Wireless MANs and Location Technology

Wireless Wireless MANsMANs and Location and Location TechnologyTechnology

David TipperAssociate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

University of Pittsburgh

[email protected]@mail.sis.pitt.eduhttp://www.sis.pitt.edu/~dtipper/2727.html

Slides 4Slides 4

Infsci 1073/Telcom 2727 2

Wireless NetworksWireless Networks

– Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)• Cellular Networks :

– GSM, cdmaone (IS-95), UMTS, cdma2000 EVDO

• Satellite Networks: – Iridium, Globalstar, GPS, etc.

– Wireless Metro Area Networks (WMANs)• IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

– Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• IEEE 802.11, a, b, g, etc. (infrastructure, ad hoc, sensor)

– Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)• IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth), IrDa, Zigbee, sensor, etc.


Wireless MANs• Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) : provide wireless

connectivity across a geographical area the size of a city


Wireless MANs• Wireless MANs

– Want broadband data rates for last mile connectivity to businesses, homes and network bridging

– Triple play service (video, voice, data)– Claimed Advantages: support for QoS, lower cost than

cabling, user mobility in future.– Currently variety of technologies, speeds, cost, coverage

range, spectrum, etc.– Market is fragmented among technology and small

• Proprietary Solutions– Free Space Optical – LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Systems)– MMDS (Multipoint Microwave Distribution Systems)– Wireless multi-hop mesh networks (based on 802.11)

• Standards Based Solutions– IEEE 802.16 also called WiMAX, WirelessMAN– IEEE 802.11 with multi-hop extensions


Wireless MANs• Proprietary Solutions

– Free Space Optical: • point to point high data rates (100 Mbps -2.5Gbps) over short distances• Unlicensed, uses infrared lasers• LOS required – severely effected by weather

– LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Systems)• Bulk of deployment focused on backhaul extension of fiber infrastructure and

cellular networks• Operates in 28, 29 GHz spectrum• Range 3-5 miles, weather effects

– MMDS (Multipoint Microwave Distribution Systems)• Operates in 2.5-2.7MHz licensed spectrum• Originally intended for wireless cable TV distribution • 20MHz spectrum 99 10Mbps channels• Range ~25Km (LOS and NLOS possible)• Data rates ~ .5-1 Mbps on 10Mbps channel

– WLAN equipment with mesh routing, scheduling, flow control• Use 802.11a/g equipment to build mesh – need many APs

– Proprietary equipment seen as a hindrance to market growth


IEEE 802.16/WiMAX Standard

• Worldwide Interoperability for Wireless Microwave Access (WiMAX)

• IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Standards Working Group– Started in 1998 led by NIST – Since July 1999 IEEE 802.16 working group meeting

bimonthly– Suite of WiMAN standards– As in WLAN standard focus is Physical and MAC layers only!

• In parallel to IEEE 802.16, European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) HiperMAN and HiPERACCESS work – High performance radio metropolitan area network (HiperMAN)

• IEEE 802.16 and HiperMAN have largely converged • Same MAC layer and 802.16a OFDM as Physical layer baseline


IEEE 802.16/WiMAX Standard

• Worldwide Interoperability for Wireless Microwave Access (WiMAX) industry alliance (WiMAX Forum) started to promote equipment development and interoperability testing/conformance

• http://www.wimaxforum.org• Interoperable multi-vendor fixed/nomadic/mobile/ wireless access

networks using microwaves - line of sight not required• Define a set of ``profiles ‘’ for interoperability/conformance testing • Profile specify the physical layer for a frequency band and various

MAC layer parameters • According to In-Stat

– ~220,000 WiMAX subscribers in 2006 – predict 19.7 million by 2010 –mostly fixed service in

underdeveloped countries/regions - largest announced network build out in Pakistan

• Alvarion dominant equipment vendor, Intel dominant chip set vendor.


