WOMEN IN THE UKRAINIAN SECURITY SECTOR: LEGISLATION AND CURRENT

PRACTICES

Philipp Fluri, Maria Berlinska, Valentyn Badrack

ThestudyisperformedbytheexpertsfromtheInstituteofGenderProgramsandtheCenterforArmy,ConversionandDisarmamentStudies(CACDS)withfinancialsupportfromGenevaCenterforDemocraticControloverArmedForces(DCAF).

Kyiv-Geneva,2016

CONTENT

PrefacePhilippFluri………………………………………………………………………………………….…3PrefaceMariaBerlinska…………………………………………………………………………………..….4PrefaceValentynBadrack……………………………………………………………….…………………..6

Introduction……………………………………………………………….………………………….8

Reviewofregulatory-legalactsregimentingserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine,NationalGuardofUkraineandStateBorderServiceofUkraine………………………………………..…………….11

ConclusionsandRecommendations…………………………………………….………..39

Bibliography………………………………………………………………..........………………….42

PREFACE

PhilippFluriDeputyDirectorDCAF

TheconflictinthesoutheastUkrainehasmadeitclearthatthereareabroadrangeofcitizens–maleandfemale,civilianandenlistedmilitary–determinedtovolunteertheirservicestoassistnotonlyintheATOareabutinthereformofavarietyofdefenceandbroadersecuritystructures.

Ukrainiansocietyhasundergonefundamentalchangesintheapproachtotheperceptionofgenderrelationssince1990–ironicallyaftertheendoftheSovietUnion.Asuccessfulregulationofgenderrelationsinsocietydoes,however,presupposemorethanperceptions.Thevaluesofgenderequalityinsocietyhastobeenshrinedinlaws,institutions,policiesandpractices.

TheArmedForcesatalllevelsarenotexemptfromgenderequalityprinciples,andneitheraretheministriesrepresentingthedefenceandsecuritysectoratgovernmentallevel.Withtheexistenceofavolunteermovementsupporting–orevenbeingthesoleprovidersof-avarietyoftraditionally“military-only”activities,theneedforclearguidanceongenderissuesduringthecurrentreformprocessisclear.

InlinewithotherlegalstudiesanddocumentationspublishedbyDCAF,thisstudypreliminarilyaddressestheUkrainianlegislationregulatinggenderaspectsofthedefenceandsecuritysectorofUkraine.Theapparentdearthofinformationisnotduetothelackofindustriousnessofthecommentatorsbuttothelackofaggregatedpoliciesandlegislationontheissue.Thereisobviouslyalotlefttodo,bothinthelegislativefield,andtheareasofpoliciesandpractices.

Geneva,June2016

3

PREFACE

MariaBerlinskaHeadoftheInstituteofGenderPrograms

Allprogressiveprocesses in societyhavea startingpoint.The surveywhichyouare holding in your hands started with the civic initiative «Invisible Battalion» andlogically continued the previous process of change. Now, Google produces 150000resultsinresponsetotheInvisibleBattalionsearchquery.IwilltrytoexplainwhattheInvisibleBattalionmeansinmoreplainwordsandinmoredetailthanGoogle.

With the beginning of the military campaign in Ukraine I volunteered for airreconnaissance forourarmy. Ineverplannedamilitarycareerbeforeorafterwards,my presence in the military campaign was a forced step to counter the Russianoccupationofmycountry.

However,everytime,comingtoact intheATOarea, InoticedthatwomenwhovolunteeredtodefendtheirMotherland,asIdid,hadahalf-legalstatus.Womenwhoactuallywere snipers, reconnaissance officers, grenade launcher operators – that is,performed combat missions – were officially enrolled as cooks, needlewomen orrecordkeepers.Womenwerealsonotadmittedtokeypositionsinmilitarycommand.

Clear thing, this influenced their pay, the attitude of their commanders, theirsocial status and further military career. In addition to evident discrimination ongender grounds, I saw this situation as impairment of Ukraine’s defence capability.After all, if half of society is not allowed to effectivelydefend its independence, theentiresocietyloses50%ofpotentialproductivityintheendresult.

Therefore, I decided to survey this issue inmoredetail, tounderstandhow theprofessionalcompetenceofwomencouldbebetterusedinwartime.Thisgaverisetothe«InvisibleBattalion»project - the first inUkraine sociological surveyofwomen’sparticipation in the Ukraine-Russian war, as well as a unique photo project withportraitsof50womenwhotookpartincombatoperations.

Theprojectfoundsupportof international institutions–theUkrainianWomen’sFund and UN Women. However, after the presentation of the survey results the«InvisibleBattalion»acquiredsuchpublicitythatitimmediatelyturnedapowerfulciviccampaignpushingforchangesinthelegislation.Forseveralmonths,maleandfemaleactivists spoke about the possibility of full-scale military service of women in mass

4

media, Parliament, international organisations, and once even came with thesedemandstothedooroftheDefenceMinistry.TheMinistryleadershiphasannouncedthatthosechangeswilltakeplacesoon.

To simplify and accelerate the process, DCAF in the person of Philipp FluritogetherwithknownUkrainianmilitaryexpertsLeonidPolyakovandValentynBadrackinvitedmetocoordinatethesurveyofthelegalsideofthequestion.

As the head of the Institute of Gender Programs, I see this initiative asundoubtedly promoting democracy, gender equality and, the main thing,strengtheningUkrainiansocietyinthisdifficulttime.

Ihopethatthroughjointefforts,wewillhaveprofessionalandefficientpowerstructuresintheforeseeablefuture,whichwillbringsecuritytobothUkraineandtheEuropeanUnion.

Kyiv,June2016

5

PREFACE

ValentynBadrackDirectorCACDS

The issue of gender equality in Ukraine’s power structures acquires particularimportance.ItshouldbeadmittedthatmanningoftheArmedForcesofUkraine(AFU),theStateBorderServiceofUkraine (SBSU)andtheNationalGuardofUkraine (NGU)still largely restson the traditionsof theSoviet times,when the roleandabilitiesofwomen in the power structures were strictly limited. In fact, women were onlyengaged for service in certain positions in headquarters, communications centres,pressservicesandmilitarymedicalunits.

Theissueofgenderequalityinthepowerstructuresandtheroleofwomenintheconditionsofaconflictisespeciallytopical,giventhatawariswagedonthecountry’sterritory for more than two years now, and quite many women take part in thedefence of the state as volunteers. This even more requires perfection of theregulatory-legal framework and the very approaches of the authorities to theimplementationofthehumanresourcespolicyinthepowerstructures.

Speaking about the existence of a “specific” attitude to women, expertsreasonablymentionsomeordersoftheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine,theMinistryofInternal Affairs of Ukraine and the State Border Service of Ukraine that limitengagementofwomenforperformanceofspecifictasks,inparticular,participationofwomenincombatoperationsandabilitytooccupysomepositions.Expertsalsonotethat the prejudiced attitude of servicemen, commanders, society to women in factowes to legislative norms providing for a specific, more uncensorious attitude toservicewomen,comparedtomen.

Meanwhile,theMinistryofDefence,too,believesthatitisimpossibletoentirelydo awaywith thedifferences in the statusofwomenandmen in theArmedForcesduringmilitaryservice.Accordingtothedefenceestablishmentposition,itisnotaboutthediscriminatorypolicyofthebodiesofstatepowerbutaboutUkraine’sobligationsunder the International Maternity Protection Convention and, respectively,effectivenessoftheLawofUkraine“OnLabourProtection”andtheMinistryofPublicHealthOrderdated29December1993№256“OnApprovaloftheListofHardWorksandWorks inHazardousandDangerousConditions,WhereEmploymentofWomen’sLabourisForbidden”.However,therelevantprovisionsoftheUkrainianlegislationalso

6

require revision, since they do not rest on international norms but almost literallyreproduceregulatoryactsoftheSoviettimes.

ItshouldalsobeaddedthattheGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesofUkraineiscurrently drafting changes to the Regulations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine,providingforequalrightsofservicewomenandservicemenineverydayactivity.

Allthementionedobstaclesforwomeninthenationalpowerstructurespointtotheneedofurgentrevisionofnormsandthelegislativeframework,especiallyinthecontextofthedefencereformandEuro-AtlanticintegrationofUkraine.Ukraineinfactremainsastatethathistoricallyinheritedmanymentalnodes.Theattitudetoservicewomeniscertainlyoneofthem.So,theexistenceofrelevantanalyticalmaterialsandready-to-userecommendationsofconcernedorganisationsmayseriouslypushtheauthoritiestoimplementchanges,concerningengagementofwomenformilitaryservice.

Kyiv,June2016

7

INTRODUCTION

For Ukraine, the issue of gender equality in power structures and the role ofwomenintheconditionsofaconflictisespeciallytopical,giventhewarwagedonthecountry’s territory formorethantwoyearsnowunder theofficialnameofan“anti-terroristoperation”,or“contingency”.Thepracticeprovesthatpowerstructureshavea “specific” attitude to women. Stereotypes about the role of women dominatingUkrainiansocietygrowintheconservativecultureofthesecurityanddefencesector.Underthepretextofprotectionofwomenandmaternity,careaboutwomen’shealthand account of women’s abilities, Ukraine’s legislation abounds in discriminatoryprovisions. In particular, orders of theMinistry ofDefence and theArmed ForcesofUkraine (hereinafter – “MOD”, “AFU”), theNationalGuardofUkraine (hereinafter –“NGU”) and the State Border Service of Ukraine (hereinafter – “SBSU”) restrictengagementofwomenforperformanceofcertaintasks,theirparticipationincombatoperations, ability to occupy some positions. That said, provisions of the legislationcontainnotdispositivebutexpresslyprohibitivenorms.Inotherwords,thelegislationdoesnotgiveservicewomantherighttoescapeparticipation inespeciallydangerousmissions,iftheywish,butimposesadirectbanonsuchparticipation,eveninpresenceof a good will and proper skills. Inability of official participation in some activitiesmakeswomentosearchforalternativeopportunitiestousetheirknowledge,abilitiesandskillsinthetradeofwar.Asaresult,perfectsnipersareofficiallyenrolledascooks,with the corresponding official pay and impossibility to get proper letters ofcommendation,militaryranksandfurthercareergrowthinmilitaryservice.

Meanwhile, the effective legislation restricts the rights not only of women butalso of men, raising the issue of gender equality to an entirely different level. Inparticular,regulatory-legalactsarewrittensothatservicemenactuallycannotactivelyparticipateinthelifeoftheirownfamily,takeachildcareleaveetc.

In addition to a prejudiced attitude, thewomenwho opted for a career in thesecurityanddefencesectoreverydayencounteranumberofregulatoryobstaclesforprofessionalgrowthanddevelopment.Thoseproblemsmaybesummedupasfollows:

1.Althoughthelawprovidesthatduringmilitaryserviceservicewomenenjoythesame rights and freedoms asmen, Ukraine’s regulatory-legal framework stillmakes distinctions between the official positions of servicewomen and servicemen. Forinstance, in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Military Duty and MilitaryService»dated25.03.1992№2233-ХІІ, theage limit forservicewomenissetequalto50 years (10 years lower than formen), women cannot be included in the primary

8

operationalreserve,eveniftheyhaveamilitaryoccupationalspecialty(allmen,whendismissedfromservice,areautomaticallyincludedintheprimaryoperationalreserve).

2.Restriction of the ability (right) to occupy certain positions. TheMinister ofDefenceOrderdated27.05.2014№337«OnApprovalofProvisionalListsofMilitaryOccupational and Regular Positions of Privates and Non-Commissioned Officers forServicewomenandPositionWageRates for theAbove-MentionedMilitaryServants»specifiesthelistofpositionsthatcannotbefilledbyservicewomen,e.g.:sniper,fieldengineer,anti-aircraftgunner.AccordingtothesameOrder,womenarenotappointedto officer positions dealing with management of explosives, diving operations,commandandcontrolofbrigadesofsurfaceshipsandnavaloperationcentres,aswellassomepositionsinspecialforces.

