of presentation, the museum staff, under the direction of an out-

standing Board of Trustees, will have the opportunity to bring to young and old alike the stimulation and challenge of the new sciences and the drama of man's earlier steps toward his

understanding of the natural universe. In this Age of Space, our nation's ability to lead the Free World depends substantially

upon our ability to maintain scientific leadership. For New York City to continue without a Museum of Science would be unthinkable. The need for this Museum made prolonged debate

-even the best-intentioned-indefensible. For these reasons, Mayor Wagner and his administration moved swiftly and decisively,

using this unique opportunity to enable New York City more fully to develop its scientific

capabilities.

PAUL R. ScREVANB

President

MAIN FLOOR PLAN

MARTIN-MARIETTA COMPANY

One of the Hall of Science's major presenta­tions will be a simulated rendezvous of full­sized manned orbital space vehicles. The meeting "in space" takes place high above the heads of visitors in the cathedral-like Main Floor. The production includes wide screen motion pictures, directional sound, and animated ligures.

LOWER FLOOR PLAN

LEGEND

A. The Upjohn Company F. General Aniline & Film COrporation: . · ·

B. . Hearing Aid Industry Conference, Inc. H . American Chemical Society

c. Abbott Laboratories K. Airborne Instruments laboratory· .,

D. lnterchemlcal Corporation M. American Cancer. Society

E. Atomic Ener&Y COmmission N. Ames Company, Inc.

THE UPJOHN COMPANY

This exhibit electronically dramatizes how thought develops and how the brain reacts through vision and hearing, to everyday sights and sounds. Electric light signals representing brain "messages" to the eyes and ears shuttle along metal tubes depicting the nerves. "Messages" produce light patterns in giant aluminum discs, representing the brain's central command post- its memory association centers, and other vital areas. The demonstration shows how the brain reacts to a singer's voice, calls up memories of other singers, makes a comparison and finally com·

mands applause.

The exhibit using an enlarged model ear and tape recordings, will demonstrate how we can hear, what sound is like with hearing loss and how hearing loss can be corrected. The exhibit will show the develop· ment from historic trumpets to modern, miniature, transistorized hear· ing aids. Stories of people who have been rehabilitated with hearing

aids and how to detect a hearing loss will be told.

HEARING AID INDUSTRY

CONFERENCE, INC.

Chemical ma models, micrc motion pictW ates and susa tion starts wit down to the atoms combi enzymes, pro code for life.

INTER(

Exhibit j

Dr.lsay J Physics, l

Olali.i.c ill . · ~Y~ by means of three-dimensional an6cldf, · ~ctOphotograpby and specially created animated Jnbd,on pi¢ues the wondrous molecular activity that crc­attl tnd .. S\lStliilu human ·life.· The fifteen-minute presenta· . tioa ~ with manu a recognizable being, then proceeds doWn tO ~ cellular and subcellular levels to show bQw

' at.Oa:iS combine to form molecules, and the actions of . . .. eaz,mes. proteins, chto.lno$OmeS and DNA- the master

' code fotlile. ·

·INTEllCHEMICAL CORPORATION

. ~ 1Jtftllf'U wilb IH coopltlllkm of Dr.ltii'J ~~ Prof•ssor of '&I!~

.. Physics, Umv,;s;~y of C~i.

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The theme of the exlu'bit is the science 'of colot @d.·. iu nm~rfl!r<·m brighten the world around us. Focal point of theli\~~·· J "'.' "" .• _,.,., •. .,

is a 14-foot high ''Color 'nee.'' At the baH ofdle·uc=f .·. pedphtty of the exhibit space twel'Ve demoi:ISttitiods ph~ of colot. . .

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A10NSVILLE. U. S. A. is filled with atomic wonder and intrigue, where children ooly can enter. Inside, everything atomic is simulated so each child can safely prospect for uranium, operate a reactor, perform experimerus with remote mechanical hands, and by participation learn about the arom and its peaceful uses. Parents, meanwhile, can watch thcit children oo 1V or tour the adjacent Radiation and Man exhibit.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

BNhibils fJrlllnteJ by ths OmiJge lnsliiiRI of N11ellllf Sttlllils for the U. S . .tflt>mie Bwgy Commiuion.

The Chemistry of Color exhibit is an audio-visual presentation of the basic principles of organic chemistry. It shows the growth of dycsnDf chemistry to its most complex level in color photographic film. It furtber explains how dyestuff chemistry has provided the basis for the applica­tion of organic chemistry in new pharmaceuticals, detergents, plastics, and all the many other produas of chemistry now enriching daily life..

GENEllAL ANILINE & FILM CORPORATION

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This exhibit tided, "This Cennuy's.Gteat Life-Saving Advance~ Cancl:t," will show how a scicnrmc technique called ''afol.iative · cytOt• .· ogy" helped save the lives of thousatlds of women from u~ine.~. · and can save many thousaDds mote. This exhibit wllhlso •• the . interest of young visiron ill tbe pcoblemt aod ·rewards of resciatcb. .. ·

"Otemistty of the Sea" will illustrate the role of chemists and chemical engineers . in sciendJic progress. An illusion of entering the ocean is created with .fluorescent scenes illuminated by ultraviolet light. .These will cover exploration, modem analyses, biochemical aspects, mineral

, mources, farming the sea, and recovering fresh water from brine. Models of desalinization may be srudied.

AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS LABORATORY Division of Cutler-Hammer, Inc.

This exhibit will present a complete ground conttol pattern at an air tctminal with operating control tower as installed by F.A.A. with a runnins explanation of every stage in the process. The live communica­tioo between pilot and control tower at Kennedy International or . LaGuardia Airports will be reproduced showing how cooperation brings planes down in all kinds of weather, with a demonstration of the ad· vanced all-weather systemS (AILS) now being built by Airborne Insttu· ments Laboratory for the Federal Aviation Agency.

AMES COMPANY, INC.

This exhibit shows the human body as a chemical factory in which each cell is a laboratory, manufacturing its own particular products and re· quiring its own special raw materials which it selects from digested foodstuffs. In health, amounts of the various chemicals in the blood and urine remain within a fairly limited range. In disease there is a change in the quantity and perhaps the quality of these substances. Through chemical analysis physicians may uncover unsuspected disorders pro­viding the opportunity for early treatment and improved chance for recovery.

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lttt Techtlolom dollars. 1'hl as the Gra1 vidual part:

This realizing tk we mtlstaL nology,·~ at PlushinB also aim to sentative oJ world .

Hov Design. Of expansion '1

In a cant exhibi Post Fair l place for f1 to replaceJ It also shm more comf

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of colored of present~ Hall of Di chemistry a other ford to the appli to the presc physical sc:

The motion pic ration and satellites. 1 onstrations tion and pl

The entation in revolving! ofthe majc from these Newton an by them, v entertainin

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CONSULTANT'S UPOB.T

·.';It:: m~.sr· 6ch~grti~. ~t the outset that the development· of a Center. ()f $ci~.·~.~[.' .. i:.;;: ~ · · ®llO!QJU' woriJ.ty :of the world's. greatest city will take many years and manY llii!MoijS f#: ,; :~. ·:··

··• 1t aU the Jl10te irnpartant to start out with a long-range pWt that wU~setye . ·· ; c:N::tJle QJr&ncl. L.llleSl.llll. for the orderly development of a dynamic institution, of 'Whi~llt}ie indi• ..

. F/V:lclU,att,'l)arts,· as 'they gradually emerge, will fit harmoniouSly into the projected wh()le .. ···• . · .· •.. means that from the very beginning we should set our sights vert high. \'Vhilf ·

•··' .. l'ellllzmg that great institutions, like living things, require years in. which to grow and ~~. · also realize that the world's greatest city, the outstanding product of sciente and teCh•

. notogy; cannot aHord second best. In other words, the Grand Design for the. Hall of SCience . • .llt:~lushing Meadow: calls Eor the finest institution of its kind anywhere in the world . .It should · .··

tilso aim to become, over the course of years, one of the wonders of the modern world, repte- .· sentative of the spirit of America and commensurate with its greatness as the leader of the free wotlcl. ·

· · However, this does rtot mean that we must wait for the full realization of this Grand . ::' .· ./ t)'esig:n. Of the $3,500,000 included in the Preliminary Report for the Pose Fair Plap .for·~the . ·. · expansion of, the Hall of Science, a part will be available for· permanent improvements •. · • .

, ',< ·.· •·. In addition, a.number of fine exhibits in the Science Pavilion, as well as Several signifi··· , . cant exhibits. in. other pavilions, could be retained and installed as permanent exhibits in the

Post.· Fair. Hall of Science, while a number of ·other exhibits may be stored in some suitable place for future use as space becomes available. To allow for variety, it may be fo.und desiiable ..... to replace from time to time some of the exhibits in the science hall with others from storage .. It a.lso sho\lld be borne in mind that some of the retained exhibits may serve a5 parts of larger, ·

· more comprehensive exhibits at a later date. . . · ... . (A ·list of sugge5ted exhibits to be retained for Post Fair . use is given in the addendum

· · ·to this repor~. ) · . .. · · One of the major Post Fair projects should be the construction of the Great Hall, in

... which all the major developments in science and invention would be demonstrated by meanS of colored motion pictures, many of which are already available, and other modern techniques

... of presentation. The building should be divided into two major sections. One, named the ·Hall of ·Discovery, would· be devoted to the pure sciences-astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. This section should have two theatres, one for the physical sciences, the .· other for the life sciences. The second section, named the Hall of Inventions, would be devoted to the applied sciences, in which will be told the story of the great inventions from the beginning .·

. to the present .. This section would also have two theatres, one for the story of inventions in the physical sciences, the other for those in the life sciences. . · . · . ·

The theatre for inventions in the physical sciences would demonstrate, through dramatic : motion· pictures, all major technological developments in the fields of engineering, transpoi'··

tation·and communication, as well as developments in the space sciences, rockets, missiles and. satellites. The theatre for inventions in the life sciences would similarly provide dramatic dem­onstrations of developments in medicine, immunology, bacteriology, behavioral sciences, nutri­tion and public health.

The Post Fair· Hall of Science should take advantage of all modern techniques of pres­entation in addition to motion pictures, including open and closed circuit television, dioramas, ·. · revolving stages, etc. Motion pictures in color could present in highly dramatic form the story of· the major discoveries of the fundamental laws of nature, and of the inventions that resulted from these discoveries. Actors playing the parts of great scientists and inventors--such as Newton and Einstein, Edison and Tesla-demonstrating each major discovery or invention made by them, would make such presentations not only highly instructive, but highly dramatic and entertaining as well.

