Week 7
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Transcript of Week 7
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Week 7Revolution & Counterrevolution
Karl Liebknecht addressing crowd in Berlin, 6 November 1918
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The Birth of the Weimar Republic
Did 1918 mark a break from the 19th century? Was 1918 a revolutionary moment?
What compromises allowed the Weimar Republic to be created?
What changes did the Republic signal?
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In the Face of Failure…Supreme Command placed the burden of
defeat onto a civilian govt. headed by Prince Max von Baden.
Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann became first SPD minister of newly formed cabinet.
3 October: Max von Baden sued for peace and set in motion October reforms
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October Reforms• Brought together coalition of SPD,
Center Party, and liberals• Abolition of Prussian three-class
electoral system• Army brought under parliamentary
control / Kaiser’s authority over army and appts. curtailed
• The Chancellor and the Government made accountable to the Reichstag
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November 1918
Sailors at Kiel
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Revolution in Bavaria
Kurt Eisner (1867-1919), the leader of theBavarian Revolution
And his assassin, the 22 year old Anton Grafvon Arco auf Valley (1897-1945)
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Friedrich Ebert, SPD
• First president of the Weimar Republic
• Saddle maker by profession
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Split on the Left
Death announcement of Liebknecht & Luxemburg
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Founding Compromises
• Ebert-Groener Pact
• Stinnes-Legien Agreement
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What was SPD’s vision?
• For the majority of the SPD, a return to order in fulfillment of its historical objective to improve the general welfare
• Fear of the Bolshevik breakdown of order and apparent collapse of domestic and foreign policy
• Striving to re-establish a stable if not stronger position
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Civil War, 1919-1920
Groups:
• Army
• Demobilized Freikorps supported by former Supreme Command Ludendorff and Hindenburg
• Spartacists
• Worker’s & Räte Movement
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Civil War
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Call for Freikorp Volunteers
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Street Fighting in the Capital
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Revolution in Bavaria
Above:The Revolutionary leaders Ernst Toller and Eugene Levine
Right above and below: Freikorps entering Munich, May 1919
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Kapp Putsch
Wolfgang Kapp
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Ruhr Uprising, March 1920
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Matthias Erzberger, 1875-1921 Killed on holiday in Black Forest
• Centre Party Leader• Proponent of self-
determination• Supported Armistice
and signed Versailles Treaty
• 1919-1920: Vice Chancellor & Finance Minister
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Walter Rathenau Murdered en route
to office in 1922
• Foreign Minister• Signee of Rapallo
Treaty• Proponent of Jewish
assimilation
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Punitive Peace Settlement
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World War I
Financial Costs:
Germany spent 36 million Marks/day at the beginning of the war; jumped to 146 million Marks/day by early 1918
Germany’s total expenditure: approx. 150,000,000,000 Marks
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Versailles Treaty, 1919
Article 231: “War Guilt Clause”
Officially blamed Germany for causing the war and exacted high reparations set initially at $33,000,000,000 in 1921
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Versailles Treaty• Germany lost portions of Poland and Denmark, overseas
colonies, as well as Alsace-Lorraine• Creation of German speaking mini-states in Danzig,
Memel & the Saar• But, also the creation of many smaller states based on
the notion of “self-determination”, i.e. Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary
• Reduction of armed forces to 100,000 professional soldiers; massive restrictions on armaments
• Occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years
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DolchstoßlegendeStab in the Back Legend
Philipp Scheidemann and Matthias Erzberger betray the troops.
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Weimar Constitution• Proportional Representation• Extended the vote to women and lowered the
voting age• Called for the direct election of the Reich
President• Maintained a federal system although
education and religion were centralized • The Chancellor and Cabinet were appointed
by the President, but required parliamentary support to pass legislation.
• Established fundamental civil rights
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Weimar Constitution
Source: J. Traynor, Europe 1890-1990
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Political Parties• Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (German Social
Democratic Party, SPD).• Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
(Independent German Social Democratic Party, USPD).• Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Communist Party of
Germany, KPD).• Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party,
DDP).• Zentrumspartei (Centre Party).• Deutsche Volkspartei (German People’s Party, DVP).• Deutschenationale Volkspartei (German National People’s
Party, DNVP).• Various smaller parties including the Bayerische Volkspartei
(Bavarian People’s Party, BVP) and the Nationalsozialistische Partei Deutschlands (NSDAP).
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World Haunted by Compromises
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Starting Points
• Punitive Peace Treaty
• Compromised Social Revolution
• Civil War
• Anti-Republican Elites
• Dissatisfaction with the Republic
• Post-war economic stagnation