3.The prejudiced attitude of servicemen, commanders, society to women infactowes to legislative norms providing for a specific, more uncensorious attitude toservicewomen, compared to men. For instance, servicewomen are not subject toadministrative sanctions, military confinement for commitment of militaryadministrativeoffences.Mitigationofresponsibility,punishmentandestablishmentofanyotherspecialconditionsbasedonsexdonotcontributetointegrationofwomenina male team and furtherance of professional relations resting on the principles ofequality.Similardiscriminatorynorms(LawofUkraine“OnSocialandLegalProtectionofMilitary Servants and Their FamilyMembers”, Article 10-1) regiment the right toleaveandrest(womenhavetherighttochildcareleave,whilemendonothavesuchright,hence,conditionsarecreatedwherebyonlyawomenwillgiveuphercareerforthesakeofparenthood).

4. Absence of infrastructure facilities, specific norms of clothing and medical support for women.Militaryunitsarenotproperly fittedout to letwomenserve inthearmy(therearenotoilets,showers,separatebarracksforwomen),noprocedureof medical examination of women is provided, there are no physicians qualified inwomen’smedicalhealth,women’suniformandotherpersonalitemsarenotprocured.InstructionmanualsandordersoftheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine,theMinistryofInternalAffairsofUkraine,theNationalGuardofUkraineandtheStateBorderServiceof Ukraine have no provisions whatsoever providing infrastructure and otherconditionsfortheserviceofwomeninpowerstructures.

Although the description of the above-mentioned problems mainly containsreferencestolawsregimentingserviceintheArmedForces,thesituationwithwomenserving in theunitsof theNationalGuardand theStateBorderService is absolutelythesame.Thethingisthatserviceindifferentpowerstructuresislargelyregimentedby common legislative acts describing general principles and approaches. Bylaws ofeveryseparateagency furtherdescribe theproceduresof implementationofspecificlegislativenormsinmoredetail.

9

For identification of the possible ways of solution of the problems describedabove, it is proposed to perform a review of the key legislative acts and bylawsregimentingtheproceduresofserviceinAFU,NGUandSBSUfortheircompliancetothe principle of gender equality. The survey is presented in the format of a tablecontainingthetitleoftheregulatory-legalact,aquotationoftheprovisioncontainingadiscriminatoryorgender-relatedwording,andalegalopinionofcomplianceofthatprovisiontotheprincipleofgenderequality.Thefirstpartofthetablebearsanalysisof regulatory-legal acts regimenting the activity of all the three power structurescovered by this review; the following three parts review regulatory-legal actsregimenting the procedures of service in theArmed Forces ofUkraine, theNationalGuard of Ukraine and the State Border Service of Ukraine. The table is followed byconclusionsandrecommendationsadvisingonpossiblewaysofsolutionofthegenderissueinthestatepowerstructures.

10

REVIEW

OFREGU

LATO

RY-LEGALACTSREGIMENTINGSERVICEINTHEAR

MEDFORCESOFUKRA

INE,

NATIONALGUAR

DOFUKRA

INEAN

DSTATEBORD

ERSERVICEOFUKRA

INE

№Titleoftheregulatory-

legalact

Provision

Legalanalysis

І.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryservice(com

monforAFU,NGU

andSBSU)

LawsofUkraine

1OnMilitaryDutyand

MilitaryService

Article20.TheContractualBasisforEnlistmentinMilitary

Service

1.Citizenswhopasstheprofessionalandpsychological

selectionandmeettherequirem

entsofm

ilitaryservicecanbe

enlistedinmilitaryserviceonacontractualbasis:

Enlistedservicem

eninregularmilitaryservice,whoserve

underconscriptionorunderm

obilisationduringthespecial

period,citizensofcall-upagewhohaveundertakenhigher,

vocationalorcompletedsecondaryeducationandhavenotyet

passedregularm

ilitaryservice,personsliableformilitary

serviceaswellaswom

enwhodonothavemilitaryranksas

officers,

havea

relevanteducation,undertakenspecial

preparationandarebetween18-40yearsofage–formilitary

serviceonacontractualbasisasprivates,sergeantsand

sergeant-majors;

…

2.Formilitaryserviceonacontractualbasisasofficersinthe

SecurityServiceofUkraine,intelligenceservicesofUkraineand

theDepartmentoftheStateProtectionofUkraineareenlisted

citizensofUkrainewhohavecompletedahigherlevelof

educationnolow

erthanabachelor’sdegreeandspecialisedin

afieldthatcorrespondstothetypeofserviceconcernedand

whohavenotreachedtheagelimitrequiredforofficerservice,

Pursuanttoitems1and2,part1,Article20ofthe

Law,awom

anmaysignacontractofm

ilitaryservice

intheageof18to40years.Meanw

hile,thereisno

suchrestrictionform

en.

Furthermore,giventhattheagelim

itforreserve

serviceofwom

enliabletoduty(irrespectiveofthe

militaryranksconferredtothem

)is50years,

wom

enintheageof40to50years(bycontrastto

men)cannotm

akeacontractofm

ilitaryservice.

Itisproposedtoequatetheagelim

itforconclusion

ofcontractsofm

ilitaryserviceforwom

enwiththe

agelim

itofreserveservice.

11

servicem

eninregularm

ilitaryservicewhohaveservedforno

lessthansixmonths,privates,sergeantsandsergeant-majors

incontractualmilitaryservice,personsliableforserviceand

wom

enunder40yearsofage.

Article28.ReserveClassesandServiceAgeLimitsforPersons

LiableforM

ilitaryServiceintheReserve

1.Personsliableform

ilitaryserviceinthereservearedivided

intotw

oclasses,whichareestablishedinaccordancewiththeir

age.

2.Personsliableform

ilitaryserviceinthereservewhohave

theranksofprivates,sergeantsandsergeant-majorsare

dividedintothefollowingageclasses:

1)firstclass-upto35years;

2)secondclass-upto60years;

3.Officersinthereservearedividedintothefollowingage

classes:

1)firstclass:

• juniorofficers-upto45years;

• rankofseniorofficers:

• major(captainofthe3rd rank),lieutenantcolonel

(captainofthe2n

d rank)-upto50years;

• colonel(thecaptainof1strank)-upto55years;

• superiorofficers-upto60years;

2)secondclass:

• juniorandseniorofficers-upto60years;

• superiorofficers-upto65years;

4.Theagelimitforthesecondcategoryinthereserveis

equivalenttotheagelimitforthemilitaryreserve.

5.Irrespectiveoftheirrank,wom

enliableform

ilitaryservice

aretransferredtothereserveofthesecondclass.Theservice

agelim

itinthereserveforw

omenis–50years.

Part5ofarticle28providesthatwom

enliableto

militaryservicearerelegatedtothesecondary

reservewiththeagelim

itofreserveserviceequalto

50years.Thatsaid(bycontrasttomen),themilitary

rankconferredtothem

isnottakenintoaccount.

This

provision

effectively

offsets

wom

en’s

achievem

entsduringmilitaryservice.Irrespectiveof

theobtainedm

ilitaryrank(fromaprivatetoan

ArmyGeneralofUkraine),allwom

enliableto

militaryservicemustretireinthesameage.

Inaddition,thisprovisionputsmenandwom

enon

unequalfooting.Ononehand,formenliableto

militaryservicewhostayinthereserveandhave

militaryranksofprivatesandnon-com

missioned

officersandbelongtotheprimarygrade,theage

limitofreserveserviceissetequalto35years,for

men–juniorofficers–45years.Therefore,som

ecategoriesofm

enmayretireearlierthanwom

en.

Ontheotherhand,theagelim

itofreserveservicefor

menis65years(forsuperiorofficers).Hence,m

en

mayserveinthereserve15yearslongerthan

wom

en,w

hichseriouslyunderminestherightand

abilityofwom

enliabletom

ilitaryservicetoget

12

higherm

ilitaryranks(article31oftheLawof

Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»

allowsconfermentofhighermilitaryranksduring

reserveservice).TheLawofUkraine«OnPensions

forPersonsDismissedfrom

MilitaryServiceand

SomeOtherPersons»providesthatthecalculationof

thepensiontakesintoaccountthem

ilitaryrank.

Therefore,wom

enliable

tomilitaryservice

potentiallymayhavealowerpension.

Itisproposedtodoawaywiththedistinctionof

wom

eninaseparatecategoryandtoequatethem

to

men.

Article27.TransfertotheReserve.CategoriesofServicemenin

theReserve

1.CitizensofUkrainefitformilitaryserviceforhealthreasons

inpeaceandwartim

eandwhohavenotreachedtheserviceage

limitaretransferredtothereserveoftheArmedForcesof

Ukraineandotherm

ilitaryformations.Theyareregisteredwith

enlistmentofficesinregional(city)m

ilitarycom

missariatsand

therelevantbodiesofothermilitaryformations.

2.Personsliableform

ilitaryserviceinthereservearedivided

intotwocategories.3.Personsliableform

ilitaryservicewho

havecarriedoutmilitaryserviceandhaveacquiredamilitary

specialitywhileintheservicebelongtothereserveofthe

firstcategory.

4.Personsliableform

ilitaryservicewhohavenotacquireda

militaryspecialityduringmilitaryservice,personswhohavenot

carriedoutm

ilitaryservice,asw

ellasw

omenliablefor

militaryservicebelongtothereserveofthesecondcategory.

5.Ifpersonsliableform

ilitaryservicewhobelongtothe

reserveofthesecondcategoryacquireamilitaryspeciality

Maleconscriptsarerelegatedtotheprimarymilitary

reserve,iftheygotamilitaryoccupationalspecialty.

Meanw

hile,wom

enliable

tomilitaryservice,

irrespectiveoftheobtainedmilitaryoccupational

specialty,arerelegatedtothesecondaryreserve.

Suchprovision

downplaysachievem

entsofa

servicewom

anand

lowers

her

value

asa

professional.

Itisproposedtodoawaywiththedistinctionof

wom

eninaseparatecategoryandtoequatethem

to

men.

13

whileonthelistofreserveorservinginthemilitaryreserve,

theyaretransferredtothereserveofthefirstcategory

(exceptforwom

enliableform

ilitaryservice).

Article26.Dischargefrom

militaryservice

…

2)forallofficers:

…

d)inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodandabsence

ofintentiontocontinuethem

ilitaryserviceonthepartof

wom

anmilitaryserviceman,w

hohasachild(children)under

theageof18.

…

6.Contractshallbepostponed

(cancelled)and

military

servicem

enshallbedischargedfrom

militaryservice:

…

k))inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodand

absenceofintentiontocontinuethemilitaryserviceonthepart

ofwom

anmilitaryserviceman,whohasachild(children)under

theageof18;

…

7. Forcadreserviceofficers:

…

j)inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodandabsence

ofintentiontocontinuethem

ilitaryserviceonthepartof

wom

anmilitaryserviceman,w

hohasachild(children)under

theageof18.

8.Duringthespecialperiod,thefollowingmilitary

servicem

enshallbedischarged:

1)from

thetim

eofannouncem

entofm

obilizationuntilthe

timestipulatedbyclauses2and3ofthisPart:

a)wom

en,w

hohaveachild(children)undertheageof18,in

Duringacontingency,aservicewom

anwhohasa

childagedunder18yearsmaybedismissed,ifsheis

unwillingtocontinuemilitaryservice.M

endonot

enjoysucharight.Thisresultsinasituationwhere

inthefam

iliesofmilitaryservantsitisthewom

an

whohastoresignfrommilitaryservice,sacrificing

hercareer,sinceshealoneisgivenanopportunityto

lookafterthechild.

Itisproposedtosupplem

enttheseprovisionswith

therighttodismissalgrantedtoonespouseattheir

choice,ifbothspousesserveinthemilitary.

However,evenwithaccountoftheaboveproposal,

article26willstillgrantspecialrightssolelyto

wom

en–ifawom

anistheonlyfam

ilym

ember

servinginthearmy,shemayresignfrom

military

service,butifonlyamanservesinthearmyina

family,hecannotresign.So,itisproposedto

supplementthisprovisionandtogiveservicemen

whobringupachildontheirowntherighttoresign

from

servicetobringupachild.

