Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations

8/3/2019 Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations

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Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for

Dynamic Power System SimulationsJ. Soens, J. Driesen and R. Belmans

- (fast) output power or frequency control; Abstract —The level of detail for modelling wind turbines

depends on the application. In the first part, a detailed model is

described for assessing the turbine and grid behaviour in a

distribution grid. In the second part, the development of a

simplified turbine model is described for constructing generic

wind farm models. This allows estimating the potential in a given

point of the transmission grid to absorb an amount of wind

power. Simulation examples are given for both the detailed and

the simplified model, applied for respectively a Belgian

distribution grid and the Belgian transmission grid.

- voltage control;

- black start capability;

- economic dispatch and financial trade reinforcements

The relation between wind farms and grid support has been

extensively discussed over the past years, especially in

Denmark and Germany, where the relative amount of wind

power in the power grid is the highest of Europe. Specific grid

connection requirements for wind turbines were issued first bythe Danish and German grid operators, and are used as a

reference by most European grid operators who have to take a

large amount of wind power in their power system into

account.

Index Terms-- Power system simulation, Wind power

generation, Wind power modelling,

I. I NTRODUCTION The actual existing grid connection requirements are mainly

focussed on the first two mentioned ancillary services: (fast)

output power control and voltage control. With advanced

technology for wind turbines generators, the performance of

those generators can be considered as high as with

conventional generators, regarding these issues.

The steadily increasing amount of wind power throughout

various UCTE-countries puts new challenges to the power

system operators, who have to ensure a reliable, safe and

economically manageable grid operation. Therefore, the

modelling of wind turbines for power system simulations is a

matter of high interest. The development of these models has

been the subject of many discussions: it requires a

compromise between making substantial simplifications toreduce computational efforts on the one hand, and maintaining

the necessary adequacy to be able to predict the farm’s

influence on the system’s dynamic behaviour on the other

hand.

On the other hand, even the most advanced turbine

technology does hardly improve the capability of wind power

to facilitate the economic dispatch of the power market and

financial trade reinforcements. These issues can not be

enforced by technical grid connection requirements, but must

be part of the economical risk that a wind farm operator is

willing to take. The criterion for success in these issues is

mainly the accuracy of wind speed predictions on a (mid-

)long term, rather than the turbine technology. This will not be

further discussed in this paper.

Apart from the static impact on the power grid, also the

dynamic behaviour of a wind farm must be investigated. This

way, more insight is obtained about the ability of a wind farm

to provide ‘grid support’. ‘Grid support’, also known as

‘ancillary services’, represents a number of services that the

power system operator requires from power generators, in

order to secure a safe, reliable, stable and economically

manageable grid operation. These ‘ancillary services’ include

support for [1]:

This paper gives an overview of the required properties for

a detailed wind turbine model. A simulation example is

performed to demonstrate the impact of a wind turbine in the

distribution grid of Leuven (Belgium). Regarding ancillaryservices, the connection requirements for wind turbines in

distribution grids are at this moment not yet focused on

dynamic voltage control. In most cases, the power factor

(cosφ) is required to be as close as possible to 1. A simulation

example shows the impact of various types of wind turbine

generator types on the voltage at the neighbouring nodes.

This research is part of the IWT-GBOU research project ‘Embedded

Generation: A Global Approach To Energy Balance And Grid Power Quality

And Security’, and of the Belgian Federal Science Office project ‘Optimal

Offshore Wind Energy Developments in Belgium.’

The authors are grateful to the Belgian ‘Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk

Onderzoek (F.W.O.) - Vlaanderen’ for their financial support of this work. J.

Soens is a doctoral research assistant of the F.W.O.-Vlaanderen. J. Driesen

holds a postdoctoral research fellowship of the F.W.O.- Vlaanderen”.

In the second part of this paper, an introduction is given to

the modelling of a wind turbine as an equivalent transfer

function. This is more deeply discussed in the referred paper

[6]. The purpose of this less-detailed model is to make an

The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT-

ELECTA, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Heverlee Belgium

(corresponding author’s email: [email protected])



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estimate of the impact of large wind farms on the transmission

grid behaviour. A simulation example with a hypothetical

offshore wind farm connected to the Belgian transmission grid

is given.