IEEE 802.16 /WiMAX Standard

• IEEE 802.16 developed as a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) protocol

• Focus wireless alternative to DSL and T1 level services for last mile broadband access and backhaul for other technologies (WiFi, cellular)

• Characteristics of 802.16– Point to Multipoint (PMP) and Mesh protocol– NLOS wireless broadband services including bandwidth on demand– QoS support – Security– Scope expanded to include mobility and higher data rates

• Focus on both licensed and unlicensed spectrum deployment –supports multiple service providers/licenses in same area

• TDD and FDD duplexing support with flexible channel sizes

• 802.16 Terminology – Base Station (BS) is WiMAX cell site/access point– Subscriber Station (SS) is customer premise equipment and terminates

the wireless link to the user location– Mobile Station (MS) is a standalone consumer device equipped with a

WiMAX radio


WiMAX Architecture


WiMax Service ArchitecturesWiMax services Point to Multi-Point•Non-LOS, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer/ roof top connects to the tower. Later upgrade for mobile service to computer/handset• LOS, where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMaxtower from a rooftop or pole. (LOS can provide higher data rates)Point to Point • Focused LOS antennas –high data rates with longer distances


IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Standards• Scope of standard is bottom two protocol layers same as other 802

standards


IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Standards• Suite of standards for WiMANs• 802.16 : approved 12/2001 10-66GHz range LOS only• 802.16a-2003 : System for 2-11GHz range NLOS• 802.16-2004 (802.16d): System for 2-6 GHz range

supports nomadic/limited mobility• In a fashion similar to IEEE 802.11 – multiple physical

layers with common MAC layer defined– 802.16 a and 2004 define three physical layers

• SCa – single carrier• OFDM – 256 carriers• OFDMA – 2048 carriers (OFDM multiple access) (multiple access by

assigning a subset to a user) • Physical layer standards often called ``WirelessMAN‘‘

standard– Most equipment/WIMAX conformance on OFDM 256 carrier

802.15-2004 (802.16d) standard – which is common to ETSI HIPERMAN standard


Main IEEE 802.16 Standards

1-3 miles3-5 miles3-5 miles1-3 milesOmni-directional Cell Radius

Up to 15 MbpsUp to 75 Mbps

Up to 75 Mbps

32-134 Mbps

Bit Rate

Non-LOS and Mobile

Non-LOSNon-LOSLOSOperation

2- 6 GHz2-11 GHz2-11 GHz10-66 GHzSpectrum

December 2005

June 2004January 2003

December 2001

Date Completed

802.16e-2005802.16-2004802.16a802.16

Dominant standard


Techniques used in 802.16-2004

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) – to reduce multipath effects and provide higher speeds

• Forward error correction rather than ARQ– FEC uses an outer RS block code and an inner convolutional code

• Adaptive modulation and coding– adjust the modulation/coding depending on the quality of the radio

link, subscriber by subscriber, burst by burst, up and downlink• Admission control

– Ensures that new flows do not degrade the quality of established flows

• MAC Layer Scheduling:– traffic scheduling to provide QoS traffic classes

• Flexible Channel size – nx1.25Mhz, n x 1.5MHz, n x 1.75 MHz, Max of 20MHz

• TDD and FDD modes supported• Smart antenna technology


Physical layers for 802.16a/d

Sca – single carrier

OFDM OFDMA

Frequency 2-11 GHz 2-11 GHz 2-11 GHz Modulation BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM

BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

No. of subcarriers

N/A 256 2048

Duplexing TDD, FDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD Channel Bandwith

1.75-20 MHz 1.75-20 MHz 1.75-20 MHz

OFDM 256 Carrier option is currently available 192 Carriers used for data, 8 pilot channels, 56 guard band


IEEE 802.16d Coding/Modulation

• Table of the maximum data rate in Mbps for the various channel/ coding/modulation options in 802.16d with 256 carrier OFDM physical layer

• Modulation rate used on a set of 256 carriers depends on RSS

ModulationFEC Coding

18.3616.3012.188.066.003.955.0 MHz

33.25

16.63

11.64

5.82

2.91

16 QAM 1/2

49.87

24.94

17.45

8.73

4.36

16QAM 3/4

66.49

33.25

23.75

11.88

5.94

64 QAM 2/3

64 QAM 3/4

QPSK 3/4

QPSK 1/2

Channel Bandwidth

6.552.181.041.75 MHz

74.8124.9416.6220.0 MHz

37.4012.478.3110.0 MHz

26.188.734.157.0 MHz

13.094.372.083.5 MHz


802.16-2004 Data Ranges• Achievable data rate depends on distance to BS, LOS/NLOS, propagation

environment – will vary!

4Mbps

18Mbps


802.16-2004 Data Ranges• Achievable data rate depends on distance to BS,

LOS/NLOS, propagation environment – will vary!


