Women_Religious_Leaders_in_Japan_s_Christian_Century_1549_1650_Intro, vedi pag 25

8/7/2019 Women_Religious_Leaders_in_Japan_s_Christian_Century_1549_1650_Intro, vedi pag 25

1/32

Cr 1

irc

t Cr Cr J r bw rrv f J 1549 crc b 1650.1 Christianity ourished in this briefmoment in history. It offered both benets and challenges to women living in c w - s-B r.2 m w bcCr (Kr), w bc r, w r c r ff s-B.3 i cr, w v v

w f xr r w r . t bk r f rf Kr w w cr c r f rrc fr bCc s-B r.

s f cr fr r, c nanban bybu, c vvr f w br w cr.4 t bybu cv

1 C.R. Bxr c r Cr Cr r wrk r,The Christian Century in Japan, 15491650 (Brk, Ca, 1951).

2 t r Shinto-Buddhism cb f s B.B c J fr C w r r 538.J B crr J v r, r c s, wcr crc cb f w r. tr vr, B wr b b c s r, r fr r- cx.

3 t r Kirishitan rv fr pr cristo w r Cc v r jcv fr r Cr. i r Cr Cr w r r rcterm Christian is used. Thus a Kirishitan woman signies a woman convert to Christianity J r Cr Cr.

4 Nanban ( namban) r r brbr r brbr fr s; bybu f cr. ab 70 nanban bybu r. t nanban bybur rr v ww J J bc vr fw r rfcrvv rc. s Fr g. grrz, a srv f nb ar, SouthernBarbarians: The First Europeans in Japan, . mc Cr (tk, 1971), 175.Bc f r f c cr, bybu bc c pr frcr biombo. s mr h m p, Biombos Namban: Namban Screens(lb, 1986), 5. m f nanban bybu wr xc b cr r f

Kan school. For the Jesuit inuence on the Kan school between 1590 and 1686, seegv axr B, Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America, 15421773(tr, 1999), 7980. s gv axr B, t ar f J m J a f s. Frc Xvr ar V, St. Francis Xavier:An Apostle of the East, v. 1: The Encounter between Europe and Asia during the Period


2/32

Women Religious Leaders in Japans Christian Century, 154916502

crb c f cr bw J nanban . Fr x, f bybu, wr r c w c r r fr pr , cc b m,i, afrc v crr r rc.5 o r

group of strolling gures including a Portuguese Jesuit padre, J irmo, s Frcc, r pr J rc.6 t r c rr f J rc rw . Fr c w k r ww brv fr crw r.i vr cr f bybu, w r rc cr better (See g. 1.1). The top tier is an illustration of a church, which resembles r J b rc. i r, er J padre J irmo r v c vr bk. i x r, rpadre r cf fr J samurai. i w b

cr, fr J w pr v r r fr f r r. a Kr bw. t f vrw cr r cr, r . t w zk brvr f bybu wr w wr k w r r wr.

There are several important historical factors which inuenced the womensr J r. Fr, Cr Cr w cr f pr J . Crr v f if l r f Cc Rfr, Frc Xvr c

launched the rst Christian mission in Japanese history in 1549.7 i w x rafter Portuguese merchants rst set foot on Japanese soil, and only nine yearsfr p p iii c sc f J b b Regimini militantisecclesiae. afr Xvr f J fr C 1551, ccr vr f Cr J fr b 50 r. t r f tr f tr f 1494. t pr scrw r rv v wr w, v

of the Great Navigation, . t excv C 450 avrr f arrv fs. Frc Xvr J (tk, 1999), 186.

5 s frc. s sk mr ., Nanban bijutsu to yfga,Genshoku Nihon no bijutsu 25 (tk, 1970), 646; s t, ., Tanb daikkaijidai no Nihon, v. 1, 2, 4, 5 (tk, 197879).

6 t Jz pr r padre (rpdere, paderen rbateren) Cc r. i padre Cc r fr s Br. t r irmo (riruman) brr r cc.

7 o f f sc f J cx f Cc Rfr, J prck d, R orr f m, ec t sc f J,

Catholicism in Early Modern History: A Guide to Research, . J W. om (s.l, mo, 1988), 14753; J prck d, t nw R orr,15171648, Handbook of European History, 14001600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissanceand Reformation, vol. 2: Visions, Programs, & Outcomes, . t Br . (l,1993 gr R, mi, 1995), 2:283315.


3/32

Introduction 3

F. 1.1 a r k pr r rc. scr(x-f): Nanban bybu (detail), School of Kan Mitsunobu.


4/32


370 w f C Vr i.8 t r rr r cq Crz f W i s r r (patronato real), e i prr r (padroado real). ur c r f v

Cc crw, pr r f afrc, i, mcc,mcc, mc, B b c f e i (OEstado da ndia). nw cvr J b pr padroadov pr w vr cz , vr fr fr er b rv r wr.9 p b c r scf J r pr padroado w b rr wrk J 1608.10 ur rv, r J J v q, xr w r f r cc,rr r c frc cvr f cqr.11 t

J w f rc rr r w s-Bw Kr w cvr.12 t J r b r f w c rr r s patronato fr p rrv J c r.

t Cr Cr crr rb r rtoward the unication of Japan. When the Jesuits arrived, the nation had been in cr- f cv wr kw sengoku r, r r f

8 s ur Br, Cultures in Conict: Encounters Between European and Non-European Cultures, 14921800, r. Rc Rbr (sfr, Ca, 1989), 56. a d F. lc, pr r (r) f e, Asia in the Makingof Europe, v. 1: The Century of Discovery (Cc, 1965), Bk 1, 23044.

9 s lc, J err, 15421600, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 1,Bk 1, 247 Xvr rpadroado. s J W. Wk, Fr i J: er mr ex, 15001650, Catholicism in Early ModernHistory: A Guide to Research, 193210.

10 s lc, m s Frr a, Asia in the Making of Europe, v.1, Bk 1, 2945 p grr Xiii c r f Jrpadroado J. h b Ex pastorali ofcio f 1585 rb r rr sc f J r pr padroado r J. t frr cc b p V rvr c Sedis Apostolicae 1608, wc w vr rrv r r r wrk J.

11 Fr c f J cc c J C, arw C. R, ar V: t J Cr e, The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts 15401773, . J W. om .(tr, 1999), 33651.

12 o cv w f rc f r J, J W. om,

The First Jesuits (Cbr, ma, 1993), 8. ewr om w r fcr f Spiritual Exercises, Constitutions, J c rk r f J w f rc. s t hrr f sc f J:Wr d s t?, The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts 15401773,279. i w fr fcr f J r r .


5/32

Introduction 5

wrr .13 t r f r b military rule of the Kamakura government (12211334) of the Hj, and then tothe Muromachi government (13341573) of the Ashikaga. Since the War of nin(146777), mrc vr f cr. t w v

r x f k, wr f r f vto acquire larger efs.14Gekokuj f wr r rbc wr r c r b . Wv rcr, b c c, bc f rrc rr rrr rr ccb fr rc c. Crffr w rv cc f f. s w w r bk c r cbc, f f r bc f v w c.

i -x cr, ak w br ,

a series of military strongmen became de facto uniers of Japan. The rst halfof the Christian Century fell under the rule of two Azuchi-Momoyama uniers,, o nb (153482) t h (153698). Bw v pr r, c er w cr r cb. i r wr f cq f , f c r r . t rwrf s-B , wc b r w r rwith the nancial backings from their adherents. These economic, political, andr wrk fvrb fr bcr J , bw

1549 1585, J r r rc fr uniers, witnessing steady church growth. Notable conversions of the Kirishitandaimy, such as tomo Srin Francisco, mura Sumitada Bartolomeu, and Arimahrb pr, w f w bk, c hbmc (pr 1) J f nk (pr 4), ccrr r r.There were also localized persecutions of Kirishitans. The wife of tomo Srin

13 t r sengoku ( r jcv) wrr r f wrr. hr rz f rcr Sengoku pr ( pr f WrrStates) varies. The most standard dating is from 1467 (the beginning of the War of nin) 1573 (o nb f s ak yk). i rcsengoku c f cv wr bw 1467 1600, frthe War of nin to the Battle of Sekigahara. The civil wars continued until 1615 when tkw cr . accr cv Jrr, sengoku period falls as a sub-period within Chsei (11851600). Morerc Cr Cr b mrc r (13941537) in the early Edo period (16031868) in the Japanese ofcial periodization. Since Chsei

r m a, i w r Middle Ages rmedieval J rz, wc r crr v r r r er.

