WORLD GEOGRAPHY 3202 Review Final PART TWO NAME: ______________________ Section One Answer All Questions 1. According to the triangular graph, which soil texture would be most suitable for farming? (A) 10% sand; 10% clay; 80% silt (B) 25% sand; 65% clay; 10% silt (C) 33% sand; 33% clay; 34% silt (D) 65% sand; 15% clay; 20% silt

2. Which physical factor must be considered when making a decision to recover offshore oil? (A) job descriptions (B) shift rotations (C) skilled labour (D) weather conditions 3. Which form of agriculture is usually found in areas with low land value where high revenues are unimportant? (A) agribusiness (B) extensive (C) intensive (D) shifting 4. Which farming operation is described in the scenario below?

Mr. Smith has a mixed vegetable farm which specializes in potatoes, carrots, and turnip, and employs 10 workers.

(A) agribusiness (B) commercial (C) shifting cultivation (D) subsistence 5. According to the information below, what will be the effect on the marine food web of decreased capelin exports ?

Capelin eat shrimp and krill. The favourite food for cod is capelin. Over the past 10 years, exports of capelin to markets have been steadily declining due to decreased demand.

(A) Capelin stocks will decrease. (B) Cod stocks will decrease. (C) Krill stocks will increase. (D) Shrimp stocks will decrease. 6. Which is the correct sequence in the formation of oil and natural gas? (A) heat / pressure -> organisms -> sediments -> bacterial action (B) organisms -> heat / pressure -> sediments -> bacterial action (C) organisms -> sediments -> heat / pressure -> bacterial action (D) sediments -> heat / pressure -> bacterial action -> organisms 7. Which best reflects a sustainable forest management strategy? (A) Cut all available trees in the area. (B) Cut mature trees using several roads to access forest. (C) Use most recent technology to cut strips of trees. (D) Use slash and burn to remove sections of forest. 8. Which statement best describes the impact of freezer factory trawlers on the ocean environment? (A) decrease in fishing activity during spawning season (B) decrease in the fish stocks (C) increase in the fish stocks (D) increase in the number of inshore fishermen 9. If oil and gas development slows down because of the production of “green” cars, which condition for a natural resource would be influenced the most? (A) accessability (B) culture (C) need (D) technology

10. If an oil development is stalled due to low world oil prices, which condition for a natural resource is not being met? (A) culture (B) need (C) profitability (D) technology 11. Which factors affect soil texture? (A) leaching, eluviation, capillary action (B) particle size, particle type, bonding ability (C) percent of particle type, humus, particle size (D) precipitation levels, air movement, percent of particle type 12. According to the graph below, which describes the impact of new catch technology on the amount of cod caught?

(A) Canadian cod catches remained stable (B) Canadian cod catches substantially increased (C) foreign catches of cod substantially increased (D) foreign catches of cod worldwide remained stable 13. Which is necessary for a natural material to be considered a resource? (A) ability to make a profit (B) easy access to the material (C) proximity of market (D) used in the immediate area 14. What type of oil trap is shown in the diagram below?

(A) salt dome trap (B) fold trap (C) fault trap (D) Stratigraphic 15. Which is a physical factor that must be considered when an oil company places a rig in the North Sea? (A) capital availability (B) ease of transportation (C) ice conditions (D) porous rock 16. In which form of agriculture would you find high levels of technology on a small parcel of land? (A) extensive (B) intensive (C) shifting (D) subsistence

17. Which is a process in a farming operation? (A) climate (B) fertilizing (C) potatoes (D) soil 18. Which is an output in the oil and gas industry? (A) capital (B) labour (C) electricity (D) labour 19. Which would be considered a process in an agribusiness industry? (A) capital (B) climate (C) technology (D) transportation 20. Which is used during the offshore drilling process to reduce friction, to carry out drill cuttings and to prevent blowouts? (A) directional drilling (B) drilling mud (C) gravity based structure (D) stratigraphic trap 21. According to the chart below, where is most of the world’s offshore oil produced? (A) Africa and North America (B) Africa and South America (C) North Sea and North America (D) North Sea and South America 22. A rig must be placed in water depths greater than 200 m in an area largely protected from the effects of wave action. Which type of drilling technology would be used to accommodate these technologies? (A) jack-up (B) portable FPSO (C) semi-submersible dynamically positioned (D) submersible 23. Which of the following is the most elevant problem associated with trawls/draggers (A) destruction of the ocean floor eliminating good spawning locations for fish (B) disruption of aquaculture infrastructure (C) encouragement of ozone depletion (D) displacement of underutilized species 24. Where are most major fishing grounds in the world found? (A) continental shelves (B) deep ocean areas (C) high latitude areas (D) tropical regions 25. Which set of descriptions identifies harvesting of trees by clear cutting?

