World War IWorld War I

1.) 1.) MilitarismMilitarism The glorification of military strengthThe glorification of military strength

European leaders believed disputes European leaders believed disputes would be settled on the battlefieldwould be settled on the battlefield

Arms race in which they tried to Arms race in which they tried to develop larger armies and more develop larger armies and more powerful weapons than their rivals powerful weapons than their rivals

M.A.I.NM.A.I.NCauses of World War ICauses of World War I

2.) 2.) AlliancesAlliances

Each promising to aid the other in Each promising to aid the other in case of attack by a third power.case of attack by a third power.

created tensioncreated tension

Spark was all that was needed to Spark was all that was needed to ignite a world warignite a world war

3. Imperialism3. Imperialism

Empire buildingEmpire building Growing nationalism led nations to Growing nationalism led nations to

compete for overseas colonies.compete for overseas colonies.

-- Long term cause-- Long term cause -- Loyalty to ones nation-- Loyalty to ones nation

4.) 4.) NationalismNationalism

Military alliances Military alliances before the war.before the war.

The SparkThe Spark Sarajevo (Austria- Hungary)Sarajevo (Austria- Hungary) June 1914 Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke June 1914 Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke

Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand Heir to throne in Austria – HungaryHeir to throne in Austria – Hungary Princip – belonged to a secret nationalist Princip – belonged to a secret nationalist

group called the Black Handgroup called the Black Hand Why did he kill Ferdinand?Why did he kill Ferdinand? Black Hand wanted Serbs to be ruled by Black Hand wanted Serbs to be ruled by

Serbia not Austria – Hungary.Serbia not Austria – Hungary.

Soldiers arrest Archduke Ferdinand’s Soldiers arrest Archduke Ferdinand’s young assassin.young assassin.

Gavrilo Princip – Franz FerdinandGavrilo Princip – Franz Ferdinand

**ResponseResponse

______________declared war on ______.______________declared war on ______. Russia mobilized to support SerbiaRussia mobilized to support Serbia Germany mobilized to support Germany mobilized to support

Austria – HungaryAustria – Hungary France and Great Britain declared France and Great Britain declared

war on Germany.war on Germany.

Austria-HungarySerbia

Map of the world with the Map of the world with the participants in World War I..The The Allies are depicted in green, the are depicted in green, the Central Powers in in

orange and neutral countries in grey.orange and neutral countries in grey. Central Central AlliedAllied Germany Germany Russia Russia Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary SerbiaSerbia Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire FranceFrance BulgariaBulgaria Great Britain Great Britain United United

States(1917)States(1917)

FactsFacts Called Called “The Great War” “The Great War” or or “War to End All “War to End All

Wars”Wars” Involved Involved 3131 countries, countries, 6565 million soldiers million soldiers Most fighting took place on Most fighting took place on western front western front

(Between (Between FranceFrance and and GermanyGermany)) First war to use First war to use trenchtrench warfare heavily. warfare heavily.

Wounded Soldiers in FranceWounded Soldiers in France Wounded soldiers are treated in a Wounded soldiers are treated in a

bombed-out church in France in bombed-out church in France in 1918. During World War I more than 1918. During World War I more than 10 million men were killed, and more 10 million men were killed, and more than 20 million were wounded.than 20 million were wounded.

Why Neutrality?Why Neutrality?

1.) Concerned for Free Trade1.) Concerned for Free Trade 2.) American investments abroad2.) American investments abroad

Why War?Why War? 1.) 1.) German U-boat attacksGerman U-boat attacks May 7, 1915 – German U- May 7, 1915 – German U-

boat sank the British ship boat sank the British ship LusitaniaLusitania

Killed Killed 1,2001,200 ( (128128 Americans) Americans) March 1916 – German U-March 1916 – German U-

boat sank the boat sank the SussexSussex

2.) 2.) Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note (p85) (p85) German Foreign Minister German Foreign Minister Alfred Alfred

ZimmermanZimmerman sent secret telegram to sent secret telegram to German Ambassador in German Ambassador in MexicoMexico..

Instructed him to draw Instructed him to draw MexicoMexico into into war on side of war on side of GermanyGermany..

