World Literatures

WORLD WORLD LITERATURESLITERATURES

Rain G. ChuaRain G. Chua

College of Rehabilitation College of Rehabilitation SciencesSciences

University of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas

Course Title and Course Title and DescriptionDescription

Course Title: World LiteraturesCourse Title: World Literatures Course Code: Lit 101Course Code: Lit 101 Course Credit: 3 unitsCourse Credit: 3 units Course Description: This course Course Description: This course

deals with the study of the different deals with the study of the different literary types and forms of world literary types and forms of world literatures.literatures.

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

General ObjectivesGeneral Objectives

This course is designed to develop the This course is designed to develop the ability to read, understand and appreciate ability to read, understand and appreciate the various genres of world literatures. the various genres of world literatures. Furthermore, it aims to inculcate among Furthermore, it aims to inculcate among our students the desire for knowledge and our students the desire for knowledge and wisdom, respect for nature and culture, wisdom, respect for nature and culture, love for truth, peace and justice which love for truth, peace and justice which eventually will constitute a compassionate, eventually will constitute a compassionate, competent and committed Thomasian. competent and committed Thomasian.

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

Specific Objectives. The students are expected to:Specific Objectives. The students are expected to: Identify, comprehend and value the various types Identify, comprehend and value the various types

and forms of literature across cultures;and forms of literature across cultures; Distinguish and discuss the literary style and Distinguish and discuss the literary style and

technique as well as the writer’s vision of life and technique as well as the writer’s vision of life and theme explicated in the text;theme explicated in the text;

Show appreciation for the significant human Show appreciation for the significant human experiences highlighted in the literary work;experiences highlighted in the literary work;

Acquire deeper insight and wisdom to accept the Acquire deeper insight and wisdom to accept the complexities of life, varieties of cultures and complexities of life, varieties of cultures and traditions, and accepted norms and practices;traditions, and accepted norms and practices;

Write critique papers based on the literary texts. Write critique papers based on the literary texts.

Methodologies and Methodologies and RequirementsRequirements

MethodologiesMethodologies LectureLecture Discussion/ReportDiscussion/Report Dramatization/Dramatic ReadingDramatization/Dramatic Reading Creative/Critical readingCreative/Critical reading Film ViewingFilm Viewing Field ExposureField ExposureRequirementsRequirements Reading of assigned selectionsReading of assigned selections Class participationClass participation Submission of requirements on timeSubmission of requirements on time

My Requirements:My Requirements:

Have your book and pencil/pen ready upon arriving Have your book and pencil/pen ready upon arriving in class. Also have a filler on hand. in class. Also have a filler on hand.

Come to class on time.Come to class on time. Turn your cellular phones into SILENT mode.Turn your cellular phones into SILENT mode. If you want to say something, raise your hand and If you want to say something, raise your hand and

say it. say it. The only thoughts that we will entertain in class are The only thoughts that we will entertain in class are

INTELLIGENT thoughts. INTELLIGENT thoughts. All intelligent thoughts are welcome.All intelligent thoughts are welcome. Recite as much as you can. Recite as much as you can. Consult me if you need/want to know anything.Consult me if you need/want to know anything. Do your best, and your professor and GOD will do Do your best, and your professor and GOD will do

the rest. the rest.

Grading System and Grading System and ManualManual

60% - Class Standing (quizzes, recitation, 60% - Class Standing (quizzes, recitation, participation, projects, assignments)participation, projects, assignments)

40% - Major Exams (140% - Major Exams (1stst shifting, prelims shifting, prelims and finals)and finals)

Final Grade = 1Final Grade = 1stst shifting grade + prelim shifting grade + prelim grade + semi-final grade / 3grade + semi-final grade / 3

Textbook – Textbook – View/s: Between Borders, View/s: Between Borders, Beyond Barriers – Understanding Peoples Beyond Barriers – Understanding Peoples and Cultures through World Literaturesand Cultures through World Literatures – – Lopez, Urquiola, Biavati (UST Publishing Lopez, Urquiola, Biavati (UST Publishing House, 2009)House, 2009)