GHz1 32 4

ISM: Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band – Unlicensed band (802.11a,b, g)

UNII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band – Unlicensed bandLicensed band 2.5 GHz US and 3.5 GHz International

UNII

ISM

5

802.11/802.16 Spectrum

InternationalLicensed

USLicensed

JapanLicensed

InternationalLicensed ISM

802.16 has both licensed and license-exempt options


Licensed Systems in U.S.

• U.S. has licensed spectrum 2.459 – 2.69 GHz• License 22.5 MHz - 8 licenses per geographic

area – operator can acquire multiple licenses• Outside U.S. 3.5 GHz, 4.8GHz and 10.5 GHz

bands used for licensed WIMAX• Main unlicensed band is U-NII 5.725-5.825 GHz• TDD and FDD options for every band

– For example , • TDD used with 5 MHz channels in 2.5 GHz band• FDD pair of 2.5 MHz channels (one uplink, one downlink) in

3.5 GHz band– TDD cheaper implementation and is recommended

more for unlicensed spectrum


IEEE 802.16-2004 MAC Layer

• MAC Layer is independent of physical layer used• Point to Multipoint• TDMA Scheduled Uplink/Downlink Frames• Flexible QoS offerings• Connection oriented

•Per Connection QoS• Integrated Security Sublayer• Selective ARQ• Adaptive Modulation and Coding selection

• Increase capacity and vary data rates• Burst by burst, per subscriber station

• Adaptive Power Control


MAC Addressing

• SS has a 48 bit IEEE 802 MAC address• BS has a 48 bit BS ID – 24bits are a

network operator indicator• Each flow to a SS is assigned a 16bit

connection ID (CID) used in the MAC protocol data units and to provide QoSclass identifier


Multiple Access

• On DownLink SS addressed in TDM stream• On Uplink, SS allotted a variable length TDMA slot• TDD

– DL & UL time share the RF channel– Dynamic asymmetry– SS doesn’t transmit receive simultaneously (lowers cost)

• FDD– DL & UL separate RF channels– Static asymmetry– Half Duplex SSs supported (lower cost)

• IUC – interval usage code specifies a modulation, rate and FEC for a time interval on DL or UL


TDD StructureTDD frames is 1ms durations

adaptively partitioned among up and downlink


TDD StructureDL part of frame contains DL-MAP which specifies the modulation and coding for various TDM slotsUL-MAP determines which SS gets slots in UL part of frame and modulation and coding used


FDD StructureDL part of frame contains DL-MAP which specifies the modulation and coding for various TDM slotsTDMA portion is for support of half duplex usersUL-MAP determines which SS gets slots in UL part of frame and modulation and coding used


TDD/FDD UL StructureContention part for SS to initiate connection followed by TDMA slots


FDD Framing


QoS Services


Classes of Uplink Service

• Unsolicited Grant Services (UGS)– For constant bit rate (CBR) or CBR like

emulation (e.g., leased T1 service)• Real Time Polling Services (rtPS)

– For rt-variable bit rate (rt-VBR) flows such as video

• Non-Real Time Polling Services (nrtPS)– For non-rt flows that need better than best

effort service such as file transfer • Best Effort (BE)


WiMax Applications

• According to WiMax Forum it supports 5 classes of applications:

1. Multi-player Interactive Gaming.2. VOIP and Video Conference3. Streaming Media4. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging5. Media Content Downloads

Basically the Triple PlayThese are mapped into QoS requirements for the MAC layer


Application Requirements


IEEE 802.16 Security

• Security is a sublayer of the MAC in the standard• Security Mechanisms

– Authentication and Registration• PKI at the BS with X.509 digital certificates installed by

manufacturers in SSs• Downloaded to BS with manufacturers public key

– Access Control• (similar to WiFi - WPA)• MAC/IP address filtering• VPN at higher layers, passwords, etc.

– Privacy• DES with 128 bit key (triple DES) • Plans to move to AES• PKI for key distribution• Key refreshed based on activity max usage 20 hours


WiMax Rollout

• WiMax Forum anticipates rollout of its technology in 3 phases:- Phase 1: Fixed Location, Private Line Services, Hot Spot Backhaul.- Phase 2: Broadband Wireless Access/Wireless DSL- Phase 3: Fully Mobile/Nomadic Users.