In return In return GermanyGermany promised promised MexicoMexico all land in Southwestern U.S. it lost in all land in Southwestern U.S. it lost in 1848.1848.

BritishBritish intercepted telegram. Sent to intercepted telegram. Sent to Washington Washington

U.S. Enters the WarU.S. Enters the War

April 1917April 1917 Main contribution was man powerMain contribution was man power

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Diagram of French TrenchDiagram of French Trench

Aerial View of TrenchesAerial View of Trenches

A machine-gun nest is set up against the Germans in the A machine-gun nest is set up against the Germans in the Battle of the Argonne in France in 1918. The battle helped Battle of the Argonne in France in 1918. The battle helped cause the final collapse of the German forces and brought cause the final collapse of the German forces and brought about the German plea for an armistice, which was signed about the German plea for an armistice, which was signed

in 1918. This is considered one of the finest action in 1918. This is considered one of the finest action

photographs to come out of World War I (1914-1918).photographs to come out of World War I (1914-1918).

ArmisticeArmistice

November 11, 1918 Germany agreed November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to armistice.to armistice.

-- 8 million killed-- 8 million killed -- 12 million civilians killed-- 12 million civilians killed -- 20 million soldiers -- 20 million soldiers

woundedwounded

Making PeaceMaking Peace Woodrow Wilson’s 14 pointsWoodrow Wilson’s 14 points

In his speech, Wilson intended to set out a In his speech, Wilson intended to set out a blueprint for lasting peace in Europe after World blueprint for lasting peace in Europe after World

War I.War I.

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points 1.) National groups in Europe 1.) National groups in Europe

should have right to form own should have right to form own governmentsgovernments

2.) Reduce weapons2.) Reduce weapons

3.) World Association to keep 3.) World Association to keep peacepeace

-- League of Nations-- League of Nations --Countries talk out --Countries talk out

problemsproblems --Weakness that league had --Weakness that league had

no armyno army

Left to Right, Prime Minister David Lloyd George Left to Right, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, of the United Kingdom, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France,

and President Woodrow Wilson of the United and President Woodrow Wilson of the United

States of AmericaStates of America

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Contained a war-guilt clause forced Germany to Contained a war-guilt clause forced Germany to

take responsibility for WW I.take responsibility for WW I. 1.) Est. 9 new nations including Poland, 1.) Est. 9 new nations including Poland,

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

2.) Cut Ottoman Empire into 4 parts. 2.) Cut Ottoman Empire into 4 parts. --Gave them to France/Great --Gave them to France/Great

Britain (temporary colonies until Britain (temporary colonies until ready for independence)ready for independence)

--Included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon --Included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine and Palestine

3.) Demilitarized Germany 3.) Demilitarized Germany --Stripped its air force and most --Stripped its air force and most

of navy of navy --Reduce army to 100,000--Reduce army to 100,000 4.) Pay reparations4.) Pay reparations --$33 billion--$33 billion

Prophetic Predictions Prophetic Predictions Both AEF commander Gen. Pershing Both AEF commander Gen. Pershing

and Allied supreme commander Foch and Allied supreme commander Foch of France were unhappy with the of France were unhappy with the nature of the armistice and nature of the armistice and subsequent Versailles peace treaty.subsequent Versailles peace treaty.

Pershing believed that it was a grave Pershing believed that it was a grave mistake to let the Germans simply lay mistake to let the Germans simply lay down their arms without actually down their arms without actually being beaten. (They were defeated, being beaten. (They were defeated, yes, but not beaten.) yes, but not beaten.)

He correctly predicted that because He correctly predicted that because they did not make the Germans beg they did not make the Germans beg for peace on their knees inside a for peace on their knees inside a ruined Germany, the Allies would soon ruined Germany, the Allies would soon be fighting them again. be fighting them again.

Foch was even more prescient. Upon Foch was even more prescient. Upon reading the Versailles treaty in 1919, reading the Versailles treaty in 1919, Foch was heard exclaiming, “This isn’t Foch was heard exclaiming, “This isn’t a peace. It’s a cease-fire for 20 years!”a peace. It’s a cease-fire for 20 years!”

Twenty years and two months later, Twenty years and two months later, England and France declared war on England and France declared war on Germany. Germany.

World War II newspaper.World War II newspaper.