Menandw

omencanbefullyequated,ifthese

provisionsarerem

ovedorbothwom

enandmenget

therighttoresigniftheyhaveachildunder18years.

Theseprovisionsprotectchildrenincaseofa

14

casetheydidnotindicatetheirintentiontocontinuethe

militaryservice;

possibledeathofthemotherincombatoperations(if

thewom

anherselfdoesnotwanttocontinue

service).Hence,iftheseprovisionsarecancelled,

suchguaranteewilldisappear,andthegenderstatus

ofwom

enwillnotim

prove.Apparently,thebestw

ay

toresolvetheissuewillbetogivebothwom

enand

mentherighttoresignfrom

serviceforchildcare.

Article30.Exem

ptionfrom

TrainingSessions

1.Thefollowingpersons(exceptforthoseservinginthe

reserve)areexemptfromregulartrainingsessions:

….

7)wom

enliableformilitaryserviceexceptforcontroltraining

sessions;

Item7ofpart1,article30,releaseswom

enliableto

militaryservicefrom

militarytrainingforreservists

(exceptcontroltrainingsessions).Suchprovision

unreasonablyunderminesmilitarypreparednessofa

wom

anincaseofhermobilisationinacontingency.

Inthecontextoftheequationoftheagelimitfor

retirem

entfrom

thereserveform

enandwom

en

proposedabove,it

isproposedtocancelthis

provision.

2OntheBarracks

Regulationsofthe

ArmedForcesof

Ukraine

131.

…

Servicewom

enareaccommodatedinseparateservice

residentialpremises.

Thelegislationprovidesthatservicewom

enare

accommodatedinseparatepremises.Thisnormis

consistentwithgenderrequirem

entsandtheforeign

practice(inparticular,asimilarrequirementisfound

intheUSlegislation).1

However,inreality,thisnormisnotim

plem

ented.2

Wom

enhavetolivetogetherwithmen.3This

1 10USC431

9:Racialand

ethniciss

ues;gen

derissue

s:su

rveys,accessed5June

,201

6,availableat:

http://uscod

e.ho

use.go

v/view

.xhtml?pa

th=/prelim

@title10

/sub

titleB/pa

rt3&

edition

=prelim

2 W

eareno

tcoo

ksbutre

alfighters,The

warhasnotawom

an’sfa

ce?[electronicresource]/NataliaPlokhotniuk//

VechirniyKyiv–24

.01.20

16.–Accessm

ode:

http://vechirniykiev.com

.ua/ne

ws/my-ne

-kukha

rky-a-po

vnotsin

ni-biytsi-u

-viyny-ne-zhinoche

-oblychchya(accessed:04.06

.201

6;inUkrainian

).3 W

hatd

oesa

wom

andointh

earmy?[e

lectronicresource]/NataliaPlokhotniuk//

Insid

er–11.02

.201

6.–Accessm

ode:http://www.th

einsider.ua/lifestyle/569

3d03

401fe8

/(accessed:04.06

.201

6;inUkrainian

).

15

problemisespeciallyacuteinthecontextofactual

participationofwom

enincom

batoperationsinthe

EastofUkraine.

269.Asarule,servicewom

enarenotassignedforday

duty.Dependentonthem

ilitaryrankandposition,if

necessary,servicewom

enmaybeappointedinlinewith

thelegislationasthedutyparam

edic(medicalinstructor),

staffdutyofficer,dining-roomorderly,headquarters

orderly,dutypersonororderlyofaw

omen’shostel.

Servicewom

enarealsoassignedfordutyinaccordance

withtheirspecialty.

Thisprovisionprovidesaspecialprocedureofassignment

ofservicewomenfordayduty.Suchspecialregimentation

createsanatmosphereofinequalityinthearmy,which

entailsanegativeattitudeofmentowomen.Furthermore,

Article269unreasonablypresumesthatawomancannot

fulfiltasksofdayduty.

Inviewoftheabove,itisproposedtodeletethis

article.

Annex6totheBarracksRegulations

Procedureofquestioningmilitaryservants

Annex6specifiestheprocedureofquestioning

militaryservants.Questioningisperformedinorder

tocollectfromm

ilitaryservantsappealsand/or

complaintsaboutmilitaryservice.

Itisproposedtointroduceaspecialquestioningform

similartotheArmedForcesWorkplaceandGender

RelationsSurveysheldintheUSArmedForces4.The

suggestedpurposeofsuchquestioningistoidentifyand

resolvethekeyproblemsofgenderequalityinthearmy.

3OntheGarrisonand

PatrolService

Regulationsofthe

ArmedForcesof

8.Inthegarrisonsthathaveseveralm

ilitaryunitsofthe

ArmedForcesofUkraine,thegarrisoncommanderbyhis

orderappointsseniorofficersintherelevantpositionsas:

• deputygarrisoncommander;

Article8containsthelistofthegarrisonofficials.

Noneofthelistedofficialsaredirectlyresponsible

forgenderequalityandgendereducation,w

hich

runscontrarytoNATOstandards.5

4 10USC481

:Racialand

ethniciss

ues;gen

derissue

s:su

rveys,accessed1June

201

6,availableat:

http://uscod

e.ho

use.go

v/view

.xhtml?req=

military+w

omen

&f=treesort&fq=true&

num=1

3&hl=true&

edition

=prelim

&gran

uleId=

USC-prelim

-title1

0-section4

81

5 See:Co

mmitteeonWom

enin

the

NAT

OForces(CWINF),C

WINFguidan

cefo

rNAT

OGen

derMainstreaming,app

rovedatthe

ann

ualm

eetin

ginJun

e20

07,a

ccessed31

May

2016

,availableat:h

ttp://www.nato.int/iss

ues/wom

en_n

ato/cw

inf_guidan

ce.pdf

16

Ukraine

• deputygarrisoncommanderformoraleand

welfare;

• deputygarrisoncommanderforlogistics;

• assistanttothegarrisoncommanderforlegal

issues;

• chiefsignalofficerofthegarrison;

• headofthegarrisonApartmentM

anagem

entUnit;

• headofthegarrisonfinancial-economicservice;

• headofthegarrisonmedicalservice;

• headofthegarrisonveterinaryservice;

• chiefABCofficer-headofthegarrison

environm

entalsafetyservice;

• headofthegarrisonfiresafetyservice;

• thegarrisonbandm

aster.

Itisproposedtointroducethepositionofadeputy

garrisoncom

mander–advisorongenderissues,in

linewithCWINFrecommendations.6

5.Militaryservantsarrestedordetainedbythemilitary

policeorotherlaw-enforcementbodiesaresenttothe

detentionbarracksunderescort.

…

Toescortmilitaryservantssentencedtoarrestwhoare

officersandwarrantofficers,theofficerorwarrantofficer

escortisassigned,respectively.Toescortservicewom

ento

theplaceofpunishm

ent,escortisassigned,m

adeupof

servicewom

enfrom

thedetentionbarracksmilitarypolice

bypriorrequestofthegeneralstaffsofarmsoftheArmed

ForcesofUkraine,staffsofoperationalcommands,

departmentsofthecentralstaffoftheMinistryofDefence

ofUkraine,theGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesof

Ukraineandheadquartersofothermilitaryformations.

ThisprovisionoftheGarrisonandPatrolService

Regulationsprovidesthatofficersand

warrant

officerscannotbeescortedbymilitaryservantsofa

lowerrank.Thisprovisionisintendedtopreserve

theauthorityofsuperiorm

ilitaryservantsversus

inferiorones.

Meanw

hile,servicewom

enmaybeescortedsolelyby

servicewom

en.Thisprovisiondefendstheauthority

ofservicewom

enversusservicem

en.However,there

isnolim

itationofthemilitaryrankoffem

aleescorts.

Therefore,afem

aleofficerm

aybeescortedbya

femalesoldier,

whichputswom

enonunequal

footingwithmen.

6 Ibid.

17

46.Physicalcoercion,specialmeansandarmsareused

againstsentencedmilitaryservantsbythedutyshift

personnelandmilitaryofficialsofthegarrisonmilitary

policecommandandcontrolbody,thedutyshiftpersonnel

andmilitaryofficialsofthegarrisonmilitarypolice

commandandcontrolbodyimmediatelyreportthereofto

thegarrisonm

ilitarypolicecommanderandnotifythe

concernedprosecutor.Armsarenotusedagainstescaping

servicewom

en.

Article46providesthatarmsareusedagainst

sentenced

servicem

eninaccordancewiththe

legislation.M

eanw

hile,armsarenotusedagainst

escapingservicewom

en.

Thisprovisionsetsunequalconditionsfordifferent

sexesandcreatesprerequisitesforbreachofmilitary

discipline.

4OntheDisciplinary

Regulationsofthe

ArmedForcesof

Ukraine

46.Forpublicinfluenceonperpetuatorsofthemilitary

disciplineandpublicorder,priortotheimpositionof

punishmentforoffences,militaryservantsmaybe

reviewed,onadecisionofthecommander:

• privates(seamen)—

atpersonnelassem

blies;

• non-commissionedofficers—atassem

bliesofnon-

commissionedofficers;

• warrantofficers—atassembliesofwarrant

officers;

• servicewom

en—atassem

bliesofservicewom

enin

themilitaryranks(withpositions)notbelowthan

themilitaryrank(position)oftheservicewom

an

whoseoffenceisbeingreviewed;

• officers—atassembliesofofficersw

hohave

militaryranks(occupypositions)notbelowthan

themilitaryrank(position)oftheofficerwhose

offenceisbeingreviewed.

Article46providesthatdisciplinary

offences

committedbyservicewom

enarereviewedsolelyby

servicewom

en.Meanw

hile,disciplinary

offences

committedbyservicem

enare

reviewedwith

involvem

entofwom

en.

Thisprovisionham

persteambuildinginthearmy,

madeupofmenandwom

enalike.Therefore,itis

proposedtoremovesuchrestrictions.

5OnSocialandLegal

ProtectionofMilitary

ServantsandTheir

FamilyMem

bers

Article10-1.Therightofservicementovacations.The

procedureforgrantingavacationtoservicem

enandrecall

from

it

….

14…Whendischargedfrom

serviceunderthefirstand

secondparagraphofthisClause,servicem

enhavetheright

Article10-1regimentstherightofm

ilitaryservants

toleave.Therighttochildcareleaveisgrantedsolely

towom

en,w

hilethisrightisnotprovidedtomen.

Respectively,conditionsarise,wherebyawom

anhas

togiveuphercareerforthesakeofparenthood.

18

toreceivemonetarycompensationforunuseddaysof

annualbasicleaveintheyearofdischargeandfordaysof

additionalleave,particularlyfemaleservicem

enwith

children.

…

19.Providingservicem

enwithothertypesofleavesduring

theperiodsindicatedinArticles17and18shallbehalted,

exceptform

aternityleavestofemaleservicem

en,child

careleavetillchildbecom

esthreeyearsoldorlongerin

accordancewithmedicalrecommendationincaseachild

needshom

ecare,butnotexceedingsixyearsold,asw

ell

asleavesfordiseasetreatmentorleavesforrecovering

afterheavywoundincompliancewithmilitarymedical

commission’srecommendation.

Itisproposedtoequateservicewom

enand

servicem

enintherighttochildcareleave.

Article14.Privilegesofservicemenandmem

bersoftheir

families

…

12.Aservicem

aninconscriptmilitaryservice,acontract

servicem

an,acadreofficer,anofficercalledupform

ilitary

service,andaservicem

ancalledupform

ilitaryserviceduring

mobilisationforthespecialperiod(exceptforwom

enliablefor

militaryservice),ifsentencedtoaconfinem

entinthe

disciplinarybattalionofservicem

en,heandhisfam

ilymem

bers

donotlosetherighttoprivileges.

Thisnormguaranteespreservationofsocialbenefits

formilitaryservantsandtheirfamilymem

berseven

ifamilitaryservantissentencedtoaterminapenal

battalion.Thisguaranteedoesnotapplytowom

en,

becauseaterminapenalbattalionasakindof

punishmentisnotappliedtowom

en.