1. All timber in the area is harvested at the same time. 2. It is the most economical form of harvesting. 3. 20 to 100 meter wide areas are harvested. 4. It is the least dangerous form of tree harvesting.

(A) 1, 2, and 3 (B) 2, 3, and 4 (C) 3, 4, and 1 (D) 4, 1, and 2 26. What colour is humus, the inorganic content of soil? (A) black (B) brown (C) grey (D) white 27. Approximately how many tonnes of drilling mud are released into the ocean daily ? (A) dozens (B) hundreds (C) thousands (D) millions 28. Which is the best example of a synthetic manufacturing process? (A) cleaning a cod (B) de-boning a cod fish during quality control (C) extracting cod oil (D) seafood chowder consisting of cod fillet, potatoes and milk 29. Which best describes products created by light industry? (A) for general consumer (B) high in weight (C) large in size (D) very bulky

30. Which is the best example of a product produced by a heavy industry? (A) super oil tankers (B) pianos (C) sport utility vehicles (D) jeans 31. Which are the preferred characteristics for capital-intensive industries? (A) highly skilled labour, low wages (B) high wages, high number of available workers (C) low skilled labour, high wages (D) low wages, low number of available workers 32. Which refers to the elimination of the daily commute to a central work place? (A) telecommuting (B) unemployment (C) new economy (D) casual work 33. Based on the table below, which country is the least developed?

Literacy (% of total pop.)

Persons per Telephone

GNP per capita (US$)

(A) 89 8 7700

(B) 83 11 6100

(C) 38 82 2100

(D) 33 109 1100

34. Which is the best location for processing low quality iron ore? (A) close to a market to create a weight decrease in the ore (B) close to a market to create a weight increase in the ore (C) close to a resource to create a weight decrease in the ore (D) close to a resource to create a weight increase in the ore 35. Which characteristic would be most attractive to a computer programming company? (A) availability of land (B) educated labour force (C) average work ethic (D) high turnover rate 36. Which industry sector is directly connected to information technology and data processing? (A) primary (B) secondary (C) tertiary (D) quaternary 37. Which best describes a distributive activity in the service sector? (A) developing technology for manufacturers and individual consumers (B) exploring for raw materials to meet a wide range of consumer demands (C) getting products from producer or manufacturer to the consumer (D) providing manufacturing employment for the benefit the local community 38. Which is of the following refers to the highest levels of decision making, including the top executives or officials in business and government? (A) secondary (B) tertiary (C) quaternary (D) quinary 39. Which of the following is intended to encapsulate everything a nation’s economy produces within its own borders in a given year into a single value in dollars? (A) GDP (B) NAFTA (C) IMF (D) GATT 40. Which characteristics of a labour force make it attractive to industry? (A) high absenteeism, low turnover rate (B) high skill level, high turnover rate (C) low productivity, high trainability (D) low wage rate, strong work ethic

41. Which is the best example of a private tertiary activity? (A) emergency room doctor (B) fireman (C) insurance broker (D) police officer

42. Which best defines tertiary activity? (A) extraction of new materials from the natural environment (B) manufacturing of raw materials into useable products (C) production of services for individuals, industries and government (D) use of high technology to provide services 43. Which of the following was founded in 1944 to oversee global financial health? (A) GATT (B) NAFTA (C) IMF (D) GDP 44. Which is a manufacturing operation that requires high levels of financial investment for purchasing, installing and maintaining equipment? (A) capital intensive (B) labour intensive (C) light industry (D) primary industry 45. Which type of industry location is described below?

raw materials are heavy and relatively low value for weight processing results in overall weight decrease

(A) agglomerating tendency (B) market-oriented (C) resource-oriented (D) tertiary activity 46. Which of the following is characterized by the absence of business cycles and by an accelerated rate of productivity growth? (A) new economy (B) stagflation (C) eco tourism (D) per capita GDP 47. Which economic sector generally consists of medical, educational and protective services? (A) distributive (B) financial (C) government (D) personal 48. Which factors best explain why large amounts of fish caught in Newfoundland and Labrador waters are now being processed in China.? (A) appropriate technology, cheap labour and low transportation costs (B) cheap labour, high transportation costs and expensive land prices (C) expensive land prices, poor technology and cheap energy (D) high transportation costs, cheap land prices and high energy costs 49. What is the dependency ratio for the country with the characteristics below?