Course OutlineCourse Outline

Weeks 1 and 2Weeks 1 and 2 – – Background in LiteratureBackground in Literature Definition of LiteratureDefinition of Literature Types of LiteratureTypes of Literature Literary StandardsLiterary Standards Why Literature? – Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)Why Literature? – Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)Week 3Week 3 – – Mirror on the Wall: Toward Self-Mirror on the Wall: Toward Self-

Discovery/RecoveryDiscovery/Recovery An Introduction – Kamala Das (India)An Introduction – Kamala Das (India) Songbirds of Pain – Garry Kilworth (UK)Songbirds of Pain – Garry Kilworth (UK) The Myth of Sisyphus – Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus – Albert Camus

(Algeria)(Algeria)


Week 4Week 4 – – The Temple of My Familiar – Initiation The Temple of My Familiar – Initiation to Social Processes and Institutionsto Social Processes and Institutions

Movimientos de Rebeldia – Gloria Anzaldua (US-Movimientos de Rebeldia – Gloria Anzaldua (US-Mexico Border)Mexico Border)

The Lawsuit – Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)The Lawsuit – Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt) From Iliad – Homer (Greece)From Iliad – Homer (Greece)Week 5 – First Shifting ExaminationsWeek 5 – First Shifting ExaminationsWeek 6Week 6 – – No Walls, No Ceilings, No Floors: No Walls, No Ceilings, No Floors:

Mapping a Space of One’s OwnMapping a Space of One’s Own Revelations – Katherine Mansfield (New Zealand)Revelations – Katherine Mansfield (New Zealand) Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening – Robert Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening – Robert

Frost (USA)Frost (USA) Sandra – Barry Manilow (USA)Sandra – Barry Manilow (USA)


Week 7Week 7 – – In the Garden of Love and Romance: In the Garden of Love and Romance: Taste and See the Fruit of PassionTaste and See the Fruit of Passion

Sonnet 43 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning (England)Sonnet 43 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning (England) Tonight I Can Write the Saddest Lines – Pablo Tonight I Can Write the Saddest Lines – Pablo

Neruda (Chile)Neruda (Chile) From Like Water for Chocolate (Chabela Wedding From Like Water for Chocolate (Chabela Wedding

Cake) – Laura Esquivel (Mexico)Cake) – Laura Esquivel (Mexico)Week 8Week 8 – – The Poetics of Loss: Coming to Terms The Poetics of Loss: Coming to Terms

with Death, Pain and Sufferingwith Death, Pain and Suffering Riders to the Sea – John Millington Synge (Ireland)Riders to the Sea – John Millington Synge (Ireland) A Rose for Emily – William Faulkner (USA)A Rose for Emily – William Faulkner (USA) Management of Grief – Bharati Mukherjee (India)Management of Grief – Bharati Mukherjee (India)


Week 9Week 9 – – Telling Lives: Tales of Gender and Telling Lives: Tales of Gender and SexualitySexuality

The Blank Page – Isak Dinesen (Denmark)The Blank Page – Isak Dinesen (Denmark) Fish Bones – Larissa Lai (Canada)Fish Bones – Larissa Lai (Canada) The River Merchant’s Wife – Li Po (China)The River Merchant’s Wife – Li Po (China)Week 10 – Preliminary ExaminationsWeek 10 – Preliminary ExaminationsWeek 11Week 11 – – Dividing Lines: The Ideology of Dividing Lines: The Ideology of

DifferenceDifference Telephone Conversation – Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)Telephone Conversation – Wole Soyinka (Nigeria) At the Portagee’s – Alex La Guma (South Africa)At the Portagee’s – Alex La Guma (South Africa) Swaddling Clothes – Yukio Mishima (Japan)Swaddling Clothes – Yukio Mishima (Japan)