II. DETAILED SINGLE TURBINE MODEL

A. General

References [1], [4], [5] describe detailed models of windturbines for power system simulations, equipped with either

squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction

generators or synchronous generators. Those models consist

generally of:

- a wind speed model;

- an aerodynamic model for the turbine;

- a model for the shaft coupling and gearbox;

- a generator model, containing the voltage differential

equations and flux equations, mostly in a rotor- or stator-

flux oriented (d,q) reference frame, as well as the

generator motion equation;

- models for the power electronic devices (if any);

- controller models: pitch control, generator active and

reactive power and current control, maximum power

tracker;

- protective relays;

The wind speed model is mostly a time series of measured

or well-chosen wind speed values. However, wind speeds can

also be generated as stochastic signals, based on a power

spectral density function [3].

The aerodynamic turbine model consists mostly of an

approximate formula for the coefficient of performance C p, as

a function of wind speed, turbine speed and turbine design.For more detailed models, the Blade Element Method (BEM)

can be used, as suggested in [4] but is by many authors

assumed to require too much modelling and calculation effort.

Shaft and gearbox are mostly modelled as an equivalent

torsional spring [1], [4], [5]. The spring stiffness is relatively

low. This may result in large torsional vibrations between

turbine and generator, affecting considerably the electrical

behaviour towards the power system. The shaft model must

therefore always be included in models for turbines with fixed

speed induction generators, as the shaft stiffness has a

considerable impact on the torque pulsations and thus

generator current. For variable speed turbines, the torque pulsations are mainly damped by the turbine speed variation,

and the modelling of a soft shaft is only necessary when very

fast transients are to be investigated.

The model for a doubly fed or induction generator contains

the stator and rotor voltage differential equations, the flux

equations and the mechanical motion equation, as described

a.o. in [5]. This is the so-called fifth order model, named after

the number of differential equations in the model.

In the seventh order model, the voltage equations for the

damper winding in the d- and q-frame are also included. This

level of detail is however rarely required for power system

simulations. In the third order model, the stator transient flux

terms are neglected, which is a reasonable assumption in

many cases. In the first order model, also the rotor flux

transients are neglected, resulting in a set of algebraic voltage

equations.

The protective relays include over- and undervoltage

tripping relays and an overspeed relay. For a doubly fed

induction generator, special precautions must be taken inorder to protect the rotor frequency converter from

overcurrent, as the converter is the most sensitive part of the

system to be damaged by overcurrents. In case of rotor

overcurrent, the basic action can be:

- opening the rotor circuit;

- bypassing the converter by shorting the rotor circuit

with a ‘crowbar’;

In [4] is claimed that the 3rd order generator model is

sufficiently accurate for small signal stability investigations

(e.g. flicker). However, the 3rd order model may give

inadequate results for the calculated rotor and stator current.

When simulating the transient behaviour of a doubly fed

induction generator, these inadequate results may lead to a

wrong assessment of the rotor current protection actions. The

5th order model must be used to obtain a correctly simulated

transient behaviour.

The controllers include pitch control, and, for variable

speed turbines, also speed control and active and reactive

power control. The reference speed is calculated by a

maximum power tracker. The speed of the active and reactive

current control loops depends on the generator type. With a

synchronous generator with frequency converter, the reference

current can be immediately obtained. For a doubly fed

induction generator, the stator current is controlled through

magnetic interaction with the controlled rotor current. Becauseof this, the stator current control speed is lower than for the

synchronous generator with frequency converter. This is

further discussed in paragraph III.B.

B. Simulation Example

1) Model Description

A detailed model of a wind turbine with fifth-order

generator model was developed, following the guidelines of

the previous paragraph. The model is fully described in [5]. A

summary of the simulations performed in [5] is given here.

The distribution grid of Haasrode, an industrial site near

Leuven (Belgium), was modelled ( ). It consists of four

radial 10kV-lines connected to a 70kV substation, at which

the short circuit power is 430MVA. The total load is 10MW,

equally distributed among the different nodes. A 2MW wind

turbine is assumed to be connected at node 408.

