Why do we think together ? Brainstorming, KJ method, Causal Loop Diagram May, 2012 Toshiyuki Yasui,...

Why do we think together ?Brainstorming, KJ method, Causal Loop Diagram

May, 2012Toshiyuki Yasui, Ph.D. ([email protected])

Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University

2012 Keio SDM Spring/ Fundamentals of SDM

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Sharing From Homework• What kind of problems do you want to solve?Categorize problems to select what problem your team wants to solve.• What kind of solutions do you have? (Homework: Solo

brainstorming: Ten ideas each and share ideas in the team)

ENERGY SECURITY

TaizoToshiro

Have you ever joined in such a workshop ?

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Forced to conclude at what Organizers expected.

Have you ever joined in such a workshop ?

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Talk, talk, and talk. No way-out. Get tired.

Why do we have a workshop ?• We want to be involved in something in nature.• We wants by ourselves to feel, sense and discover

something.• We want to connect with others, with the nature,

and with the society.• A facilitation* is to: – Organize the platform,– Connect the people,– Draw something,– Promote something.

5( 出所 ) 中野民夫 (2003:32-36) 　(*support and enhance dialogues in a workshop )

( 写真出所 ) 慶應 SDM 提供

What image you share from this ?

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Information and ExperienceInformation comes from experience.

No analyzed information gets me excited.

A information means for me like a feeling that you and I sense at the same time the touch of the same seat without considering.

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( 出所 ) 深澤直人 (2005:214-215)

See as a ‘stranger’

• What thought and anxiety can you see ?

10( 写真出所 )2012 年 1 月 23 日、筆者撮影

See as a ‘stranger’ • What thought and anxiety can you see ?

11( 写真出所 )2012 年 1 月 23 日、筆者撮影

Brainstorming: Cliché

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Rush into the similar idea and end.

We have tips for a successful Brainstorming session.

True Significance of Brainstorming• A meeting to share the improvised idea.

– Osborne’s 4 principles for Brainstorming (Clark (1961))• 1. Not be a critic, 2. Free and spontaneous, 3. The more the

better, 4. Do not ask for improvement by combination• 2 types of brainstorming:

– Steam-shovel type,– Spade type

• It is NOT a conference for free and simple idea-raising (Clark (1958))– Participants shall consider deep in one theme and connect idea

for it.• Identify the network and connectivity of ideas

– Brainstorming is in essence the spade type session.– Categorizing and organizing ideas after the session is important.– Significance on making ideas visionary and sharing them.

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Stanford d School: Eight Principles of Successful Brainstorming

• 1. Defer Judgment. • 2. Go for volume. • 3. One conversation at a time. • 4. Be visual. • 5. Headline your idea. • 6. Build on the ideas of others. • 7. Stay on topic.　• 8. Encourage wild ideas.

14(Source) Stanford d School(2009).

Existence of Collective Intelligence Proved Scientifically

• Article in Science October 29, 2010 Issue (Williams Woolley et al. (2010))– 699 participants formed groups of 2 to 5 members

• Works of puzzles, brainstorming and group decisions• Measured participants’ intelligent performances after works by results of

computer-based checker games• Performance improved by collective intelligence: statistically significant

– ‘C Factor’: intelligent capabilities drawn by co-works• No correlation with individual intelligences• Positive correlation with social sensitivity

– ‘reading in your eyes’ capability • Positive correlation with the number of female members in the group

– A female is considered to have a high social sensitivity• Negative correlation with the tables where a few monopolize the talks

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Pass Around the Talks, Do Not Monopolize Them, Never Anyone Be Silent.

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Collective intelligence is a wisdom of ancestors.

( 写真出所 ) Wikipedia Websitehttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redestab

Talking Stick: Wisdoms of Native Americans

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Redestab.JPG&filetimestamp=20100225133227

Essence of Brainstorming

• Sometimes you cannot go well with certain topics and members.

• If so, – Change the topic or members.– Or otherwise try another method for idea creation 17

Laugh Inspiration

Let’s have a brainstorming session.