Week 12 – CRS WeekWeek 12 – CRS WeekWeek 13 – At the Crossroads: Of Tradition and Week 13 – At the Crossroads: Of Tradition and

ChangeChange Ah-mah – Shirley Geok Lin Lim (Malaysia)Ah-mah – Shirley Geok Lin Lim (Malaysia) Mexican Masks – Octavio Paz (Mexico)Mexican Masks – Octavio Paz (Mexico) The Female Body – Margaret Atwood (Canada)The Female Body – Margaret Atwood (Canada)Week 14 – Nature’s Way: An Ecology of Week 14 – Nature’s Way: An Ecology of

SurvivalSurvival Paraiso – Ryan Cayabyab (Philippines)Paraiso – Ryan Cayabyab (Philippines) Thomas Mann – Wislawa Szymborska (Poland)Thomas Mann – Wislawa Szymborska (Poland) Both Sides, Now – Joni Mitchell (Canada)Both Sides, Now – Joni Mitchell (Canada)Week 15 – Final ExaminationsWeek 15 – Final Examinations

WHAT IS WHAT IS LITERATURE FOR LITERATURE FOR

YOU?YOU?

DEFINITION OF DEFINITION OF LITERATURELITERATURE

It is derived from the Latin term It is derived from the Latin term literalitera, , which means letters.which means letters.

Some loosely interpret literature as any Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter within a book, a magazine printed matter within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet.or a pamphlet.

Others define it as a faithful reproduction Others define it as a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended of man’s manifold experiences blended into one’s harmonious expression.into one’s harmonious expression.

Literature is the story of man since the Literature is the story of man since the world began. It deals with ideas, thoughts, world began. It deals with ideas, thoughts, grief, aspirations and dreams of man. It is grief, aspirations and dreams of man. It is experiencing life through reading.experiencing life through reading.

WHY STUDY LITERATURE?WHY STUDY LITERATURE? Reading is one of the greatest and most satisfying Reading is one of the greatest and most satisfying

pleasures of human beings.pleasures of human beings. Books hold the accumulated wisdom of the ages.Books hold the accumulated wisdom of the ages. Literature develops in the reader certain attitudes Literature develops in the reader certain attitudes

towards life, experience, nature and people.towards life, experience, nature and people. Literature is a wonderful depository of the thoughts Literature is a wonderful depository of the thoughts

of the best minds that the human race has of the best minds that the human race has produced.produced.

As a student of Rehabilitation Sciences, As a student of Rehabilitation Sciences, why do YOU need to study Literature?why do YOU need to study Literature?

LITERARY STANDARDSLITERARY STANDARDS

ARTISTRYARTISTRY All good literature is artistic.All good literature is artistic. Literature is the expression of life in Literature is the expression of life in

forms of truth and beauty.forms of truth and beauty. An artist must have a strong and abiding An artist must have a strong and abiding

sense of the beautiful. In his sense of the beautiful. In his interpretation of life, he must know what interpretation of life, he must know what to select, what to leave out and how to to select, what to leave out and how to group details.group details.

To do this, he must have a sense of unity, To do this, he must have a sense of unity, harmony and balance.harmony and balance.


INTELLECTUAL VALUEINTELLECTUAL VALUE It presents a challenge to our It presents a challenge to our

intellect, and our mental life is intellect, and our mental life is enriched as a result.enriched as a result.

All good literatures should make us All good literatures should make us think, provoke us thoughts, and think, provoke us thoughts, and move us to visualize fundamental move us to visualize fundamental truths.truths.


SUGGESTIVENESSSUGGESTIVENESS All artistic works have a strong emotional All artistic works have a strong emotional

power.power. Emotions create interest and this is a Emotions create interest and this is a

reason why we read literary works.reason why we read literary works. Instead of stating absolute facts, the artist Instead of stating absolute facts, the artist

opens visions and a tremendous world of opens visions and a tremendous world of feeling and speculation.feeling and speculation.