Asnotedbelow,it

isproposedtocancelthe

restriction

onwom

en’s

sentencingtoapenal

battalion.Hence,theexceptionforwom

enmadein

part12ofarticle14shouldalsoberemoved.

Article15.Pensionsandhelp

…

2.Servicemen,exceptforservicemenofconscriptservice,

dischargedfrom

militaryserviceforhealthreasons,

receiveaone-tim

eallowanceequalto50percentof

monthlysalaryforeverycompletecalendaryearof

service.Incaseofhavingbeendischargedfrommilitary

serviceforreasonsofage,inconnectionwithstaff

Part2ofarticle15providesthatone-timepecuniary

assistanceispaidupondismissalfromservicetoa

wom

anwhohasachild(children)agedunder18

years,afterserving10andmoreyears.

Thisnormisconsistentw

itharticle26oftheLawof

Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,

providingthatonlyawom

anhastherighttobe

19

reductions,inconnectionwithdirectsubordinationto

closerelative,withasystematicfailureofcom

mandersto

fulfilcontractterms,

aswellasinconnectionwith

introductionofthespecialperiodandrefusaltocontinue

militaryservicebyfemaleservicem

anwhohasachild

(children)undertheageof18aftertheexpirationofa

contractservicemenreceiveaone-tim

eallowanceequalto

50percentofm

onthlysalaryforeverycompletecalendar

yearofserviceontheconditiontheirtermofserviceisin

excessof10years.

…

dismissedinacontingency,ifshehasachildaged

under18years.Inviewoftheamendm

entstothat

articleproposedabove,weconsideritnecessaryto

maketherelevantamendm

entsinpart2ofarticle15

oftheLawofUkraine«On

Socialand

Legal

ProtectionofM

ilitaryServantsandTheirFamily

Mem

bers».

6OnPensionsforPersons

Dismissedfrom

Military

ServiceandSomeOther

Persons

Article9.Paymentofthegrant

…upondismissalfromserviceforthereasonofhealthare

paidanallowanceattherateof50percentofamonthly

monetaryallowanceforeachfullcalendaryearofservice.

Incaseofdischargefrom

serviceforthereasonsofage,in

connectionwithstaffreductionororganisationalactivities,

inconnectionwithdirectsubordinationtocloserelative,

system

icviolationofthetermsofcontractbycommanders,

aswellasinconnectionwithintroductionofthespecial

periodandrefusaltocontinuemilitaryservicebyfemale

servicem

anwhohasachild(children)undertheageof16

arepaidanallowanceattherateof50percentofa

monthlymonetaryallowanceforeachfullcalendaryearof

servicewhentermofserviceis10yearsorhigher.

…

Thisnormissimilartopart2,article15oftheLawof

Ukraine«OnSocialandLegalProtectionofMilitary

ServantsandTheirFam

ilyMem

bers»(excepttheage

ofthechild,setequalto16years),reviewedabove.

Similarproposalsandcommentsapplytothisnorm,

accordingly.

7CriminalCodeof

Ukraine

Article62.Custodyofmilitaryservantsinapenal

battalion

1.Punishm

entintheformofcustodyinapenalbattalionis

imposedonconscripts,militaryservantsservingundera

contract,careerofficers,draftedofficers,militaryservants

calledupform

ilitaryserviceduringmobilisationina

contingency(exceptservicewom

en),foraperiodfrom6

Article62ofthe

CriminalCodeofUkraine

(hereinafter—“CCU”)providesthatcustodyof

militaryservantsinapenalbattalioncannotbe

applied

to

servicewom

en.

Such

restriction

underminestheestablishm

entofpropermilitary

discipline,doesnotcontributetointegrationof

20

monthsto2yearsincasesprovidedbythisCode,andifthe

court,takingintoaccountthecircum

stancesofthecase

andthepersonoftheconvict,deemsitpossibletoreplace

imprisonmentfornotmorethan2yearswithcustodyina

penalbattalionforthesameterm.

wom

enina

male

team

and

furtherance

of

professionalrelationsrestingontheprinciplesof

equality.

8CodeofAdm

inistrative

Offences

Article32-1.Militaryconfinem

ent

Militaryconfinem

ent

isimposed

and

applied

in

exceptionalcasesonly,forspecificmilitaryadm

inistrative

offences,forthetermofuptoten

days.Military

confinem

entisim

posedbyadistrict,citydistrict,cityor

city-districtcourt(judge).

Militaryconfinem

entcannotbeappliedtoservicewom

en.

Article32-1providesthatmilitaryconfinem

ent

cannotbeappliedtoservicewom

en.Similartoarticle

62ofCCU,thisarticleprovidesaspecialprocedureof

bringingwom

entoresponsibility,whichdoesnot

contributetotheprom

otionofgenderequalityinthe

military.Furthermore,com

binedwitharticle62of

CCU,article32-1oftheCodeofAdm

inistrative

Offencessubstantiallylim

itsthe

possibilityof

bringingservicewom

antoresponsibility.The

experienceofforeign

countrieswithadvanced

armiesshowsthatthereshouldbenoexceptionsfor

wom

eninpunishmentforillegalactivities.In

particular,intheUSA,servicewom

enservetheir

sentenceintheNavalConsolidatedBrig,Miram

ar.7

Bylaws

9RegulationsofM

ilitary

ServiceofOfficers,

WarrantOfficersofthe

ArmedForcesof

Ukraineapprovedby

thePresidentofUkraine

Decree«OnRegulations

ofMilitaryServicefor

5.TheArmedForcesofUkrainearestaffedwithofficersand

ensigns(warrantofficers):

a.Onacontractualbasis:

…

Thereserveofficersw

hohavenotattainedthemilitary

serviceagelim

it,includingwom

enunder30yearsofage;

…

Item5oftheRegulationsimposesspecificage

limitationsonwom

enwillingtomakeacontractof

militaryserviceforofficers.Forwom

en,theage

limitforconclusionofthecontractis30years.

Meanw

hile,theagelim

itforconclusionofthe

contractform

encoincideswiththeagelimitof

militaryservice.Theagelimitofmilitaryservicefor

wom

enis50years(part5,Article28Lawof

7 Rod

Pow

ers,“Insid

eaMilitaryPrison

,”Abo

utCareers,accessedJune

5,201

6,http://usmilitary.abo

ut.com

/od/justicelaw

legisla

tion/a/na

vprison

.htm

21

SpecificCategoriesof

MilitaryServants»

8 Servicem

en,andalsoreservistsandwom

en19upto30

yearsofage,awardedthemilitaryrankofensign(warrant

officer)accordingtoitem

15oftheseRegulations;

…

Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»).

Therefore,wom

enaredeprivedoftherighttoenter

intoacontractofservice20yearsbeforethe

expirationoftheagelim

itofmilitaryservice,while

menarenotsubjecttothislimitation.

Furthermore,thisprovisionrunscontrarytoarticle

20oftheLaw«OnM

ilitaryDutyandMilitary

Service»(EnlistmentforMilitaryServiceundera

Contract),thatdoesnothavesuchrestrictions.

13.

…

Theperiodofvalidityofthecontractoffem

aleservicem

en

onmaternityleaveisprolongeduntilthechildreaches

threeyearsofage.

Item13guaranteesextensionofthecontractterm

bythetimeofthewom

an’schildcareleavetillthe

achievem

entoftheageof3.Inconnectionwiththe

proposaltograntservicementherighttochildcare

leave,it

isproposedtointroduce

relevant

amendm

entstothisitem

.34.Atappointmentofservicementomilitarypostsand

theirservicetransfers,thefollowingrequirem

entsare

observed:

…

d)Fem

aleservicem

enareappointedtothepostsofthe

officerandensigns

(warrantofficers)determinedbytheMinisterofDefenceof

Ukraine;

…

Sub-item«г»ofitem34providesthatservicewomenmay

beappointedtoalimitednumberofpositions,specifiedby

theDefenceMinistry.Suchprovisionsubstantiallyimpairs

therightofservicewomentowork,creatingunequal

conditionswithmen.

(Formoredetailonrestrictionsforwomenfillingmilitary

positions,seethecommenttotheMinisterofDefence

Order«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalListsofMilitary

OccupationalandRegularPositionsofPrivatesandNon-

8 Note:thisprovision

app

liesno

ton

lytoAF

Ubutalso

toNGUand

SBS

,sinceitem

2ofthe

Decreeprovides:«

Regulatio

nsofm

ilitaryserviceofo

fficers,w

arrantofficersofthe

Armed

ForcesofU

kraine

,Re

gulatio

nsofMilitaryServiceofPrivates(Seam

en),Non

-Com

miss

ione

dOfficersoftheArmed

ForcesofU

kraine

,Re

gulatio

nsofMilitaryService

(Training)und

eraCon

tractinthe

Arm

edForcesofUkraine

ofC

adets(Stude

nts)ofH

ighe

rMilitaryEdu

catio

nalE

stab

lishm

ents,M

ilitaryTrainingDivisio

nsofH

ighe

rEd

ucationa

lEstablish

men

ts,a

pprovedbysaidDe

cree,a

ppliestom

ilitaryfo

rmations,e

xcep

tthe

Arm

edForcesofUkraine

,the

Nationa

lGua

rdofU

kraine

,the

Security

ServiceofU

kraine

,the

ForeignIntelligenceServiceofUkraine

,the

StateBorde

rServiceofUkraine

,the

StateServiceofS

pecialCom

mun

icationsand

ProtectionofIn

form

ationofUkraine

and

theState

Gua

rdDep

artm

ento

fUkraine

.»

22

CommissionedOfficersforServicewomenandPosition

WageRatesfortheAbove-MentionedMilitaryServants»

incolumn14ofthetable)

57.

…

Uponterminationofmaternityleavebyrequestofthe

servicem

an-wom

ansheisgrantedchildcareleave(before

thechildreachesthreeyearsofage).

Thisprovisiongrantswom

entorighttochildcare

leave.Com

mentstotheprovisionarethesameasto

item13(seeabove).

10RegulationsofM

ilitary

ServiceofPrivates

(Seamen),Non-

CommissionedOfficers

oftheArmedForcesof

Ukraineapprovedbythe

PresidentofUkraine

Decree«OnRegulations

ofMilitaryServicefor

SpecificCategoriesof

MilitaryServants»

9

18.

…

Femaleservicem

enonmaternityandchildcareleavetill

theirchildisthreeyearsoldhavethetermoftheircontract

prolongedfortheperiodoftheirspecifiedleave.

...

Criticalcom

mentsaresimilartothosetoitem

13of

theRegulationsofMilitaryServiceofOfficers,

WarrantOfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine

(seecolumn9ofthetable).

41.

…

Itisforbiddentotransferfemaleservicem

entolower-paid

postsinconnectionwithpregnancy,iftheyhavechildren

undertheageofthree,andalsosinglemothers–ifthey

havechildrenundertheageof14orahandicappedchild.

Itisprohibitedtoshiftwom

entopositionswitha

lowerpayiftheyhavechildrenagedunder3years

oriftheyontheirownbringupchildrenagedunder

14yearsordisabledchildren.M

eanw

hile,men

(evensingle)donotenjoysuchguarantee.

43.

…

Itisnotallowedtoorderpregnantfem

aleservicem

enand

femaleservicem

enhavingchildrenunderfourteenyearsof

agetogoonbusinesstripswithouttheirconsent.

Wom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder14years

cannotbesentTDYw

ithouttheirconsent.Men

(evensingle)donotenjoysuchguarantee.

63.

…

Uponterminationofmaternityleavebyrequestofthe

servicem

an-wom

ansheisgrantedchildcareleave(before

thechildreachesthreeyearsofage).

Criticalcom

mentssimilartothosetoitem

13ofthe

RegulationsofM

ilitaryServiceofOfficers,W

arrant

OfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine(seecolumn

9ofthetable).

