Why Journalism Needs the Fifth Estate
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Why Journalism Needs the Fifth Estate: Networked Individuals in the
War for InformationWilliam H. Dutton
Quello Professor of Media and Information PolicyQuello Center, Michigan State University
Blog http://quello.msu.eduTwitter @QuelloCenter
Presentation for students of the Free Journalism School, Kiev, Ukraine, 29 October 2015.
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Huge Challenges for Journalism in UkraineMajor Period of Turbulence• 2014 Revolution• Annexation of Crimea by Russian Federation• War in Donbass and Luhansk regions
Ongoing ‘War on Information’• Malaysia Airlines Flight 17: 17 July 2014?• Presence of Russian soldiers in eastern Ukraine?
Lower Visibility, Greater Uncertainty in West
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Addressing Challenges
Training of Journalists• Amateur and Professional• Free Journalism School: Congratulations!
Nurturing the Rise of a Fifth Estate?• Complementing Journalists• Fighting a War for Information
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Focus of This Talk
The Internet’s Role in Reconfiguring Access to Information
The Rise of a Fifth Estate
Discussion: Is this Relevant to Journalism in Ukraine and Surrounding Nations
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The Internet’s Use in Reconfiguring Access to:
Information
People
Services
Technology
• How you get information• What you know
• How you communicate• Who you know
• How you obtain services• From whom, from where
• How you do what you do• What know-how you
require
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Power Shifts & the Internet: New Conventional Wisdom
Institutions, such as Gov’t
& Business Organizations
Citizens,Consumers
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A New Organizational Form:Enabling Networked Individuals
Source Information
Join & Create Networks
Enhance Communicativ
e Power
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Oxford Internet Surveys (OxIS)• 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013• Cross-sectional Surveys versus Panels• Multi-Stage Probability Sample • England, Scotland & Wales • Respondents: 14 years and older• Face-to-face Interviews, High Response Rates• Sponsorship for 2013 from the Nominet Trust, Ofcom,
UK Research Councils, dot.rural• Component of World Internet Project (WIP)
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First Port of Call
Search v Sites
Social Cues & Collaboration
Centrality Significance
Trust
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Focused Case Studies
Surveys
5th Estate ConceptCases
Dynamics, Strategies
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The Fifth Estate Press since the 18th Century - the ‘Fourth Estate’ Internet in the 21st - enabling a Fifth Estate
Internet enabling a critical mass of individuals to source information, and network in ways that support distributed social accountability in business, industry, government, politics & media.
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The Fourth Estate
“[Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters’ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more prominent far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or witty saying; it is a literal fact – very momentous to us in these times.”
Thomas Carlyle (1831), Heroes and Hero-Worship, at www.gutenberg.org.etext/1091
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Feudal Estates into the 21st Century
Feudal Estates & Mob 21st Century Roles ofClergy Public Intellectuals
Nobility Business, Industry and Economic Elites, Internet Industrial Elites
Commons Government, Politicians & Regulators
Press Journalists and the Mass Media
Mob Civil Society, Networked Individuals, Mobs
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Montesquieu’s Tripartite System into the 21st (US Separation of Powers)
Tripartite Modern US ParallelCourts Judiciary
Monarch Executive
Parliament Legislative
Press as 4th Journalists and the Mass Media
Mob Civil Society, Networked Individuals, Mobs
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Networked Institutions v Individuals
Networked Institutions, such as in e-Health Networked Individuals:
going to the Internet for health and medical information
networking patients, e.g., Patients Like Me networking physicians, e.g., Sermo
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Slovenia Moldova Belarus Hungary Romania Ukraine Poland UK Russia0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Internet Users% Population
Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm
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Slovenia Moldova Belarus Hungary Romania Ukraine Poland UK Russia0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
Internet UsersFacebook Users
Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm
VKontakte.ruUsed in Russia
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Arenas: Networked Institutions
Networked Individuals
News Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging
Netizens, Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Whistleblowers, Leaks, Churnalism.org, Hacking Blacklash
Government Digital Democracy, E-Consultation, e-Voting, Surveillance
Obama campaign, Arab Spring, Anti-Bribery Websites, 38 Degrees
Education Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms, MOOCs
Backchannels, Informal Learning, Rate My Teacher, Khan Academy
Health and Medical NHS Direct, e-mailing safety alerts
Going to the Internet for health information, networks of patients, physicians
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Fifth Estate as Complement v Substitute
Networked Institutions• Democratic-
Autocratic• Not Replaced
Networked Individuals• Core to Institutions• Base of 5th Estate
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Fifth Estate Strategies• Find through search or social media• Patient or citizen finds information about problemsSearching
• Individual creates information• Martha Payne’s NeverSecondsSourcing
• Distribute or leak information to networks• Whistle Blowers, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, Edward Snowden
Distributing-Leaking
• Self-selected collorative networks• Sermo, Patients Like MeNetworking
• Aggregate information, observations• Rate My Teacher, Bribery Websites, Environmental Sensors
Collective Intelligence
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Business & Industry Meet the 5th EstateBloggers covered the Web and Social Media with Images of BP’s Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Effects of Oil Spill (2006)
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Martha Payne, 9 yr old girl writes blog for school project in Scotland: ‘NeverSeconds’
- Produced content: photos & reviews school lunch in 2012
- Distributed on her blog: neverseconds.blogspot.com/
- Censored by her institution (her primary school’s council)
- 8,859,514 pages views
- Fostered debate over the quality of school lunches nationwide and worldwide
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Business & Industry Meet the 5th Estate
Videos of individuals circulated on social media immediately after huge chemical explosions at warehouse in Tianjin, China (13 Aug 2015)
By 17 Aug, 50 Websites shut down by Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) for spreading rumors
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Nanjing, China, Gas Explosion (28 Jul 2010)Explosion not covered by local papers, but covered by bloggers, including video of gov’t official interrupting a live report, saying “Who gave you permission …?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLdaO-XDOdM
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Photographs of Snipers in Kiev
Celebration in Kiev Marking a Year Since Shootings of Anti-government Protesters
Conflicting War on Information about Who Ordered What?