The author must arouse sincere emotions. The author must arouse sincere emotions. Great literatures are felt by the heart.Great literatures are felt by the heart.


SPIRITUAL VALUESPIRITUAL VALUE The history of literature tells us that great The history of literature tells us that great

importance has been laid in ethical values.importance has been laid in ethical values. The Bible, Koran and the sacred books of The Bible, Koran and the sacred books of

China and India stressed great religious and China and India stressed great religious and moral truths.moral truths.

Many of the world’s greatest literary works Many of the world’s greatest literary works are professedly didactic. They teach the are professedly didactic. They teach the principles of right conduct and moral ideas.principles of right conduct and moral ideas.


PERMANENCEPERMANENCE The world will not willingly allow The world will not willingly allow

anything beautiful to perish. Good anything beautiful to perish. Good literature endures and becomes literature endures and becomes more attractive and meaningful as more attractive and meaningful as the years go by.the years go by.

Great literatures give something to Great literatures give something to their generation, and more to future their generation, and more to future generations. Ex. Shakespeare.generations. Ex. Shakespeare.


UNIVERSALITYUNIVERSALITY Good literature appeals to the widest and Good literature appeals to the widest and

to the simplest human emotions.to the simplest human emotions. It knows no limitations of race and time.It knows no limitations of race and time. It concerns itself with the elemental It concerns itself with the elemental

passions and emotions of man – love, joy, passions and emotions of man – love, joy, hate, sorrow, fear – that are true to hate, sorrow, fear – that are true to human nature. Ex. The Prodigal Son for human nature. Ex. The Prodigal Son for all fathers, Homeric poems for noble all fathers, Homeric poems for noble people, Romeo and Juliet for all lovers.people, Romeo and Juliet for all lovers.


STYLESTYLE The unconscious reflection of an artist’s The unconscious reflection of an artist’s

personality.personality. It consists of his peculiar way of looking It consists of his peculiar way of looking

at things and the manner he forms his at things and the manner he forms his ideas and expressions.ideas and expressions.

It is the mark of ownership that a writer It is the mark of ownership that a writer stamps upon his creation. Ex. Joaquin’s stamps upon his creation. Ex. Joaquin’s verbose writing and N.V.M. Gonzalez’s verbose writing and N.V.M. Gonzalez’s simplistic and nuanced writing.simplistic and nuanced writing.

BODY OF THE REPORTBODY OF THE REPORT Brief background and influence of the Brief background and influence of the

authorauthor Writing and literary styles and technique of Writing and literary styles and technique of

the authorthe author Brief summary or description and theme of Brief summary or description and theme of

the poem, story or essaythe poem, story or essay Images, symbols, figurative speech and Images, symbols, figurative speech and

other literary devices found in the selection.other literary devices found in the selection. Personal interpretation and insight about Personal interpretation and insight about

the selectionthe selection Written or hard copy of the report to be Written or hard copy of the report to be

submitted during the presentationsubmitted during the presentation

The Reporters:The Reporters:

Group 1: Songbirds of Pain – Garry Kilworth (UK) (Next week)Group 1: Songbirds of Pain – Garry Kilworth (UK) (Next week)

Group 2: The Lawsuit – Naguib MahfouzGroup 2: The Lawsuit – Naguib Mahfouz

Group 3: Revelations – Katherine MansfieldGroup 3: Revelations – Katherine Mansfield

Group 4: Sandra – Barry ManilowGroup 4: Sandra – Barry Manilow

Group 5: Sonnet 43 – Elizabeth Barrett BrowningGroup 5: Sonnet 43 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Group 6: Tonight I Can Write the Saddest Lines – Pablo NerudaGroup 6: Tonight I Can Write the Saddest Lines – Pablo Neruda

Group 7: Riders to the Sea – John Millington SyngeGroup 7: Riders to the Sea – John Millington Synge