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PHYSICAL SCIENCES

astronomy

mathematics

physics

chemistry

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· -/ _ _ _ _ _ The POSt Fair Hall of Science should aim to provide a history of icl~, show~g h()W: tll~ inquisitive min~ of ~n, over the. millenia, and particularly since th~ advettt off tee. in$ti~ --. -,

- tutJC?ns. succeeded m making nature yteld some of her most important secrets, and how these tri~phs of man•s ·free mind have, in turn, made it possible for all free men, and particularly _

. __ t~ American people, to harness the forces of nature to build a better life for themselves: ihaij _ -·-~ ----·environment more suitable for man's needs, material as well as spiritual. -_ _ _ •. - _ -._---- -- --

__ -- __ -.- · The institution at Flushing Meadow must not be a m~m of static displays, but a. __ -- · living dynamic institution,_ a great cultUral center, designed to instruct, to enrich and to lnspi~ --.- all:those_who visit-it, young and_old, university graduates and those with-no more thltl-arr-

e.lementaty school education. It should instruct and at the same time entertain; This gr~t Center_ of Science and Technology-as it should be known-should be the equivalent -of a great National Theatre, in which the leading actor is the human mind, seeking through the ages to gain understanding of the world around it and to make man at honie in a more orderly universe.

The exhibits at the Center should set it as their main objective to give the average _}lCt'Son an outline of man's knowledge of the universe, the infinite and the infinitesimal, the living. and the non-living, and how this knowledge was acquired. The motion pictures should pro-: vide the background for actual demonstrations showing the minds of the Newtons and EdisOns in action.

These demonstrations should be associated with personal do--it-yourself participation. visitors being taught to perform some of the crucial experiments that· represent landinarlcs ill the history of ideas. The visitor could be taught to weigh the earth; to determine the distar1ce · · · of the moon and the sun; to measure the velocity of light traveling at 186$000 miles per_ second. ·He could discover helium in the sun, and determine what other elements it (:ontains. He could repeat Faraday's simple experiment of electromagnetic induction that ushered in the Age of Electricity, of radio, television and radar. He could be made to discover the electron, which led to the Age of Electronics, computers and automation. These are only a few examples in which the average person could be initiated into the fellowship of the great discoverers through the ages.

Rather than presenting a maze of detail, the Science Center as a whol~ should stress the unity of nature and the fundamental laws that govern it. It could be built around several great central exhibits, all interrelated. One of these should give the visitor, largely through available .. motion pictures, a comprehensive view of the cosmos at large, the universe of stars, galaxies and supergalaxies. Another should present the story of the solar system and of the earth. A third should present the story of matter and energy, from primitive concepts of matter to the atom and its nucleus, from the early uses of fire to nuclear energy. Other great exhibits should tell the story of communication from the beginning to Telstar, and of transportation, from the wheel and the oxcart to the supersonic plane and the rocket.

Another great general exhibit, in color motion pictures and other modern techniques, should tell the story of the evolution of life on earth and the possibility of its existence else* where in the universe. The nature of life and how it functions, with emphasis on human development and physiology, should be the subject of another animated Walt Disney type demonstration.

An exhibit showing how a humble Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, cultivating. peas in his garden, discovered the laws of heredity operating throughout the entire realm of life, from the lowest bacteria to the higher animals and man, should serve as the starting point for the story of genetics and the recent spectacular discoveries of the chemicals within living cells (named DNA and RNA) through which heredity is transmitted from generation to genera­tion. This great story should be brought up to date with the decipherment of the Code of Life, which may open the way to man's control of his own evolution, described as a potentiality· more dangerous than the atom or hydrogen bomb.

The Science Center exhibits should, of course, also tell the story of America's contribu-

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LIFE SCIENCES

biology

evolution

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biophysics

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~·-~~,t~E;t4t:echJt1olc>gy-.j · ···---- .colonjjl tirries ttl the presel)t; RsbOtll<l_lsbQIW~O'Wii'l'Ui otl~~:wibie11Qffeted··- :th~ Att!et'~r!t:l~"th:aJetlS-__ f_(l-td_ m ___ ~._--a. : --- __ ·m_ nw••m:

r_···~~-:tnc:r:nt;~lle$t _ _ .ofliVing·ifi his~ry in an eov~t in whi.¢A>l~-~~~'~f.G -~·:f\W~f4~ __ te,_n ___ -t _ hisintelJectual $'1 spiri~ _ . ___ -_ _ . ~it:j~·~·it .:bOultt_-. pl'QVide: a ~t pageant of all the - - __ ·-._ ..... ~.

J~V<~~~t:)~7f"'~J;<ra-~1Jlrl~. ·:SlLWhitney, Joseph Henty, Futton1- . ____ -__ . _ de F~t, Goddard, to mention but a few~ It sno,utelL~~o"·~~-l~S.