9 Note:th

isprovision

app

liesn

otonlytoAFU

butalso

toNGUand

SBS

(seefo

otno

te4)

23

…

64.Totemporarilyfillthepostsoccupiedbyfemale

servicem

enfortheperiodofmaternityleaveorleavefor

careofchildrenundertheageofthree,thecommandersof

militaryunitscantemporarilyemployemployeeshaving

therelevantspecialisations,concludingalabourcontract

forthisperiod.

81.

…

Privates,sergeantsandsergeants-majorincaseof

announcementofm

obilizationcontinuetodomilitary

service,exceptforfemaleservicem

en,whohavechildren

undertheageof16iftheyhavenotexpressedadesireto

continueservice.

…

Thisprovisionisconsistentwitharticle26ofthe

LawofUkraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitary

Service»(althoughtheLawgivestherightto

dismissalonlytowom

enwhohavechildrenaged

under

18,not

16years).Respectively,the

commentstobothprovisionsaresimilar.

91.Thedischargeofpregnantw

omenandwom

enhaving

childrenunderthreeyearsofage,singlemotherswith

childrenundertheageoffourteenorahandicappedchildis

notallowed,exceptforcasesoffailurebythem

tomeetthe

conditionsofthecontract.Ifaunitiscom

pletelydisbanded

orincaseofreorganisation,suchfemaleservicem

enare

givenpostsintheiror,uponthedecisionofthesenior

commanderothermilitaryunits.

Thefemaleservicem

enonchildcareleave,whoseposts

aresubjecttoreductionduetoorganisationalactivitiesand

thereisnoopportunitytotransfersuchwom

entovacant

posts,arekeptoutofthestaffofaunit.Uponterminationof

childcareleavethecommanderofm

ilitaryunitdismisses

them

from

militaryserviceaccordingtothesubitem“d”of

item85oftheseRegulations.

Item91giveswom

enwhoareonchildcareleave

somerightstoretaintheirpositions.Inconnection

withtheproposaltograntmentherightto

childcareleave,relevantamendm

entsshouldbe

introducedtothisprovision.

24

11RegulationsofM

ilitary

Service(Training)

underaContractinthe

ArmedForcesof

UkraineofCadets

(Students)ofHigher

MilitaryEducational

Establishm

ents,Military

TrainingDivisionsof

HigherEducational

Establishm

ents

approvedbythe

PresidentofUkraine

Decree«OnRegulations

ofMilitaryServicefor

SpecificCategoriesof

MilitaryServants»

10

3.

…

Service-wom

enareadm

ittedtohigherm

ilitaryeducational

establishm

entsandunitsontherelevantspecialisationsof

trainingaccordingtothelistofpostsoftheofficer

personnelwom

encanbeappointedto,whichareapproved

byordersoftheMinisterofDefenceofUkraine.

Thisprovisionisconsistentw

ithsub-item

«г»,item

34oftheRegulationsofM

ilitaryServiceofOfficers,

WarrantOfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine,

reviewedabove.Thisprovisionnotonlyprovides

thatwom

enmayoccupyalim

itednumberof

positionsbutalsoprovidesthattheymaybetrained

onlyintherelevantspecialties,whichsubstantially

restrictstherightofwom

entomilitaryeducation

andcareer.

(Formoredetailonrestrictionsonwom

enfilling

militarypositionsseecommentstotheMinisterof

DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists

ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof

Privatesand

Non-Com

missionedOfficers

for

Servicewom

enandPositionW

ageRatesforthe

Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»incolum

n14

ofthetable)

13.

…

Femalecadets(students),asarule,donotperformdaily

orders,exceptforthecasesdeterminedbyMilitary

RegulationsoftheArmedForcesofUkraine.

Item13providesthatwom

eninmilitary

educationalestablishm

ents,asarule,arenot

assignedforduty.Thisprovisionisconsistentw

ith

item269oftheBarracksRegulationsoftheArmed

ForcesofUkraine,reviewedabove.Inconnection

withtheproposaltoallowassignm

entofw

omenon

dutyinthearmy,itisproposedtoallowwom

ento

goonday

dutyalsoinmilitaryeducational

establishm

ents.

69.

…

Forfem

alecadetsirrespectiveofcurriculum

individual

hostels(sleepingpremises)areequipped.

Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate

hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm

eetsgender

requirem

ents.

10Note:th

isprovision

app

liesn

otonlytoAFU

butalso

toNGUand

SBS

(seefo

otno

te4)

25

Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively

implem

ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).

12RegulationsofM

ilitary

ServiceofUkrainian

CitizensintheArmed

ForcesofUkraine

approvedbythe

PresidentofUkraine

Decree«OnRegulations

ofMilitaryServiceof

UkrainianCitizensinthe

ArmedForcesof

Ukraine»

11

14.W

omenmaybeenlistedunderacontractinpresenceof

vacantmilitarypositionsthatmaybefilled

by

servicewom

en.

Thelistofmilitarypositionsthatmaybefilledby

servicewom

en,withtheexceptionofmilitarypositionsthat

maybefilledbyseniorofficers,isapprovedbytheMinistry

ofDefenceofUkraine.

123.

…

Servicewom

enmaybedeployedabroadwithmilitaryunits

inpresenceofvacantpositionsthatmaybefilledby

servicewom

en.

162.

…

Wom

enmayundergotrainingformilitaryserviceinthe

positionsofnon-commissionedofficers,

officers

in

specialties,thelistofwhichisdeterminedbytheMinistryof

DefenceofUkraine.

Aswasnotedabove,w

omenmayoccupyalim

ited

listofpositionsapprovedbytheMinistryofDefence

ofUkraine.Thisprovisionlim

itstherightofw

omen

tomilitaryservice.

(Form

oredetailonrestrictiononwom

enfilling

militarypositionsseecommentstotheMinisterof

DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists

ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof

Privatesand

Non-Com

missionedOfficers

for

Servicewom

enandPositionW

ageRatesforthe

Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»incolum

n14

ofthetable)

50.Theinitialmilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantisconferred

to:

…

3)conscriptswhoservedfornotlessthan6months,

privates,non-commissionedofficersserving

undera

contract,andpersonsliabletomilitarydutywhohavenot

reachedtheagelim

itofmilitaryserviceinofficerpositions,

wom

enintheageofupto40yearswhohavehigher

educationwiththeeducationalandqualificationlevelnot

belowbachelor,meetingtheprofileofserviceactivities,and

Theinitialm

ilitaryrankmaybeconferredtoa

wom

anintheageofupto40years,andtoaman–

tilltheagelim

itofmilitaryserviceinofficer

positions.Meanw

hile,theagelim

itofmilitary

serviceforw

omenis50years.

11Note:th

isprovision

app

liestoAFU

and

NGU,sinceArticle3ofthe

Decreeprovides:«

Toexten

dtheRe

gulatio

nsofM

ilitaryServiceofU

krainian

Citizensin

theArmed

Forcesof

Ukraine

app

rovedbyth

isDe

creeand

ofA

rticle2ofthisD

ecreetom

ilitaryse

rvan

tsofthe

Nationa

lGua

rdofU

kraine

.»

26

certifiedforconfermentoftheinitialmilitaryrankof

officers,giventheneedforofficersinthatspecialty;

…

82.Militaryservantsareappointedtopositions:

…

2)equalpositions:

…

pregnantservicewom

enontheirrequestandonmedical

indication-topositionswithasmallerscopeofwork,as

wellasservicewom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder3

years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties

inthecurrentlyoccupiedpositions;

…

3)lowerpositions:

…

pregnantservicewom

enontheirrequestandonmedical

indication-topositionswithasmallerscopeofwork,as

wellasservicewom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder3

years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties

inthecurrentlyoccupiedpositionsandinabsenceofequal

positions;

Item82providesguaranteesofretention

of

positiontoservicewom

enwhohavechildrenaged

under3years.Menwhohavechildrenagedunder3

yearsdonotenjoysuchguarantees.

145.

…

Pregnantservicewom

enand

servicewom

enwhohave

childrenagedunder14yearscannotbesentTDYwithout

theirconsent.

Servicewom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder14

yearscannotbesentTDYwithouttheirconsent.

Meanw

hile,theconsentofm

enwhohavechildren

agedunder14yearstogoTDYisnotrequired.

166.

…

Femalecadets,asarule,arenotassignedfordayduty,

exceptcasesprovidedbythemanualsoftheArmedForces

ofUkraine.

Inconnection

withthe

proposaltoallow

assignmentofwom

enondutyinthearmy,itis

proposedtoallowwom

entogoondaydutyalsoin

militaryeducationalestablishm

ents.

27

167.

…

Forfem

alecadets,irrespectiveoftheyearofstudy,separate

hostels(dormitories)arefittedout.

Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate

hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm

eetsgender

requirem

ents.

Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively

implem

ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).

IІ.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine

LawsofUkraine

13OntheArmedForcesof

Ukraine

Article10.TheAuthorityoftheMinistryofDefencein

ArmedForcesM

anagem

ent

TheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine:

Carriesoutmilitary-politicalandadm

inistrative

managem

entoftheArmedForces;

Implem

entsStatepolicyintheArmedForces,develops

theprinciplesofdevelopment,determinesthedirectionsof

developm

entfortheArmedForcesandtheirtrainingin

peaceandwartim

e;

ProvidesoverallsupportfortheArmedForces,ensures

theiroperation,combatreadinessandmobilisation

preparedness,preparationfortheirfulfilmentofassigned

tasksandtheirdeploym

ent,theirm

anningandtraining,

weaponsprovisions,maintenanceandmodernisationof

defenceequipm

ent,material,financialandotherresources

andpropertyinaccordancewiththeirneedsdefinedbythe

GeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesandwithinthefunds

allocatedbytheStateBudget,exercisescontroloverthe

efficientuseofresourcesandfunding,organisesthe

executionofworksandprovidingofservicesinthe

interestsoftheArmedForces;

TheMODhasnopowersdirectlydealingwith

genderpolicyandguaranteesofequalityinthe

ArmedForcesofUkraine.

Thissituation

evidentlyrunscontrarytothe

international

practice.For

instance,the

US

legislation

expressly

rests

the

functionsof

introductionofprinciplesofgenderequalityinthe

militarywiththeSecretaryofDefense.Inparticular,

theHateCrimesintheMilitaryAct12obligesthe

DepartmentofD

efensetoarrangetrainingsin

gendersensitivityandnon-discrimination.Inits

turn,PublicLaw113–291

13obligestheDepartment

ofDefensetoworkoutgender-neutralstandardsof

appointmenttomilitarypositions.

Hence,itisproposedtoexpresslyprovidefor

«gender»functionsoftheDefenceMinistryin

article10oftheLaw.Itisalsoproposedtooblige

theDefenceMinistrytosubm

ittoParliament

annualreportsonthestatusofgenderequalityand

12Pub

.L.104

–201

,div.A

,titleV,§57

1(a),(b),Sep

t.23

,199

6,110

Stat.25

32,accessed1June

1,201

6,availableat:

http://uscod

e.ho

use.go

v/statview

er.htm

?volum

e=11

0&pa

ge=2

532

13Pub

.L.113

–291

,div.A

,titleV,§52

4(a),D

ec.19,201

4,128

Stat.33

61,accessed1June

1,201

6,availableat:h

ttp://uscode

.hou

se.gov/statviewer.htm

?volum

e=12

8&pa

ge=3

361

28

Carriesoutintelligenceandinformation-analytical

activitiestoensurethefulfilmentoftasksassignedtothe

ArmedForces;

Interactsw

iththeStateExecutiveandcivic

organisations,exercisescontrolovertheobservanceoflaws

intheArmedForces;

Considerspetitionsandpersonalcom

plaintsonthe

issuesthatbelongtothecompetenceoftheMinistryof

Defence;

Pursues,withinthelim

itsofitspowers,internationalco-

operationonthemilitary-political,military-technicaland

otherissues,aswellasoncivil-m

ilitaryrelationswiththe

relevantbodiesofotherstatesandinternational

organisations;

Exercisesotherauthoritiespre-determinedbythelaw.

discriminationinAFU,similartoreportsoftheUS

SecretaryofDefence

14.Furthermore,itisproposed

toobligetheDefenceMinistrytoorganisespecial

trainingsinthearmytoenhancegenderawareness

andtolerance15 .