WiMax Evolution Path


Wireless NetworksWireless Networks

IEEE 802.162~100 MbpsMetro, suburb, campus 1-15 km

WMANs

IEEE 802.15 IrDa, BlueTooth, Zigbee

.1 – 1Mbps5-10 M around deviceWPANs

IEEE 80211a, b, g, etc.1-106 MbpsIn building, campus wide, subdivision wide,Range ~ 100 M per AP

WLANs

2G: GSM, cdmaone2.5G: GPRS, cdma 2000 1X-rtt3G: UMTS, cdma2000 1x-EDVO3.5G: HSPDA

2G: 9.6 – 45 Kbps,2.5G: 50 -300 Kbps3G : 50kbsp- 2Mbps 3.5G: .1 – 10 Mbps

National, Continent wideWWANs

StandardsTypical ThroughputGeographic CoverageNetwork


Frequency Allocations

Europe USA Japan

WWANs Licensed

Cellular: 453-457MHz, 463-467 MHz; PCS: 890-915 MHz, 935-960 MHz; 1710-1785 MHz, 1805-1880 MHz 3G: 1920-1996 MHz 2110-2186 MHz

Cellular 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz; PCS 1850-1910 MHz, 1930-1990 MHz;

Cellular 810-826 MHz, 940-956 MHz; 1429-1465 MHz, 1477-1513 MHz 3G 1918.1-1980 MHz 2110-2170 MHz

WMANs Licensed Unlicensed

IEEE 802.16 3.4-3.6 GHz SAME as WLANs

IEEE 802.16 2.5 – 2.6 GHz, 2.7-2.9GHz Same as WLANs

IEEE 802.16 4.8-5 GHz Same as WLANS

WLANs Unlicensed

IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 MHz 5.7-5.825 GHz HIPERLAN 1 5176-5270 MHz

IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 MHz (b, g) 5.7 – 5.825 GHz (a)

IEEE 802.11 2471-2497 MHz (b, g) 5.7-5.825 GHz (a)

WPANs Unlicensed

IEEE 802.15 2400-2483 MHz

IEEE 802.15 2400-2483 MHz

IEEE 802.15 2471-2497 MHz


Location Aware Services

• Location Based Applications (LBA)– Applications capable of finding

the geographical location of an object and providing services based on the location information

– Not only in mobile systems (911)– Examples for mobile systems

• Traffic updates• Next bus• Friend finder• Direction to nearest X ( X – is

hospital, store, bar, etc.)

• Industry forecast that the location services marketplace in the United States will generate $8 billion annually by 2006 - $40 billion worldwide in 2006


Location Aware Services• Technology originally driven by E-911 mandate in U.S. – goal was to

develop systems to locate emergency cell phone calls• Now many applications envisioned

– Emergency Services– Navigation

• Directions• Traffic management

– Information• Entertainment, shopping info, advertisements

– Tracking• Vehicle tracking, people tracking

– Billing• Location sensitive billing

• Systems currently being deployed or in use– some use rough location information (cell and sector id) others more

detailed– AT&T M-life buddy finder,– Telecom Italia Guardian Angel– 3 proximity dating service


Taxonomy of Location• Absolute and Relative Location

– Absolute uses a reference grid (Longitude, Latitude)

– Relative depends on its own frame of reference• Nearest hospital to car accident

• Physical and Symbolic Location– Physical Location

• Uniquely identifies a point on 2D or 3D map of the earth– Symbolic location

• Coarsely identifies a physical location– School, work, home, etc.


Location Accuracy

• Accuracy needed depends on application

Low to mediumLocation based billing

Billing

LowVehicle/Package Tracking

Tracking

MediumMobile Yellow Pages, Advertisement

Information

HighdirectionsNavigation

High911 callEmergency

AccuracyExampleService


Location Services Examples


Service Opportunity

Enhanced 911• Location data accompanied with 911 call,

expedites emergency response time – can save lifes

• FCC mandate (94-102) driving demand for location capability– Phase I

• Wireless carriers to supply cell site, sector, and call-back number for 911 calls.

– Phase II - By December 31, 2004, • Undertake reasonable efforts to achieve 100% penetration of

Assisted Location Information (ALI) -capable handsets in its total subscriber base.

• Requires public safety answering point (PSAP) capable of displaying position data


FCC 94-102 Phase IILocation Accuracy Requirements

• FCC Requirements for Location Accuracy• For network-based solutions

• 100 meters for 67% of 911 calls, and• 300 meters for 95% of 911 calls

• For handset-based solutions• 50 meters for 67% of 911 calls, and• 150 meters for 95% of 911 calls

• Both approaches require the use of wireless location technology– Equipment and algorithms added to network to find

user position– Location technology options are similar regardless

of wireless technology (GSM, IS-95, UMTS, WLAN, etc.)