,_ -.. -..... "' ..... con.trit,u• t:i4 _ll_i ·lS __ - in the ii\vtmtion and develppment of the telephone c;:c;-ut(lQ1~_. lbil~e~-- r~io, ~leyision and radar; the airplane, helicopter, jetp-_. ta· .q·· _i e ... l~_Frt __ ldtE:tf Jit$;1;~

ttii:>Uti.o·l_ns __ ·to tHe science of medicine, surgery 4tld nutrition; to agricultul:e aiidtJ_-raJ-Il,SPri#e~tidlilf _ pat~~g of great riv~ts, such as the Niagara and the St; Lawren¢e, witli

of thesesiaQt dams· , . . . -. . . . . . ; ; , · __ Two of the major exhibits of American technology should, of course, show outcoun~~·s -

:0\lt:stQ,nding COntributions ro the At\ mic Age and the Age of Space. . - . ._ .... ·.· ·-.•· _ · ·. . ... · The at~ic exhibit should show the highlights of the great secret wartime develt)_t)~tlts ..

tbatbrougllt the Atomic 'Age into being. It should show, among others, a mode,l.of.d;le'#rSf ·. _nuclear reac:tor in the squash eourt at the University ofChicago,in which the first at()inic;~

<:, ;011:~. wrur lighted. _It should be climaxed Vlith an actual experint~tal swiinmit:l8 ~t_-type .. ,!lutiW rea(t()r, which is absolutely safe and highly spectacular. The ~ibit shoul<l: ~lsl)·iU~ .... ·. ·- · ~(e. the great promise of atomic ellergy as a vast newsource of epergy for ind\lSuial'powet~>.:. . . : •. '.and ~ a most important tool in agriculture, biology and medicine; in the 'conquest o,f qiseflSe' ), . ·-

. and the<j>Ostponement ofagfug. _ _ · ·.. . . · • • ; · .··.· _ . · ·_ · 'J.'he exhibit on the Space Age should, first of all~ provide a clear explana~io~ e>ft~ .· · fundamental principles that make it possible to launch and to maintain a satellite in orbit If . . -should display models of the various types of American satellites placed in orbit, tljeir in5ttu· mentation and function. It should include equipment for tuning in on Telstar, Relay or other -types of communications satellites currently in orbit. · ·

_ · · The Hall of SCience should also offer glimpses of potential discoveries and inventions_ .· .. , .. in the immediate and more distant future. It should show how atomic energy promises to give ··

· marikind.everywhere an abundant source of energy for an abundant life, and how that'·will-.-• · &etVe as a vital factor in bringing peace to the world. It should show that• mankind is enietiOg, . an· era in which most maior ~will be brought under control and the aveia8e lifespa.:t:.

will be increased by some decades. . _ ·. ··. · · .. It should also show that within the next two decades or so, scientists hope to solve the _.

_ problem of harnessing the fusion energy of the hydrogen bomb into a limitless soUrce ()f · · · · industrial power, with the oceans of the world providing enough fuel to last more than a billion

years. _ .· .- The Science Pavilion should offer a glimpse of what further explorations ofQuter: spare · willbdng in the future. Such a glimpse should make the onlooker aware that we stand on the

.threshold of·awesome discoveries, that will operi vast new horizons for mankind. ·.. · · - ·. · As.- stated, motion pictures in which well-known performers would re-enact moment$ . of great disolveries would be not only highly instructive but entertaining as well. There is no

· greater thrill than that of the naked mind of man, with or without simple tools! challenging na~e.to yield up some of her important secrets and coming out uiwriphant after <W~g sqme apparently insuperable obstacles. The intelleccual and spiritual exaltation, the profound _ ·- .·­religious awe, that must have overcome Newton when he discovered the Law ofGravitatiQn; . . • the ecstasy experienced by Einstein when he discovered the principle of Relativity .. (he \Vas -. so overcome that he actually took to bed for two weeks} ; the joy of Pierre and Marie Curie the night they first saw the eerie light of radium in the abandoned cadaver shed, after fOUr · -.. ·• years of back-breaking labor, to take but a few examples, could be made to live again in the. , minds and hearts of spectators at the Hall of Science.

. \,, .. _.;.

HALL OF INVENTIONS

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

• • eng • neertng

communications

transportatioft

spate tec:hftology

·-·

TJ America, highest t

but also: every ma tunity ev

N society, I free wor the worl weapons ment of

T mental I

it1

aJ v~

sc T

upon wl tiscs oft engine, discover1 mental< Age. Th in the A discover1 automat one of 1

weapon radioacti discover English1 Otto H disease 1

public t antibioti

1 and ted desire t1 haustin1 to make for scie freed orr

. . . . .· . . . . . . should therefore dramatically demob$trate tlte .toit9~~ . .. . .. ·.'· ·.·. · ... •·· .. ···••··• ·•·•·· ·. ·. . . .. < . > :·· '\ >,:i,·~?}~'· ·,.;. ,; •.. ·· :1,. :.All mod~n .. technology hill its origin in fundament.ldisc<)verl~~.~~··f.?Y'; )iriguisidve tnirids seeking knowledge of nature. . '. . . . . . .· .. . ' :: : :• / )\ . : ·; c; '

· · 2. While pur~ .science seeks only knowledge, without ariy. · · aJ>t,uca.ttoJl~· · . . scientific discovery evennill!ly leads to far~reachin~.· tE. ~tLP~~~~~l;.~~~;~

??t'"l~lOPilleJtJtSfor.·.. . . of .man's lot o~ e~.JnJts turn, ··t ·c ~.~lOJ<l~:;giv·~•; .'\'>$q~:tce~r~.······· ... · .. ·· .. · · ... · rilake possible furth~ fulld~ent~l..diSco'Veries,: · }.:·:l:&.~·>exJ:libiti• · wot.dd· make it dear. that most of the furtdamentat· sc :ieilltifilc cii~rter.l®;;;

··~""""';;j,,,,...._,,,.h., ..... ,. ... ~at technological ~ievements ate baSeQ; have largely been maae•J[)V·:scten,..; . ..... ,.. •. -•. -··~·······-·weste~n demotracies. Our modem ind\lSttial civilizatio.n.l>egan.\\. rith'tbc~'Stl~~:·:

. . . by James Watt, a Scotchman, who made \}Se of bask· laWS: · ,.,;~~,mv:lll ....... by Galilee,· an Italian, and Newton, an Englishman. Galileo's and . . .. ·. . .. . ~~~"'"·diScoveries have, in fact, laid the foundation of all the great conqivances of th~. l.\1 .. a cnt11e .