The Reporters:The Reporters:

Group 8: Fish Bones – Larissa LaiGroup 8: Fish Bones – Larissa Lai

Group 9: Swaddling Clothes – Yukio Mishima (Japan)Group 9: Swaddling Clothes – Yukio Mishima (Japan)

Group 10: Ah-mah – Shirley Geok Lin Lim (Malaysia)Group 10: Ah-mah – Shirley Geok Lin Lim (Malaysia)

Group 11: Mexican Masks – Octavio PazGroup 11: Mexican Masks – Octavio Paz

Group 12: Both Sides, Now – Joni MitchellGroup 12: Both Sides, Now – Joni Mitchell

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LITERATUREOF LITERATURE

THEORY OF ART AS IMITATION THEORY OF ART AS IMITATION This theory, formulated by Aristotle in about 300 This theory, formulated by Aristotle in about 300

B.C., states that art is an imitation of life but not B.C., states that art is an imitation of life but not mere servile imitation. The imitation is creative mere servile imitation. The imitation is creative and it seeks to represent the truth.and it seeks to represent the truth.

THEORY OF ART AS EXPRESSIONTHEORY OF ART AS EXPRESSIONAn artist does not only imitate, but seeks to express An artist does not only imitate, but seeks to express

himself – the internal world of his feelings and himself – the internal world of his feelings and not just the external world of his reality.not just the external world of his reality.

THE AFFECTIVE THEORY OF ARTTHE AFFECTIVE THEORY OF ARTA work of art should arouse a definite calculated A work of art should arouse a definite calculated

emotion on a reader. emotion on a reader.

TYPES OF LITERATURETYPES OF LITERATURE POETRY – it was the first to be developed POETRY – it was the first to be developed

and the best literary works have been and the best literary works have been written in this form. It uses rhyme, meter, written in this form. It uses rhyme, meter, exalted and figurative language, and has exalted and figurative language, and has melody, harmony and balance.melody, harmony and balance.

A.A. Narrative Poetry – a story-telling poetry.Narrative Poetry – a story-telling poetry.1.1. Epic – long narrative poem set against the Epic – long narrative poem set against the

distant past relating the exploits of a semi-distant past relating the exploits of a semi-legendary hero. Ex. The Iliad & The Odyssey legendary hero. Ex. The Iliad & The Odyssey

2.2. Metrical Romance – long rambling story in Metrical Romance – long rambling story in verse characteristic of the Middle Ages. Ex. verse characteristic of the Middle Ages. Ex. King Arthur and Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and Knights of the Round Table

TYPES OF LITERATURETYPES OF LITERATURE

3. Ballad – story-telling verse meant to be 3. Ballad – story-telling verse meant to be sung.sung.

a)a) Folk – songs of the unlettered folk. Ex. Folk – songs of the unlettered folk. Ex. Get Up and Bar the Door, The Twa SistersGet Up and Bar the Door, The Twa Sisters

b)b) Literary – songs written by the literary Literary – songs written by the literary people. Ex. La Belle Dame Sans Merci – people. Ex. La Belle Dame Sans Merci – John KeatsJohn Keats

4. Metrical Tale – it is to poetry what the 4. Metrical Tale – it is to poetry what the short story is to prose. Ex. Canterbury short story is to prose. Ex. Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey ChaucerTales – Geoffrey Chaucer


B. Lyric Poetry – derives its name from the B. Lyric Poetry – derives its name from the musical instrument musical instrument lyrelyre, played by , played by wandering minstrels, and is primarily wandering minstrels, and is primarily intended to be sung.intended to be sung.

1.1. Ode – most majestic lyric type and expresses Ode – most majestic lyric type and expresses enthusiasm, lofty praise or homage for a enthusiasm, lofty praise or homage for a person, thing or object. Ex. Ode to the West person, thing or object. Ex. Ode to the West Wind – Percy Bysshe Shelley.Wind – Percy Bysshe Shelley.