14 t J q J f r er k. t crdaimy, r wrf f r, rc k.


6/32


Frcc, Jzb, rjc Cr bc frb s-B r J (pr 2).

nb w 1582, h rcv kampaku(imperial regent) from Emperor gimachi in 1585. Hideyoshi immediately began

to assert his power as the sole unier of Japan. By then the Kirishitan population rw cb, b 240,000,15 h v rcv threat of Portuguese colonialism through the Jesuit mission. He issued the rstw Edict of Expulsion of Padres 1587. ev vr rcfrc Edict, c w c J r Kr fwr. h f w rcolonial campaigns in Korea between in 1592 and 1597; these invasions nally w 1598. t tkw i (15421616) wras the last unier. He won the historic Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, established

tkw 1603, v f vrfr K tk (e). t Edictw ffc, Kr cr b 300,000 b 1600. sc bw hkwTama Gracia, a daughter of Nobunagas assassin, Kiyohara Ito Maria, and KygokuMaria (all Part 3) as well as Nait Julia (Part 1), were converted and becamer Kr cc r r.

i qrr f Cr Cr, c c wr pr rc Kr v c wrc. W tkw w b f, w

pr r Kr cv fr c. a vr n-Cfc , b crr -Cr cr c rr f r rc Kr r bjc. mw, f J r prpadroado r r. afr s cq f p 1565 x f pr b s 1580, r r s patronato b k b f x s wf Crz ( cz) J. t the European scene and many conicts in the mission elds of the East Indies.The missionaries under the jurisdiction of Spain entered Japan, rst illegally,b w dc 1592, fw b Frcc 1594, a 1602. a -rrv c w cvr, jr f Kr c w r r

15 m c r c fr vr rc, c Nihon Kirisutokyrekishi daijiten (tk, 1988) [c rfr Daijiten], 7367, 957, 12367,

New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2 ., 7:73741. accr Fr obr f KrBk lbrr, s uvr, r wr 700,000 Kr f f 18 f x cr. tr wr b 40,000 rr rc f v cr. s sr obr, Acceptance, Rejection andTransformation: Christianity and the Historical Climate of Japan (tk, 1994), 4950.


7/32

Introduction 7

cr f J r f Cr Cr.16 i 1608 c b rvr f b, wc w rr br J. t b r wrk , w Kirishitan persecution had become intensied. A few Dutch and English traders

rrv J 1600, w fvr f J r vr rCc .17 n , br r-Cr bw pr J s frr w Cc pr vJ r c fr v.

i fr f c vv Kr daimy ar hrbJ, tkw r the Edict of Expulsion of Padres 1612, rkthe beginning of the end of the Christian Century. In 1613 the major city ofcialsrr, rr, rr er r r Krr r . i gr ex f 1614, tkw

forcefully deported hundreds of these, including Nait Julia and her community ofwomen catechists, out of Japan. The Tokugawas nal victory over the remnantsf t rr B f ok j 1615 f sengoku wr. i rr b -w b wrfrc fr , vr Edict of Sakoku (c f ) pr, s, e cc r. i b J rv f b 1616. i frc bf Cr, fr ak-sbr p ur 163738, k xr r f r f r Kr. i

the erce persecution, many women and men died as martyrs, others apostatized(korobi), w r rvv rr kakure (cr) Kr. afw er J padres cr fr Kr c, brc f r rc r fr 1640. B 1650 Cr Crvanished. The ban of Kirishitan religion was not lifted until 1873, ve years after w mj vr sakoku (1868) r fr vrkakure Kr vr rrfc (1865).

16 t dc r J 1602 r 1637. t br f r fwr kw. t a r 1602 r 1637. t c 14,000 fwr. t Frcc b r fr r 1593, b w v r 1635. t c 13,000 fwr. i1612 br f Kr r J cr r 600,000. t br fKr wr b 400,000 1614 r cr f 140 J, 26 Frcc, 9dc 4 a.

17 t e e i C fcr hr bw1613 1623. t dc e i C crc w mr hr,

wr r fcr bw 1609 1641. t tkw vr rrit moved to Dejima, an articially constructed island off the coast of Nagasaki, where itr er r J c r rz J fr fr f Cr. t tkw w m C rc dj.


8/32


re-viining wmen in Chitian-Centuy Japan

tr Cr Cr, Kr w rv crc r r, rr, c f f r r vr c

r. hwvr, r vc v b c fr rr. B r w cvr, rc r rjc f Cr, r f w b rv rvw f Cr Cr. sc rv w c rk f J J r b cc. t rk c c c Xvr v,18 br f sc J,19V r,20 the political/cultural conict between Japaneser J,21 J J r,22 Kr rr

18 Fr r bbr Cr Cr J, lzpr, Bibliographie sur lHistoire de la Compagnie de Jsus 190180, v. 2: Les Pays:Amrique, Asie, Afrique, Ocanie (R, 1986) w Bxr, The Christian Century.gr scrr rc b wrk Frc Xvr J :Francis Xavier: His Life and Times, v 4: Japan 15491552 (R, 1982) w cc Xaveriana, Bbc i hrc sc i, 22 (R lb, 1964); Orientalia, Bbc i hrc sc i, 21 (R

lb, 1963); Varia, Bbc i hrc sc i, 23 (R lb, 1965). Fr Xvr r cc, Epistolae S. Francisci Xaverii, AliaqueEius Scripta, . g. scrr i. Wck (R, 194445), 2 v. a The Lettersand Instructions of Francis Xavier, r rc b m. J C (s.l, mo, 1992). a rc wrk Xvr f wrk J b J cr K h, Zabieru to Nihon: Kirishitan kaikyki no kenky (tk, 1998).

19 Jf Frz sc, ., Monumenta Historica Japoniae I: Textus CatalogorumJaponiae Aliaque de Personis Domibusque S.J. in Japonia Informationes et Relationes15491654 (R, 1975).

20 Jf Frz sc, Valignanos Mission Principles for Japan, r. J J. C(s. l, mo, 1980, 1985), 2 v; J l avrz-trz, irc ar V, Sumario de las cosas de Japon (1583); Adiciones del Sumariode Japon (1592), . J l avrz-trz, m nc mr, 9(tk, 1954), 2 v.; J.F. mr, The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignanoin Sixteenth-Century Japan (l nw yrk, 1993); arw C. R, A VisionBetrayed: The Jesuits in Japan and China 15421742 (mrk, ny, 1994).

21 gr e, Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan(Cbr, ma, 1973); ebw arc, Kirishitan no danatsu to teik (tk, 1981);i K, Kirishitan shisshi kenky josetsu: Nihonjin no Kirisutoky juy (tk,

1995); obr, Acceptance, Rejection and Transformation.22 dr a, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, itsEmpire, and Beyond, 15401750 (Stanford, CA, 1996); Takahashi Kichir, Kirishitanjidai no kenky (tk, 1977); C.R. Bxr, The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of Macaoand the Old Japan Trade, 15551640 (lb, 1959).