. ·. , . . . pr{flclple of electt:omagnetic induction, Which made possible. the dynamo and•U.$0eJreQ" · · · til~ ;Age. of Electricity, was discovered by Mich~tel Faraday, an Englishman. Sir J. J. l'h<l!~ln

.. ·. .·. .· · · · . the ele<:tron, the basis of all the marvels of electronics---radio, television •. ·. . ·· . ·computers, rocketry, satellites, etc. Roeutgen, a German, discOvered the ope .of the most powerful tools to penetrate the mysteries Qf matter, as well a5 a""' .... u~~~>·l'flll ;;\V~a~n in the.·diagnosis and treatment of disease. Henri Becquerel, .a Frenchm~; diSloov·ered, ':~e.dioacd,yity, which opened the door to the Atomic Age. Ernest Rutherford, a New . . .. : . :·4i$Coveteii the nucleus of the atom, citadel of the material universe, and James (bad\V~:.an .·· · ;Jin.glis'hman, discovered the neutron, which opened the way to nucleat fission~ discoveted):>y· ... · Otto Hahn, a German. Pasteur, a Frenchman, discovered the bacterial origin of .infecti()~ . . .. diSease and laid the foundation for modern immunology, which revolutionized me4id~ ari4 ,.i· ·

· · public health .. Alexander Fleming, a Scot, discovered penicillin, .which opened the way fqr the. . : .· . . : at1tibiotics that have so far saved more lives than were lost in. both world wars. · . . ..· . · · . ·

·.· · The Science Pavilion as a whole, must, however, avoid giving the impression t~t scien~ . . . and technology are purely materialistic. Science is the outgrowth of the spirit of man, of hiS ·

desire to know, to seek the truth. Its technological fruits serve to make man free from e3t~ : . bausdng physical labor, to enable him to cultivate his spiritual and creative powerst .in short; to make. him' free. An understanding of science should therefore stimulate faith in the fqture, ... ·

· . fot science, by fostering the free mind, gives the greatest assurance agaiD$t any threat to · fteedolil. · · ·

"And ye shall know the truth and the troth shall make you free!" , .

}{;,u;- ~···.· . WILLIAM L. LAURENCE

HALL OF INVENTIONS

LIFE SCIENCES

public health

behavioural sciences

medicine

nutrition

as pern '

nuclear atomic hensivc

tories, levels 1

nucleu:

togeth1 color t

the Po

nings 1

tho usa

researc

in the emplo of the

( 1) c a nud

by rm planat aimed world.

of the:

and e1

are tr moon

byTe

bility

:.t;;al)()~~tQI'ie&, -· .. eXhibit on- the history of. communicatiOn fro~ tbeearlif$1t:~~gitl.fS 'ltl:~tar··a i~cluding the exhibits on lasers which,whenpc· ~--~ ~ .. tc::a,,'Will.($'ty

Oll$Mc.11S;.Q~~·.(C~_le'Y'ISIC)D programs and telephone conversations on a.,,;·, .... , ... , .. ,..,..,. .... ·"'"'"·'"lliA ... ., .. 1'~:1)\itJ:'ont.sihmll~ "the Wonderful World of Chemistry,·· telling of the

dililgs for bc!tter living." · ·•· · . .· . . . .· · .· · ·• , ··· • : . : :~ .: : .· ~ Eastn(laJ) Ko.dak .. eXhibit, including a motion picture showing the IJ$e. ofpbqtogt~PllY·.

~:.!<''.':it'Lt:M.!Ituiiv. . . . pattides, astronomy, geology and oceanography; M9tbC!t ~O~Oiiplecute.· •':' ;\\:~e,gtJ>lOJ7iil~ra· new .multi·im4tge technique portraying the comll"..<>nplaee and untiSw.tLwonq~rs · ·· ~ ..

', UIUlC. '. 8S seen thrOUgh the eyes Of a Child, . . .· ·.· ·.. . · .. · ... ·, - , •. 1,1le_ eJS~ibit of ·Elea,ric Power arid Light, showing by projection and color tr~s~~ncle$, ·• .. . ' ~o.ftlt~ mOst advanCed nuclear power plants, including a graphic desctiptio"':of)iow,: '

:.1.-tlutlle.~ Lt. p_(lw~r plant workS, and (2)' experiments in techniques for prodU,dng·enerw•. ·.:·, :. · .·. ··The ~eial JUecttic exhibit, showing the development of electridcy. and mea~s d~vised •· · · ....... -~-' to haine5s the tr~men'dous power of nature's. energy sources. It alSo includes·an el!i~ · .. _

p~u~t.lO, u.of thermonuclear fusion, the explosive force of the hydrogen bOmb, and researches·_ . · _.harness. this vaSt· energy for the production of limitless electrical pawer•f(')r·rhe~t~re

... ·· · .. -... '1:. • Th¢ l T.& T. exhibit on eleeuonics and telecommunication, including d~moosti.'at.i~ns ·-

jif;tlltd~·an4 space communication. ' . .·· - • ·_• ' '· .. ·. · Sinclai.es exhibit of dinosaurs in their natilral setting. . . -.. · . ·_ .·.·· . . .