Percentage under age 15: 15.3 % Percentage over age 64: 15.4 % Percentage of working age 15 - 64: 69.3 %

(A) 225.7 (B) 125.7 (C) 44.3 (D) 22.4 50. What is the growth rate of Country Y?

At the present rate of population growth, the population of Country X will double in 1500 years; whereas, the population of Country Y will double in 8 years

(A) declining (B) fast (C) moderate (D) slow 51. Which formula is used to calculate the population growth rate of a country? (A) (absolute change / original population) x 100 (B) (birth + immigrants) - (deaths + emigrants) (C) birth rate - death rate (D) population / land area 52. What is the total value of a nation’s goods and services in a given year? (A) economic indicator (B) gross national product (C) human development index (D) standard of living 53. What does population density indicate? (A) actual population decrease of an area (B) actual population increase of an area (C) number of births / deaths per unit area (D) number of people per unit area

54. Which may be used by government to accurately determine future housing concerns for seniors? (A) census data (B) demographic transition (C) dependency ratio (D) population density 55. Which is described below?

• unsanitary living conditions • spread of disease • loss of bio-diversity • political and civil conflict

(A) contracting population (B) natural decrease (C) overpopulation (D) pull factors 56. Which classification is reflected by the population pyramid below?

(A) contractive (B) expansive (C) stable (D) stationary 57. In which stage of the Demographic Transition Model would you place Canada? (A) stage one (B) stage two (C) stage three (D) stage four 58. Which is the best example of a repel factor that may influence an individual’s decision to migrate? (A) distance of travel from country of origin (B) educational opportunities at destination (C) famine in country of origin (D) language at destination 59. Populations are no longer centred around primary resources. Why has this happened? (A) Urbanization and the move to the industrial, and the information ages (B) The depletion of the resources resulted in the movement of populations (C) Climate change has caused created many push factors in some regions (D) None of the above 60. What formula is shown below??

% under 15 + % over 64 × 100 % of working age (15-64)

(A) actual growth rate (B) dependency ratio (C) population density (D) population distribution

Section TWO Answer ALL Questions in this section CASE STUDY 1: World Fisheries: Have we Reached a Crisis?

The oceans support a wide variety of plants and animals, which co-exist in relative harmony,

each fulfilling the specific niche and role they have in the ecosystem. However, all is not well in

this complex ecosystem. Over-fishing has altered the ecological balance in some areas; as

commercially valuable species have been exhausted they have been replaced by other, less

commercially desirable, species. Deforestation, industrial pollution, agricultural runoff, domestic

sewage, and urban development have degraded fish habitat and reduced productivity. Much of

the most important and productive coastal habitat, consisting of estuaries, mangrove, wetlands,

and coral reefs, has already been damaged or destroyed by development.

Most Canadians are aware of the collapse of Atlantic groundfish stocks like the northern cod and

of the problems that beset British Columbia’s salmon fishery. Canada’s experience with its

fisheries is not unique, but is rather part of a global phenomenon in which relentless fishing

pressure and environmental degradation are pushing fish stocks to the brink of destruction. At

one time, the oceans and the fish that swam in them seemed so vast that they could hardly be

affected, much less harmed, by human activities. The nineteenth-century biologist Thomas

Huxley wrote, "I believe that the cod fishery...and probably all the great sea fisheries are

inexhaustible." Huxley, like many others, was wrong. Most of the world’s most important fish

stocks have now been fished to the limit of sustainability and beyond. A number have collapsed

altogether. In 1995, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), stated that 69% of the

world’s conventional species were either fully exploited, over exploited, depleted, or rebuilding

from a depleted state. The FAO concluded that the operation of the world’s fisheries, as they

existed, could not be sustained and that significant ecological and economic damage had already

occurred. The dramatic increase in world fisheries production is illustrated in Figure 1. In just

four decades, between 1950 and 1989, total

world fisheries production (including fresh

water and aquaculture) increased by 500%, from

20 million tonnes to just over 100 million

tonnes. By comparison, the total world marine

catch in 1900 was only 3 million tonnes. Global

capture fisheries peaked in 1989 but the decline

since then has been offset by increased

aquaculture production. The aquaculture sector

has shown great promise world wide, and

particularly in Canada. For instance, since the

closure of the commercial Atlantic Salmon

fishery in Newfoundland and Labrador,

customer demand has been met by very

successful “salmon farms” throughout Atlantic

Canada.