9/32

Introduction 9

r,23 Kr daimy24 rc.25 sc r v rv cv f Kr r, b r fcrr.26 n cr xv cr c rwc Kr w r c, r, rc

cx. Crv r f J r, .., s-B,Cfc, fk r, v r rcv f wcvr r rjcr f Cr.

y Kr w w w w. ecccwrk J r f r Krw, b crr f. Fr x, s History of Japanlisted Gracia Hosokawa, daughter of Akechi Mitsuhide; [Kygoku] Maria,r f h cr y; [Kkj] m, cof Hideyoshis wife rst among the distinguished names of the Japanese

cvr.27 i pr 3 f bk i x w w fr w r r w wr r vc cc. i w br cvr f rv rr cr wrk v w cr f c.28 m r, J

23 s J lz-g, La Liturgia en la misin del Japn del siglo XVI, sm, dc or, 4 (R, 1970) r. o Kr rr, J lr, Kirishitan Bunko: a Manual of Books and Documents on the Early Christian

Mission in Japan; with special reference to the principal libraries in Japan and moreparticularly to the collection at Sophia University, Tokyo. With an appendix of ancient mapsof the Far East, especially Japan (tk, 1957); ebw arc ..., Kirishitankyrisho, Kirishitan kenky 30 (Tokyo, 1993).

24 J lr, Takayama Ukon und die Anfnge der Kirche in Japan (mrWf, 1954). mc sc, Les Daimyo Chrtiens, ou un sicle de lHistoirereligieuse et politique du Japon, 15491650 (h K, 1904).

25 Kk ykc, Nihon Kirishitan junkyshi (Historia Ecclesiae JaponiaeMartyrum Sanguine Foecundatae) (tk, 1979). J g. Rz m, El Martirologiodel Japn (15581873) (R, 2000).

26 ebw arc, Kirishitan no shakai katsud oyobi nanban igaku(tk, 1944).See also Kawamura Shinz, Jesuit Confraternities in Japan, paper delivered at the Jesuitcfrc, B C, m 29, 1997; sz Kwr, mk Cr lC dr Cr Cr J: a C s f tk drc B (p.d. ., grw uvr, 1999).

27 gr s, A History of Japan 13341615 (sfr, Ca, 1961), 350. a Nihon josei no rekishi, v. 7: Sengokujidai no josei (tk, 1978).

28 pr iw s, w r mr d The Church and the SecondSex J, bc r Cc J w r fr f

rcv. s r Kr j , Shky no naka no joseishi, . okakk (tk, 1993), 98115. Fr cc f wc r crrc ccr f f crrcv, Monogatari Kirishitan daimyno tsumatachi, ed. Shinjinbutsu raisha (Tokyo, 1991). Elisabeth Gssmann challengedrc r f hkw t grc r grc hkw


10/32


lz-g, r f J J, r r rc f f f rcf cvr El Catecumenado.29 W fc w cvrfamilial relationships with their male kin, he recognized the signicance of their

autonomous motivation for conversion. He classied the pattern of womensresponses into two groups. Women in the rst group had been fervent Buddhistsof the Nichiren, Zen, and Jdo schools. Some, such as Jezebel, resisted conversionb r B fr f.30 or, c hb iz, fr r w Kr, c Cr f.31 t c r fw bc Kr r b bjc b. s,c K Brz, f r b, w r, c hkw tgrc, rc w ff b.32

lz-g wrk r f fr f w

bk. Fr, crrc J rc c fr ffr s-B cr bckr f c w. sc, c f rjc r cvr, w c b fw rr f rr j Kr v w rr fr r x.33He afrmed that for Kirishitan womens conversions were the fruit of years ofr r rfr c, cr, rf. h r wr vr r f w v fr cvr, c b . Fr x, vr Kr

w x, w b f x rc r c wrk.34

t (15631600), Japanese Religions 19, . 1 2 (1994): 822. t rwritings of Gssmann are discussed further in Part 3. See also Kataoka Yakichi, Shink nikagayaku Nihon joseitaci (Nagasaki, 1931); Kataoka Chizuko, tomo Srin no konin, Kirishitan Bunka Kenkykai kaih, . 111 (dc. 1968), 1935; KkRk, Kirishitan jidai no joshi shdkai: Miyako no bikunitachi, Kirishitan Kenky

Series 14 (Tokyo, 1976) on Nait Julia and her society of women catechists. Shibuya Miekohas produced scholarly works on Kygoku Maria such as Kygoku Maria fujin, in AoyamaGen kyju tainin kinen ronbunsh: rekishi, bunka, kotoba(n, 1999), 3963.

29 J lz-g, El Catecumenado en la Mision del Japon del s.XVI, sm, dc or, 2 (R, 1966), 125. t cr lCvr e F.

30 lz-g, El Catecumenado, 120: lz-g c K Jr, sr.wf K a r w .

31 lz-g, El Catecumenado, 121: Lpez-Gay included Kygoku Maria and

ar hrb r (b mr m) .32 lz-g, El Catecumenado, 1225: lz-g c Cr f tb Matsuura Shtin Mencia as other examples.

33 lz-g, El Catecumenado, 123.34 lz-g, El Catecumenado, 249.


11/32

Introduction 11

t bk r x r f w w r , r bckr J r r c. i fr b lz-g wrk, wvr, fc w fvc. i r Cr Cr J w cr f w

c r. a cr f rr rc rv CrCr w rk b r f w lz-g c . ir b J f cv , Krw wrk b w J f v v J, . i r w cr r w c fr b J v, rc, c, ccz, r, r f cr cr, wrk f rc fr r, rr. t bk b lz-g f rwomens original religious afliations to their adoption of Christianity. I argue

w Kr w cvr rjc s-B cr wcv , z c, rc, c, rcc fr r s-B cr r w Kr .

t br f w cv w xc bc f vrbc c. Fr, Constitutions f sc f J rb br wrk rr w w. t sc c r w r fr f f f brc rrr rc f w. t c c r fr i f l, fr f sc, r w rr. i dcbr

1545 ib Rr, bfcr i fr Brc, rcvr fr p p iii k vw f bc sc R w r w c, lcrz Br Frcc Cr.afr vr f cfr w ib, wvr, i b sc f W J r Jfr rr cr f w. i nvbr 1546 rr vw f w b rfrr c b. i m 1547 ifrr fr r r fr cr f w, c b b Licet debritum 1549.35 i xc c, w fr c r cc prc J ar, w r f m scz, cc br f Society in absolute secrecy between 1554 and 1573. In 1558 the rst GeneralCongregation of the Society rmly established the clause in the Constitutions:

[B]c br f sc b r r r r r f wr wr b b vr ffr r w rr, k crc f , k cr f r w r r w wvr

35 s h Rr, Saint Ignatius Loyola: Letters to Women, r. K p s.a.h. W (nw yrk, 1960), 25195 i f l brf f f f brc f sc, 5267 cr J J ar.


12/32


b r rr cfr r rc . hwvr, rb fr r cf f w r fr c

r.36

t rb sc fr b c rr f w r rrr f r, cr dc, Frcc, r a.

Despite this constitutional limitation, waves of women identied themselvesw i cv . sc w mr Wr a mrcf r w c fr w J w b wr crcz J.37 W J wrk Jconstitutional bounds. The missionaries beneted greatly from these womensc wrk. t c r r w w rcfr. t cc w rq c wr b.

Yet in their ofcial documents they took care to dissociate themselves from womenw v rc c r J br. tq f J crc f c c w c.

sc, r w rvv cr w s-Bwc r r cv rc. W rx t s c wr c v r, rrevivals among the more egalitarian reformed sects of Zen, Jdo, Hokke, andJdo-Shinsh (or Ikksh) attracted women.38 a c ffr cr f

36 The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, r. gr e. g (s. l,mo, 1970), [558]5 2623. [i fw, r c Constitutions.] g 5 Constitutions, 263 ffr r f v wcled to this codication and explained that Ignatius chief motive to put this clause in theConstitutions w vc f b f . u rw, i g r f Constitutions fr s x f 1594,which retains much of the Ignatian avor (58) instead of the contemporary version.