18( 写真出所 ) 保井俊之 (forthcoming)

Brainstorming topics:Energy and Security

(which you selected in the previous lecture)

Please make two groups.Note all popped ideas on the post-it and paste them on the white board.

KJ Method: Grouping the Ideas Unconsciously

• Group Idea Creation Method for Collecting Requirements (Project Management Institute (2008)

• Late Prof. Jiro Kawakita, a famous anthropologist invented this method ( 川喜田二郎 (1986))

• Fit to a co-work, used for creative problem-solving

• Unconsciously compare and put a post-it to near or to far. 19

Ends of Regional Development　

Means of Regional

Development

Problems of Regional

Development

E.g., KJ Method used in the Regional Development Project( 津々木晶子ら (2011))

KJ Method: Let’s group ideas

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Do not artificially organize them. Unconsciously put them like ‘this is close’ and ‘this is far’.

Please group ideas popped from the brainstormingSession.

( 写真出所 ) 　ふくしま未来ミーティング (2011 年 12 月 11 日 ; 福島大学 ) ワークショップにて、筆者撮影

Recognize the links• System Dynamics (SD), Business Dynamics

• (Legasto, Forrester, Lynais (1980), Sterman (2000) )– Identify the links between elements of a system– Analyze quantitatively or qualitatively influences by those links– Applied to a social system analysis recently (Senge (1990))

• Causal Loop Diagram/ Causal Relations Diagram• Causal Relations Diagram: CRD– Loop• A circulation in elements reinforce or balance the effects in

a system– Leverage Point• A key to solve a problem

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CRD: Example

Work until midnight

Productivity down

Errors increasedGet customers angered

Fixing errors

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MidnightOil

Loop

Leverage Point

Lets make a CRD.

• Get groups identified by the KJ method connected by arrows.

• Find loops.• Name the loops.• Leverage Point: identify points where you can stop

the loops by holding that point.23( 写真出所 ) 　ふくしま未来ミーティング (2011 年 12 月 11 日 ; 福島大学 ) ワークショップにて、

筆者撮影

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Story-telling • Storytelling – Telling a story.– Sharing a concept through the concrete story

with members of the group for achieving the goals.– Systematic methodology–Applied to the sociology, business sciences,

political sciences, and other disciplines.–Key to political leadership(Polletta (2006))

• Using narratives change the society– ‘Who tells what and when’ significantly

influences the society.

Corporate Strategy as Story

The corporate strategy as story emphasizes not the difference but the inter-connectedness, which are both essences of the strategy.

Not only the top construct the story, but also the story is shared as the whole by the people of the organization. This provides great meaning.

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( 出所 ) 楠木建 (2010:20, 64)

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Storytelling as Nurturing Creativity • Persuasion and

Knowledge Management from the Storytelling– E.g., Organizational

Reforms on IBM, Xerox, World Bank

• Good Story (Brown et al. (2005)) – Sustainability– Building up– Sense-making– Feeling Comfortable

• 9 Principles of Storytelling (ibid.) – Be truth.– Be minimum. – Be happy-ending.– Give up controlling.– May have a cut block.– Believe in yourself.– Synthesize a story and

analysis. – Tell just enough.– Everyone be storyteller.

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Storytelling Formula By Syd Field• Syd Field

– A play writer learned from Jean Lenoir, Sam Peckinpah– Joined in the ‘God Father’ and ‘American Graffiti’

• A play is a story told by the scenes.

Syd Field( 写真出所 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Field)

StartAct 1

Situation Settings

MiddleAct 2

Conflicts

EndAct 3

Solutions

Plot Point 1 Plot Point 2

・ Creating a theme

・ Creating characters and their

actions

・ Stories and setting personalities

Opening Ending

Key Incident

Inciting Incident

Syd Field (2009): Story telling paradigm of the screen plays( 出所 : Adapted from Syd Field(2009))