Bylaws

14MinisterofDefenceOrder

«OnApprovalofthe

ProvisionalListsofMilitary

OccupationalandRegular

PositionsofPrivatesand

Non-CommissionedOfficers

forServicewomenand

PositionW

ageRatesforthe

Above-MentionedM

ilitary

Servants»

ProvisionalListofPermanentPositionsofPrivatesand

Non-Com

missionedOfficers,withaccountofthosethat

cannotbefilledbyservicewom

en,andcorresponding

militaryranksandpositionwagerates.

TheListnam

esthepositionsofprivatesandnon-

commissionedofficersthatmaybefilled

by

servicewom

en.Servicewom

enm

aybeappointed

nottoallpositionsavailableinAFU,forinstance,

fieldengineer,sniper,anti-aircraftgunner,rifleman

(exceptaspecialunitforescortandguardingof

servicewom

ensentencedtomilitaryconfinem

ent).

Suchrestrictionsareinconsistentwiththepractice

ofadvancedcountries.Forinstance,in2015theUS

14See.,An

nualRep

orto

nPe

rson

nelR

eadine

ssFactorsbyRa

ceand

Gen

der,Pu

b.L.103

–337

,div.A

,titleV,§53

3,Oct.5,199

4,108

Stat.27

60,accessed1June

1,201

6,availableat:

http://uscod

e.ho

use.go

v/statview

er.htm

?volum

e=10

8&pa

ge=2

760

15Com

mitteeonWom

eninth

eNAT

OForces(CW

INF),B

estP

racticetoIm

provetheGan

derB

alan

ce,app

rovedatth

ean

nualm

eetin

gin18Novem

ber2

008,accessedJune

5,201

6,

availableathttp://www.nato.int/iss

ues/wom

en_n

ato/20

08-11-gend

er_b

alan

ce.pdf

29

DepartmentofDefenseopenedallitsmilitary

positionstowom

en16.Beforethat,theCongressin

1993adoptedtheGender-NeutralOccupational

Performance

Standards

that

obliged

the

DepartmentofDefensetoestablishgender-neutral

criteriaofselectionformilitarypositionsavailable

tomenandwom

enalike17 .

TheParliamentofIsrael,initsturn,asfarbackasin

2000introducedam

endm

entstotheLawof

MilitaryService,providingthateverywom

anenjoys

thesamerightasamantoserveinanymilitary

position1

8 .Althoughnotallpositionsareactually

availabletowom

en,92%

ofpositionsareopenfor

bothsexes19 .

15MinisterofDefenceof

UkraineOrder«On

ApprovaloftheListof

MilitaryOccupational

SpecialtiesofOfficers

ThatmaybeFilledby

Servicewom

en,theList

ofMilitaryOccupational

Specialties,forWhich,

theInitialMilitaryRank

ofJuniorLieutenantof

ListofM

ilitaryOccupationalSpecialtiesofOfficersthatmay

beFilledbyServicewom

en

Servicewom

enare

not

appointed

toofficer

positionsdealingwithmanagem

entofexplosives,

divingoperations,submarinepositions,com

mand

andcontrolofbrigadesofsurfaceshipsandnaval

operationcentres,asw

ellassom

epositionsin

specialforces.

Criticalcom

mentssimilartothosetotheMinisterof

DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists

ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof

Privatesand

Non-Com

missionedOfficers

for

16Eric

Bradn

er,“U

.S.MilitaryO

pensC

omba

tPo

sitionsto

Wom

en,”C

NN,accessed

Jun

e2,2

016,h

ttp://www.cnn

.com

/201

5/12

/03/po

litics/u-s-military-w

omen

-com

bat-

positions/in

dex.html

17Pub

.L.103

–160

,div.A

,titleV,§54

3,Nov.30,199

3,107

Stat.16

60,accessed3June

201

6,http://uscode

.hou

se.gov/statviewer.htm

?volum

e=10

7&pa

ge=1

660

18Ju

dahAriG

ross,“New

Com

batPo

sitionsfo

rWom

enin

the

IDF,Sam

eOldObstacles,”TheTim

esofIsrael,accessed

June

2,2

016,http://www.timesofisrael.com

/new

-com

bat-

positions-fo

r-wom

en-in

-the

-idf-s

ame-old-ob

stacles/.

19Ib

id.

30

theReserveMayBe

Conferred»dated

20.06.2012№412

Servicewom

enandPositionW

ageRatesforthe

Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»(seeabove).

16Instructionmanualof

organisationofmilitary

trainingofcitizensof

Ukraineunderthe

programmeofreserve

officertraining

approvedbyanOrderof

theMinistryofDefence

ofUkraine,Ministryof

EducationandScience

ofUkraine

2.

…

Wom

enm

aybeengagedinm

ilitarytraininginm

ilitary

occupationalspecialtiestofillmilitarypositionsinlinewith

theListapprovedbytheMinisterofDefenceofUkraine

Orderof20June2012№412/restricted(asam

ended),

registeredwiththeMinistryofJusticeofUkraineon16July

2012under№1191/21503.

TheInstructionmanualprovidesthatwom

enmay

passtrainingofreserveofficersonlyinalimited

rangeofspecialties.Inviewoftheproposed

removalofthegenderrestrictionstooccupy

militarypositions(seecolum

n14ofthetable),itis

proposedtoliftthisrestriction.

IІI.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheNationalGuardofUkraine

LawsofUkraine

17OntheNationalGuard

ofUkraine

Article6.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsofUkraine

1.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsofUkraineperforms

military/politicalandadm

inistrativeleadershipoverthe

NationalGuardofUkraine.

…

TheLawdoesnotdirectlyrestpowersdealingwith

guaranteesofgenderequalityinNGUonthe

MinistryofInternalAffairs.

SimilartotheproposalstotheLawofUkraine«On

ArmedForcesofUkraine»(seecolum

n13ofthe

tableabove),it

isrecommendedtoexpressly

providefor«gender»functionsoftheMinistryof

InternalAffairsandtoobligeittosubm

itto

Parliamentannualreportsofthestateofgender

equalityanddiscrimination.

Bylaws

18CM

UResolution«Onthe

ProcedureofCalculation

ofYearsinService,

AwardandPaym

entof

12.Familymem

bersofdeceasedpersons—military

servants,officersandmenofbodiesofinternalaffairs,

policem

en,personsmentionedinitem

“ж”,article1-2ofthe

LawofUkraine“OnPensionsforPersonsDismissedfrom

Thisitemprovidesthatone-tim

epecuniary

assistanceisgrantedtothewifeandeachdisabled

familym

emberofdeceasedpersons—m

ilitary

servants,officersandmenofbodiesofinternal

31

PensionsandBenefitsto

Officers,Warrant

Officers,Extendedand

ContractedMilitary

Servants,Officersand

MenofBodiesof

InternalAffairsand

TheirFam

ilyMem

bers»

MilitaryServiceandSom

eOtherPersons”,irrespectiveof

awarded

survivorpensions,getone-tim

epecuniary

assistance:thewife—

intheam

ountofathree-month

pensionofthebreadwinner,andeachdisabledfamily

mem

ber—intheam

ountofamonthlypensionofthe

breadw

inner.

…

affairs,policem

en,personsmentionedinitem

“ж”,

article1-2oftheLawofUkraine“OnPensionsfor

PersonsDismissedfrom

MilitaryServiceandSom

eOtherPersons”(formermilitiamenwhocontinued

stateserviceinthepolice).

Therefore,

an

able-bodied

husband

of

aservicewom

anisentirelydeprivedoftherightto

getthisformofone-timepecuniaryassistance.

19MinisterofInternal

AffairsOrder«On

Approvalofthe

InstructionManualof

theProcedureof

Paym

entofM

oney

AllowancesandOne-

TimePecuniary

AssistanceatDismissal

ofMilitaryServantsof

theNationalGuardof

UkraineandOther

Persons»

XXXІV.Specificityofcalculationandpaym

entofm

oney

allowancestoservicewom

en

34.3.Moneyallowanceisnotpaidforthetimewhena

servicewom

anisonchildcareleave.

34.4.

…

Onarequestofapregnantservicewomanoraservicewoman

whohaschildrenagedunder14yearsoradisabledchild,

includinginward,ortakescareofasickfamilymemberon

medicalindication,thecommanderofthem

ilitaryunitis

obligedtoorganiseapart-timeworkingdayorpart-time

workingweekforher.

34.6.Aftertheexpirationofachildcareleavetillthe

achievementoftheageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifachild

needshomecareonmedicalindications–notmorethantillthe

achievementoftheageof6,rehabilitationbenefitsareprovided

toservicewomenonlyiftheygoonannualbasicleave.

Section

XXXІV

ofthe

Order

grantswom

en

exceptionalbenefitstotakecareofaminorchild.

Inviewoftheproposaltoequaterightsofwom

en

andmentochildcare,itmakessensetointroduce

relevantamendm

entstothatSection.

20Instructionmanualofthe

Requirem

entsand

ProcedureofMilitary

ServantsoftheNational

GuardofUkraine

PerformingtheSetof

Military-SportsExercises

Annex1totheInstructionManualoftheRequirementsand

ProcedureofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardof

UkrainePerformingtheSetofM

ilitary-SportsExercises

(SectionІІ)

…

Annex2totheInstructionManualoftheRequirementsand

ProcedureofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardof

TheAnnexsetsnormsofphysicalexercisesformen

and

wom

enseparately.Wom

enare

totally

exem

ptedfrom

som

eexercises(e.g.,3km

raceand

pullup).

Thenormsareratherobsolete,so,itisproposedto

revisethem

onthebasisofmoderngender-neutral

32

ApprovedbytheMinister

ofInternalAffairsOrder

«OnApprovalofthe

InstructionManualofthe

Requirem

entsand

ProcedureofMilitary

ServantsoftheNational

GuardofUkraine

PerformingtheSetof

Military-Sports

Exercises»

UkrainePerformingtheSetofM

ilitary-SportsExercises

(SectionІІ)

standards(forinstance,thestandardsdevelopedby

theUSResearchInstituteofNationalDefense)20 .

21Instructionmanualof

OrganisationofPhysical

TrainingintheNational

GuardofUkraine

approvedbythe

MinisterofInternal

AffairsOrder«On

Approvalofthe

InstructionManualof

OrganisationofPhysical

TrainingintheNational

GuardofUkraine»

…

Formilitaryservantsofagegroupssixandseven(for

wom

en–agegroupfive),thedurationofthepreparatory

portionoftheexercisesisincreasedto15minutes,thefinal

portion–10minutes.

…

Duringthem

ainportionoftheexercises,servicewom

en

performsetsoffloorexercisesandrhythmicgym

nastics

combinedwithphysicalexercisesusingexercisemachines.

…

Exercise14а.Complexmuscle-building

exercise(for

wom

en).

…

3.Physicaltrainingofservicewom

en.

…

The

Instruction

manual

formalises

some

requirem

entstoandstandardsofphysicalfitnessof

servicewom

en.

Thislevelofphysicalfitnesscannotproperly

prepare

wom

enfor

participation

incombat

operations.Therefore,inviewoftheproposalto

open«battlefield»positionsforw

omenandto

introducenewstandardsofassessmentoftheir

physicalfitness,itisrecom

mendedtorevisethe

methodsofphysicaltrainingofservicewom

en.

20Cha

itraM.H

ardisonetal.,DefiningPh

ysicalStand

ardsfo

rPhysic

allyDem

andingJo

bs,R

ANDNationa

lDefen

seResearchInstitu

te,D

ecem

ber2

015,accessed05

June

,201

6,

availableat:h

ttp://www.defen

se.gov/Portals/

1/Do

cumen

ts/w

isr-studies/O

USD

PR%20

-%20

Defin

ing%

20an

d%20

Establish

ing%

20Gen

der-

Neu

tral%20

Stan

dards%

20for%

20Closed

%20

Occup

ations-A%20

Review

%20

of%20

Metho

ds.pdf

33

IV.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheStateBorderServiceofUkraine

LawsofUkraine

22OntheStateBorder

ServiceofUkraine

Article7.Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweron

protectionofthestateborder

Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweronprotectionofthe

state

Border,whichim

plem

entsthestatepolicyinthesphereof

protectionofthestateborderofUkraine,managestheState

BorderServiceofUkraine,participatesindevelopmentand

implem

entationofthegeneralprinciplesoflegalisationand

provisionofinviolabilityofthestateborderandprotection

ofthesovereignrightsofUkraineinitsexclusive(sea)

econom

iczone.

Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweronprotectionofthe

stateborder,whichim

plem

entsthestatepolicyinthe

sphereofprotectionofthestateborderofUkraine,

generalizesthepracticeofapplicationofthelegislationon

theissuesthat

belongtothecompetenceoftheStateBorderServiceof

Ukraine,developsproposalsonupdatingthelegislationand

inaccordancewiththeestablishedproceduresubm

its

them

forconsiderationofthePresidentofUkraineorthe

CabinetofM

inistersofUkraine.

...

TheLawdoesnotdirectlyrestobligationstoensure

genderequalityintheStateBorderServiceof

UkraineontheCentralexecutivebodyinchargeof

implem

entationofthestatepolicyinthefieldof

protectionofthestateborder(Adm

inistrationof

theStateBorderServiceofUkraine;hereinafter–

SBSUAdm

inistration).

SimilartotheproposalstotheLawofUkraine«On

theArmedForcesofUkraine»(seecolum

n13ofthe

tableabove),itisrecommendedtodirectlyprovide

for«gender»functionsoftheSBSUAdministration

andtoobligeittosubmittoParliamentannual

reportsofthe

state

ofgenderequality

and

discrimination.Alternatively,thosefunctionsmay

bevestedintheMinistryofInternalAffairs,through

which,the

CabinetofMinistersdirects

and

coordinatesSBSAdministrationactivitiespursuant

toItem

1oftheRegulationsofAdm

inistrationofthe

StateBorderServiceofUkraine.

Bylaws

23PresidentofUkraine

Decree«OnRegulations

ofMilitaryServiceof

UkrainianCitizensinthe

StateBorderServiceof

Ukraine»

61.Theinitialmilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantisconferred

to:

…

3)conscriptswhoservedfornotlessthan6months,

privates,non-commissionedofficersserving

undera

contract,andpersonsliabletomilitarydutywhohavenot

reachedtheagelim

itofmilitaryserviceinofficerpositions,

Theinitialm

ilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantis

conferredtowom

enintheageofupto40years.

Meanw

hile,thereisnosuchagerestrictionform

en.

34

wom

enintheageofupto40yearswhohavehigher

educationwiththeeducationalandqualificationlevelnot

belowbachelor,meetingtheprofileofserviceactivities,and

certifiedforconfermentoftheinitialmilitaryrankof

officers,giventheneedforofficersinthatspecialty-foran

intelligencebody;…

93.Militaryservantsareappointedtopositions:

…

5)equalpositions:

…

pregnantservicewom

enontheirrequestandonmedical

indication-topositionswitheasierconditionsofmilitary

service,andservicewom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder3

years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties

inthepreviousposition;

…

6)lowerpositions:

…

Pregnantservicewom

enontheirrequestandonmedical

indication-topositionswitheasierconditionsofmilitary

service,andservicewom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder3

years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties

inthepreviouspositionandinabsenceofequalpositions;

…

106.Servicewom

enshallnotbeappointed

tolower

positionsonmotivesrelatedwithpregnancy,possessionof

childrenagedunder3years(under6years-onmedical

indications),orbecausetheyaresinglemothersandhave

childrenagedunder14yearsordisabledchildren,without

theirconsent.

…

127.Assignm

entofm

ilitaryservantsinthedisposalof

commandingofficersentitledtomakeappointmentsto

Theseprovisionsgrantsolelytowom

enwhohave

childrenagedunder3yearstherighttotransfer

(appointment)toanotherpositionontheirrequest,

iftheycannotdischargetheirdutiesintheprevious

position–aguaranteeofprohibitionoftheir

appointmenttolowerpositionswithouttheir

consent,otherrightstoretaintheirposition.

Mendonotenjoythoserights.

35

positionsforsolutionofissuesoffurthermilitaryserviceof

suchmilitaryservantsisallowedincaseof:

…

9)displacement

ofthe

position

occupiedbya

servicewom

anwhoisonleaveforpregnancyandbirth,or

forchildcare,ifsuchwom

ancannotbemovedtoavacant

position–tilltheendofthechildcareleave;

153.

…

Pregnantservicewom

enand

servicewom

enwhohave

childrenagedunder14yearsoradisabledchildcannotbe

sentTDYwithouttheirconsent.

Wom

enwhohavechildrenagedunder14years

cannotbesentTDYw

ithouttheirconsent.Men

(eventhosewhobringupachildontheirown)do

notenjoysuchguarantee.

191.

…

Femalecadetsareaccom

modatedseparatelyfrom

male

cadets.

Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate

hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm

eetsgender

requirem

ents.

Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively

implem

ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).

306.Incaseofm

obilisation:

1)militaryservantswhoarecurrentlyinmilitaryservice

shallnotbedismissedfrom

servicetothereserve,except

servicewom

enw

hohavechildrenagedunder16years

(suchservicewom

enmaycontinuemilitaryserviceonlyof

theirownwill).

…

Thisnormcorrelateswitharticle26oftheLawof

Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,so,

itissubjecttosimilarcomments(seecolumn1of

thetable).

24Instructionmanualof

theProcedureof

Paym

entofM

oney

AllowancestoMilitary

ServantsoftheState

BorderServiceof

Ukraineapprovedby

3.25.4.

…

Theperiodofprovidedchildcareleavetilltheachievementofthe

ageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifachildneedshomecareon

medicalindications—notmorethantilltheachievementofthe

ageof6,isincludedinthetermofcontinuouscalendarmilitary

serviceforallowancepaymenttoservicewomen.

Theperiodofchildcareleaveistakenintoaccount

forpaym

entofallowancesforthelengthofservice

toservicewom

en.Aspecialprocedureisprovided

forpaymentofm

oneyallowancetowom

enwhoare

onchildcareleave,orwhogotbackfrom

itinthe

currentyear.

36

theSBSAdministration

Order«OnApprovalof

theInstructionManual

oftheProcedureof

Paym

entofM

oney

AllowancestoMilitary

ServantsoftheState

BorderServiceof

Ukraine»

…

4.7.3.Moneyallowanceisnotpaidforthetimewhena

servicewom

anisonchildcareleave.

…

4.7.6.Aftertheexpirationofachildcareleavetillthe

achievem

entoftheageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifa

childneedshom

ecareonmedicalindications–notmore

thantilltheachievementoftheageof6,rehabilitation

benefitsareprovidedtoservicewom

enonlyiftheygoon

annualbasicleave.

Materialbenefitsforsolutionofsocialandhousehold

problemsareprovidedtoservicewom

enintheyear,in

whichtheybegantodischargetheirofficialdutiesafterthe

expirationofachildcareleavetilltheachievementofthe

ageof3,аinexceptionalcases,ifachildneedshom

ecareon

medicalindications-notm

orethantilltheachievem

entof

theageof6.

Giventheproposaltograntmentherightto

childcareleave,thesenormsshouldalsoapplyto

servicem

en.

4.7.4.

…

Ona

request

ofa

pregnantservicewom

anora

servicewom

anwhohaschildrenagedunder14yearsora

disabledchild,includinginward,ortakescareofasick

familymem

beronmedicalindication,theheadoftheState

BorderServicebodyisobligedtoorganiseapart-tim

eworkingdayorpart-tim

eworkingweekforher.

Dischargeofofficialdutiesintheconditionsofpart-time

workisgrantedonthebasisoftheservicewom

an’sreport.

Ifthedurationofworkingtimeoftheservicewom

anneeds

tobechanged,thedecisionofsuchchangesisformalisedby

anorder.TheorderoftheStateBorderServicebodysets

thedurationofworkingtimefortheservicewom

aninhours

perdaywithoutlunchbreak.Italsospecifiesthebeginning

andendoftheworkinghours.

Awom

anwhohasachildagedunder14yearsora

disabledchild,includinginward,ortakescareofa

sickfamilymem

ber,

mayshifttoapart-time

workingdayorw

eek.

Amaninsimilarfamilysituation(evenifhebrings

up/takescareofachildorasickfam

ilymem

ber)

doesnotenjoysucharight.

37

Controloftheactualw

orkinghoursoftheservicewom

anis

vestedinherim

mediatesuperior.

4.7.5.Duringtheperiodwhentheservicewom

andischarges

herofficialdutiesintheconditionsofpart-timework,sheis

paidhermoneyallowanceinaccordancewiththenorms

providedbythelegislation,proportionallytotheactual

workingtime.

4.10.1....Incaseofdismissalfrommilitaryservicebecause

ofthe

age,inconnection

withstaffreduction

or

organisationalarrangem

ents,expirationofthecontract

term,inconnectionwithimmediatesubordinationto

closelyrelatedperson,regularnon-performanceofthe

contracttermsandconditionsbythecom

mand,aswellas

inconnectionwithacontingencyandunwillingnessto

continuem

ilitaryservicebyaservicewom

anwhohasa

child(children)under18years,

one-tim

epecuniary

assistanceintheam

ountof50%ofmonthlyofmoney

allowancesforeachfullcalendaryearofserviceispaidafter

10andmoreyearsinservice.

Ifawom

anthathasachildagedunder18years

quitsofherownfreewillinacontingency,sheis

paidamoneybenefitintheamountof50%

ofthe

monthlymoneyallowanceforeachcalendaryearof

serviceafter10andmoreyearsinservice.

Thisnormcorrelateswitharticle26oftheLawof

Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,so,

itissubjecttosimilarcomments(seecolumn1of

thetable).

38

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Upontheanalysisofthebasicregulatory-legalactsregimentingtheproceduresofserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine,theNationalGuardandtheStateBorderService,itmaybeconcludedthattheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheproblemsfacedbyservicewomenduringtheirprofessionalcareerrequirelegislativeregimentation.Inparticular, there isaneedofamendmentof the relevantprovisionsof the lawsandbylawstoensure:

1) equalconditionsforconclusionofcontractsbyservicewomenandservicemen(toremovethedifferenceof20yearsbetweentheagelimitsforwomenandmenmakingsuchcontracts);

2) equal opportunities to get the initialmilitary rank (to equate age limits forwomenandmen);

3) gender-neutralcriteriaofselectionforpositions;4) the right to occupy the overwhelming majority (over 90%) of positions for

servicewomen;5) removalofthedifferenceinthenormsofexerciseloadsetforservicewomen

andservicemen;6) equalopportunities toexercise theright toparenthoodandcareofchildren

(toprovidetherighttoquitserviceandtherighttogoonchildcareleavetobothwomenandmen);

7) equal conditions for leaving service (to equate the age of dismissal fromserviceandretirementforwomenandmen);

8) equal opportunities for reserve service (to grant women the right to beenlistedtothereadyoperationalreserve);

9) establishment of equal responsibility in case of breach of discipline andoffences,irrespectiveofthesex;

10) monitoringandcontrolofobservanceoftheprinciplesofgenderequality inpowerstructures(extensionofpowersofagencyheadstomonitorandreportonobservanceofgenderequalityintheconcernedpowerstructures).

Regimentationoftheabove-mentionedaspectsofmilitaryservice(orserviceinotherpowerstructures)willprovideforharmonisationoftheconditionsofservicewiththeprinciplesofgenderequality.Regimentationofgenderequalityissueswillhelpemploymorefemaleprofessionalsinthoseagencies,provideincentivestotheserving women and contribute to easing tension betweenmilitary servicewomenandservicemenintheirservice.

39

However, introduction of amendments to the legislationwill be a crucial butonly the first step towards gender equality in power structures. Solution of thisproblemgreatlydependsonthepolicypursuedbytheagencyheads,ontheirownattitudetotheissueandwaysofbuildingrelationsinaworking(military)teamledbythosepersons.