Fig. 1

2) Wind Speed Fluctuation

The simulated wind speed is shown in Fig. 2. Two

generator types are investigated: the squirrel cage (fixed

speed) induction generator and the doubly fed induction

generator (variable speed) of which the reference value for the



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III. SIMPLIFIED TURBINE AND FARM MODEL

A. Active Power Model

Starting from a detailed model, a more simplified model

active and reactive power is constructed [6]. The detailed

model of a variable speed turbine was taken from literature,

published by the manufacturer [7]. It was used to perform

simulations with sinusoidal wind speeds with a varying

average value and varying fluctuation frequency ( ).Fig. 10

Fig. 10. Wind speed and mechanical power for two values

of average wind speed and three different wind speed

fluctuation frequencies

0 20 400.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

v w i n d

/ v w i n d , r

, P m e c h

/ P m e c h , r

freq = 0.05Hz

a) 0 10 200.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6freq = 0.5Hz

0 5 100.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6freq = 2Hz

0 20 40

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

v w i n d

/ v w i n d , r

, P m e c h

/ P m e c h , r

time [s]

0 10 20

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

time [s]

0 5 10

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

time [s]

vwind

Pmech

b) c)

d) e) f)

All simulation results are summarized in the plot of Fig ,

in which the amplitude of the power oscillations is set out

against the fluctuation frequency of the wind speed, using the

average wind speed as parameter. Two sets of curves can be

distinguished: curves for high average wind speed (slope

20dB/decade in low frequency region) and for low average

wind speed (horizontal in low frequency region). The reason

for this is the different effect of speed and pitch control of the

turbine, below and above rated wind speed. The fullexplanation of the results is given in [6].

. 11

Fig. 11

Fig. 11

Fig. 11. Frequency Characteristic of Power Fluctuation

Amplitude

The curves of suggest to simplify the complicated

active power model by two equivalent transfer functions (

), one for high and one for low wind speeds. The time

constants are calculated to have an optimal match between the

curves of and the frequency response of the transfer

functions. Suggested values are:

Fig.

12

Fig. 12. Equivalent Transfer Function for Active Power

available wind speed

vwind,avai l

transfer function for low wind speed

gradual transitionlow wind speed ->high wind speed

power curve

addit ional transfer functionfor high wind speed

low-passfilter

0

1

Thus, an equivalent active power model for a wind turbine

is constructed, which is well suitable to estimate the turbine

power fluctuations during continuous operation. The full

explanation of the model derivation, as well as the aggregation

into a model of an entire wind farm, is given in [6]. Also the

simplified simulation of turbine yawing and active power

control is given in [6].

B. Reactive Power Model

The modelling of the reactive power generation and the

behaviour during grid disturbances does not start from a

predefined detailed model from literature. It is believed thatfuture large wind farms will always be able to control the

reactive power output, either by control action on the

generator itself or by additional devices (such as SVCs or

STATCOMs) connected at the point of common coupling.

The supplied reactive power is calculated by either a P-

controller or PI-controller with anti-windup, making sure that

the reactive power that the wind farm must supply never

exceeds a limit value. The implementation of a PI-controller is

supported by most power system simulation software

packages, and does not contain any particularities in its use for

this model.

The speed of the reactive current control depends on thegenerator type. The two most common generator types for

variable speed turbines are

- doubly fed induction generators

- synchronous generators with frequency converter,

(mostly combined with a ‘direct drive’ turbine

configuration)

The current control loop of the synchronous generator can

be much faster than with the doubly fed induction generator,

as the entire machine active and reactive power is processed

by power electronic converters. Suggested values for the time

constant TICTL (the time constant of the current control loop)

are:

T low = 7 s d = 0.3

T 0 = 0.52 s K high = 0.06

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Pmech

amplitude-frequency characteristic

vwind

fluctuation frequency [rad/s]

f l u c t u a t i n g P

m e c h , a m p l i t u d e [ d B ]

vwind,avg

= 6 m/s

vwind,avg

= 7 m/s

vwind,avg = 8 m/s

vwind,avg

= 11 .. 20 m/svwind,avg

= 9 m/s

vwind,avg

= 10 m/s

- TICTL = 20ms for synchronous generator - TICTL = 200ms for doubly fed induction generator

A detailed description about the modelling of the current

controller, as well as the impact of the reactive current control

on the active power control (in case of overcurrents) can be

found in [6].