37 Crc f bck rb v ck J xc f w.e. B Brr, fr x, cr J w f rf r, w fr c f w The Jesuit Enigma (nw yrk,1929), 131. mfr Br rz b i r wr ... orr vrck fr zr, r cr v f v bw, The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus, r. . mrkhw (nw yrk, 1984), 60. o r f r j J b, , v rjc, J lcr cr , nW n a, Jesuits: a Multiplebiography, r. Jr l (W,d.C., 1995), 13660 (c fr 159). J W. om x-cr J wr fr f r rjc wkr x b f

J rcc w w w c br r k b , The First Jesuits, 75.38 o nb crz c, r vr crc

cr f B , w f v s-B r,wk f r cr f Z w k v f b c,


13/32

Introduction 13

frf ffr f w v fr , wvr. tketsubonky (b bw r) bc f r rb f r cbr, w ffr ketsubon (blake) after death. Only if the rstborn sons recited ketsubonky fr r r,

r b rc fr ffr.39 t ketsubonky r C xr-cc x. C J fr cr, c wr cb w r x c fnyoshinkue (r f w b), gosh sanj (ve impediments and obedience tor r), nyonin kekkai (cr r rb w), henj nanshi(r ). B x cr cr bc rz c f s-B, rv r r c. i bkI examine how these Japanese religious and social taboos might have inuencedc w r w s-B cx. t r B f

often inuenced womens Kirishitan conversion, as they hoped for salvation andbr b .

W J r f r r xcentury and knew the complexities and conicts among the Shinto-Buddhists,r r f w w c . o J r c b f J r rccr rc c r bw s-B r Rfr Cc. o r rr Jr c, r, v. t

w r, camis e fotoques, xr r crc .40 Frx 1565, ir l a r fkami hotoke, J r s kami fr v, ,

br r f fwr ikki (uprising) of Ikk (Jdo-Shinsh) and Saikac, n mcm, Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth-Century Japan (prc,nJ, 1984).

39 o r fketsubonky, see Makino Kazuo and Kodate Naomi, Ketsubonkyno juy to tenkai in Onna to otoko no jik: Nihon joseishi saik = TimeSpace of Gender:Redening Japanese Womens History, ed. Kno Nobuko and Tsurumi Kazuko (Tokyo,1996), 3 Chsei: 81115. On various versions of ketsubonky x e r, tk mk, mr sr Bf J, Japanese Journal of ReligiousStudies 10, . 23 (1983): 22946. o vr r 230 232. s Duncan Ryken Williams, The Other Side of Zen: A Social History of St Zen Buddhism inTokugawa Japan (prc, nJ, 2005), wc x fThe Origins of the Blood PoolHell Sutra for Womens Salvation ax a, . 1258. a h tr,

R-v W p-Kkr a, The Origins of Japans MedievalWorld: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century , . Jffr p.m (sfr, Ca, 1997), 1645.

40 i r hbr Rz, cami kami, fotoque hotoke b r rc r c.


14/32


w, r r rr w B hotoke fr v.41h w wr f r cr fhonji suijaku, wc crs kami ( ) f f B hotoke (br bv). pr l Fr w crc f wrf t

Buddhist republic of Kyasan, calling their founder Kbdaishi a son of thev. hwvr, rv r bjcv crc f t rb f crr f r (nyonin kekkai), r c w wr r (nyoshin kue) c v wr r (henj nanshi).42 t J crc f s-B fc cvr f Kr w.

o rbr J w rjc Cron the grounds of their Shinto-Buddhist convictions, which gave them sufcientr r r. W r s-B bj

w rrc, r w cr rf cb rc. W r w bcrf bikuni (ordained nuns) in such schools as Zen, Jdo, Hokke, andncr, r r zaikeni (--) r v rcr . t Cr Cr crr r wc cr fB c f K bikuni, w j rc rcr f B frf fr w.43 t K bikunir w k r f f r , b rc ketsubonkyfr v, v v wrk f w vrc w

r. tr fr w ffr rc w, w rjc Cr f J r c bikuni v. acShinto, which must be differentiated from modern imperial state Shinto, afrmed

41 l Fr, Historia de Japam, . J Wck, 5 v. (lb, 1976), 2:49. i letter dated 27 August 1585, Fris also differentiated two kinds of idols. The rst, hotoke, w rc [Bv] f sk a. Fr r r. tr wr 13 c B. J r hotoke fr frv f v x f. t c, kami, wr r . t r jrkami were goddess Tenshdaijin, Kasuga Daimyjin hc Bv. t J r kami fr , v,w, cr, vcr vr . s Cartas que os Padres e Irmos daCompanhia de Jesus escrevero dos Reynos de Iapo e China aos da mesma Companhiada India e Europa, desdo anno de 1549 ate o de 1580 (evr, 1598; fc, tr Crlbrr, 1992), 2 v. [ic Cartas rfr], 2:155155v.

42 s Cartas, 2:162162v (Fr r 1 ocbr 1585).43 t K c r K r K .

hwr t rv vc f vr f K bikuni Miko to

Bukkyshi: Kumano bikuni no shimei to tenkai (tk, 1983). s Brbr Rc,W W: Kumano bikuni przr mv er mr J, Engendering Faith: Women and Buddhism in Premodern Japan, . Brbr Rc (aArbor, MI, 2002), 56775 [indicated hereafter as Woman to Woman]. Ruchs denitionf K bikuni ffr fr hwr.


15/32

Introduction 15

goddesses and their priestesses. The demonization of tomo Nata Jezebel, who r f- s miko (r) rcr f Kr, x f w J fr r wr f s-B. B k c w wc,

r fr r r r cvr.What then were the unique benets of Christianity to the Japanese women of

r? t r rc f Cc w w rcv cr f v w cr w s-B ffr.Cr r w f v f r w f r vones in the afterlife through prayers. In addition, their condence promptedKr w wrk cv w J fr cr f fr f. t f f c w r.Cr rqr w k r c b r r

cc cf bc c wr w r .i rqr rr Cr r f r,fr, r brr, b . i wr w k vw fcbc, r c r w rr rr fr Kr . t f Kr w frr f rrc, w rcv br, r rv. W r r Cc f w r c bj rrc, Kr wb r b, br wc r Cr r rrc. abv , crc

w r fr cc b r f cx w rw f ffr c c. t rv r f Crf fr w b w r r w b J nanban J. t Cr c v w r frxrc r r r f c, r, rc, wrk f rc.

tr w rc k bw rfr f Kr wapostolic ministries and the radicalization of Japanese political ideology in the rstf f v cr. Fr n-Cfc ideology in 1607, the new Tokugawa shogunate set out to establish a stratiedc w rc c r r. a r f cf, J v wr rjc f Cr c bjf w c r bq cr. dr rr f e r, Kr w r br rourished. Whether it was in ministry of conversion, vows of perpetual virginity,fr r c, r rc r, Kr wacted in deliberate opposition to ofcial policy. They trespassed Neo-Confucianbr f w rr c f, w b rrrc rr, jr bck fr vr ccits program. The government was so alarmed that in 1614 it deported Nait Julia r mk bk fr J r c vrr. n


16/32


b r b c r, Kr w c r fr-k cv.

t c s h v cv xr Krb frc. W w c wk r r b f

Cr, r rc, r rr. tw-x w wr 56 rr gr mrr f 1619 K. B w , c w, fr r f, c b f cr rr rc r r. B f r f r s i 1651, vr cc f n-Cfc c. Kr w rvvr k rcrkakure Kr f r v. dr r f e r, w wr r bc xrc c r rr.

suce and methd

t ck f c f Kr w rr w r b crc f rr rc cf rcrc w w vc fr wr. Kr w k wr b r r xrc, b vr fw cwr wr rrv, r bc wr b w r bc

f rc f Cr. W v rvv r fr f wc, r, wr q b r, wr f J r, J-J cr rr, c J crc. i r J q wwr f f ff f w cvr, ffcv f J , r f Cr . W rbr J c c, w wr vc b r ccr, bc J wr r b rrc bcr r r R qrr. t fr k b b f fr, q c rv crc f v r f v w.

t ck f r Kr w b fc cr v fc r r w c w . Vr ar V ccr f wrrv J J c, k r fr c w.44 In contrast, the Jesuits in the eld left various

44

The ofce of the visitor was the highest ranking missionary administrator answerablerc gr f sc f J. a vr e i, Vv J r fr fw r (25 J 157920 Fbrr 1582; 21 J15909 ocbr 1592; 5 a 159815 Jr 1603). h w r rrr(rr Fr) cc w J.