– Timing, Triangulation, Received Signal


Location Technology

• Network-Based Approaches – add equipment to network to locate mobile

• Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)• Angle of Arrival (AOA) • Multipath Analysis (MPA)

• Handset-Based Approaches– Handset determines location and reports it to the network

• Global Positioning System GPS• Advanced Forward Link Trilateration

• Hybrid (Network+ user assisted approach)– Combine handset and network based techniques

• Assisted GPS A-GPS• Enhanced Observed Time Difference (EOTD)


Network: Time Difference of Arrival (O-TDOA)

• Uses existing cell towers/APS and infrastructure to triangulate user’s location

• Uses very accurate clocks to determine the difference in time in which uplink radio signal from user reaches different cell sites.

• Difference in time is resolved to determine position, velocity, and heading.

• Can use the same idea with received signal strength but not accurate enough due to obstructions, multipath, etc.

• Need synchronization of cell sites.


Network: Angle of Arrival• Requires specialized

listening receivers to be placed at the base station

• Requires construction of directional uplink antenna array onto existing cell towers (similar to spot beams)

• Measures the direction of signal received at multiple towers with respect to antennas of known position to determine mobile position

• Requires 2 or more basestations or sectors to receive the signal


Network: Multipath Analysis• Constructed a database of the received

uplink multipath signal on a location grid for a specific service area

• Uses existing cell towers and infrastructure, may require additional specialized receivers to placed at the base station to improve accuracy

• Uses the multipath database to match the transmitter’s signal characteristics to determine a point on the location grid

• Also called fingerprinting of locations• Can be very accurate – time consuming


Handset: Global Positioning System

• Requires GPS receiver and GPS antenna to be imbedded into the mobile phone

• Requires traffic or control channel resources for handset to transmit location data

• Employs signal timing techniques from four or more satellites from a constellation of 24 to determine position

• Can require a significant time to compute position.

• GPS signal hard to pick up indoors or dense urban environment


Handset: Advanced Forward Link Trilateration

• A Time Difference of Arrival technique using the handset’s receiver and the downlink radio signal

• MS needs to receive 3 or more BS signals at sufficient signal strength to triangulate it’s position

• Requires phones with precise timing.

• Needs systemwide Base Station Synchronization

• Requires traffic/control channel resources to transmit location data from handset


Hybrid : Assisted Global Positioning System (A-GPS)

• Requires GPS receiver and GPS antenna to be imbedded into the mobile phone

• Requires special GPS servers to be placed throughout the area of coverage to assist mobile receivers with acquiring GPS signals or reradiating GPS signal to indoor/shadowed aread

• Mobile GPS receivers communicate with stationary GPS servers to assist in position determination – helps speed up calculation and indoor acquisition

• Requires traffic/control channel resources to transmit assistance and location data


Hybrid: Enhanced Observed Time Difference of Arrival (E-OTDA)

• A Time Difference of Arrival technique using the handset’s receiver and specialized reference receivers to triangulate position

• Use Forward and Reverse Link measurement

• Requires phones with precise timing.

• Requires addition of new uplink receivers throughout the network

• Requires traffic/control channel resources to transmit assistance messages and location data


Implementation Considerations

• Network-based approaches• Additional equipment in base station• Use of telecommunication links between base station and mobile

switch• Added system testing• Added system maintenance• Cost/scalability

• Handset-based approaches• Additional equipment in base station• Additional equipment (servers) in network• Use of air interface resources between mobile station and base

station• Use of telecommunication links between base station and mobile

switching center• Added system testing• Added system maintenance• Handset upgrades/replacement• Distribution/inventory logistics


Accuracy

YESYESYESYes

NONONO

Handset Impact

3-30MAGPS50-200MEOTD50-200MAFLT3-5 MGPS

1-5M (depends on grid size)MPA300-500mAOA300-500mTDOA

ResolutionTechnique


Evolving Standards for Location Tracking

• CTIA– TR 45.5

• geolocation network support for AMPS, NA-TDMA, IS-95• E-OTDA, A-GPS options for each technology

• 3GPP – GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS– E-OTDA, A-GPS options for each technology