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C. Simulation example The active power production is shown in . The

moments at which the wind gust at t = 1000 s reaches each of

the five turbine rows can be clearly distinguished. A sudden

wind speed increase results in a power increase towards rated

power in approximately 150 s. The farm rated power is not

fully achieved because of the farm losses, causing a reduction

of wind speed for the turbines behind the first row.

Fig. 15

1) Assumptions

As an illustration, a simulation for a hypothetical 500MW-

wind farm in the Belgian North Sea is performed. The wind

farm is connected at the 150kV-substation of Slijkens, one of

the three coastal 150kV substations in Belgium. The

connection is shown in Fig. 13. The wind farm power is

assumed to be collected at 30kV, and transformed by an

offshore transformer towards 150kV. The grid connection ismade by a submarine 150kV cable. The cable characteristics

have impact on the simulation results. Especially its

capacitance, which is proportional to the cable length, is not

neglectible.

The rated power is achieved when the wind speed increases

further to 25 m/s. The turbines then have to pitch the bladesout of the wind in order to avoid excessive mechanical loads

and excessive power production. The pitching action goes

rather fast, and the farm is able to maintain its output power

within a narrow range around its rated power. The moments at

which the wind speed gust reaches each of the five turbine

rows is again clearly seen.An active and reactive power model for the wind farm is

made as described above. The wind farm is assumed to consist

of five turbine rows, orthogonally oriented to the wind speed. The change in wind speed direction also causes a short drop

in power production, which is quickly restored by the yawing

action of the turbines.The Belgian power grid model contains:For the active power production, no differences were noted

between the four scenarios.- all 400 kV, 220kV 150kV and 70kV substations and

high voltage lines of Belgium, including the planned

150kV cable between the coastal nodes Koksijde andSlijkens;

The produced reactive power for each of the four scenarios

is shown in . In the cases with voltage control, the

reactive power production is negative: the farm behaves as an

inductor. The resulting voltage in Slijkens is shown in Fig. 17.

It is seen that, without voltage control, the voltage at Slijkens

fluctuates if the wind speed and farm active power production

changes. In the cases with voltage control, the voltage can

well be maintained at a fixed value.

Fig. 16

- all generation and load data for each substation, as they

have been recorded on a representative winter day

(19/01/1994);

- dynamic models of the governors and voltage

controllers of most generators in the Belgian Grid,

including the power plant of Herdersbrug, which is the

power plant nearest to the coast.The cable length has an impact on how the reactive power

must be controlled in order to control the voltage at Slijkens.

It is seen that the voltage at Slijkens either increases or

decreases at the moment of increased active power production.

This is because the cable capacitance, which has a largeinfluence on the system’s voltage behaviour, is proportional to

the cable length, and thus much difference in the behaviour

can occur with different cable lengths.Fig. 13. Assumed Grid Connection of Wind Farm to

Belgian Power Grid The voltage fluctuations at the 150kV substation of Slijkens

for the cases a) and b) are far less than 1% (Fig. 17), and thus

well within the normal voltage fluctuations that appear on a

power system. A wind farm operation strategy at which the

farm reactive power is controlled at a fixed value does not

result in a gravely decreased grid power quality.

2) Wind Gust Simulation

Four scenarios are considered:

a) the wind farm produces nor consumes reactive power at

the offshore 150kV-node; the transmission cable length

is 10 km It is concluded that the impact assessment of wind speed

fluctuations on the grid voltage does not provide an incentive

for installing highly advanced generator types or highlyadvanced voltage control algorithms.

b) same as a), but with a cable length of 50km;

c) the wind farm reactive power is dynamically controlled

in such a way that the voltage at Slijkens remains at a

fixed value. The transmission cable length is 10km;

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

time [s]

w i n d s p e e d [ m / s ] a n d d i r e c t i o n [ d e g ]

a- wind speedb- wind direction

c- farm angle mismatchd- rated wind speed

a

b

b

cc

d

d) same as c), but with a cable length of 50km.

