MODULE 1

Geography of travel and tourism (Definition and Concepts)

And The Tourism System

DEFINING TOURISM

Acc. to WTO “the activities of a persontraveling outside his or her usualenvironment for less than a specifiedperiod of time and whose main purpose oftravel is other than the exercise of anactivity remunerated from the placevisited”.

(Mathieson and Wall,1982) “Thetemporary movement of people todestinations outside their normal places ofwork and residence, the activitiesundertaken during their stay in thosedestinations, and the facilities created tocater to their needs.”

PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES

1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors

2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities

3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport

4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport

5. Water passenger transport servcies 5. Water passenger transport

6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport

7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental

8. Travel agencies and other reservation services8. Travel agencies and other reservation services activities

9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities

10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities

11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism characteristic goods

12. Country-specific tourism characteristic services

12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic activities

THE TOURISM SYSTEM

TRAVELLERGENERATING

REGION

TOURISTDESTINATION

REGION

DEPARTING TRAVELLERS

RETURNING TRAVELLERS

TRANSIT

ROUTE

REGION

“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction systems was created by Leiper in 1990”

LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)

Leiper consider the

phenomenon tourism as a

system, which is functioning

under various environments.

Eg.Human,Socio,Cultural,Econ

omical,Technological,Physical

Political &Legal Environment

What are “whole tourism systems”?

Real WTS are people, places, organisation thatinteract in certain roles when tourism happens.

Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,frameworks for researching and studying tourismin a comprehensive and systematic manner.

Five elements in every WTS• At least one tourist.

• One tourist generating place (where tripsbegin and end).

• At least one tourist destination place.

• At least one transit route.

• At least one tourism industry.

LEIPER’S MODEL

TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”

TRR- Transit Route Region.

TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”

PUSH & PULL FACTORS

Push Factor : factorswhich encourageindividuals to move awayfrom their home settingthrough Tourism

Pull Factor: thoseattributes of a differentplace which attract or

'pull' them towards it.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:

1) Traveller-generating region;

2) Tourist destination region; and

3) Transit route region.

The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide

an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with

such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and

service.

Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)

TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally

ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential

markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist

industry.

TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s) The area between the Traveler Generating Region and

the Tourist Destination Region is known as the TransitRoute

While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is called a transit route.

Here traveller stays for some time in manner to change flight or for re fuelling.

•It includes the short period of travel to reach thedestination.•Includes the stop over's.•The intermediate places which the tourist may visiten-route.

Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)

TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting activitiesoccurs. Its important for TDR to have some specialfeatures, activities to attract tourist.

Tourist

Tourist is considered as the most

important element of the System.

Without the presence of tourist the

System may not function at all

A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs

and less than 1 consecutive year.

The following are to be considered

tourists:

• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.

• Persons traveling in a representative capacity

of any kind.

• Persons traveling for business reasons.

TOURISM INDUSTRY• The tourism industry refers

to the businesses andorganizations that help topromote the tourismproduct.

• This is the last element inLeiper’s Model.

• The Tourism Industry is theamalgam of differentindustries.

• It includes:

• Hotels

AIRLINES

TRAVEL AGENCIES

According to Leiper, variousindustrial sectors can belocated in different places.

In the traveler-generatingregion, we can find travelagents and tour operators.

In the destination region, wecan find attractions andhospitality industry and in thetransit route region, we havethe transport sector.

All the Elements of the System interact with one another invarious contexts like delivering the Tourism Products,Transacting the Products…….

Destination: It’s the connection of tourists withplaces that makes a place a tourist destination

A place becomes a tourist destination only if a tourist visit

Environments

• Tourism systems are open systems, they interactwith environments

• Environments are surrounding conditions, whichmay affect a system and/or be affected by it.

• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,technical, legal etc.

Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS

Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical environment, can be vital for a place’s role as a tourist destination

Political policies of governments can be vital in determining flows of tourists out of generating regions and into destinations.

Uses of WTS Model It reminds us of all the elementary things that make up tourism.

It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make tourismhappen.

A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating place, (ii) apoint in transit and/or (iii) a destination