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Name of Patterns ExamplesMonster in the House ‘Jaws’, ‘Exorcist’Golden Fleece ‘Star Wars’, ‘Back to The Future’Out of the Bottle ‘Liar, Liar’, ‘Bruce Almighty’Dude with a Problem ‘Die Hard’, ‘Titanic’Rites of passage ‘Ordinary People’, ‘Days of Wine and Roses’Buddy Love ‘Dumb & Dumber’, ‘Rain Man’Whydunit ‘Chinatown’,’ JFK’The Fool Triumphant ‘Forrest Gump’, ‘Amadeus’Institutionalized ‘M*A*S*H’, ‘The God Father’Superhero ‘Superman’, ‘A Beautiful Mind’

Blake Snyder: Success onStory Patterns

• Blake Snyder: famous writer for Disney movies and Spielberg’s films

Blake Snyder( 写真出所 : http://www.nwsg.org/pastevents.html)

10 successful patterns of Film stories (Snyder 　 (2005: 21-42))

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Yasuhiko Tanaka: Map a Movie • Yasuhiko Tanaka

– Learned film making in the California State University– California Media Festival 1st Prize– Organized the ‘Hollywood Scenario School’ in many Asian countries.

• ‘becoming a good play writer is nothing but becoming a good story-teller.’( 田中靖彦 (2009))

ACT 1(set up)

ACT 2(conflict)

ACT 3(solution)

Plot Point 1 Mid Point Plot Point 2

[Plot Point 1][Mid Point][Plot Point 2]

[Movie Title]

[LOGLINE]

[External Goal][Internal Goal]

Analysis on the Map Overlap my mapAnd the example

Amending the Skelton of Story

Mapping a movie( 田中靖彦 (2009:29, 145) を筆者一部修正 )

Storytelling : Journey to the Commons• (…) even the greatest forces of

intimate life—the passions of the heart, the thoughts of the mind, the delights of the senses—lead an uncertain, shadowy kind of existence unless and until they are transformed, deprivatized and deindividualized, as it were, into a shape to fit them for public appearance. The most current of such transformations occurs in storytelling (…). 30(Source) Arendt (1958:50)

Hannah Arendt: Modern Philosopher

( 写真出所 )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannah_Arendt.jpg

From CRD to Story: #1

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Making Links

‘The Best of the Bests’ Town

Dreams for balancing Cultures

and Sports

Wonderful Work-life Balance

Wish to be there

Wonderful Work-Life Links Loop

Leverage Point ( 出所 ) 　ふくしま未来ミーティング (2011 年 12 月 11 日 ; 福島大学 ) ワークショップより筆者作成


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Making Links



and Sports


Wish to be there




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Making Links



and Sports


Wish to be there



Elements inside:　・ Nursery in the woods　・ Playground　・ Links like a tree　・ Work and Life　・ How to support


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Elements inside:　・ Nursery in the woods　・ Playground　・ Links like a tree　・ Work and Life　・ How to support

Making Links

• Make a story:– The nursery deep in the

woods.– Kids playing on the

wooden swings.– Parents come to pick

them up after works.– Parents and kids in the

sunset with a swing.– Days in Fukushima with

work-life balance.


• Story– In the nursery deep in the woods, kids are playing on the

wooden swings.– A father comes to pick his son after his work on the sunset.– They enjoy days in Fukushima with better work-life balance.

35( 出所 ) 　ふくしま未来ミーティング (2011 年 12 月 11 日 ; 福島大学 ) ワークショップより筆者作成

Like this Image ?

Let’s make a story.

• Please make a story from your CRD, following examples.

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Conclusions• Workshop: get involved, connect one by one-self.• Brainstorming: making ideas visionary and sharing– Collective intelligence exists.– A good brainstorming session has laughs and

inspirations.• KJ Method: Unconscious grouping of popped ideas.• Causal Loop Diagram: Recognizing links of elements.

A leverage point matters.• Storytelling: sharing the concept. Focus upon the

connectedness.– A good story have a fixed pattern.

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Homework• Please go out to talk with the people on

the streets.• Please interview with 10 persons to ask

for the validation on your solutions today.

38Please use fully what you learned today.