17/32

Introduction 17

cr f J w r c f w wr.abv , l Fr Histria de Japo rv b cr fKr w .45

Fr wr rc fr e rr.46 l Fr w

born in Lisbon in 1532, and as a youth worked in the Royal Secretarys ofce.47 hj sc f J 1548 r fr g r. afr C f s p g, w mcc fr1554 rr g 1557. afr c c , w r r bc cfr 1561. h f g 1562, fr b mc, rrv ykr, J, 6 J 1563. Fr nk 8 J 1597, Frlived as an active eld missionary in Japan, except when he accompanied VisitorV rrr--crr mc bw 1592 1595.

He was rst stationed in Miyako (156576), became superior of Bungo (157781), r w Vc-prvc gr C (158287). h k nal vow in Kazusa in 1591. He was secretary at consultations, and often acted asJesuit spokesperson to the rst two uniers of Japan.

m r, Fr w wrr r f J r r r. h rr k w r w rcz g, w b k 1552. afr rrv J, c b cf rf r. t xrc rr wr f Histria,wc b rc Kr w w r bk. i

1579 J r J.p.mff k sc gr evrr mrcr rcr Fr wr c J crv History of India.48afr mrcr 1580, x gr C aqvv rqVr V cv rr Fr v rr gr C.Fr rcv rr r 1584. B f 1586 Fr c pr1 fHistria, wc cvr r f J bw 1549 1578. He nished Part 2 (157989) around 1590. Part 3 (158993) was nished in

45 Fr, Historia de Japam, . Wck. Wck rz fHistriade Japo, xc . [t wrk c rfr Histria.]

46 tr bk, i rv w e r fr Fr wr fr r rr rc pr, s, i, l, J, w frcr rc pr, s, gr, Frc, J rw.

47 o f f Fr, J Wck irc, Fr, Histria, 1:3*10*; ebr Jr, Das Japanbild im Traktat (1585) des Luis Frois (mr,

1988), 2236, 13483; J lz-g, Fr, l [sic], Biographical Dictionary ofChristian Missions, . gr h. ar (gr R, mi, 1998), 230.48 o mff c f Fr Histria, Wck, irc, Fr,

Histria, 1:1*3*, 11*17*. lc, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 1, Bk 1, 325; Bk2, 686.


18/32


mc 1593. Fr v c wr Histria 1597, b r, k r f rr wrk, .

Histria (154993) w vr b gr r . V w b R, c

c x b erc z w r.49 i , V r wr w r f J, wc vr c b w crr mff r. Fr wrk cr mc r r r r.50 i 1742, J m w r r c f x mc w f w bR ac f hr lb. afr rr f pr m ic, ir J avr c k. t r cr fHistria was burned in a re in 1835. The Montanha-Alvres copies, which did

rrv er, c r cr jr, w ffr c , rvv J r, rqk,res and wars. Finally, in 1923, Georg Schurhammer, an eminent Jesuit historian,identied Part 1 in Lisbon and published its German translation.51 pr 2 3 wr cvr b dr sc, Frcc cr, t

49 o V cr r f Fr wr, Wck, irc, Fr, Histria, 1:1*3*, 11*,17*; mr, The Japanese and the Jesuits, 3541.

a sv cr ffr fc f V Fr: r xv (vr) f Fr r br w-fr--c (vr) fV. s o gr ecr Cr l-J, hr J, l. Fr, Broteria 125 (1989): 7078. d sv r v bc sc ,w r f V vrw vw f Fr. sc k Vcrc f Fr crc cc Fr rv xc fr,wc ck rcr f f J, rcr rxr v r rc r r r f r b(78). d sv v Fr wr r crc r bjcv, r , rf c c, wc v cr V, r r r vb rc (78). hf Fr r f rc c wc v crb, f w r cr b w c f f(79).

50 o fc r f rcvr f cr wcr crc f x w, Wck irc, Fr, Histria, 1:17*19*. s d sv, o gr ecr Cr, 678;scrr, p. l Fr sJ, mrkr 16. Jrr i J, Orientalia, 518604; Jf Wck, d gc J p. l Fr s.J.(15491594), Neue Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft31 (1975): 192206; m

Kc, K, Nihonshi, . r. m Kc Kwk m (tk,197780), 1:2640.51 pb p. l Fr, Die Geschichte Japans (154978): Nach der Handschrift

der Ajudabibliothek in Lissabon bersetzt und kommentiert von G. Schurhammer und E.A.Voretzsch (lz, 1926).


19/32

Introduction 19

1931, r c f pr 2 lb. t pr f wr r tk 1938.52 afr fw r --f c, xr cr f r rcv lb, wr r .53 It was not until 1976 that Jos Wicki began publishing a ve-volume

crc pr. Wck fw cr rcrc-, cr rz b r. mw, bw 1977 1980, J cr m Kc Kwr m c wv-v J r fr cr rcv.54 Fearing his time was running out, Matsuda rst extracted the mostr cr r t h, wc rv Jr, r cr b jr rc r: gk,B s.55 Fr c fw r r cr rrv r v rc rrz. i Wck

crc b x.W Fr b Histria r r? i rr cx, b

r f pr Crc-nrrv, fJ Brr. i f pr x, crcr wcr fr fr vr, rv r -rv rr fr r rrv w r x f ridentications of places, peoples and things.56 t r c rr rc rrc k wv rc vr f r ,rb, frv rc fbrc.57 Fr cr cv ffc

f wv r fr e i, fr rr w w

52 pb Segunda parte da Histria de Japam que trata das couzas, quesocedero nesta V. Provincia da Hera de 1578 por diante, comeando pela Converso delRey de Bungo (15781582), Capitulos I a XLIII, . . J ar abrcp y ok (tk, 1938). s Terza parte da Historia de Japam(1582 -1592), . J.a. abrc p, y. ok, hr Brr, mnc mr, 6 (tk, 1945).

53 o r c f cr, Wck, irc,

Fr, Histria, 1:20*23*. i m 1999 i v r rcv lb (Bbcnc, arqv hrc urr, Bbc aj) x manuscripts and/or their microlms in good condition.

54 m Kc Kwk m, . r, Nihonshi, 12 v. (tk,197780). [ic rfr Nihonshi].

55 Nihonshi, 1:34. m rrk: Wvr i r r fFr Fr gr wc wr mc, i f fr rrw wc v f fr f v cr wc v frbc, i rc r. Wvr i r , i w rz vr-

rz r, fr fr cr, f J wc v, c r(56).56 lc, t Crc nrrv, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 2: A Century

of Wonder(Cc, 1977), Bk 2, 141.57 lc, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 2, Bk 2, 143.


20/32


cr fr. i rrwr cx, Histria b Jxrc f cc rrc. t J c r r crrc, wc r f q kw f r wrv .58 i c, r w r bjc,

r bk wr v rz b f r. mrletters, which provided not only edifying, but colorful descriptions of terra, oraand faun[a] were soon used in the Jesuit schools. These missionary ndingshelped to conrm what had been discovered by the writers of ancient times, ther cr fc f c r. Fr w r rr J C g, wr w fr er, afrc, a c r.59 h rc fr c ras representing a common humanity was reected in his writing ofHistria.

Fr wr rv wrr b r. h v rr

b r cc fr bjcv rf fc. i pr pr 1 1586 rc f cc w cc f w cvr.