. . . ' . ·.. .. Travelers ·l~utance exhibit on "The Triumph of Man," beginning with rhe cav¢man_ · · > )nd ending with the spaceman. · - - . . · : . • ·

.. ··. The New England exhibit, in which you enter a space rocket and feelas thougl'fy.ou ·lltt: ttaveU.ng through space, then step out onto a simulated. moon surface for a "walk on 't~~·.. ; ·• .• ::moon.'' ...... · .. . . . · · : l'he Florida eXhibit on missiles~ rockets, space propulsion~ etc. Also the NASA. eXhibit ,byteciLS. .·_.· . · .. . . · ...

· · .·· -.· · · ··. .. · The: ()utstanding exhibits by Ford and General Motors present a challenge; •The p()ssi- .. . bility ·should be explored of preserving them, at least in part. ··

The following Bill was passed at the 1963 Session of the New York State Legislature and became effective as Chapter 734 of the Laws of 1963 on April 23, 1963. It relates to the estab­lishment, operation and maintenance of the

Hall of Science.

AN ACf

To amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to the

maintenance of a hall of science

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE

AND AsSEMBLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:

Section 1. The administrative code of the city of New York is hereby amended by adding thereto a new section, to be section 53 2-17.0, to read as

follows: § 532-17.0 Hall of science.-The commissioner, subject to the ap­

prot•al of the mayor, may enter into an agreement with a nonprofit corporation or association organized or to be organized for tiJe sole purpose of operating and maintaining a scientific exhibit or exhibits, for the construction, occupation, operation and maintenance by such corporation or association of a hall of science or scientific exhibits within Flushing Meadow park in the borough of Queens and for the adequate keeping, maintenance, extension, preservation, manage­ment and operation of such hall of science and scientific exhibits for affording instruction in the same and for the exhibition of scientific matters and objects for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people. Such comract may provide in addition to other terms and conditions, for use, with the approval of the New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation, of such facilities for sci­entific exhibits connected with the World's Fair to be held in the city of New York during the years 1964-1965 as said New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation shall agree to and for the continued use of such facilities and exhibits thereafter and for membership on the board of directors of such corporation or association of the mayor and the commissioner of parks of the city of New York and the president of the borough of Queens, and their successors in office. Upon the making of such contract or agreement, the city may annually, in its discre­tion, appropriate to the corporation or association maintaining such hall of science and other exhibits such sum or sums as it may determine for the main­tenance and support thereof and the activities in connection therewith.

§ 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

EXPLANATION- Matter in italics was new in the act.

Propoied City of:N

AGR: between the Commission1 "Commissio1 "Corporatioz

WH and desires 1 and for thet

W11 poration") inafter refe1 commencin. dated May 1960) asa1

WI 1965 the :to pertaining 1

WI by the Fa~ exhibits SUJ

during the

w code of the of theAd11 approvalo preservati< exhibits w

w operatearl and theCc

N rained, the

F! from the Science a1 at Flushi1 diagram 1

such othe all struct hereby g1 ingande

. · ' .... \yHBIUl~$, the CommiSsioner deSires that the Corporation, after the close of • Fair, ~P,y1. ojciate ~d ~amtaill the Hall of Science for the lasting benefit, instruction and enjoyment of~ peol)Je' • and.~ tQrpoiadon desires (()do~. · · · ·

· .• ·· . >Now, THSllEPORB, in consideration of the premises, covenants, and agreeJl\ents herein -~il:· •; · · . Uiip«kdle pattieS do hereby agree .s follows: · · · · · ·

. · . ••• Flm:' The CommissiOner he~by grants to the Corporation, and the Corporation hereby~. · f~m the•C.Oirimissioner, a license to occnpy and '*• for the. maintenance. and operation 9£ ·~.~.:Of • ..

. · ·. · · sQence.aild fOr its lawful corporate purposes, that certain piece or parcel of land situate, l)'lng and being · . ··.at 'JUsfting ){~dow Park. Borough of Queens, City of New York, at the. Fair site, as designated ·On·~···· ··

. .· ·. ~ia8rafp annexed hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and made a part hereOf including the Hall of Scimc:e alid : • fiich c>ther ~ildin:gs or structures as may be ereCted upon said parcel (said parcel of tarid, to~ with··· · • . . ail sttu~ arid imprQVements thereon being hereinafter referred to flS the "premises•~). The.·~·. · Jiereby granted includes the right to do all things appropriate for the preservation, managemetit, ~ iog and ex(enSlOn of the Hall of Science and the exhibits to be provided thetein. · · · · ·

SECOND: The period of the license herein granted shall commence upon the expiration of the term of the lease of the Fair site to the Fair Corporation, presently contemplated as December 31, 1967 or upon the surrender of the premises by the Fair Corporation to the City, whichever date shall be earlier, and shall thereafter continue, unless terminated as herein provided so long as the Corporation shall observe the covenants and conditions herein contained and shall lawfully occupy the licensed premises. Although the period of the license shall commence at the date above provided for, the Corporation shall, prior to such date, and in consultation with the Fair Corporation and the Commissioner, formulate plans and procedures for the operation and maintenance of the Hall of Science.