The executives’ resolve to admit and solve the gender problem in powerstructures is also critical for proper implementation of the existing norms. Forinstance,therightofservicewomenandfemalecadetstoliveinseparatepremisesprovidedinanumberofregulatory-legalactsiseffectivelyneglected.Thereasonisthat the budgets of the concerned power structures do not allocate funds tooverhaul and creation of infrastructure facilities meeting the norms of separateaccommodationofservicewomen.

Atthesametime,theheadsofthepowerstructurespaytoolittleattentiontothegender issue.Theanalysis shows thatmanningscheduleshavenopositions inchargeofmonitoringgenderequality.InresponsetoofficialrequestsaddressedtoNGUandSBSUtocoordinategenderissueswiththeconcernedcommissioners,theyreportedabsenceofproblemswithgenderequalityovertheentiretimeofexistenceof the concerned agency. Such answers witness not only the absence of officialsempoweredtomonitortheobservanceoftheprinciplesofgenderequalityinpowerstructures, but also the reluctance of the heads of such structures to admit theproblemandtosearchforthewaysofitssolution.

In official answers to inquiries about regimentation of gender issues,representativesofpowerstructuresrefer to thenormsof theeffective legislation,bywhichtheyareguidedandlimited.Inparticular,accordingtorepresentativesofpower structures, including theMinistryofDefence, it is impossible toentirelydoawaywiththedifferencesinthestatusofwomenandmenduringmilitaryservice.To back their position, experts mainly refer to Ukraine’s obligations arising frominternationalagreements.For instance, inpursuanceofnormsofthe InternationalMaternity ProtectionConvention, the LawofUkraine “On Labour Protection” andtheMinistryofPublicHealthOrderdated29December1993№256“OnApprovaloftheListofHardWorksandWorksinHazardousandDangerousConditions,WhereEmploymentofWomen’sLabourisForbidden”wereadopted.

However, provisions of the quoted legislative acts require more detailedanalysis and revision, since they do not rest on international norms but almostliterallyreproduceregulatoryactsoftheSoviettimes.

Other international documents thatwere ratifiedbyUkraine andarebindingon its territory also deserve mention. In particular, Article 3 of the InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsprovidesthattheStatesPartiestothepresentCovenantundertaketoensuretheequalrightofmenandwomentotheenjoyment

40

of all civil and political rights. In its turn, Article 14 of the Convention for theProtection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms expressly bansdiscrimination on any ground, including that of sex. The relevant UN Conventiondealingwiththeprotectionofwomen’srights–theUnitedNationsConventiononthe Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen – provides for thepositivedutyofthestatetotakemeasuresaimedatacceleratingdefactoequalitybetween men and women in all fields, including political, social, economic andcultural (Article 3). Similar provisions are also contained in the Constitution ofUkraine–part3,Article24, that, amongother things,obliges the state toensureequalityofwomenandmenbyprovidingwomenwithopportunitiesequaltothoseof men in work and its remuneration. Unfortunately, the national legislation stillprefersobsoletecommunistnormstodemocraticstandardsofequality.

Upontheinitialsurveyonemaycometotheconclusionoftheneedtoexaminethestatusofwomenintheother9statepowerstructures.Italsoseemsexpedienttoidentifydiscriminatoryprovisionsofregulatory-legalactsinthefieldofthelabourlawthatmay includeordersanddirectivesof theMinistryofSocialPolicyandtheMinistry of PublicHealth. Some answers to the questions of gender equalitymayprobablybefoundinthejudicialpracticeandexplanationsofhighercourts. Inthecontextofthissurvey,thepracticeoftheEuropeanCourtforHumanRightsmaybeinteresting.

However,thisreviewalreadyshowsthenecessityofthefollowingactions:

- inclusionofgendermonitoringintothepowersofheadsofpowerstructuresandestablishmentof theduty to reportongender issues to theVerkhovnaRadaofUkraine;

- engagement of women in internal policy-making and manning of theconcernedpowerstructures;

- introductionofregularquestioningofmilitaryservantsaboutgenderequality;- development of trainings, information and instructionalmaterial on gender

equalityformilitaryservants;- certificationofmilitaryservantsandagencyofficialsingenderissues;- development of instructions for regular gender expert examination of

regulatory-legalactsanddepartmentalexecutivedocuments;- building and restoration of infrastructure facilities to back the right to

separateaccommodationasprovidedbythelaw;- inclusionofwomeninthecommissionsforcertificationofmilitaryservantsof

alllevels;- draftingoftheCodeofEthicsformilitaryservants.

41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Laws of Ukraine:

1. LawofUkraine«OnMilitaryDutyofMilitaryService»№2233-ХІІof25.03.1992,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2232-12

2. LawofUkraine«OntheArmedForcesofUkraine»№1934-XIIof06.12.1991,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1934-12

3. LawofUkraine«OntheNationalGuardofUkraine»№876-VIIof13.03.2014,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/876-18

4. LawofUkraine«OntheStateBorderServiceofUkraine»№661-IVof03.04.2003,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/661-15

5. LawofUkraine«OnDisciplinaryRegulationsoftheArmedForcesofUkraine»№551-XIVof24.03.1999,http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/551-14

6. LawofUkraine«OnPensionsofPersonsDischargedfromMilitaryServiceandOtherPersons»№2262-XIIof09.04.1992,http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2262-12

7. LawofUkraine«OnSocialandLegalProtectionofServicePersonnelandMembersofTheirFamilies»№2011-XIIof20.12.1991,http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2011-12

8. LawofUkraine«OntheGarrisonandPatrolServiceRegulationsoftheArmedForcesofUkraine»№550-XIVof24.03.1999,http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/550-14

9. LawofUkraine«OntheBarracksRegulationsoftheArmedForcesofUkraine»№548-XIIof24.03.1999,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/548-14

10. CodeofUkraine«CodeofAdministrativeOffences»(UkrainianSSR)№8074-10of07.12.1984,http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/80731-10

11. CriminalCodeofUkraine№2341-IIIof05.04.2001,http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14

Bylaws:

12. PresidentofUkraineDecree«OnRegulationsofMilitaryServiceofUkrainianCitizensintheArmedForcesofUkraine»№1153/2008of10.12.2008,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1153/2008

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13. PresidentofUkraineDecree«OnRegulationsofMilitaryServiceforSpecificCategoriesofMilitaryServants»№1053/2001of07.11.2001,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1053/2001

14. PresidentofUkraineDecree«OnRegulationsofMilitaryServiceofUkrainianCitizensintheStateBorderServiceofUkraine»№1115/2009of29.12.2009,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1115/2009

15. CMUResolution«OntheProcedureofCalculationofYearsinService,AwardandPaymentofPensionsandBenefitstoOfficers,WarrantOfficers,ExtendedandContractedMilitaryServants,OfficersandMenofBodiesofInternalAffairsandTheirFamilyMembers»№393of17.07.1992,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/393-92-%D0%BF/page2

16. SBSUAdministrationOrder«OnApprovaloftheInstructionManualoftheProcedureofPaymentofMoneyAllowancestoMilitaryServantsoftheStateBorderServiceofUkraine»№425of20.05.2008,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0537-08/print1443717789687812

17. MinisterofInternalAffairsOrder«OnApprovaloftheInstructionManualoftheProcedureofPaymentofMoneyAllowancesandOne-TimePecuniaryAssistanceatDismissalofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardofUkraineandOtherPersons»№638of04.07.2014,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0849-14/paran577#n577

18. MinisterofInternalAffairsOrder«OnApprovaloftheInstructionManualoftheRequirementsandProcedureofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardofUkrainePerformingtheSetofMilitary-SportsExercises»№36of15.01.2015,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0091-15

19. MinisterofInternalAffairsOrder«OnApprovaloftheInstructionManualofOrganisationofPhysicalTrainingintheNationalGuardofUkraine»№1067of13.10.2014,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1375-14/print1453026585859436

20. MinisterofDefenceOrder«OnApprovalofProvisionalListsofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsofPrivatesandNon-CommissionedOfficersforServicewomenandPositionWageRatesfortheAbove-MentionedMilitaryServants»№337of27.05.2014,http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0600-14

21. MinistryofDefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheInstructionManualofOrganisationofMilitaryTrainingofCitizensofUkraineundertheProgrammeofReserveOfficerTraining»№719/1289of14.12.2015,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1678-15/print1453026585859436

22. MinisterofDefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheListofMilitaryOccupationalSpecialtiesofOfficersThatMaybeFilledbyServicewomen,theListofMilitaryOccupationalSpecialties,forWhich,theInitialMilitaryRankofJuniorLieutenantoftheReserveMayBeConferred»№412of20.06.2012.

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24. 10USC481:Racialandethnicissues;genderissues:surveys,accessed1June2016,availableat:http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=military+women&f=treesort&fq=true&num=13&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title10-section481

25. AnnualReportonPersonnelReadinessFactorsbyRaceandGender,Pub.L.103–337,div.A,titleV,§533,Oct.5,1994,108Stat.2760,accessed1June1,2016,availableat:http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=108&page=2760

26. Pub.L.103–160,div.A,titleV,§543,Nov.30,1993,107Stat.1660,accessed3June2016,http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=107&page=1660

27. Pub.L.104–201,div.A,titleV,§571(a),(b),Sept.23,1996,110Stat.2532,accessed1June1,2016,availableat:http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=110&page=2532

28. Pub.L.113–291,div.A,titleV,§524(a),Dec.19,2014,128Stat.3361,accessed1June1,2016,availableat:http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=128&page=3361

Publications:

29. ChaitraM.Hardisonetal.,DefiningPhysicalStandardsforPhysicallyDemandingJobs,RANDNationalDefenseResearchInstitute,December2015,accessed05June,2016,availableat:http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/wisr-studies/OUSDPR%20-%20Defining%20and%20Establishing%20Gender-Neutral%20Standards%20for%20Closed%20Occupations-A%20Review%20of%20Methods.pdf

30. CommitteeonWomenintheNATOForces(CWINF),BestPracticetoImprovetheGanderBalance,approvedattheannualmeetingin18November2008,accessedJune5,2016,availableathttp://www.nato.int/issues/women_nato/2008-11-gender_balance.pdf

44

31. CommitteeonWomenintheNATOForces(CWINF),CWINFguidanceforNATOGenderMainstreaming,approvedattheannualmeetinginJune2007,accessed31May2016,availableat:http://www.nato.int/issues/women_nato/cwinf_guidance.pdf

32. EricBradner,“U.S.MilitaryOpensCombatPositionstoWomen,”CNN,accessedJune2,2016,http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/politics/u-s-military-women-combat-positions/index.html

33. JudahAriGross,“NewCombatPositionsforWomenintheIDF,SameOldObstacles,”TheTimesofIsrael,accessedJune2,2016,http://www.timesofisrael.com/new-combat-positions-for-women-in-the-idf-same-old-obstacles/

34. RodPowers,“InsideaMilitaryPrison,”AboutCareers,accessedJune5,2016,http://usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/navprison.htm

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36. «WhatDoestheWomanDointheArmy?»NataliaPlokhotniuk.«Insider»–11.02.2016,http://www.theinsider.ua/lifestyle/5693d03401fe8/

Photos on the cover page belong to the following sources:

1. http://ukranews.com/news/201792.Zhenshchini-voennosluzhashchie-rasskazali-o-gendernoy-diskriminatsii-v-armii.ru

2. http://znaj.ua/ru/news/society/9144/u-zonu-ato-virushili-krasunizvyazkovi-iz-harkova-foto-.html

3. http://ru.slovoidilo.ua/2016/05/26/novost/bezopasnost/vozvrashhenii-savchenko-chego-ozhidat-posle-osvobozhdeniya-izvestnoj-plennicy

4. http://vchasnoua.com/donbass/34498-k-8-marta-minoborony-opublikovalo-fotografii-zhenshchin-voennosluzhashchikh-kotorye-zashchishchayut-stranu-v-donbasse

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