Why do we respire? - Weebly

Why do we respire?

• Oxygen help break down glucose

• Oxygen must get to cell

• Carbon dioxide is waste

• Carbon dioxide must be removed

• Both materials diffuse into and out of cells

Respiration

• Exchanging Gasses

with the

Environment

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.


Respiration – The exchange of

carbon dioxide and oxygen between

organisms and their environment

• O2 required for aerobic respiration

• CO2 waste product

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Metabolism/Respiration.gif

THIS IS HOW YOU GET ENERGY FROM FOOD!


Basic requirements of all

respiratory systems

•Moisture - surfactant

•Concentration Gradient

•Large Surface area

Simple Organisms

www3.niaid.nih.gov/.../0/aureusL.jpg http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/paramecium1.jpg

•Simple Diffusion

•O2 in

•CO2 out

•No special structures

•High Index

•Moist environments


Plants

http://www.freewebs.com/jdingfel/Stomata.jpg

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/89/72189-035-16AD1400.jpg

•Stomata

•Spongy Layer


Kingdom Animalia

http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_23_AnimaliaInvert_Fig_f/Annelid.GIFhttp://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/photos/2006/1-Bradford-nudibranch.jpg

http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=frog

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Toco_toucan_Parque_das_Av

es.jpg

www.janegoodall.org/.../Chimp-Gaurdian/Nani.jpg

•Usually contain

special structures

•Linked to

circulatory system


Arthropods

http://www.virginmedia.com/images/grasshopper431x300.jpg

http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/respiration.html

•Tracheal System

•Air Sacs

•Linked to Circulatory System


Gills• Gas

Exchange

• Counter

Current

Design

• Maximize

Concentration

Gradient


Counter Current System

100%

90% DO 5% DO

20% DO


If it were NOT Counter Current System

100% DO

90% DO 5% DO

10% DO


Amphibians

•Much of gas exchange

through skin

•Some members have gills

•Simple sac like lungs


Reptiles• More advanced

lung structure

• Many are fully

terrestrial

http://www.electrical-res.com/EX/10-18-12/emk_reptile.jpg

http://rbssanimalsystems4.wikispaces.com/respiration+8D


Internal Morphology of Birds

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/VertebrateLungs.html


Avian Lung Morphology

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdrespiration.html

Store Air

Lungs

Draw

Air

NOTE: Air moves through lungs in only one direction

Birds Are Cool !!

Ruby Throated Humming Bird

Archilochus colubris

50 X metabolic rate of humans

Fly over Gulf of Mexico

620 MilesWikipedia

* High Metabolic Activity

Falco peregrinus

200kmh/124mph

Arctic tern

Sterna paradisa

14,000 miles (22,530 km)

* High Altitude Flying

Ruppell's Griffon Vulture

Gyps ruepellii

11,277m / 37,000 ft

8,848 metres (29,029 ft). = Everest

Peregrine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-_RHRAzUHM&feature=channel

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RubyThroatedHummingbird%28Crop%29.jpg

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RubyThroatedHummingbird%28Crop%29.jpg


Human

Respiration•Pharynx

•Epiglottis

•Larynx

•Trachea

•Bronchial Tubes

•Bronchioles

•Alveoli

Nasal Cavity

Nasal Cavity

• Mucosa – Mucous membrane

• Nose Hair

Larynx• Voice box

• Vibrating chords

create sound

• Muscles control

pitch


Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.http://www.online-medical-advice.com/image-files/lungs.jpg

Trachea

Bronchial

Tubes

Bronchioles

Alveoli

The surface of a person's windpipe (photographed with a colored electron-

scanning microscope) can trap pollen grains (pink) on hairlike cilia (yellow). In

asthmatic or allergic persons, the particles can cause a hypersensitive reaction

that leads to breathing difficulties.http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v061n03p119&fulltext=yes

Cilia

Bronchitis

http://www.yourlunghealth.org/lung_disease/copd/nutshell/index.cfm

Asthma

• Constriction of airway

• Bronchial tubes

• Bronchioles

• Bronchospasm

• Inflamation

• Mucus Buildup

• Bronchodilators

• Smokers Lung

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pUzDwO8UN-g/UBi2joUxLjI/AAAAAAAAB-4/IZMvxvyypNQ/s1600/Tips+To+Clean+The+Lungs+Of+Smokers+(2).jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pUzDwO8UN-g/UBi2joUxLjI/AAAAAAAAB-4/IZMvxvyypNQ/s1600/Tips+To+Clean+The+Lungs+Of+Smokers+(2).jpg