B xv r, cr w wc c w k r f b r f rr f r f cvr f J, w ccrr w br r v r cr (rc c ffr fr cc rc f r, rc bc

rr [w]).60

The rst of these two things, Fris said, was true and genuine information(asinformaes veras e genuinas) wc r wrkr w vrf lr (desta nova vinha do Senhor) c rv. W f rc, b 1584 vr w w. i rr rrv fc f r r, Fr w b cc about work, lack of necessities, difculties and danger (tirar e coligir muitas

58 J W. pbr, t Ratio Studiorum f 1599: i f i hr,gr, o W Wr, r vr sx-Cr sCfrc (s. l, mo, 30 ocbr 1999). i r pbr w w knowledge of the expanding world inuenced the formation of curriculum in Jesuit schools,wc c Ratio Studiorum f 1599. t q r fr 7 8.s mr p. hr, J Wrr f hr, Catholic Historical Review 26, . 4(J. 1941): 435 fr f r r J r f c f cc, b f vr, cr ccc r. hw Fr w

letters from India and Japan may have inuenced the European curriculum should be r rjc.59 h. Ck, er J mr (iV): Fr l Fr hr f

m, The Missionary Bulletin (s.oc. 1954): 153.60 Fr, Histria, 1:1.


21/32

Introduction 21

couzas dos trabalhos, penurias, diffuculdades e perigos) fr padres, irmos Kr f w kw r c 1549 w wr v. h k v f b r (do livro que andaimpresso das cartas annuas).61 t c f Fr w w rcr

ffrc bw er J. i rr r cvr, must rst know the climate of the land, the characteristics, nature and customf J, c vr f r (do clima da terra, dasqualidades, natureza e costumes dos japes, do culto e venerao de seos idolos).Fr 38 r f xrc f Jculture and language would help clarify ambiguities and questions for the eldr.62

i c rrc topoi f bc, Fr z qf fr k Fr gr r : sc

k xc f b qc, i r f wrf vr f bc.63 hwvr Fr f- the best qualied historian of the mission was evident in this passage.

i ccrr b f [ fc] , b fr, b 40 r c i v b sc, v r bfrpr mr Frc Xvr f r, rrv J, v fourteen to fteen years in India with the letters that were sent there, havingb J fr 24 r f wc r f mk, v

cc vr rr w fr b w padres irmos, w wr r.64

B c xr v, Fr r r k k k. Fr, r b cc c (papeis antigos).65 sc, cc cc rfr fr -r padres, irmos, J Kr w 1586 cc Vc-prvc gr C v r f . h w r br wr. Wr : 116 cr r.66 B w b pr 2 1587, rr r wr

61 Fr, Histria, 1:2.62 Fr, Histria, 1:59.63 Fr, Histria, 1:3.64 Fr, Histria, 1:34. Fr j sc 1548.65 Fr, Histria, 1:4.66 o f m cr c Fr f rcr fr pr 1.

accr , Fr rr fr r rc 116 cr f r.a cc f pr c dcr f 66 k f J,wc w . afr dcr fw tr r gr irc J Cr. o b f c f tr r, c 37 cr w c c, , vr, c, wr, b,


22/32


Part 1 that were written so succinctly and briey (o que to sucinta e brevementese escreveo) r w c r f (muito mais o quese deixou de dizer).67 h cr r v rc fr pr 2 bc r r r f v w wr r r

r w r fr f r fr w .68 hwr 106 cr fr pr 2.69 Wvr rc c, Fr rc cr wr c fr J r r r rr, w wwr, r rr . t k crr r kr bc w c fr xc wc rc Fr .

Fr z r f c rcr f x. 70t fr rcr, c , xc br, vv br cr f r, crcrc rk fHistria.71 tw-cr r hbr Ck brv Fr

w w-wk rr ... [] r vr vrr b cr f w.72 a x-cr Cr wrr, Fr r w crr J wrr f r f the rm belief that they were witnessing antiquity come alive again.73 t wrcvc Cr w r r, e W i w b cvr Cr w bv v -C r R.74 i Fr, w f vw rvc f g w w J

c, c, , k, r, cc, c c Z, s, nr,Jdo, Hokke, Nichiren, and Jdo-Shinsh. See Wicks Introduction in Fris, Histria,1:11*13*.

67 Fr, Histria, 3:1.68 Fr, Histria, 3:2.69 n pr r r fr pr tr, fr wc wr 80 cr.70 a er De Copia, v r b x w

r k rqr fr rrc. s a m, Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought(oxfr, 1996), 10115.

71 scrr, Die Geschichte Japans (154978), x.72 h. Ck, er J mr (iV): Fr l Fr hr f

m, The Missionary Bulletin (nv.dc. 1954): 176, 181.73 o sc f r r r r f r crc

J, Valignanos Mission Principles, v. 1, pr 1, 1329. h c Fr, l gz, d Br, Fr sr. Fr b f Vr, ar V, Historia del Principio y Progresso de la Compaa deJess en las Indias Orientales (154264), . Jf Wck, Bbc i hrcsc i, 2 (R, 1944). a, b oxfr uvr cr ,

a m. rr rv w crc f x. mc Crv r r f J Rr tz Historia do Igreja do Japo ThisIsland of Japan: Joo Rodrigues Account of 16th Century Japan (tk, 1973).

74 t r c c w kw wrk Historia Natural y Moral de lasIndias f J ac.


23/32

Introduction 23

wrk r lr vr J, wr w w rk v r .75 W w xc rcrvcr f ej ( J) f Jzb, w r ac f a f fr f w .

W Fr r fr r r w w r r frwrk f rv r. a pr, v f v J q w of his European companions. Neither did he write only on heroic gures. From cr w r q f f J, bf J f c, , r.76 t brrw Ck wr ,Fr w r Wc, r rbckr f f e i.77 Fr r r ,brv r cr, wrk b r w

, rcc cr cc bfr V c fr e i. h rcf, k, fr vw wr or, r w f vr e irc, f r rc cr ffrc.78 h rcc w Cr cvr, w cr crc brf crc vr w fr f g, w w r J wfr, v cr f c. evw c m, h, s-B, fwr f r rc f g Jzb, r r v f cc f

, b v r r , f r rr,

75 Fr, Histria, 1:4: p q bb br v c [], b r br r x r . Fr q mw 4:16 (cf i 9:2). t v , q b br, v c : b r br r, x r .

76 d sv, o gr ecr Cr, 69; ebr Jr, lFr (15321597): ecrr J sc XVi, Revista de Cultura 18 (1994): 43.

77 Ck, er J mr, 176. Ck cr Fr rcrb J cc r, wc cr rb V: Fr w ff c f V w w fr r-c c cr c. Fr or, w r cc Fr Fr rf K, fw c, w r r f Kr vc f fr-rc c w Kr wr r crvv. t c w rv r bFr V, r Vr f J J fr c r w f r. t c r f r frr rrc.

78

o Fr f r, fr f g, cr r rc, R m lrr, a v r cr l Fr,sJ, O Sculo Cristo do Japo: Actas do Colquio Internacional Comemorativo dos450 anos de Amizade Portugal-Japo (15431993), . Rbr Crr a. tr m (Br, 1994), 65063.


24/32


cvr w r w .79Histria c xv cr f Kr w s-Bw ffr c.

t c jr x fr Fr Tratado, r cr

cr bw er J.80 i wr cr wcvr b sc mr 1946. i fr cr, Fr r wvr ccc c ffrc bw er J cr 609 c. sc f f fr cr fTratado c f C f tr r gr irc f pr 1 Histria, b xrc x Fr bc vw cr c,c J r rcc w.81 hwvr, rr r c fTratado r vr ffr fr fHistria. Rc cr v r Fr rr Tratado r cr

z fr w r; wvr, w ck vc r r.82 or pr wrk f cr crc, r f Essays f mc m.83 a r Fr wr

79 Ck c Fr B J cr r r b [ r]. s Ck, er J mr, 176.

80 l Fr, Kulturgegenstze Europa-Japan (1585): Tratado em que se contem

muito susintae abreviadamente algumas contradies e diferenas de custumes antre agente de Europa e esta provincia de Japo, r. . Jf Frz sc, mnc, 15 (tk, 1955), c Fr x pr sc grr [c rfr Tratado]. a Frc r vb Trait deLus Fris, S.J. (1585): sur les contradictions de moeurs entre Europens et Japonais,rfc b J m grc, r. Xvr Cr, cr b Rbrscrf (pr, 1993) [c rfr Trait].

