Wisława Szymborska: Naturalist and Humanist

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Transcript of Wisława Szymborska: Naturalist and Humanist

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Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
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American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Slavic and East European Journal.
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Issue Table of Contents
The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 199-401
Front Matter [pp. 344-344]
Wisawa Szymborska: Naturalist and Humanist [pp. 199-223]
The Monarch and the Mystic: Catherine the Great's Strategy of Audience Enlightenment in The Siberian Shaman [pp. 224-242]
Landowners in Dead Souls: Or the Tale of How Gogol Blessed What He Wanted to Curse [pp. 243-257]
Turgenev and Hawthorne: The Life-Giving Satyr and the Fallen Faun [pp. 258-270]
The Limits to the Flesh: Searching for the Soul in Chekhov's "A Boring Story" [pp. 271-286]
Andrei Bely and the Music of Bergsonian Duration [pp. 287-302]
Inter-Level Articulation: Toward a Process-Focused Model for Russian Language Programs [pp. 303-320]
Review Article
A Postmodern Pushkin: The Duel Revisited [pp. 327-329]
Second Language Acquisition Theory and the New Generation of Russian Language Textbooks [pp. 330-340]
Responses [pp. 341-343]