Windpower
description
Transcript of Windpower
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Windpower
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The contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to the world energy suply in 2040 – Projections in Mtoe
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Growth rates of diferent technologies in EREC
Scenario
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Growth of Wind Energy Capacity Worldwide
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08
Rest of World
Actual Projected
Rest of World
North America North America
Europe Europe
Jan 2006 Cumulative MW = 56,813
Rest of World = 7,270
North America = 9,550
Europe = 39,993
MW
Inst
alle
d
Sources: BTM Consult Aps, Sept 2005
Windpower Monthly, January 2006
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WindpowerThe average wind speed in different months (m/s)
Spot \ Month Jan Feb Marc Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Okt Nov DecYearly
Average
Budapest, Csillagvizsgáló
3,4 3,6 3,9 3,7 3,1 3,0 2,9 3,1 3,0 3,3 3,2 3,6 3,3
Budapest, Obszervatórium
3,3 3,7 4,1 4,2 3,7 3,6 3,5 3,6 3,2 3,3 3,0 3,6 3,6
Debrecen, Repülőtér
3,3 3,2 3,5 3,5 3,2 2,8 2,7 2,5 2,5 2,6 2,5 3,0 2,9
Kecskemét 3,0 3,2 3,7 3,6 3,0 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,5 2,7 2,6 3,2 3,0
Kékestető 3,2 3,2 3,1 3,4 2,6 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,6 3,3 3,6 3,0
Keszthely 2,6 2,8 3,5 3,5 2,8 3,0 2,4 2,5 2,1 2,4 3,0 3,0 2,8
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Windturbine’s structure
1. Base2. Tower3. Nacelle
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Windturbine’s structure
1. Blades 2. Rotor3. Pitch4. Brake5. Low-speed shaft6. Gear box7. Generator8. Controller9. Anemometer10. Wind Vane11. NaceIIe12. High-speed shaft13. Yaw drive14. Yaw motor15. Tower
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The Schematic of Wind Turbine
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How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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CordCord
Middle lineMiddle lineAngle of attackAngle of attack
VelocityVelocity
http://www.pagendarm.de/trapp/programming/java/profiles/NACA4.html
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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LiftLiftFFLL
DragDrag FFDD
c
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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Pressure distribution around an airfoil
0
- +
H
Pressure along the upper surface
Pressure along the lower surface
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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RU Peripheral velocity =
U
U
C
Wind velocity = C
Relative velocity = V
V
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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UV
CFFLL
FFDD
Torque
Trust
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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UV
CTorque
Trust
U
V
C Torque
Trust
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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Torque
Trust
C Fthrust
M’torque
F’thrust
M’thrust
How does the WIND TURBINE work?
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The physical limits of the transform of wind energy
v1 [m/s] — Windspeed, in front of bladev2 [m/s] — Windspeed, behind the bladev [m/s] — Windspeed, trough the bladeF [m2] — Blade’s covering area [kg/m3] — air densityN [W] — Power of wind mill
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The physical limits of the transform of wind energy
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Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
A - Area of the circle swept by the rotorρ = Air density V = Wind Velocity
Wind Turbine Power Basics
Wind Turbine Power Curve
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Functioning of a windmill
Isolated working method
In isolated working method the energy doesn’t goes in the national electric network. The produced electricity is used only locally. Such a places are not connected to national electric network. In e.g.: farms, hunter cottage, workshops.
Intake working method
The produced electricity is intaken to the national electric network or to the local electric distributor network. The electric Power Co. pays for the so produced electricity.
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Functioning of a Windturbine
Intake working method
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Hungary first windturbine’s major technological datas
1. Type:ENERCON E-40 Without clatch with variable rev and
bladeangle.
2. Nominal efficiency: 600 kW
3. Shaft height: 65 m
4. Blade span: 44 m
5. Number of blades: 3 piece
6. Rotation number/RPM/: 18-341/min
7. Min. wind speed: 2,5 m/s (9 km/h)
8. Max. wind speed: 25 m/s (90 m/s)
9. Produced voltage: 440 V
10. Network intake: 20000 V
11. Expected production: 1200 MWh/year
12. Production in first year: 1230 MWh
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At it’s simplest, the wind turns the turbine’s blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that makes electricity.
Large turbines are grouped together to form a wind power plant, which feeds electricity to the grid.
Schematic of Wind Plant
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Offshore GE Wind Energy 3.6 MW Prototype
Boeing 747-400
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Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Current Technology
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Windy onshore sites are not close to coastal load centers
The electric utility grid cannot be easily set up for interstate electric transmission
Load centers are close to the offshore wind sites
Offshore Wind – U.S. RationaleWhy Go Offshore?
Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind
US Population Concentration
Graphic Credit: GE Energy
% area class 3 or above
US Wind Resource
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U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Opportunity
U.S. Department of EnergyNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource
Region 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 900 > 900New England 10.3 43.5 130.6 0.0Mid-Atlantic 64.3 126.2 45.3 30.0Great Lakes 15.5 11.6 193.6 0.0California 0.0 0.3 47.8 168.0Pacific Northwest 0.0 1.6 100.4 68.2Total 90.1 183.2 517.7 266.2
GW by Depth (m)
Resource Not Yet Assessed
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Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout
Cable Laying Ship
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Source: Wind Directions, September 2004
Location of Existing Offshore Installations Worldwide
Sweden3%
Netherlands2%
Ireland3%
Germany1%
Denmark53%
United Kingdom
38%
804-MW Installed Dec 2005
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Horns Rev Wind Farm - Denmark
Country: DenmarkLocation: West CoastTotal Capacity: 160 MWNumber of Turbines: 80Distance to Shore: 14-20 kmDepth: 6-12 mCapital Costs: 270 million EuroManufacturer: VestasTotal Capacity: 2 MWTurbine-type: V80 - 80m diameterHub-height: 70-mMean Windspeed: 9.7 m/sAnnual Energy output: 600 GWh
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Wind Turbine Size
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Arklow Banks WindfarmThe Irish Sea
Photo: R. Thresher
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Fixed Bottom Substructure Technology
Monopile Foundation Gravity Foundation Tripod/Truss Foundation
Most Common Type Minimal FootprintDepth Limit 25-mLow stiffness
Larger FootprintDepth Limit?Stiffer but heavy
No wind experience Oil and gas to 450-mLarger footprint
Graphics source: http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/
Proven Designs Future
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Future ConceptsCommercialization is long term
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Offshore Wind Turbine AccessCredit: GE Energy
Credit: GE Energy
Photo: Elsam
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RePower 5-MW - Worlds Largest Turbine
• 5-MW Rating• 61.5-m blade length (LM Glasfibres)• Offshore Demonstration project by
Talisman Energy in Beatrice Fields
45-m Water Depths Two machines