What is morphology? The study of internal structure of words The rules for combining morphemes into...
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What is morphology?
•The study of internal structure of words
•The rules for combining morphemes into words
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What do you know when you know a word?
“bagonize”“to wait anxiously for your bag at the airport
carousel”• Pairing sounds with meaning• Information in our mental dictionary (lexicon) for
each word:• Pronunciation—[bægәnayz]• Meaning
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• Grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective , adverb, preposition etc.)– He bagonized for a long time.– *The bagonize is gone
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What is a morpheme?
• The smallest meaningful unit of language
• It cannot be further analyzed into smaller meaningful parts
• It has a relatively stable meaning
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Examples:TalkTalks = talk + sTalked = talk + edTalking = talk + ing
TeachTeachers = teach + er + sTeaches = teach + esTeaching = teach + ing
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Different types of morphemes
Types of morphemes: Free morphemes: Mouse car book man girl
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Bound morphemes:
re- in remove
-ive in active
-ous in famous
pre- in premature
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Root/stem: the basic or the core form in a word with more than one morpheme
demoralize
de + moral + ize
Moral is a root/stem
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Affixes: bound morphemes that are not a root/stem
Prefixes: affixes that precede a root de- in demoralize in- in incurable
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Isthmus Zapotec, a language spoken in Mexico:zigi “chin” kazigi “chins”
zike “shoulder” kazike“shoulder”
diaga “ear” kadiaga “ears”ka + zigi
ka- (a prefix)
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Suffixes: affixes that follow a root
-ize in demoralize
-ed in walked
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Turkish:
dur “to stop” durak “stopping place”
bat “to sink” batak “sinking place” (swamp)
dur + ak
-ak (a suffix)
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Infixes: affixes inserted inside the root
Tagalog, one of the languages spoken in the Phillipines:– basa “to read” bumasa “Read!”– tawag “to call” tumawag “Call!”– sulat “to write” sumulat “Write!”
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Circumfixes (discontinuous) : affixes placed around the root
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Inflectional: affixes that mark general grammatical meanings (plural, tense, gender, comparison)
Derivational: affixes that often change category (part of speech)
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Content and function morphemes
Content morphemes:
• express informational content
• Independent of the grammatical system of a language
• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Cups, red, jump, slowly
•
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• Open-class morphemes– New morphemes can be easily added to this
class
Nuke, dork, jerk,
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Function morphemes
• express syntactic relationships between elements in a sentence
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Prepositions: on, in, at, with, fromPronouns: he, she, her, him, myArticles: the, a, anConjunctions: and, but, because, unless
Jumped off a wallJohn and MaryThey love their catsJohn likes a womanJohn like a womanJohn likes woman
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• Closed-class morphemes—essentially closed to new members
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Lewis carroll’s “Jabberwocky”
‘Twas brillig and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogroves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
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Inflectional morphology: Creates the forms of the same wordGenerally productiveGenerally regularProvides grammatical information (person, number,
gender, case, tense)
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Talk remove blog
Talks removes blogs
Talked removed blogged
Talking removing blogging
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Talk eat go am
Talks eats goes is
Talked ate went was
Talked eaten gone been
Talking eating going being
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Derivational affixes: Creates new words but retain the syntactic category-hood added to a noun creates a noun child, childhoodwoman, womanhoodpriest, priesthood
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-ster added to a noun creates a noun
gang, gangster
prank, prankster
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Derivational affixes change lexical (syntactic) category change:
solid solidify adjective verbgovern government verb nounsublime sublimity adjective nounfame famous noun adjective
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Some derivational affixes in English: -ive added to a verb to give an adjective act active
sedate sedativere- added to a verb to give a verb
move removedo redo
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-al added to a noun to give an adjectiveuniverse universalinstitution institutional
-en added to an adjective to make a verb
red reddenlight lightendark darken
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de- added to a verb to make verb
moralize demoralize
toxify detoxify
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Irregular: ate and gone are irregular forms—some relation to the basic sounds of the root.
Suppletion: a special kind of irregularity—no relation between the root and the irregular form
Went and am, is, was
Good, better, best
Bad worse
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Person: Present tense: Person Singular Plural1 ‘I eat’ ‘We eat’2 ‘you (sg.) eat’ ‘you
(pl.) eat’3 ‘he, she eats’ ‘they
eat’
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Number:
Nepali:
manche ‘man’ mancheharu ‘men’
keta ‘boy’ ketaharu‘boys’
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Gender:Spanish:un amigo americano ‘An American friend
(male)’una amiga americana ‘an American friend
(female)”
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Nepali:
ramro keta
beautiful boy
“a beautiful boy”
ramri keti
beautiful girl
“a beautiful girl”
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Case:Indicates noun’s relation to verbs (subject, direct
object, indirect object)John gave Mary his sister’s old bicycle. jonle merilai uskodidiko purano saikal diyo
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ramle harilai kitab diyo
ram-sub hari-obj book gave
Ram gave a book to Hari.
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guma ‘man’
singular plural
subject guma guman
possessive guman gumena
indirect object guman gumum
direct object guman guman
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Tense: usle bhat khanchaHe-subj rice eat-third person present tense‘He eats rice.’ usle bhat khayo
eat-third person past tense‘He ate rice.’
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usle bhat khanecha
eat-third person future tense
‘He will eat rice.’
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Hierarchy of morphemes in the formation of words:• Words are constructed hierarchically• One affix is attached to the root first• Derivational morphemes attach before inflectional
ones• *highesness• highnesses
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unusable
unlockable
uncontrollably
recyclable
multigenerationally
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How do we identify the lexical categories of words?
Three criteria:
• Morphological
• Syntactic
• Meaning
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Morphological criterion:
What inflectional affixes can a word take?
Noun?
boy boy + s -s ‘plural’
diamond + s
disappears + s -s ‘third person singular’
*beautifuls
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Syntactic criterion:
the boy
a boy
my boy
My beautiful boy
*my beautiful
*my quickly
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Meaning criterion:
Person, place or thing
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Verbs?
Morphological criterion:
jump + ing
jump + s
*desking
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Syntactic criterion:
will jump
may jump
Jump!
*may desk *Desk!
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Meaning criterion:
Names an action
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Adjectives?
Morphological criterion?
tall + er
tall + est
*jumpest *deskest *desker
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Syntactic criterion:
very tall
more/most beautiful
*very desk *very jump
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Meaning criterion:
Describes a noun
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Adverbs?
garbage category?
Morphological criterion:
fast + er fast + est
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Syntactic criterion:Movement
He thought about the project carefully.Carefully he thought about the project.He carefully thought about the project.
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Types of morphological systems
• Isolating morphology:– Words are single morphemes
– No derivational and inflectional morphology
– Chinese and Vietnamese are good examples
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• Agglutinating morphologyWords have bound morphemes Words can be easily broken into distinct morphemes
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• Inflectional morphology
• Words consist of several morphemes
• Words cannot be segmented easily into distinct morphemes
• Latin, Sanskrit, and Greek
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Word-formation processes
Compounding
Olive oil
credit card
French history teacher
Government document shredder
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Compounds:Newar :jaki-curice dustrice flour kala-bhatawife husband‘couple’
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Reduplication:
dhecula dhedhecula
‘to lean’ ‘to stagger’
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ko‘crow’koki ‘crow and similar other things’
la ‘water’ lali ‘water and similar other things’
ho ‘hole’ hohi