Several decades of over fishing in most of the world's major fisheries has pushed many

commercially important fish populations into steep declines. For example, Canada's northern cod

declined to a point of collapse by 1992. Catches are falling, despite the fact that expanding fleets

are fishing harder, spending more time, effort and money than ever before in trying to maintain

them. Some commercially important stocks are in such a critical state that all fishing has been

shut down, or sharply curtailed. Hundreds of millions of people traditionally dependent on

fishing for food and livelihoods face resource depletion, competition from industrial and distant

water fleets, and loss of access to traditional marine food supplies.

Destructive Production and Fishing Gear

The increased fishing pressure and the competition amongst fishing nations and their fleets

severely stresses fish stocks and the marine environment. The widespread use of unselective

fishing gear and indiscriminate fishing practices result in one-quarter of all the fish brought on

board fishing vessels being discarded, usually dead or dying. Commercial fishing vessels throw

back, on average, about 27 million tons of unwanted fish annually. That amounts to about half of

all the fish caught from the oceans each year that are actually consumed by humans. Along with

these, millions of other marine animals are being incidentally captured and killed in fishing

operations.

Some fishing gear is particularly deadly for certain fish in some situations. Drift nets

indiscriminately kill millions of marine creatures, while targeting just one or two commercially

valuable species. Marine mammals are frequently killed in great numbers in trawls, set nets and

purse seine nets. In addition, there is severe damage caused by fishing operations that use

destructive gear and fishing practices, like bottom trawling, that physically disturbs marine

habitats such as the ocean floor, sea grass beds or coral reefs.

Offshore Oil and Gas: A New Threat

Historically, offshore trawlers fished in the area of 3LT, east of Newfoundland, where drilling is

currently taking place for Hibernia and Terra Nova. But it is also an area where smaller boats

(65- footers) have fished for generations. It is home to American Plaice (flounder) which spawn

throughout the area. Up until 1992, American Plaice was a key fish stock that provided year-

round work for hundreds of fish harvesters and thousands of plant workers along the south coast

of the province. Other important species fished in the area include yellowtail, crab, cod, scallops,

swordfish, and tuna. In fact, the crab resource in this area has proven to be quite healthy and

lucrative.

“Can the two industries operate side by side?” This was the question directed to Earl McCurdy,

president of the Fish, Food and Allied Workers (FFAW) at a presentation given on April 23,

2001. Mr. McCurdy continued by stating that “the short answer should be yes, but a lot more

effort must be made with respect to communications and discussions between the two industries.

In addition, the oil and gas industry has a responsibility to ensure its activities have minimal

impacts on fish stocks and habitat.” If a major oil or gas spill were to occur the damage could be

catastrophic destroying the whole ecosystem. Birds, a rebuilding cod stock, a lucrative crab

fishery, and many other potentially renewable resources would be destroyed. This would quickly

result in a loss of thousands of fishery related jobs. “Ultimately, we must remember that the

fishery, if protected, will provide for generations to come and will be around long after the last

barrel of oil is drilled from the Grand Banks.” (McCurdy, 2001)

Over fishing: Short-term Gain for Long-term Pain?

Today, there isn't a fishing region in the world that does not suffer from fisheries management

decisions designed to satisfy short-term economic or political objectives rather than protecting

the marine environment and conserving fish populations. Commercial fishing in many countries

has been very poorly managed. Even in a few countries where relatively advanced fisheries

management systems have been in place for many years, they have, almost without exception,

failed to control the conditions and stem the abuses that lead to over fishing and destructive

environmental impacts. Indeed, in many countries, governments have played an important part in

fueling the expansion of excessive fishing capacity and over-exploitation by providing lucrative

subsidies and taxpayer funded handouts.

