What is the Protestant Reformation Name given to the religious reform movement that

divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Prior to Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption-Martin Luther wanted to get rid of this abuse & restore people’s faith in Church

In the end reformers established their own religions Christian Humanists-wanted to reform church

Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious (Christ-like)

Desiderius Erasmus-Father of Christian Humanism He suggested reforming from within the church

Why Reform? Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of

spiritual leadership Scientific advances contradicted the Church People wanted to know how to save souls Indulgences-a release of a soul from purgatory

for monetary donation - a HUGE abuse of Church power

Martin Luther German Priest Saw problems in Church Church believed salvation gained from faith + good

work Luther believed faith alone gained salvation October 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in

Wittenberg, Germany His criticisms of Church 1000s of copies distributed through Germany

The Reformation Begins Luther moves town split from Church Wanted Germany to establish a German Church Luther excommunicated

Charles V(Roman Emperor)Summoned Luther the Diet at city of Worms to ask Luther to change his mind

Luther refuses Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw Luther kept in hiding-a crime to associate with him Many accepted his teachings & renounced authority

of the pope

Lutheranism Followers of Luther’s religious practices Gained support of many German princes 1524, German peasants revolt & hope Luther

would support them, because Luther needed the princes’ support, he did not help peasants

Germany in turmoil-Catholic? Lutheran? To achieve peace Emperor Charles V accepted Peace

of Augsburg (allowed German princes to choose faiath of their religion)

Protestantism Spreads Ulrich Zwingli – Priest in Zurich, Switzerland Zwinglian Reformation

Stresses importance of Bible Rejects elaborate church rituals John Calvin – replaces Zwingli 1536-Began reforming Geneva, Switz. Set up Theocracy-govt. run by church leaders God determined who would gain salvation –

Predestination Calvinism spreads through Europe Challenge to Roman Catholic Church-sets off wars

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• Immediate Effects

• Peasants Revolt• Founding of Lutheran,

Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian and other Protestant churches

• Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

• Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

• Long – Term Effects

• Religious wars in Europe• Catholic Reformation• Strengthening of the

Inquisition• Jewish migration to

Eastern Europe • Increased anti-Semitism

Reformation in England Political, not religious motives for reform Henry VIII-King of England

Needs a male heir to carry on Tudor Dynasty Married Catherine of Aragon-had a daughter Mary No son, so Henry wants a divorce In Catholic Church you need an annulment granted

by the Church Pope refuses to grant annulment Henry VIII breaks from Church, graant granted

Church of England is formed Archbishop of Canterbury grants Henry VIII a

divorce Act of Supremacy (1534) Establishes Church of

England King control over doctrine, appointments etc. Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions of

the Catholic Church Remained close to Catholic teachings

Church of England Cont. 1547-Henry VIII died

His 9 year old son, Edward VI took the throne The Church of England – Anglican Church

Became more Protestant Angering Catholics

1533-Edward dies Half sister Mary (catholic) takes throne She wants to restore Catholicism “Bloody Mary” has 300+ protestants burned as

heretics Increases tensions between Catholics & Protestants

Elizabethan SettlementSucceeded Mary Compromises between

Catholic & Protestant practices

Monarch not Supreme Head of Church but Supreme Governor over spiritual matters

Accepts moderate Protestant doctrine

Unifies EnglandShe restores economy

The Catholic Reformation Protestantism spreading through Europe Church sees need to reform

Raises standards of the clergy Inspires Church with renewed zeal & morale Contributed greatly to producing the Catholic

Church as we know it today Pillars of Catholic Reformation

1. Reform of Papacy 2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 3. Council of Trent-establishes direction reform is to

take

The Papacy Corruption had to be addressed Pope Paul led papal reform

Oversaw creation of Jesuit order Opened Council of Trent-direction for reform-

BANNED INDULGENCES Revived the Inquisition- Fight Protestantism

The Jesuits • Most significant of Catholic

Reform• Founded by Ingatius of

Loyola– Spanish Soldier – Injured in battle – Had a conversion during

recovery, dedicated himself to the church

Role of JesuitsMissionariesConvert former and non-

CatholicsUrged religious education

of childrenDevoted to religious and

secular educationSecondary SchoolColleges/UniversitiesSeminaries