2.2. Elegy – voices the author’s personal grief for Elegy – voices the author’s personal grief for a loved one, or loss affecting the public or a loved one, or loss affecting the public or simply a meditation about death. Elegy simply a meditation about death. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard – Keats, O Written in a Country Churchyard – Keats, O Captain, My Captain – Whitman.Captain, My Captain – Whitman.


3. Sonnet – distinguished by its 14 iambic 3. Sonnet – distinguished by its 14 iambic pentameter lines. Ex. Sonnet 43 – pentameter lines. Ex. Sonnet 43 – Browning, Shakespeare’s sonnetsBrowning, Shakespeare’s sonnets

4. Song – are short poems meant to be 4. Song – are short poems meant to be sung, which are either secular or sacred, sung, which are either secular or sacred, anthems, oratories or hymns. Ex. Song to anthems, oratories or hymns. Ex. Song to Celia – Johnson, Auld Lang Syne – BurnsCelia – Johnson, Auld Lang Syne – Burns

5. Simple Lyric – lyrical poems that do not 5. Simple Lyric – lyrical poems that do not belong to the other types of lyric. Ex. belong to the other types of lyric. Ex. Psalm 23 – King David, Birches - FrostPsalm 23 – King David, Birches - Frost


C. Dramatic Poetry – poetic form used to set forth life C. Dramatic Poetry – poetic form used to set forth life and character by means of speech and action.and character by means of speech and action.

1. Poetic Plays – comedy (protagonist succeeds over 1. Poetic Plays – comedy (protagonist succeeds over the travails of his plight), tragedy (protagonist the travails of his plight), tragedy (protagonist emerges as the loser in the end), dramatic history, emerges as the loser in the end), dramatic history, farce and melodrama (exaggerated, excessive and farce and melodrama (exaggerated, excessive and plot situations are more important than the plot).plot situations are more important than the plot).

2. Masque – is related more to the opera than to 2. Masque – is related more to the opera than to drama, characterized by a splendid setting, drama, characterized by a splendid setting, elaborate costumes, make-up, music and tableaux.elaborate costumes, make-up, music and tableaux.

3. Dramatic Monologue – has only one speaker and is 3. Dramatic Monologue – has only one speaker and is adopted for small and non-regular productions. adopted for small and non-regular productions.

TYPES OF LITERATURETYPES OF LITERATURE PROSE – uses ordinary and personal PROSE – uses ordinary and personal

language, sentences and paragraphs language, sentences and paragraphs and is more direct and intimate to the and is more direct and intimate to the reader.reader.

1.1. Modern Drama – three act and one-act Modern Drama – three act and one-act plays. Ex. A Doll’s House – Ibsenplays. Ex. A Doll’s House – Ibsen

2.2. Essay – presents in prose form the Essay – presents in prose form the author’s thoughts, feelings and author’s thoughts, feelings and observations on some phases of life observations on some phases of life that are of interest. Ex. Of Studies – that are of interest. Ex. Of Studies – BaconBacon


3. Prose Fiction – prose narratives that employ 3. Prose Fiction – prose narratives that employ creativity and imagination:creativity and imagination:

a. Prose Allegory – long implied comparison between a. Prose Allegory – long implied comparison between unlike things. Characters are more symbols than unlike things. Characters are more symbols than personages. Ex. Animal Farm – Orwellpersonages. Ex. Animal Farm – Orwell

b. Prose Romance – metrical romance in prose form. b. Prose Romance – metrical romance in prose form. Ex. Don Quixote – CervantesEx. Don Quixote – Cervantes

c. Novel – a three-element prose narrative (setting, c. Novel – a three-element prose narrative (setting, plot and characters) Ex. Harry Potter novelsplot and characters) Ex. Harry Potter novels

d. Novelette – a short novel with a simpler plot and d. Novelette – a short novel with a simpler plot and fewer characters. Ex. Tuesdays with Morrie – fewer characters. Ex. Tuesdays with Morrie – AlbomAlbom

e. Short Story – one unit of place, time and action e. Short Story – one unit of place, time and action prose. Ex. The Necklace - Maupassantprose. Ex. The Necklace - Maupassant