Quite simply, nature's limits have been breached by too many fishing vessels catching too many

fish, very often in wasteful and destructive ways, and it cannot be allowed to continue if the

oceans and the human communities around the world that depend on them are to survive. The

full utilization of available fish stocks and profit maximization for industry have been the key

goals of short-sighted fisheries development, while protection for the environment has taken a

back seat.

This has proven to be the formula for disaster in fishery after fishery, the world over, with the

disastrous consequences for marine ecosystems and humanity already plainly visible around the

world.

61. Using the case study, identify and explain two reasons for the dramatic decline in

cod stocks.

1 mark to identify and 1 mark to explain each of two reasons.

At least one reason must come from case study.

• over-fishing

• environmental degradation

• overabundance of seals

• destructive fishing gear

• pollution

• climate change

• new catch technology

62. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, describe two negative

impacts that industry and/or oil development has had on the ocean ecosystem.

2 marks for description of each negative impact.

At least one impact must come from the case study.

• drilling for oil on spawning grounds

• oil spills

• industrial pollution

• oil rig construction

*may relate to fishing industry and impacts of catch technology, etc.

(over-fishing/damage to ecosystem)

*indiscriminate fishing practices.

63. Based on problems identified in the case study, propose and defend three possible

strategies that could lead to a sustainable fishery.

2 marks for proposal and description for each of the three strategies.

• increased scientific research and management efforts

• increased enforcement

• acquaculture

• strict industrial regulation on waste/pollution, etc.

• strict quotas

• reduction in foreign and domestic over fishing

• utilization of alternate species

• reduction in the number of full time fishers reducing pressure on fishery

• ongoing consultation between government, scientists and fishers/union reps, etc.

• increased seal hunt

CASE STUDY 2: Population Change and Urbanization

Throughout most of human history the world’s population has lived a rural lifestyle, but its

population is quickly moving to cities. For example, in 1950, less than 30% of people lived in

urban areas. This figure grew to 47% by the year 2000 and is expected to exceed 60% by 2025.

Presently, developed countries have a higher percentage of urban residents than developing

countries; nevertheless, it is expected that most of the future urban growth will take place in

poorer countries. The rate of urbanization in both types of countries is significantly impacting

the land.

Figure 1: Urbanization Growth Rate: Developed and Developing Countries

Why So Much Urbanization?

Urban areas are rapidly growing throughout the world because of natural increases in

populations. However, migration is also a key demographic factor. While much of the rural to

urban movement takes place within the borders of countries, migration between countries is

increasing because of various push and pull factors. Generally, international migration consists

of refugees and labourers that move in search of jobs and a better lifestyle. It is estimated that

greater than 2% of the world’s population have moved from their country of origin in search of

these goals.

In agricultural economies, people are often “pushed” from their land because of the law of

diminishing returns. Simply put, this means that because of advanced technology only a certain

number of individuals are needed to make some rural farms profitable. Moreover, the prices paid

to these farmers for their outputs compared to the prices they must pay for inputs cause many of

them to live below the poverty line.

In addition to the push factors which drive many from rural lands, strong pull factors exist which

attract these individuals to urban areas. The strongest factor is “agglomerating economies.” In

summary, geographers use this term to refer to the savings one can get by serving the needs of a

large and growing market place in a concentrated urban area. As a result, distance is reduced

between producer and consumer, thereby favouring many potential labourers.

Population Growth and Urbanization

An interesting aspect of urbanization started in North America following the Second World War.

Suburban living symbolized the American dream of returning to nature in search of a better

quality of life. In Europe, as well, urbanization continued. It is estimated, for example, that

between 1969 and 1999 the urbanized land areas of France increased five times. Opponents of

such rapid growth are concerned with increased traffic, pollution of air and water, flooding and

loss of agricultural land, parks and open space. They also believe the strain placed on

transportation and water and sewer infrastructures are issues which need to be addressed.

The pattern of urban growth in many developing countries, as illustrated in Figure 1, is also

requiring the usage of more land. In many of the countries of East Asia, for example, improved

communication and transportation linkages make outlying areas more accessible to the migrant

workforce. As a result, some of these areas are transformed from agriculture to manufacturing

economies. Conversely while some areas are beginning to prosper, in other large cities

throughout the world such as Mexico City, nearly 40% of the city-dwellers face issues related to

poverty and destruction of the environment.

64. Using examples from the case study, describe two push and/or pull factors that may influence

a person’s decision to migrate from rural to urban areas.