• 3GPP2– cdma 2000 (UWC-136B) network assisted A-GPS

• USA Service Provider Techniques Adopted– Verizon, Sprint: A-GPS, – AT&T, T-Mobile: E-OTDA

• Open Mobile Alliance


OMA Location Architecture• Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

– http://www.openmobilealliance.org– Location working group - absorbed earlier work by

Location Interoperability Forum (LIF)• LoCation Services (LCS) Architecture

– Leverages normal infrastructure for transport and resourcemanagement - independent of wireless location technologyused

• LCS Architecture Components– UE (User Entity)

• may assist in position calculation– LMU (Location Measurement Unit)

• Maybe required or not depending on location technology approachadopted – if used is distributed among the cells

– SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center) • Coordinates measurements to determine location

– GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center) • Location server for outside queries


OMA LCS Architecture• Two Key Components in backhaul• Gateway Mobile Location Center

– Application interface for location services– Application Authentication– Privacy checking– Interrogates HLR to find visited MSC/SGSN

• Roaming user can be located– Called Mobile Positioning Center (MPC) in IS-

95/3GPP2– Standalone equipment or integrated into GMSC

• Serving Mobile Location Center– Determines the location– Talks to access network and user device– Standalone equipment or integrated into

BSC/RNC or MSC/3GMSC– Called Position Determining Entity (PDE) in IS-

95/3GPP2

GatewayMobile Location

Center

GatewayMobile Location

Center

ServingMobile Location

Center

ServingMobile Location

Center


OMA Location Architecture for UMTS/GSM

LMU

CN

BTS BSCVLR

HLR

SGSN

Abis

Gs

LMU Location Measurement Unit

SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center

A

Gb

Node B

RNC

Iub

Iu

UE

LMUAbisLMU

SMLC

Ls

Lb

SNLh

Lg

MSC

GMLC

(LCS Server)

SNGMLC

Lr

Le

LCS Client

Lg

SMLC

(Type A) (Type B)

(LMU type B)

LCS signaling over MAP

LCS signaling in BSSAP-LELCS signaling (RRLP)

over RR-RRC/BSSAP

LCS signaling (LLP)

over RR/BSSAP

LCS signaling over RANAP or IP


MSCGMLC SMLC

IP

BSC

BTS

4. LAresponse

3. Location Area RequestI

Example performing position location of GSM user using E-TDOA

BTS

BTS

HLR

ApplicationServer

Internet

5. PSL Request6. Perform Location

Request1.Application

Request

10 Perform LocationResponse

11. PSLResponse

12. LocationResponse

14. ApplicationResponse

9. Get measurements

LMU

LMU

LMU

7. InitiateMeasurements

8. Take Measurements

2.LocationRequest


MSC

GMLC

SAS

PSTN

PSAP

Dialup

ESME/ALI

IP

RNC

NodeB

WARN

1. 911

6.RRC

8a.SLR

8b. Call setup

9. Query Location

10. ESPOSREQ

4.PCAPreq

5.PCAPresp

11. esposreq

12. Provide Location

Standards based UMTSEmergency Services Call walkthroughUtilising A-GPS

3.LRC7.LRCresp2.Emergency

Call Invoke


Location Requests

• MLP – Mobile Location Protocol– from Location Interopability Forum (LIF) ->

now part of Open Mobile Alliance – based on HTTP/SSL/XML– allows Internet clients to request location

services– Response includes quality of the location

estimate– GMLC is the Location Server– UE (handset) can be idle, but not off !– Immediate or deferred result, can request

periodic updates


MLP Services

• Standard Location Immediate Service (SLIS)– Provide location of mobile user to an LCS client based on LCS

client’s request• Standard Location Reporting Service (SLRS)

– Provide location of mobile user to an LCS client based on user’s request

• Triggered Location Reporting Service (SLRS)– Provide location of mobile user to an LCS client based on preset

events (e.g., time of day) • Emergency Location Immediate Service (ELIS)

– Provide location of mobile user to an LCS client based on emergency LCS client’s request (e.g., police)

• Emergency Location Reporting Service (SLRS)– Provide location of mobile user to an LCS client when an

emergency call is placed (e.g., 911)


Summary

• Wireless MANs– Architecture– Standards– Protocol

• Location Based Service– Techniques for determining location– Architecture– Protocols

Wireless MANs and Location Technology

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Transcript of Wireless MANs and Location Technology