Alveoli

Site of gas exchange

Alveolus Membrane



http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-9a_bronchioles_and__c.jpg

Oxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood

CO2O2

CO2

O2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2CO2

alveoli

(air sacs)

left

atriumright

atrium

right

ventricle left ventricle

O2

Heart


Hemoglobin

• RBC protein

• 4 subunits 2 a + 2 b

• Holds 70 X oxygen of blood alone (plasma)

• Contains 4 heme groups (Fe)

• Can carry four oxygen molecules per

molecule

• Has an allosteric site for CO2 which helps

release O2

• Hemoglobin also has high affinity for CO

competitive 250 X greater affinity

1) O2 diffuses through

lung capillary wall.

(a) Transport of oxygen ( )

2) O2 is carried to tissues

bound to hemoglobin.

3) O2 diffuses through

tissue capillary walls.

lung

side

body

cell

side

hemoglobin

1) CO2 diffuses through

tissue capillary wall.

(b) Transport of carbon dioxide ( )

lung

side

body

cell

side

2) CO2 is carried to lungs.

3) CO2 diffuses through

lung capillary walls.

dissolved in

plasma

HCO3– as bicarbonate

bound to hemoglobin

Carbon Monoxide

http://chickscope.beckman.

uiuc.edu/explore/embryolo

gy/day15/focuson_humans

.html#blank

http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryology/day15/focuson_humans.html#blank

Kidney or Renal

Function

http://lifesciencefacts.com/types-of-kidney-disease/.

Kidney Function 101

• Filter blood

• Keep the good stuff

• Get rid of excess water

• Get rid of nitrogenous

waste - Urea

• Waste leaves as urine



Renal or Kidney Function

• Osmoregulation

Blood Pressure

• Homeostasis of salts

• Removal of nitrogenous

waste - Urea

• Production of urine

Kidney

Bladder

Ureter

Urethra

AminoGroup

O

CC

O

R

H

H

HH

N

Amino Acid

Monomer of Protein

What is Nitrogenous Waste?

Amino acid Ammonia

NH2 CH C

O

R

OH

ammonia

(NH3)

carried in

blood

Ammonia Urea

urea

carried in

blood

NH2CNH2

O

Urea become part of urine

excreted in

urine

amino acid

Ammonia

formed from

amino group

Ammonia

toxic so

liver

converts it

to urea

Urea not

as toxic

and water

soluble

Site of Urine Formation

The Kidney

• Functional unit =

Nephron


Nephron

•Nephron uses three steps:

•Filtration

•Reabsorption

•Secretion

Nephron uses:

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active Transport

3 TUBULAR SECRETION: In the distal

tubule, additional wastes are actively

secreted into the tubule from the blood.

2 TUBULAR REABSORPTION: In the

proximal tubule, most water and

nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood.

1 FILTRATION: Water, nutrients,

and wastes are filtered from

glomerular capillaries into

Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

4 CONCENTRATION: In the collecting duct,

additional water may leave, creating urine that

is more concentrated than the blood.

Site of Urine Formation

The Kidney

• Nephron

• ~ 1 million per kidney

• Blood filtered ever 45

minutes

• Produce 2 liters of

urine on average



Excretion

• Urine leaves kidney

• Ureter takes urine to

bladder

• Bladder stores urine

• Urethra takes urine out

of body

Kidney

Urethra

Bladder

Ureter

Evolutionary Excretory Changes

• Mammals

Nephron loop of Henle length –

reabsorption

Long = water hording – desert mammals

Short = dilute urine – aquatic organisms

• Birds and reptiles

Uric acid – solid

www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/uric-acid.jpg

1 1/2

www.parrot-and-conure-world.com

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png



Cloaca

Kidney Stones

• Calcium buildup

• Uric acid buildup

Uric Acid in Humans• Uric acid formed from the breakdown of

purines. (DNA + RNA)

• Uric acid builds in joints

• Causes gout.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg




Nephron

Filter

Reabsorption

Secretion

Why do we respire? - Weebly

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