4. Biography and Autobiography – 4. Biography and Autobiography – fictionalized story of human life as it fictionalized story of human life as it presents the highlights and presents the highlights and struggles. Ex. The Life of Princess struggles. Ex. The Life of Princess DianaDiana

5. Letters, Diaries and Journals – life 5. Letters, Diaries and Journals – life accounts as they are lived from day accounts as they are lived from day to day, separated by dates. Ex. The to day, separated by dates. Ex. The Diary of Anne FrankDiary of Anne Frank

6. Other Prose Forms6. Other Prose Forms

Conventions Used in Conventions Used in Formalism (New Criticism Formalism (New Criticism

School)School) Establishment of a key moment Establishment of a key moment

(epiphany)(epiphany) Use of authority in fiction (point of Use of authority in fiction (point of

view) – first person, third person, view) – first person, third person, omniscient, central intelligence or omniscient, central intelligence or scenicscenic

Use of symbols – literal and symbolicUse of symbols – literal and symbolic Use of a unified effect – beginning, Use of a unified effect – beginning,

middle and end (exposition-climax-middle and end (exposition-climax-key moment-resolution)key moment-resolution)

Elements of a Short StoryElements of a Short Story Plot Structure/ ConflictPlot Structure/ Conflict Character/sCharacter/s SettingSetting ThemeThemeThree Main Character Changes:Three Main Character Changes:1.1. A reversal of attitudeA reversal of attitude2.2. A heightening of an old awarenessA heightening of an old awareness3.3. A sudden realization of a truth about A sudden realization of a truth about

oneself, human nature or condition.oneself, human nature or condition.

Literary StandardsLiterary Standards ArtistryArtistry IntellectualIntellectual SuggestivenessSuggestiveness SpiritualSpiritual PermanencePermanence UniversalityUniversality StyleStyleThree Main Types of Character AlienationThree Main Types of Character Alienation Personal (Man Vs. Himself)Personal (Man Vs. Himself) Social (Man Vs. Another Man, Man Vs. Society)Social (Man Vs. Another Man, Man Vs. Society) Cosmic (Man Vs. God, Man Vs. the Universe)Cosmic (Man Vs. God, Man Vs. the Universe)

LITERARY MOVEMENTSLITERARY MOVEMENTS

ROMANTICISMROMANTICISM Life is portrayed as good.Life is portrayed as good. The absent is more revered than the The absent is more revered than the

present. present. Nostalgia and reminiscences are Nostalgia and reminiscences are

common themes. common themes. The hero is a perfect knight in shining The hero is a perfect knight in shining

armor – debonair, intelligent, ideal. armor – debonair, intelligent, ideal.


REALISMREALISM Life is portrayed as objectively as Life is portrayed as objectively as

possible.possible. Life is both good and bad, meaningful Life is both good and bad, meaningful

and meaningless.and meaningless. The hero is a guy next door or a girl on The hero is a guy next door or a girl on

the street, with both endearing and the street, with both endearing and weak qualities.weak qualities.

The approach of the writer is objectivity.The approach of the writer is objectivity.


NATURALISMNATURALISM Life is meaningless. It is definitely Life is meaningless. It is definitely

bad all the way.bad all the way. Man is naturally weak. He is an Man is naturally weak. He is an

animal drawn to animalistic animal drawn to animalistic tendencies.tendencies.

The hero is a victim of his The hero is a victim of his environment. Even when he is good environment. Even when he is good at the start, he will be corrupted by at the start, he will be corrupted by stronger forces surrounding him. stronger forces surrounding him.

World Literatures

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