A wind speed sequence as in Fig. 14 is assumed. The wind

speed direction undergoes a sudden change of 28 degrees (0,5

radians) at t = 5000 s. The turbines must yaw towards the new

wind direction. The mismatch angle between the wind

direction and the turbines orientation, calculated according to

the description in paragraph 1, is also shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 14. Assumed Wind Speed and Wind direction for

Wind Gust Simulation



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1000 1100 12000

100

200

300

400

500

600

time [s]

f a r m p o w e r [ M W ]

2950 3000 3050 31000

100

200

300

400

500

600

time [s]4950 5000 50500

100

200

300

400

500

600

time [s] Fig. 15. Active Power Production by a 500MW-Wind

Farm

1000 1100 1200-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

time [s]

f a r m r e a c t i v e p o w e r [ M V A r ]

2950 3000 3050 3100-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

time [s]4950 5000 5050

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

time [s]

a,b- Q-neutr 10&50kmc- DVAR 10km

d- DVAR 50km

a, b

c

d

a, b

d

c

a, b

d

c

Fig. 16. Reactive Power Production by a 500MW-Wind

Farm

1000 1100 1200153

153.5

154

154.5

155

155.5

156

156.5

157

157.5

158

time [s]

V S l i j k e n s

[ k V ]

2950 3000 3050 3100153

153.5

154

154.5

155

155.5

156

156.5

157

157.5

158

time [s]4950 5000 5050

153

153.5

154

154.5

155

155.5

156

156.5

157

157.5

158

time [s]

a- Q-neutr 10kmb- Q-neutr 50kmc- DVAR 10kmd- DVAR 50km

a

b

a

b

c, d

a

b

c, dc, d

Fig. 17. Voltage at Slijkens 150kV-substation

1000 1100 1200154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

time [s]

V o f f s h o r e

[ k V ]

2950 3000 3050 3100154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

time [s]4950 5000 5050

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

time [s]

a- Q-neutr 10kmb- Q-neutr 50kmc- DVAR 10kmd- DVAR 50km

a

b

d

c

d

b

a

c

b

d

a

c

Fig. 18. Voltage at offshore 150kV-node

3) Voltage Disturbance Simulation due to Grid Fault

A grid fault is simulated at t = 1 s, by applying a short

circuit in the substation of Brugge, which is located further inland and connected by a 150kV line to Slijkens. The fault is

cleared after 300 ms. This results in a 300 ms voltage dip at

Slijkens. The depth of the voltage dip depends on the wind

farm reaction.

For the following simulations, next assumptions were

made:

- the rated wind farm power is 500 MW,

- the wind speed is constant and equal to 12m/s (below

rated wind speed);

- calculations were made with transmission cable lengths

of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 km;

- in one scenario the wind farm keeps its reactive power

output at zero ( );Fig. 19

Fig. 19

Fig. 19

Fig. 19. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm keeps reactive

power output at zero

- in the other scenario, the voltage at Slijkens is monitored

and the wind farm provides dynamic support to control

this voltage. The time constant of the farm current

controller TICTL is either 20 ms ( ), 200 ms (

) or 2 s (F )

Fig. 20

Fig. 20

Fig. 20. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamic

voltage support, TICTL = 20 ms

Fig.

21

Fig. 21

Fig. 21. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamicvoltage support, TICTL = 200 ms

ig. 22

ig. 22

ig. 22

The voltage at Slijkens for each of the scenarios is shown in

, , and F . In terms of voltage

control, the scenario with a cable length of 1 km is also

representative for the case in which a dynamic voltage

controller, such as a static var compensator, is installed

onshore, near the point of common coupling (Slijkens).

The conclusions from the figures are:

- The voltage at the initial moment of the dip is the same

for all cases. However, the voltage can be better maintained if

voltage support is delivered by the wind farm generators.

- The duration of typical voltages dips is some hundreds of

milliseconds, and thus the dynamic voltage support by thewind farm must be fast enough. There is nearly no difference

between the voltages at Slijkens for the case where the wind

farm does not provide voltage support ( ) and where it

provides voltage support very slowly (F ).

