Welp CLIVAR 2019 Salmon2019 v2 · Isotopicfingerprintsofmoistureprocessesintheatmospherein3...

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Ver$cal profile observa$ons of water vapor deuterium excess in the lower troposphere Olivia E. Salmon 1 , Lisa R. Welp 2 , Michael E. Baldwin 2 , Kris:an D. Hajny 1 , Brian H. S:rm 3 , and Paul B. Shepson 1,2,4 1 Chemistry, 2 Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 3 Avia:on Technology, 4 now at Stony Brook University Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19(17), 11525–11543, doi:10.5194/acp19115252019, 2019 US CLIVAR Workshop October 2019 Funding support by:

Transcript of Welp CLIVAR 2019 Salmon2019 v2 · Isotopicfingerprintsofmoistureprocessesintheatmospherein3...

Page 1: Welp CLIVAR 2019 Salmon2019 v2 · Isotopicfingerprintsofmoistureprocessesintheatmospherein3 case,study,days 1. Clear,dryadiabacdaythatRayleigh rainoutprocessesdescribeswell. Preservedsignatureofearlier

Ver$cal  profile  observa$ons  of  water  vapor  deuterium  excess  in  the  lower  troposphere  

Olivia  E.  Salmon1,  Lisa  R.  Welp2,  Michael  E.  Baldwin2,  Kris:an  D.  Hajny1,  Brian  H.  S:rm3,  and  Paul  B.  Shepson1,2,4  

1Chemistry,  2Earth,  Atmospheric,  and  Planetary  Sciences,  3Avia:on  Technology,    4now  at  Stony  Brook  University  

Atmos.  Chem.  Phys.,  19(17),  11525–11543,    doi:10.5194/acp-­‐19-­‐11525-­‐2019,  2019  

US  CLIVAR  Workshop  -­‐  October  2019  

Funding  support  by:  

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Boundary-­‐layer  processes  are  challenging  to  represent  in  models

Wood,  2012  

Rain  

INVERSION LAYER

Water  vapor  stable  isotopes  can  act  as  a  record  of  air  parcels’  evapora$on,  condensa$on,  and  mixing  history.    

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Isotopic  fingerprints  of  moisture  processes  in  the  atmosphere  in  3  case  study  days

1.  Clear,  dry  adiaba:c  day  that  Rayleigh  rainout  processes  describes  well.  Preserved  signature  of  earlier  dehydra:on  and  FT-­‐INV  mixing.  

 

2.  Transi:on  day  from  evapora:ng  stratocumulus  cloud  layer  to  clear  condi:ons.  Deuterium-­‐excess  signal  suggests  droplet  evapora:on  at  the  top  of  the  inversion  layer.  

3.  Complex  boundary  layer  evolu:on  and  differences  from  upwind/downwind  of  urban  area.  

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2015  1970   1995   2000   2005   2010  

Lower  troposphere  ver=cal  profiles  of  water  vapor  (H2Ov)  isotopes

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2015  1970   1995   2000   2005   2010  

Few  have  observed  δD  and  δ18O  to  study  deuterium  excess

Inves$gate  boundary  layer  top  processes  using  δD,  δ18O  

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H2Ov  isotope  flights  in  Washington,  D.C.  and  Indianapolis

Washington, D.C. February 2016 5 flights

Indianapolis March 2016 5 flights

Airborne Laboratory for Atmospheric Research (ALAR)

δD,  δ18O    

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Indianapolis Highways

N

Latitude (o)

Alti

tude

(m)

Goal:  Inves=gate  boundary-­‐layer  processes  using  H2Ov  isotopes

March  6,  2016  

H2Ov (ppmv)

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Ver=cal  profiles  show  expected  dehydra=on  and  decrease  in  δ18O,  δD

δ   δ  

Free  Troposphere  

(FT)  

Boundary  Layer  (BL)  

Inversion  

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Rayleigh  dis=lla=on  describes  clear  day

FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  1  

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Deuterium  excess  indicates  some  mixing  influence  at  the  top  of  the  inversion  layer

d-­‐excess  =  δD  -­‐  8×δ18O    

Case  study  Day  1  

FT   BL  Inversion   FT   BL  Inversion  

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Rayleigh  dis=lla=on  does  not  match  on  cloudy  day Case  study  Day  2  

d-­‐excess  anomalies      1. Min.  at  inversion  top  

2. Local  max.  within  inversion  

FT   BL  Inversion  

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March  4,  2016  /  Non-­‐Rayleigh   March  6,  2016  /  Rayleigh  

Stratocumulus  clouds  were  observed  that  day Case  study  Day  2  

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!  Ice  supersatura:on  

!  Ver:cal  mixing  

!  Cloud/rain  droplet  

evapora:on  

FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Poten=al  causes  of  deuterium-­‐excess  anomalies

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!  Ice  super-­‐satura:on  

!  Ver:cal  mixing  

!  Cloud/rain  droplet  

evapora:on  

FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Ice  super-­‐satura=on  is  unlikely  on  that  day

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FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Ver=cal  mixing  may  occur,  but  doesn’t  explain  how  the  nega=ve  deuterium-­‐excess  anomaly  formed

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!  Ice  super-­‐satura:on  

!  Ver:cal  mixing  

!  Cloud/rain  droplet  

evapora:on  

FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Cloud  or  rain  droplet  evapora=on  may  produce  nega=ve  deuterium  excess  in  the  inversion  top

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FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Cloud  or  rain  droplet  evapora=on  may  produce  nega=ve  deuterium  excess  in  the  inversion  top

The  trick  is  to  have  a  droplet  start  evapora:ng  in  the  region  of  higher  deuterium  excess  (lower  inversion)  and  finish  evapora:ng  in  the  region  of  low  deuterium  excess  (top  of  the  inversion).    Example:  sub-­‐cloud  evapora:on  of  falling  raindrops.  

?  

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FT   BL  Inversion  

Case  study  Day  2  

Cloud  or  rain  droplet  evapora=on  may  produce  nega=ve  deuterium-­‐excess  in  the  inversion  top

In  this  case:  a  bit  of  a  puzzle  how  that  would  work  at  the  top  of  the  inversion  with  cloud  or  small  rain  drops  but  entrainment  may  play  a  role.    Sodemann  et  al.,  2017  also  observed  a  low  deuterium-­‐excess  signal  near  the  boundary  layer  top  in  a  marine  environment.  

?  

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Complex  boundary  layer  development  when  a  new  boundary  layer  grows  into  a  residual  layer  from  the  previous  day

Case  study  Day  3  

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Deuterium  excess  provides  a  record  of  Rayleigh,  mixing,  and  evapora=on  which  could  help  improve  model  representa=ons  of  inversion  layer  processes

1.  Clear,  dry  adiaba:c  day  that  Rayleigh  rainout  processes  describes  well.  Preserved  signature  of  earlier  dehydra:on  and  FT-­‐INV  mixing.  

2.  Transi:on  day  from  evapora:ng  stratocumulus  cloud  layer  to  clear  condi:ons.  Deuterium-­‐excess  signal  suggests  droplet  evapora:on  at  the  top  of  the  inversion  layer.  

3.  Complex  boundary  layer  evolu:on  and  differences  from  upwind/downwind  of  urban  area.  

40%  of  observa:ons  

40%  of  observa:ons  

Data  available  in  the  Yale  vapor  isotope  repository.  [email protected]              @WelpLisa