What Do Teachers Need to KNOW and DO to Develop Writing?

Judy M. Parr PhD

8th May 2014 Melbourne

Writing: An Ongoing Concern

Writing is #* hard!

What Need to Know (++)

5

• Knowledge of student writer • Knowledge of content

(including processes) in writing• Knowledge of how best to

support writing (pedagogy)• Knowledge of how to learn

Knowledge of the WriterIncludes: • a student’s background, especially linguistic “capital” • a student’s current profile of “strengths and gaps” in writing (relative to expected quality performance)

The Key to Knowing the Developing Writer

• Gather evidence:– using a range of “sources” – in different contexts– as a normal part of teaching

Purpose for Assessing Writing• Assess (FA, AtoL, AfL) to inform learning

and teaching:– Interactive – Planned

• Assess to make a judgment (whether met a standard or attained a level/ band)– A “test” or overall teacher judgment (OTJ)

Know Your Evidence-Gathering “Tools” (given purpose)• Understand strengths & limitations of tools

– e.g. with writing “tests”, the question of validity, variability within a writer and agreement across raters

• Referenced to curriculum (help examine effectiveness of teaching) or testing a more “general” ability to write?

• Providing a judgment or diagnostic info.?• Allowing comparison of progress with what

expected?

Know About Progress and Pace

• Understand the implications of a trajectory of progress (if pace is too slow, students will fall further behind)

• Know what to notice that marks progress in writing

Establish a Shared Understandings of Quality Performance

• What does a quality piece of writing look like <at different levels; for different purposes>; what are the key features that are commonly associated with such quality writing?

Date

A Systematic Means to Diagnose Strengths and Gaps in Writing Criteria for assessing writing performance

framed around purposes for writing persuade or argue instruct or lay out a procedure narrate-inform or entertain through imaginative

narrative classify, organise, describe or report information explain recount (factual, personal)

(PINDER) (and around dimensions of writing

Dimensions of Writing • Rhetorical level – writer/reader/context:

– Audience• Text level

– Content/ ideas– Structure– Language resources

• Conventions:– Grammar– Punctuation– Spelling

Result: A Matrix Describing Features of Quality Writing• A “rubric” for each of the writing purposes; a

series of descriptions that form criteria (for scoring)-

• by dimension of writing• and by curriculum level.

Date

asTTle Output: Writing

Establishing Quality Through Collegial Discussion

What Need to Know (++)

18

• Knowledge of student writer • Knowledge of content

(including processes) in writing• Knowledge of how best to

support writing (pedagogy)• Knowledge of how to learn

“Content” Knowledge for Teaching Writing• Writing is complex requiring:

– Knowledge of language (form, function and ‘discourses’); how writing “works” to achieve communicative purposes in different contexts

– How to acquire & coordinate strategies for regulating the process

Idea of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Writing

PCK involves knowing about writing from the point of view of teaching it to others (e.g. likely difficulties of students, developmental progression); knowing what form of “instructional force” will be effective

Content Knowledge + Needed for Feedback to Writing• Read the student piece (Yr 5-6). It was to be a

recount of some enjoyable event.• Provide one general comment or response. • Then, give two pieces of specific feedback that

will best help the developing writer to enhance the piece.

• (2-3 minutes)

Date

• Hi I am at home planning my trip to synedy and Brisbaned for Christmas and New years day I am going to stay in syned for a week and I am going to stay in Brisburnd for a week with my mum’s flat mate. When I go stay over in synedy I will meet rua his a dog of chris’s. Chris is one of marys flat mate now last time when I went there I had to count his money. There is bazz she’s another one of marys flat mate and nan she has 3 children one is around 14 years old the seoncod is 2 years old and the youngs child is nine mothes old. Then I go to Brisbured. I am going there on the 15th of December till the 5th of January 20001. When I got to synedy I am going to go to all this fantsey parks and wet and wild and I am going to stay in a hotal.

Share with a Neighbour

• General comment: It is likely to be positive and/or empathic

• Does it introduce the idea of the need to ‘reorient’ the piece?

• What specific feedback did you give?

The Specific Feedback

• Does feedback you gave indicate how well student is going? Does it give guidance on what a “good” recount should have? Does it relate to major features that would dramatically improve this recount? And does it say what exactly to do to improve?

• Our research showed that the teacher’s score for quality feedback (based on these criteria) was strongly correlated to the amount of progress the class made in writing

What Need to Know (++)

25

• Knowledge of student writer • Knowledge of content (including

processes) in writing• Knowledge of how best to support

writing (pedagogy) (+ execute!)• Knowledge of how to learn

Knowledge of Pedagogy

Teachers whose students make good progress in writing:

• Combine ‘process-based’ classrooms with ‘deliberate acts of teaching’ (explicit instruction in writing)

• Differentiate instruction (through ongoing monitoring, adjustment & revision)

• Find authentic (and interesting/ exciting) writing opportunities

Knowledge of Pedagogy

Teachers whose students make good progress in writing:

• Organise for productive talk and collaborative work

• Make connections- between speaking and writing, reading and writing, across texts (and across subject areas), to real world experience

• Help writers with processes and strategies involved in writing (integrated)

Knowledge of Pedagogy• Share what students are learning about

writing and why (higher level goals)• Make clear what quality performance

looks like• Help each writer see what needs to do to

achieve learning goal (give high quality feedback to students)

• Work to create self-regulating writers

Knowledge of How to Learn: Teachers as Learners• Inquire into own

practice• Use evidence to

work collectively to change or hone practice to improve student writing

Effective Development of Writing isMulti-dimensional• Dimensions of powerful practice: knowledge of

learner; of content and pedagogy, and of inquiry are intertwined/ interdependent

Over To You!

Questions?Comments?

jm.parr@auckland.ac.nz

Selected References• PARR, J.M. ‘Classroom assessment in writing’ In J. McMillan (Ed). Sage Handbook

of Research on Classroom Assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2013.• PARR, J.M. ‘Repertoires to scaffold teacher learning and practice in assessment

of writing’. Assessing Writing, 16, 32-48, 2011.• PARR, J.M., & TIMPERLEY, H. ‘Feedback to writing, assessment for teaching and

learning and student progress’. Assessing Writing, 15, 68-85, 2010.• PARR, J.M., & LIMBRICK, E. ‘Contextualising practice: Hallmarks of effective

teachers of writing’. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 583-590, 2010.• TIMPERLEY, H.S., & PARR, J.M. ‘What is this lesson about? Instructional processes

and student understandings in the writing classroom’. Curriculum Journal, 20, 43-60, 2009.

• GLASSWELL, K., & PARR, J.M. ‘Teachable moments: Linking assessment and teaching in talk around writing’. Language Arts, 86, 352-361, 2009.