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Sourcing and Checking Facts
•Churnalism•Fact Checking
Challenging the Press
•Retraction Web Sites
Challenging
Academia
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Fifth Estate Strategies
•Find through search or social media•Patient or citizen finds information about problemsSearching•Individual creates information•Martha Payne’s NeverSecondsSourcing•Distribute or leak information to networks•Whistle Blowers, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, Edward SnowdenDistributing-Leaking
•Self-selected collorative networks•Sermo, Patients Like MeNetworking•Aggregate information, observations•Rate My Teacher, Bribery Websites, Environmental Sensors
Collective Intelligence
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Accountability: Distributing, Leaking
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Fifth Estate Strategies
•Find through search or social media•Patient or citizen finds information about problemsSearching•Individual creates information•Martha Payne’s NeverSecondsSourcing•Distribute or leak information to networks•Whistle Blowers, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, Edward SnowdenDistributing-Leaking
•Self-selected collorative networks•Sermo, Patients Like MeNetworking•Aggregate information, observations•Rate My Teacher, Bribery Websites, Environmental Sensors
Collective Intelligence
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Sermo: a Collaborative Network Organisation
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Saving Sweet Briar College
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Reporting on China’s Stock Market
Social media (WeChat and Weibo) rather than state news media have become major sources of information for Chinese given blocking of Western media reports*http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/world/asia/consumer-anxiety-in-china-undermines-governments-economic-plans.html?_r=0
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Fifth Estate Strategies
•Find through search or social media•Patient or citizen finds information about problemsSearching•Individual creates information•Martha Payne’s NeverSecondsSourcing•Distribute or leak information to networks•Whistle Blowers, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, Edward SnowdenDistributing-Leaking
•Self-selected collorative networks•Sermo, Patients Like MeNetworking•Aggregate information, observations•Rate My Teacher, Bribery Websites, Environmental Sensors
Collective Intelligence
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Ratings with their Drawbacks
Rate My Teacher
Amazon Seller and Product
Ratings
eBay Rating of Suppliers
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Pollution Monitoring Mobile Apps
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Challenges to the Fifth Estate
Public Intellectuals
Business & Industrial Elites
Government and Regulatory Agencies
Press
The ‘Mob’Bad ‘Hackers’
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Threats to Trust & Centrality of 5th•Low Up-Take of the Internet•Quality or bias of algorithms•Privacy and surveillance Search•Low Levels of Social Media Use•Echo chamber•Freedom of expression & assembly
Social Cues and Collaboration
•Need to Create a virtuous cycle of use•Rise of entertainment•Closing of a world on mobile apps
1st Port of Call
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Opportunities and Problems
•Empirically Anchored•Pluralistic Democratic Accountability•Distributed IntelligenceValue•Enemies of the 5th Estate•Inappropriate Regulatory Responses•Top-down control of search & networks
Challenges
•Empowering Individuals•Critical Mass v Universal Access – Not Just a Social or Political Movement
New Reality
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What can be done?
Encouraging Access to and Up-take of the Internet
Fostering Greater Use of Social Media
Learning and Education on Critical Sourcing and Use of Information
Awareness of the Potential Value of a Fifth Estate
Journalists Supporting Fifth Estate & Vice Versa
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Research Foundations• Oxford Internet Surveys: 2003-2013 and World Internet
Project (WIP)• The Internet Values Project: OII in collaboration with
INSEAD, comScore, WEF, and ictQATAR• The Performance of Distributed Problem-Solving Networks
(DPSN) Project (2007-8)• The Oxford e-Social Science Project (OeSS), Economic and
Social Research Council (2005-12)• The Fifth Estate Project, supported by the OII, Oxford
Internet Surveys (2003-13), June Klein, Electronic Boardroom™, and the Quello Center
• Readings: http://quello.msu.edu/research/the-fifth-estate/
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Why Journalism Needs the Fifth Estate: Networked Individuals in the
War for InformationWilliam H. Dutton
Quello Professor of Media and Information PolicyQuello Center, Michigan State University
Blog http://quello.msu.eduTwitter @QuelloCenter
Presentation for students of the Free Journalism School, Kiev, Ukraine, 29 October 2015.