What CERN stands for ?

Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 1

What CERN stands for ?

Where is CERN ?

What kind of physics is pursued ?

How is this done ?

Are there any applications ?


50 years of research in physics

What is CERN ?

Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire


Advancing the frontiers of technology and engineering

Training the young scientists and engineers who will be the experts of tomorrow

Seeking answers to questions about the Universewhat is it made of?How did it come to be the way it is?

CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research


CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research

• Founded in 1954 by 12 countries• Today: 20 member states• More than 7000 users from all over the world• ~1000 MCHF / Year budget

1954: Convention establishing the Organization - original signatures 2004: The 20 member states


Cern site


pp

LeptonsThese particles exist on their own

1st fa

mily

Electron (e-)Charge=-1Responsible for electricity and chemical reactionsMass=0.51MeV/c2

Electron neutrino (e)

Charge=0Rarely interacts with other matter.Very small mass

2st fa

mily

Muon (-)A heavier relative to the electron.Discovers 1937.Mass=0.106GeV/c2

Muon neutrino ()

A relative of e

Discovered 1967.Very small mass.

3st fa

mily

Tau (-)A heavier relative to the electron and muon.Discovered 1975.Mass=1.78GeV/c2

Tau neutrino ()

Not yet discovered.Very small mass.

QuarksThese particles exist only bound together

Up (u)Charge=+2/3Mass~5MeV/c2

Down (d)Charge=-1/3Mass~10MeV/c2

Charm (c)A heavier relative of the up quark.Discovered 1973.Mass~1.3GeV/c2

Strange (s)A heavier relative of the down quark.Identified 1963Mass~0.2GeV/c2

Top (t)The heaviest quark.Discovered 1994.Mass=175GeV/c2

Bottom (b)A heavier relative of the down and strange quark.Discovered 1977.Mass~4.3GeV/c2


1964 Gell-Mann The Mendeleyev of particle physics

Quarks

Today’s periodic system of the fundamental building blocks

The constituents of matter

Proton


Why accelerators? To investigate Particle Physics

Particle physics looks at matter in its smallest dimensions

AcceleratorsAccelerators MicroscopesMicroscopes TelescopesTelescopesBinocularsBinoculars


Interactions and models

Quantum Gravity

Universal Gravitation

Celestial Gravity

Terrestrial Gravity

Strong Force

Weak ForceGrand

Unification

ElectroWeak

Electromagnetism Magnetism Electricity

Standard model


Methods of Particle Physics

Identify created particles in Detector (search for new clues)

Concentrate energy on particles (accelerator)Collide particles (recreate

conditions after Big Bang)

E=mc2


• Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors

• The highest energy of any accelerator in the world

• The most intense proton beams colliding head-on 800 million times per sec

• It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space

• Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors

• The highest energy of any accelerator in the world

• The most intense proton beams colliding head-on 800 million times per sec

• It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space

CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) set 80 – 150 m underground in a circular tunnel 27 km long will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties.


Preparing the LHC

The LHC will start operation in 2007. It will certainly change our view of the Universe.

27 km circumference

80-150m underground


Large Hadron Collider

LHCb Atlas

CMS Alice

9 km

27 km

Click on apparatus or ring


We don't know everything!

Why three generations?Why three generations?

Supersymmetry ?Supersymmetry ?

Higgs boson ?Higgs boson ?

The LHC will help

solving all these

unsolved mysteries


Spinoffs of CERN technology

Examples of application of technologies developed at CERN for particle physics research

World-Wide Web, information technologies

Developments in technologies such as superconductivity, cryogenics, vacuum…

Medical applicationsindustrial imaging, radiation processing electronicsmeasuring instruments etc…..


CERN, Internet and the WWW

World Wide Web was invented in CERN to help particle physicists around the word to communicate

In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed a distributed information system for CERN


Evolution of CERN computing needsCPU capacity 1998-2010

Central Processing Unit capacity 1998-2010 (black line)

Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

year

K S

I95

Moore’s lawJan 2000:3.5K SI95

LHC experimentsOther

experiments

Moore’s law predicts trends of development of CPU capacity (red line)


CERN computing

The experiments at LHC will generate enormous amounts of data and will require a computing environment thousands of times more powerful than anything running on today’s Internet.

One of the experiments will generate 1000 million events per second, a data rate equivalent to twenty simultaneous telephone conversations by every person at the earth


The GRID: a possible solution to CERN computing needs

The LHC computing

GRIDis a

project funded by the

European Union.

The objective is to build the next generation computing

infrastructure providing intensive

computation and analysis


Medical applications of particle physics

Positron-Emission Tomography

•detect anomalous changes in tissues and organs long before serious symptoms are noticed

•radio-pharmaceutical emitting positrons, is administered to the patient. When positrons are emitted, they quickly annihilate with the electron in patient body, and produce two gamma rays which are detected, pin-pointing where the annihilation took place.

•PET tells doctors exactly where the radio-pharmaceutical ends up in the body, allowing them to find out whether everything is working as it should.


Positron-Emission Tomography


BoSW

ZuzanaSK

MariaCZ

EmilyBUL

YiannisGR

To be discoveredprobably

the late one ?

strangetop charm

bottom

What CERN stands for ?

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