References• Arendt, H. (1958) The Human Condition, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press ( 邦訳 : ハンナ・アレント著 , 志水速雄訳 (1994) 『人間の条件』　ちくま

学芸文庫 )• Brown, J.S., Denning, S., Groh, K., Prusak, L. (2005) Strorytelling in Organizations: Why Storytelling Is Transforming 21st Century Organizations and management,

Oxford, UK: Butterwotrh-Heinemann ( 邦訳 : 　ジョン・ブラウン他著、高橋正泰、高井俊次訳 (2007) 『ストーリーテリングが経営を変える : 組織変革の新しい道』　同文舘 )

• Clark, C. (1958) Brainstorming, New York: Doubleday ( 邦訳 : 小林達夫訳 (1961) 『アイデア開発法 : ブレインストーミングの原理と応用』　ダイヤモンド社 )

• Field, S. (2005) Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting, Buena Park, CA: Delta ( 邦訳 : シド・フィールド著 . 安藤紘平、加藤正人、小林美也子、山本俊亮訳 (2009) 『映画を書くためにあなたがしなくてはならないこと : シドフィールドの脚本術』　フィルムアート社 )

• Legasto, A., Forrester, J., Lynais, J. (1980) System Dynamics, New York: North Holland Pub. Co.• Polletta, F. (2006) It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Senge, P. M. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: the Art & Practice of the Learning Organization, New York: Currency Book, Doubleday. ( 邦訳 : ピーター・ M ・センゲ

著 , 守部信之他訳 (1995) 『最強組織の法則 : 新時代のチームワークとは何か』徳間書店 )• Snyder, B. (2005) Save the Cat!: The Last Book On Screenwriting That You’ll Ever Need, Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions • Stanford d.School (2009) ‘Rules for Brainstorming’, d.school news, Stanford University d.School Website (http://dschool.typepad.com/news/2009/10/rules-for-

brainstorming.html)(2011 年 11 月 24 日アクセス ) • Sterman, J.D. (2000), Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World, Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education.• Williams Woolley, A., Chabris, C.F., Pentland, A., Hashimi, N., Malone, T.W. (2010) ‘Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human

Groups’, Science, 29 October 2010, Vol.330, pp.686-688.

• 川喜田二郎 (1986) 　『 KJ 法 : 渾沌をして語らしめる』　中央公論社 • 楠木建 (2010) 『ストーリーとしての競争戦略』　東洋経済新報社 • 紺野登 (2010) 『ビジネスのためのデザイン思考』　東洋経済新報社 • 佐藤郁哉 (1992) 『フィールドワーク : 書を持って街へ出よう』新曜社• 佐藤郁哉 (2002) 『フィールドワークの技法 : 問いを育てる、仮説をきたえる』新曜社• 佐藤郁哉 (2008) 『質的データ分析法 : 原理・方法・実践』新曜社• 田中靖彦 (2009) 『ハリウッドストーリーテリング』　愛育社 • 津々木晶子 , 保井俊之 , 白坂成功 , 神武直彦「システムズ・アプローチによる住民選好の数量化・見える化 : 中心市街地の新しい政策創出の方法

論」『関東都市学会年報』第 13 号 , pp.110-116• 中野民夫 (2003) 『ファシリテーション革命 : 参加型の場づくりの技法』　岩波アクティブ新書 69• 西川麦子 (2010) 『フィールドワーク探求術 : 気づきのプロセス、伝えるチカラ』　ミネルヴァ書房 • 深澤直人 (2005) 『デザインの輪郭』　 TOTO 出版 • Project Management Institute (2008) 『プロジェクトマネジメント知識体系ガイド　第 4版』　 Project Management Institute• 松田素二 , 川田牧人 (2002) 『エスノグラフィー・ガイドブック : 現代世界を複眼で見る』　嵯峨野書院 • 箕浦康子 (1999) 『フィールドワークの技法と実際 : マイクロエスノグラフィ入門』ミネルヴァ書房• 保井俊之 (forthcoming) 『「日本」の売り方 : 協創力が市場を制す』 ( 仮 ) 　角川 one テーマ新書

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Why do we think together ? Brainstorming, KJ method, Causal Loop Diagram May, 2012 Toshiyuki Yasui,...

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