Why is ESAC so hilly?
Transcript of Why is ESAC so hilly?
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A talk (Thursday, December 1st) and a fieldtrip (Friday, December 2nd)
Enrique Díaz Martínez Researcher of the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME)
Why is ESAC so hilly?
Geology of the Madrid region
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ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016
FIRST GEOLOGY MAPS OF THE PROVINCE OF MADRID 1853 (“bosquejo” or sketch), 1861 and 1864
Casiano de Prado y Valle (1797 – 1866)
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Geological map of the province of Madrid (currently as “Autonomous Community”)
A geological map shows the composition (lithology), age and structure of the rocks Geological time is measured in millions of years
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The geological clock (1 h = 4.600 Ma)
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ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016
Geological units of Madrid: - Guadarrama and Somosierra ranges (Central System), Paleozoic and Mesozoic age - Madrid Basin (part of Tajo sedimentary basin), Cenozoic age (Tertiary) - Fluvial valleys (Alberche, Jarama, Henares, Tajo, etc.), Quaternary age
Geological map of the province of Madrid
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The Central System:
Variscan orogeny
<= Granites
(Siete Picos, La Pedriza, La Cabrera) <= Quartzites, slates (Puebla de La Sierra) <= Gneises (La Morcuera, El Vellón)
Geological map of the province of Madrid
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Long period without geological record. The Variscan Mountains were intensely eroded.
Alpine orogeny <= Gypsum and red clays (Torrelaguna) <= Marine limestones (Guadalix, Patones)
The Central System:
Variscan orogeny
<= Granites
(Siete Picos, La Pedriza, La Cabrera) <= Quartzites, slates (Puebla de La Sierra) <= Gneises (La Morcuera, El Vellón)
Geological map of the province of Madrid
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GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE CENTRAL SYSTEM
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THE BASIN:
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ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016
- Lacustrine limestones (Chinchón, Colmenar de Oreja)
- Marls and gypsum (La Poveda, and Ciempozuelos cliffs)
- Sands and gravels (El Pardo, Majadahonda, Tres Cantos)
THE BASIN:
Alpine orogeny
<= Gypsum and red clays (Torrelaguna)
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Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN)
Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the M-30 (Casa de Campo, Madrid)
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Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN)
Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the “Hidroléctrica” (Paseo de la Virgen del Puerto, Madrid)
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Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN)
Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the Cerro Batallones (Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid)
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Atapuerca family picture. Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN)
Period Epoch
Quaternary (2.6 Ma - today)
Holocene (11,000 a - today)
Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a)
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THE VALLEYS:
Epoch
Holocene (11,000 a - today)
Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a)
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<= Modern alluvial deposits (flood plains)
<= Fluvial terrace deposits (sands and gravels)
THE VALLEYS:
Epoch
Holocene (11,000 a - today)
Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a)
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And also… glaciers!
Glacial evolution of the Peñalara massif Author: Eduardo Acaso
Epoch
Holocene (11,000 a - today)
Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a)
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So… What will we see
tomorrow?
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GRANITES
- Geological setting
- Plutonic rocks (magma “frozen” underground), silica-rich (acid) composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite, plus local moscovite, amphiboles, cordierite, etc.
- Types: leucogranites vs monzogranites, porphyritic vs equigranular, coarse vs fine…
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Type of textures in different rocks of granitic composition
Rock: Granite Granite porphyry Aplite Pegmatite Obsidian
Type of texture: Granitic Porphyritic Aplitic Pegmatitic Vitreous
Size of crystals: All average Some large and some small All small All large No crystals (just glass)
How did the rock form?
Many crystals grew slowly
A few crystals grew slowly, then the rest grew quickly
Many crystals grew quickly
A few crystals grew slowly
Rapid cooling inhibits cristal growth
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GRANITIC MASSIFS
- Geological setting
- Lithology (different compositions)
- Fracturing of rocks
- Climate and erosion
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Come to the field with us tomorrow!!
Thank you very much for your attention.
…and don’t forget to visit our museum at
Ríos Rosas, 23 (Madrid)