THIRD: The Corporation acknowledges that exhibit materials and other property installed in the Hall of Science for the period of the Fair may be removed after the dose of the Fair. The Fair Corpora­tion, however, shall have the right, and the Corporation has been advised of the Fair Corporation's intent, to provide exhibits and other facilities for the Hall of Science as part of the park improvement program proposed by the Fair Corporation. The Corporation shall consult with the Commissioner and the Fair Corporation with respect to such exhibits and facilities.

FOURTH: The Corporation shall, during the period of this license, operate and maintain the premises and the Hall of Science and the property, facilities, exhibits and other features contained therein or located thereat and shall provide for the replacement and renewal of such property, facilities, exhibits and other features as shall be appropriate and as it shall deem proper for the purposes of a Hall of Science conducted within the proper objectives of the Corporation.

FIFTH: In addition to such equipment and items as may be supplied by the Fair Corporation and/or the City, or procured with funds appropriated by the City, the Corporation may, at its own expense, purchase and maintain such office furniture, equipment, and other movable property as shall be required by it for the operation and maintenance of the premises and the Hall of Science, and such property supplied by the Corporation shall remain the property of the Corporation, and may be removed at will, and every piece of such property shall bear a distinguishing mark. But no buildings, walks, statuary or other structures, whether provided by the Corporation or by others, may be removed from the premises without the written consent of the Commissioner, unless the City ceases to make provision for the care and maintenance of the same, in which case such of them as were provided by and are owned by the Corporation may be removed on ninety days written notice to the Commissioner. The Corporation shall not mortgage any property which is directly or indirectly maintained by the City. The Corporation shall not remove any of the exhibits or exhibit material or other property located or to be located at the premises, and provided by the Fair Corporation or the City, for exhibition elsewhere or for any other purpose without the consent of the Commissioner.

SIXTH: The City shall annually, commencing with the year 196 , provide to the Corporation, by appropriations, such sums as may be deemed proper for defraying the salary and other costs and expenses of the Corporation in connection with the Hall of Science, the exhibits thereat and the planning therefor and for the maintenance, support, operation and conduct, during the period of the license, of the Hall of Science, the exhibits thereat, the premises and the activities to be conducted in connection therewith. The Corporation, at its own expense, and with funds other than those provided by appropria­tions, may provide additional maintenance and care of same. The City shall furnish during the period of the license the necessary supply of water and general police patrol and protection. The City shall also provide from such sums or appropriations as may be applicable thereto, the cost of further improv­ing the premises or constructing and maintaining additional buildings and other facilities as it may deem necessary for the further use and development of the premises. All such work of improvement and construction to be pai~ for from .such. appropriations shall be performed under contracts awarded by the Park Department m conformity with plans therefor to be agreed upon between the Commissioner and the C?rporatio~. The foregoing shall not be construed to prevent the Corporation, at its expense, fro~ mak1~g such Improvements or constructing such additional buildings or other facilities as it may deSICe, prov1ded the plans therefor shall be agreed upon between the Commissioner and the Corporation.

S.EVENTH: The .salaries of all ~ersons employed directly in the service of the project by the Corporat~on shall be pa1d from the mamtenancc funds, and from such funds as may be available for and appliCable to the purpose. Payments of such salaries and all other payments from the maintenance

funds form rende: the sa the a.r: made shall if req1

gener shall Comt sary l andp apprc

forst establ be de sione. the r1 City' char~ inves as an be de facili

all p Corp sal at rates But 1

sped May1 their Baal

lease; unre ther4

en til

men male Con

Agr visic pr01

:~~ • .;;.'Ufi'I:J'•.· 'fbe Par~~ent shallat au times live ~ess todte said Ucens~~l'·p·d:Jn-·'toi~C'i •: ; ~teneral/JlOIJi<.l: ,;visi:tati<,n· and insp«tion, .and for all other.· lawful purposes. Au· work o.r ... ; ·nl. .~· .ltlte~u:e .. ::<: -U'bepe:tformc~ .. by the Corporation and must .meet with the approval of the COinmission~; •· :f.,]Qtl)lrhislliQner may direct the Corporatiotl to dect such maintenance as he IDaY reasonably tiN. •m.· ·~--·.',..

··•· s'~Jtom:ti.rne to time. Prior to the eommencement of any work hereafter ~dettaken, a.U• ... I11'0J:I(l$lil$\',o: . 'llltdP~for same shall be prepared by the.Qmmissioner orshall be submitted to and m·u. sc t~ece.i!ve tthe•··

···•·.···.il{lPtoval'~theC,ommissioner. . ... ·.· . N1N1H: The Corporation is hereby expressly authorized to furnish opporcunitle$. and £.em. , . ~ ·; : ·.