- The cable length limits the voltage support that a wind

farm can deliver. In each of the cases of Fig. 20, the wind

farm supplies the maximum available reactive power (this was

set in the simulation model to 1 p.u., i.e. 500MVAr). The

effect on the voltage restoration is much less for a 50km-cable

than for a 10km-cable. This effect was not yet visible on the

curves of Fig. 21 and Fig. 22, because the maximum reactive

power was not yet obtained due to the slower control systems.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

time [s]

V o l t a g e a t S l i j k e n s [ k V ]

1km

10km

20km

30km

40km

50km

0 0.5 1 1.5 2100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

time [s]


1km

10km20km

30km40km

50km

0 0.5 1 1.5 2100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

time [s]


1km

10km20km

30km

40km50km

0 0.5 1 1.5 2100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

time [s]


1km10km

20km

30km

40km50km

Fig. 22. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamic

voltage support, TICTL = 2 s



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IV. R EFERENCES Johan Driesen (S’93–M’97) graduated as an

Electrotechnical Engineer and received the Ph.D. degree

in electrical engineering from the Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium, in 1996 and

2000, respectively. In 1996, he became a Research

Assistant of the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-

Vlaanderen (Fund for Scientific Research of Flanders -

F.W.O.-Vl.). From 2000 to 2001, he was a Visiting

Lecturer with Imperial College, London, U.K. In 2002, he

was a Visiting Scholar with the Electrical Engineering Department, University

of California at Berkeley. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of

the F.W.O.-Vl. at KULeuven. Dr. Driesen received the 1996 R&D Award of

the Belgian Royal Society of Electrotechnical Engineers (KBVE) for his

Master’s thesis on power quality problems. In 2002, he received the KBVE R.

Sinave Award for his Ph.D. dissertation on coupled problems in electrical

energy transducers.

[1] S. Stoft, ‘Power System Economics’, John Wiley & Sons; 1st edition

(May 17, 2002)

[2] ‘Dynamic Modelling of Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Wind-

Generators’, DigSilent GmbH Technical Documentation, 2003, available

at http://www.digsilent.de

[3] M. Pöller, S. Achilles, ‘Aggregated Wind Park Models for Analyzing

Power System Dynamics;

[4] V. Akhmatov, ‘Modelling of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines with

Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in Short-Term Stability Analysis’,

Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Transmission Networks for Off-shore Wind Farms, Stockholm, April 11-12, 2002;

[5] J. Soens, T. Vu Van, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Modelling wind turbine

generators for power system simulations,’ European wind energy

conference EWEC, Madrid, Spain, June 16-19, 2003;

[6] J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Generic Dynamic Wind Farm Model

for Power System Simulations,’ Nordic Wind Power Conference

NWPC’04, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 1-2

March 2004;Ronnie Belmans (S’77-M’84-SM’89) received the M.S.

degree in electrical engineering in 1979, the Ph.D. in

1984, and the Special Doctorate in 1989 from the

K.U.Leuven, Belgium and the Habilitierung from the

RWTH, Aachen, Germany, in 1993. Currently, he is full

professor with K.U.Leuven, teaching electrical machines

and variable speed drives. He is appointed visiting

professor at Imperial College in London. He is also

President of UIE.

[7] R. W. Delmerico, N. Miller, W. W. Price, J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, ‘Dynamic

Modelling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 MW Wind Turbine-Generators for Stability

Simulations,’ IEEE Power Engineering Society PES General Meeting,

13-17 July, Toronto, Canada;

[8] J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Generic Aggregated Wind Farm

Model for Power System Simulations – Impact of Grid Connection

Requirements,’ International Conference of Renewable Energy and

Power Quality, Barcelona, 31 March, 1-2 April 2004 – Accepted for publication

He was with the Laboratory for Electrical Machines of the RWTH,Aachen, Germany (Von Humboldt Fellow, Oct.’88-Sept.’89). Oct.’89-

Sept.’90, he was visiting associate professor at Mc Master University,

Hamilton, Ont., Canada. During the academic year 1995-1996 he occupied the

Chair at the London University, offered by the Anglo-Belgian Society.

Dr.Belmans is a fellow of the IEE (United Kingdom). He is the chairman of

the board of Elia, the Belgian transmission grid operator.

V. BIOGRAPHIES

Joris Soens was born in 1978 in Belgium. He received the

M.S. degree in 2001 as Electrotechnical Engineer from the

K.U. Leuven, Belgium. He received the Sidmar Award for

his Master’s thesis on the power quality of a

cycloconverter-driven rolling machine. Since 2001, he has

been working as a doctoral research assistant of the

Belgian 'Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek -

Vlaanderen'. His research interests lie in the impact of

large wind farms and small distributed generation units,

on the transmission system and distribution system level.

Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations

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