81 Cr f Tratado c: , w, cr, bonzos, ,c, r, w, c, c, b, , r cr.

82 lrr, a v r cr l Fr, sJ, 662.83 Jr, Das Japanbild im Traktat, 216. ewr br

c: Fr Tratado ... b[] rr [] wr w f rfr crc [sic]. Fr Tratado, w r , b, c w . R w x br f rv f cr cvz, cr fc f xr vr f b w f , r[], c v fr. s ebr Jr, tx f sc f J i J fr 16 17 Cr: a a irr f Cx f hr

f t, lrr, p-C St. Francis Xavier: An Apostle of theEast, 1:112. Jr c Fr Jw f bckr bc f acquaintance with Garcia da Orta and Ferno Mendes Pinto in Goa, their shared deance pr g q f nw Cr, w V rr f wrk; wvr, Fr r vb.


25/32

Introduction 25

k, rc bjcv, k f cr r.84Cr 2, o W, rc cr . o brvr Fr rcc Rc rrc r f br ffrc,r b c, w k v j.85 ar

cr rr cr vb rc w rr,fr f b c, cc c, r r r bw w r f c b.86 i k , kr w wr w fr r, Fr w b v crj, rv brv f w w rc r b j Histria.87 uk Histria, wc v f cc fv w r , Tratado w f k rz r bjc c r, r, rk, .

t r rc rc fr J r. t Constitutionsrequired Jesuits in all mission elds to send reports regularly back to Rome.88 Frf r 130 r fr g, mcc, mc, J wrk cf r f J r.89 d F. lc, r fAsia inthe Making of Europe, b c f r vbrc rc : t rr q f r fr J crbb b rb fc f wr wr b l [sic] Fr, f b brvr crcr vr b c w sc.90

84 J m grc w rc fTratado rf rr f q f f f er J, rv b r cr cr, er r rr r r cv. s prfc, Trait, 38.

85 a mr C-l, i J d q c r, c tr [] l Fr, O Sculo Cristo do Japo, 591601.

86 prr F. sr, l Fr r f j, O SculoCristo do Japo, 639. s Jr, Das Japanbild im Traktat, 26987, r

wr br, fc, r r w Tratado Histria.

87 sr, l Fr r f j, 643.88 s 6736 Constitutions ( 2923) xc f r

the union of the members souls in European provinces. On the modied rules for thei rvc, lc, t J lr, lrbk, gr hr, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 1, Bk 1, 315.

89 s f Fr r wr bw 1552 1597 Wck irc, Fr, Histria, 34*41*. h 29 r fr i mcc r vb r

crc Documenta Indica, . Jf Wck (R, 1948), v. 2 r 5.90 lc, Asia in the Making of Europe, v. 1, Bk 1, 321. s 31431. lcbr v. 1, Bk 2, 6834: Fr r, Fr r rrcr vb bc f r v ccr fr ccr .uk f J, Fr w v rz r vrb. i fc,


26/32


t r cr f r fr J, wr pr, s,i, l, r J b er rcv; rcc Jc-sc (Jap. Sin.) c arcv Rsc J R.91 i c br f r aRsi,

r wr w f v f fr. Crc fcv r f r 1562 fr Jap. Sin. r vb r aRsi rr rc r.92

In addition, a number of copies of the ofcial letters were published in Europer Fr f r vb er, J, arc rcv.93 hr i r s pr f Cartas r cc r bk.94i c fHistria, Fr f z b r b r, wc f r r wr. er J

r r b x fr r fr f r rr. B cr r w rcrr c Histria, br f wc vrw r cr w v wc w r c. t

R cr r f fr r wr cr f . Fr k f frrr, Fr r ffr r J r r cvz f n [sic].ev bfr V rrv J, Fr ccf b w cv

cqc w c b w r rc f r cv f J b c v f Jc vr brc f cr.

91 Fr cr f rcv r, m Kc,Kinseishoki Nihon kankei nanbanshiry no kenky(tk, 1967) [c rfr Nanbanshiry]. B aRsi Jap. Sin., r r r cc Bbc aj lb, R ac hr mr, Br m.tr crv c f Jap. Sin. r er rcv r,of which the Kirishitan Bunko in Sophia University has microlms. See Obara Satoru,Kirishitan Bunko: Iezusukai Nihon kankei monjo (Tokyo: Nanssha, 1981).

92 sc, . Monumenta Historica Japoniae I.: Textus Catalogorum Japoniae15491654; J g. Rz m, . ., Documentos Del Japon: 15471557:Monumenta Historica Japoniae II, m hrc sc J, 137 (R,1990); J g. Rz m, . ., Documentos Del Japon: 15581562:Monumenta Historica Japoniae III, m hrc sc J, 148 (R,1995.) [t wrk r c MHJ1, MHJ2, MHJ3, rcv.]

93 Rrv f r b r fr J r c obr, Kirishitan Bunko: Iezusukai Nihon kankei monjo, 1114. s lr, KirishitanBunko: A Manual, 167282 b r bw 1552 1700.

94

Cartas que los Padres y Hermanos de la Compaia de Iesus, que andan en losReynos de Iapon escrivieron a los de la misma Compaia, desde el ao de mil y quinientosy quarenta y nueve, hasta el de mil y quinientos y setenta y uno (ac, 1575) [crfr Cartas, 1575]; Cartas ( 41). s lc, Asia in the Making ofEurope, v. 1, Bk 1, 320 v. 1, Bk 2, 676 cc.


27/32

Introduction 27

b r cc r c f fr 1593, w w rv Fr w Histria.95 afr Fr 1597, rwrr c J Rr gr c r f bjcv. m r r vb h l r, wc

cvr r bw 1577 1601, grrr pr cc,wc cvr r bw 1600 1609.96 ar J r b r, Labor Evanglica b Frcc C, rv fr Nait Julias congregation of Kirishitan women exiled in the Philippines.97 tJ r fr r r wr cc wr rrv rb Br p, wc i .98 i cr cc w J wr, r bw c w c wrr b k cr. Crf b crc

95 J r f b r cc (c Cartas, h,grrr, Br, J Rr gr) r vb m Kc ., . r., Jroku-shichiseiki Iezusukai Nihon hkokusho, 15 v. 3 r (K,198797)[c rfr Hkokusho]; t hrc i, tk uvr, .,Iezusukai Nihon shokansh, Nihon kankei kaigai shiry: Historical Documents in Foreignl R J (tk, 1990). t r r c b rtext and Japanese translations. Two older Japanese translations are: Murakami Naojir andy tk, . r., Iezusukaishi Nihon tsshin, 2 v.; Iezusukai Nihon

nenp, 2 v. (tk, 196869). a e r f vr xcr fr J -J er r vb mc Cr, ., They Came to Japan:An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 15431640 (Brk, Ca, 1965).

96 J h, . r., De Rebvs Iaponicis, Indicis, et Pervanis EpistolaeRecentiores. A Ioanne Hayo Dalgatiensi Scoto Societatis Iesu in liberum unum coaceruatae(awr, 1605; rr. nr, 1977). sc J J h (15461607 r 08) w w Frc h. pr 1 f De Rebvs cvr J . oh r cc, The Catholic Encyclopedia (1910), 7:157; Crsrv, ., Bibliotque de la Compagnie de Jsus, prr pr: Bibliographie(Br, 1893), 4:1626; Fr grrr, Relao Anual das Coisas que Fizeramos Padres da Companhia de Jesus nas suas Misses do Japo, China ... nos anos de 1600a 1609, 3 v. (lb evr, 160311; rr. Cbr, 1930). J Fr grrr(15501617) was active in Portugal and was briey a Visitor to Terceira islands.

97 Frcc C, Labor Evanglica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de laCompaa de Jess, fundacion, y progressos de su providencia en las Islas Filipinas, 3 v.(mr, 1663; rr. . pb p, Bc,, 190092). mr fr b wrk v Cr 4.