· lot study. J:eSeUch and publication in connection with the Hall of Science and the exhibits ~ by . · _>. ·

.. e$tablisllins clas&es •. lettures,, a library, laboratory exercises . and such. other. llpproved. meth~. as •ijiay:• ···. ·: > · · · . · : be desk-.bJ,e; ancbnay cllarge an admission fee which shall be fixed by it and approved l>y • CC)mlqja.: · ·

· · · ~iOner,. forleccures. da5ses or activities other than ordinaty exhibitif)n of ~d exhibits; but, subi«t f9 ·· ·. ~ n1kiS:~ ~au lations of the Corporation, all professors and reachers of the pubUc schOolJ of:~' · · . C#f ·of New York or other institutions of learning in said City in which instruction is given £lee' ot· !

.' iltai'• sh~lbe admitted to all the advanfa&eS afforded by the Corporation for. stUdy, ~ch aruf: , in~ganort free Of any charge:: therefor and to the same extent and on the same teJ:niS artd cqDclidQDs ·

. >as JJlJ 0,thef persons are admitted to such advantages as aforesaid; but nC)thing here~ contaiJWd ~f . be ~~Pled to preclude the .excbwve use from time to time by clubs and groups of specially ~ facilities. . · · · ·

.· . · TBNTH: The Corporation shall have the right and power to appoint, direct, control &net -­·.·' alfpetsons and officers employed by it in and about the licensed premises and to make pf01Jl«ions.'J.1ie'• .. . · (Ajrporation shall have the risht and power to fix the salaries of its employees and i)flicerS; bW:.· all. ·sUcJi· . ··S~Waries as are paid from the maintenance funds provided by City appropriations shall bt fixed.at dJ(: -rates and pursuant to the conditions of the City Career and Salary Plan, including provisions for pe~J1$. But all resubr employees shall be chosen, and their salaries fixed and promotions made, by relspn.of sPe<:ial fitness and ability; however, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 734 of the Lawi of i~3, the

· M,ilyor of the City of New York, the Commissioner and the President of the Borough of Queen.1, and · · · . theit successor• in office, shall be, and shall be promptly appointed by the Corporation as, members of il:s: .· .. ~ Qf Directors. . . .

. ELBVBNTH: It is expressly understood and agreed that no building, space, or equipment is ~by_ .. leased to the Corporation, but that during the period of this ·license the. Corporation shall have ·•tf:le ·. · .· unrestricted, use and occupation of the premises and the improvements thereon and property installed. . .

· thereat eXcept as herein provided. · · · · · ·

TwBLPTH: Subject to the conditions hereinbefore contained, the . Corporation shatl exeicJse·.· .•·· . entire.control·and management over all of its aJfaits.

THIRTEBNTH: The Corporation shall not assign, transfer, mortgage, let. or sublet tbis.Ap.. . .. menr, or the premises or any part thereof, or any rights under this Agreement, nor shall the CorpQtadotl . . . •·· ~ or perPlit any struaural changes or alterations to the premises without the written co_nsent of ~· Commissioner •

. PouaTBBNTH: ln case the Corporation shall fail to comply with any of the prorisioos ofthJs Agreement, the Commissioner may give to the Corporation notice in writing to comply with sucJt ptO­.vision being violated within ninety days; and in the event the Corporation has not complied with such · piovis.ion or agreed with the Commissioner on the time and method for correcting said violatiolt witbJn. · ·

said ninety days, a second notice may be given to the Corporation. In the event that the Corporation has not complied with said provision within ten days after the date of said notice, the Commissioner may serve written notice of termination upon the Corporation, and in such event all rights of the Corporation hereunder shall be forfeited without any claim for damage against the Commissioner or the City.

FIFTEENTH: Upon the expiration or termination of this Agreement, the Corporation shall quit and quietly and peaceably yield up and surrender to the City the licensed premises and all fixtures, furniture, equipment, exhibits and movable property and any replacements thereof provided or installed by the Fair Corporation or the City or procured with funds provided through City appropriations in as good condition as when received, reasonable wear and tear excepted. Any movable furniture, equipment or other property provided or installed by the Corporation, or by others other than by the use of funds provided by City appropriations shall be removed by the Corporation upon such expiration or termina­tion, provided, however, that in the event such removal is not performed within ninety days after such termination or expiration, such furniture, equipment and property may be destroyed, disposed of or sold by the Commissioner, and the City shall be entitled to all proceeds thereof.

SIXTEENTH: This Agreement may be modified from time to time by agreement in writing, but no modification of this Agreement shall be effective until the same has been agreed to in writing and duly executed by the party or parties affected by such modification. Where provision is made herein for notice to be given to the Commissioner, the same shall be sent by registered mail or delivered to the Commissioner at the Arsenal Building, Central Park, 64th Street and Fifth Avenue, New York 21, New York. Where provision is made herein for notice to be given to the Corporation, the same shall be sent by registered mail or delivered to the Corporation at its address stated in this Agreement or at such other address as shall be filed in writing by the Corporation with the Commissioner.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused these presents to be signed and sealed the day and year first above written.

NEWBOLD MoRRIS, As Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York

By .............................. (L.S.)

HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE 0TY OF NEW YORK, INC.

By .................... ··········

Address

(CoRPORATE SEAL)

Attest:

EXEC I

THO tv ROBE RALJ» EDWA

Lou I }At.U! JoHN BBRN WALl MRS. VERY Aan RICH CH.U WIU CHAI SAMl PAUl DR. I GEOJ l.ANI

C()UNSEL .

WITH THB GENEROUS COOPBRA'l'ION A'm) suPPORT oF THa PoRT oF NEW YoRK · AuTHORITY, REPRESENTED BY GuY TOZZOi.I.