2 marks for each of 2 factors

C refugees and laborers in search of jobs and a better life style

C people pushed from agricultural land because technology is taking away their jobs

C many rural farmers are very poor because the price paid for outputs compared to that paid for inputs leads to reduced profit. “ law of diminishing returns”

C “agglomerating economies”: the benefit a company gets by serving a large and growing market place in a concentrated urban area

65. Table 1 illustrates the trends of population change for selected developing countries. Based

on the information from the case study and your geographic knowledge, should these countries

control their population growth rates? Using three reasons, explain why or why not.

2 marks for each of 3 reasons

C large populations increase traffic, pollution of air and water and flooding

C loss of agricultural land

C reduced space for parks and open spaces

C countries are poor and often have problems feeding and housing present populations.

Increased growth will make this even more difficult.

C overcrowding and the problems it brings with it

C increased strain placed on transportation, water and sewer infrastructures

C increased crime rates, disease, etc.

C increased pressure on health care system

C higher unemployment rates in already depressed economies

C increased poverty

C environmental destruction

C more economic diversity

C more skilled workforce; more workers

C cultural and religious values, etc.

Section Three Answer ALL questions

66. Describe a social and an economic indicator that can be used to identify a country’s level of

economic development.

2 marks for description of each.

Must have 1 social and 1 economic indicator.

Social indicator could include but not limited to:

gender equity, literacy rate, number of people per doctor, life expectancy, family size,

fertility rates, birth rates, death rates, infant mortality, etc.

Economic indicators could include but not limited to:

• percent in agriculture/primary

• GNP/GDP (per capita)

• energy consumption

• employment structures

67. Many countries have rich offshore oil resources they have known about for many years and

have not developed. Explain two factors which could account for this lack of development.

2 marks for each of 2 factors fully explained

1 mark if factor is listed

C Technology must be available to extract the resource.

C Extraction of the resource must turn a profit for the companies. If the price of oil is too low, companies may wait and extract the oil when the price rises and a greater profit can

be realized.

C Countries often need agreement from several companies (as in the case of the Hibernia Project ) to carry out development and may not be able to achieve this agreement due to a

variety of reasons. ( i.e. profit sharing, initial investment, etc. )

68. Describe one factor that affects birth rates and one factor that affects death rates.

2 marks each for description of factors that affect both birth and death rates.

Birth may include but not limited to:

• lack of birth control (or availability)

• education level

• employment level of women

• existence of social programs

• overall level of development; country, etc.

• culture/religion

Death rates may include but not limited to:

• health care

• disease control

• lack of safe drinking water

• nutrition levels

• poverty

• education level

• unsanitary conditions

• social programs

• level of economic development

• life expectancy at birth

• natural disasters

69. To try and reduce its increasing population growth rate, a developing country has decided

that couples who have more than one child will have to pay more taxes than those who only have

one child. Evaluate this policy giving two reasons for your position.

Agree: Limit family size

Decrease pressure on economy/infrastructure

Decrease pressure on ecosystem

Less strain on healthcare

Disagree: Take away choices to have large family

Encroaches on individual morals and rights

Treats all family situations the same regardless of circumstances

Encourages families who prefer a certain sex to put children up for adoption,

etc.

0In long term, may create greying population

70 Explain three reasons for controlling populations.

- Higher poverty levels

- Inadequate public institutions

- Problems with current infrastructure

- Housing shortages

- Lack of services

- Lack of food supply.

- Overpopulation means more greenhouse gasses

- More disease, migration, famine, civil war

- Strain on medical and educational services

71. As a scientist employed by the Department of Fisheries, propose an argument for the

development of an aquaculture sector of the fishery.

Answers will vary

72. Describe the valuable contribution the quaternary sector has made to the economy.

the quaternary sector, companies invest to ensure further expansion. It is seen as a way to generate higher margins or returns on investment.Research will be directed into cutting costs, tapping intomarkets, producing innovative ideas, new production methods and methods of manufacture, amongst others. To many industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the sector is the most valuable because it creates future branded product the quaternary sector includes other pure services, such as the entertainment industry The quaternary sector consists of those industries providing information services, such as computing and ICT consultancy and R&D

73. Describe two factors that affect the viability of the offshore oil and gas industry.

Supply

Price

Market

Operation costs

Protection level output