98 o d Br (160885), pr ii f Dell Historia del Compagniadi Giesu, LAsia ( c d g), sc, Valignanos Mission

Principles, 1:2023; hr, J Wrr f hr, 442. Br xr b Fr Del Giappone ( c b Jr, l Fr, 44). s lp, Histoire de la Religion Chrtienne au Japon depuis 1598 jusqua 1651: comprenantles faits relatifs aux deux cent cinq martyrs batis le 7 juilllet 1867, 2 v. (pr, 1869).p w Frc r, w c Bibliographie japonaise 1859.


28/32


v w wr, bc Fr r J rw w c vr .

t fr r f rr r c f c f sc f J, c l Spiritual Exercises Constitutions,

V Sumario/Aditiones.99 t r rv rcrv frwrkof analysis for the rst three groups of materials, which are mostly descriptive inr.

The fth group of primary materials is Kirishitanban (cristo edio) rcb J r Cr Cr.100 t c ccctextbooks, devotional leaets, and theological treatises, which were coauthored by er J J wrr r -r b . t Jqck r v f cc r r rr r J . mr J rrr-

cc r, c, b Krb rr l,pr, J. a rr er r, r r f s-B x w Krcc. t r rrv r ccv vc r rv rc rc. s w bk cc w c Krb bk Kontemutsusu munji (The Imitationof Christ), Santosu no gosagy (t ac f s) Mytei mond. twr v rr rcc r f wrk, b wv crb wr, v, rc f rr

ffr . a c r f cx f rcr wv rv f r w r cr c, r vc .

tr r vr fw r wrk wr b Kr rvv rc b tkw . W v rvv er

99 s i f l, Spiritual Exercises and Selected Works, . gre. g, w cbr f pr dvrkr, ewr J. m, mr e. pr (nw yrk, 1991); On Giving the Spiritual Exercises: The Early JesuitManuscript Directories and the Ofcial Directory of 1599, r. . mr e. pr(s. l, mo, 1996); Constitutions; Constitutions of the Society of Jesus and TheirContemporary Norms: A Complete English Translation of the Ofcial Latin Texts, . JW. pbr (s. l, mo, 1996); V, Sumario de las cosas de Japon (1583);Adiciones del Sumario de Japon (1592) [c rfr Sumario/Adiciones]; sc, Valignanos Mission Principles.

100 s lr, Kirishitan Bunko, 1126. Bw 1590, w J pr br, gr ex f 1614, r 60 wr b.t x r Kr c b wrk b

J pr mc. i bk i cr wrk f r, c wc r b, b Krb. s bk wr b obrsr, Kirishitanban ni tsuite (tk, ..), c cr, wc w , , f (J r R), bc c , crr c f 35 rvv b wrk 6 7.


29/32


30/32


cx, w r cv q w xr r r vc . ec r r f c cv f jrwomen gures, around whom lesser-known women in the similar apostolatecr. s w cr vr br rr r r.

For example, Nait Julia was a nun who became a leading catechist, founding thec f w cc. t fr r rr w cvbackgrounds in Japanese religions. Each part explores specic application ofthe teachings on salvation and the freedom of women in Jdo-Shinsh, Jdo,Z, s, K cx, . W n, Cc, srrr vc w r v b, Wc rr J b f w r f rc s-B.

pr 1 br n bc w r fr ccelibacy. Hibiya Monica (c.154977), Nait Julia (c.15661627), Luzia de la Cruz

(15801656), tc ic (15791656), w f mk bkare the major gures, around whose stories other Kirishitan virgens (vr) c ww r rc. m rr w k rvvw f c c r v v. or kvw f vr, c, bc v c.t r q b c w cc f Kr cbc vr B cbc cx f J Cc c Jmarriage customs. Most of these Kirishitan women had a background in Jdoand Jdo-Shinsh. Thus this part examines what ideas of Jdo (Pure Land) and

Kr paraiso (r) w f f r crc fheaven (nal salvation). It also examines the monastic forms and practices whichthe women took from Jdo traditions as well as Jesuit literary resources and thencrr r Kr c f. i r q f Jc b f cv fr Krw z w j w J cv r f f v.

Part 2 discusses Witches. Queen tomo-Nata Jezebel (d.1587) of Bungo is jr rrv f f- miko (r), , bikuni, w r w cv vc. t r x rc s-B, c hc K r. t rrrv c w rc r. t v J r cx f fr v.These two elements formed the vocational identity of tomo-Nata Jezebel as ther f hc r f K. s r w r f r rf Cr cvr r r r fJapanese religions. The Jesuits, who met their erce resistance, regarded them asrcrr, c, wc. ec f wc- er c e W i c b r r J K f B. B Cc J rr w c v fr r v w. i , rc f cr patronage and conversion of the king, tomo-Nata Jezebels husband, the Jesuits


31/32

Introduction 31

r vrc fr r rrr r --w. t r c K bikuni vcc f b wr wvand concubines, such as tomo-Nata Jezebel, in contrast to the Jesuits selectiveb.

pr 3, Cc, ccr w w k J cv c r. hkw t grc (15631600) r r r c Krb x Kontemutsusu munji.srr r w wr crc f w cc, c Kr imr (..), Cr f tb (c.1520c.1587), Kkj m (. 1600),Kygoku Maria (c.15431618), and Nait Julia. The women catechists utilizedKrb x fr b r w r frrvc . t , rc, r, bz, ccz , rv r cr. t Krb rr

cr r w w wr b c crc frvr r. s Kr w fc vr b fr r b r, w cc r r c jc. t r x w c xr Z B. prr r cvr, Z-r w J x Krb x w Zc q. afr c v rvc Krr, c Z f r, b -k rwr, r c f Krb x. t c

r c w s-B crc r r r f r.

pr 4 b sr w r r wrk f rc fr r r r r-r c. J f nk, frf Cfrr Crr f mrcr (1585), rwomen martyrs of Jihi no kydaikai (Confraternity of Mercy) in Yatsushiro in1603, rrv r, b r wr r r w frr cc. t mrcr c pr e iw r , w r fr w f cr r v r rcv cr. i J mrcr, Krw cv cr r f cv. tr wr mrcongregations through which women attained leadership. During the nal years ofrc, Kr w r mr cr rv r,r, rc r rr c.

W f bk c fr ffr c. dr r rbw sengoku e, J c rrc bc xc: r rcr, r (wrrr), frr, r, rc,and the rest. Most of the major gures of this book, such as Nait Julia, tomo-Nata Jezebel, Hosokawa Tama Gracia, Kiyohara Ito Maria, and Kygoku Mariab c fdaimy rcrc f. W vfr r wr fr w fr c r. tk J,tk i, m m f yr (pr 4) b


32/32


wrrr c. tr r fwr x fr wr r f c: hbmc w fr w rc c, w J f nk w fr r c. a w r c, xrc f w, wwr jr f , rr rcr r.

t r k c r jr Kr cr. W pr 1 3 lived in the Gokinai area (ve kingdoms surrounding the capital Kyoto). Part 1extends the geography outside Japan to Manila, as Nait Julia and her congregationf mk bk r r x r. pr 2 4 cvr wr J rc K: k f B s, rcv.

i r, c bybu cr c. s fr cr, vwr r r fr . afr f vw , c rc bybu w r, wc wc, br r f r. t , c xrc

c r frbybu fr . s cpr f bk bybu fr fr f CrCr. o c bybu, n, Wc, Cc, sr r, r fr r fr . ec bybu c r crcr,J r, rr crcr, ffr r. n f c r bf c, r x. t r v bc , c cr v f. Wr v f crc f r. s, vwr r r r. s z f c cr, rr cr z

f w k bck r fr . t jx fr r f bkrr vwr c wc b rrr r fKr w .

Women_Religious_Leaders_in_Japan_s_Christian_Century_1549_1650_Intro, vedi pag 25

Documents

Transcript of Women_Religious_Leaders_in_Japan_s_Christian_Century_1549_1650_Intro, vedi pag 25