Webinar: Emissions from transit buses
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www.embarq.org Emissions from Transit Buses | June 26th, 2013 Erin Cooper
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2014-06-26 webinar by Erin Cooper
Transcript of Webinar: Emissions from transit buses
www.embarq.org
Emissions from Transit Buses | June 26th, 2013
Erin Cooper
Washington DC Brazil
Juan Miguel Velásquez Magdala Arioli
Erin Cooper
México India
Hilda Martínez Umang Jain
Cynthia Menéndez
Julián Patrón
Team
India
- Indian Supreme Court mandated use of Natural Gas
vehicles in 13 major cities
Brazil
- Many types of fuels available
Mexico
- General Law of Climate Change
- Improving Air Quality in Cities
Focus on India, Brazil, and Mexico
Heavy-duty vehicles, including transit buses, are
responsible for more CO2 emissions in low and middle
income countries (Schipper, 2009).
Help transit agencies address both global and local air
quality and GHG issues while considering the costs of
their fleet investment.
This program builds on previous EMBARQ work on ‘real’
emissions or in-use emissions of vehicles.
Transit vehicles are important
Though significant information exists for US and Europe,
doesn’t always apply directly to cities where we work (such
as sulfur content in the fuel)
Can be difficult to find unbiased information or information
not directly from manufacturers
Difficult to make direct comparisons between existing
research or emissions testing
Purpose
Operations Fuel Production
Raw material production Waste disposal
Images from Greenhouse Gas Protocol, World Resources Institute and University of Manchester Bus Logo
Research focus
Exhaust/Tailpipe emissions
Upstream Emissions
Lifecycle Costs
Regulated pollutants and main impacts
Health impacts
Greenhouse
gases
Air pollution
PM
Non- methane HC
NOx
CO2
CO
CH4
Fuels and Technologies
Fuels Exhaust After Treatment Technologies
Diesel (and Hybrids)
(D15, D50, D150)
OC – Oxidation Catalyst
DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter
SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Biodiesel (20 and 100%) SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) OC – Oxidation Catalyst
TWC – Three-way Catalyst
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
Ethanol OC – Oxidation Catalyst
Data collection
Data collected from a
variety of tests lab and
field tests
Grouped to show more
representative results
IQR – Inter-quartile range test for different fuel and
technology combinations
ANOVA test to show difference in fuels and technologies
Emissions summaries for Brazil and India
Analysis to show lowest emissions
CO results graph
THC results graph
NOx results graph
NOx emissions and drive cycles 0
2040
6080
NO
X
BD CNG D E Hybrid LNG
Fiel
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Mix
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PM results graph
CO2e emissions 5
00
1,0
001
,500
2,0
002
,500
CO
2 e
BD CNG D E Hybrid
Summary of emissions changes by technology
CO NOx PM CO2
DPF ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑
EGR ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑
SCR ↓ ↓ ↓
3WC ↓ ↓
OC ↓
HYBRID ↓ ↓ ↓
Some technologies produce CO2
processes leads to higher fuel consumption
Brazil context: NOx vs. PM
• Variety of fuels meets Euro v standard
• Newer technologies have less variation
Brazil context: CO2e vs. PM
• Hybrids have lower CO2 emissions
India context: NOx vs. PM
• Only CNG + 3WC meet Euro IV standard
India context: CO2e vs. PM
• Some diesel options have
lower CO2 emissions
Fuels
Diesel
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
CNG
Hybrids
Upstream emissions
Fuel production
Vehicle production
Mexico Case Study: Preliminary Results
Costs
Capital costs
Maintenance
Fuel
Operators
Results/ Fleet Scenarios
comparing two fleet sizes 20 vs 200 buses
20 buses
$ 0
$ 2,000,000
$ 4,000,000
$ 6,000,000
$ 8,000,000
$ 10,000,000
Lif
ecycle
Co
st
pe
r B
us
Estimated Average Lifecycle Costs Per Bus by Propulsion Technology
Patio
Combustible
Mantenimiento
Reacondicionamiento
Costo Capital
Operadores
CNG Diesel Híbrido
Results/ Fleet Scenarios
Comparing two fleet sizes 20 vs 200 buses
200 buses
$ 0
$ 2,000,000
$ 4,000,000
$ 6,000,000
$ 8,000,000
$ 10,000,000
Lif
ecycle
Co
st
pe
r B
us
Estimated Average Lifecycle Costs Per Bus by Propulsion Technology
Patio
Combustible
Mantenimiento
Reacondicionamiento
Costo Capital
Operadores
CNG Diesel Híbrido
Results/ Average Speed
Comparing two average speeds 10 km/h (inner-city speed) vs 22 km/h (BRT)
10 km/h
$ 0
$ 2,000,000
$ 4,000,000
$ 6,000,000
$ 8,000,000
$ 10,000,000
Lif
ecycle
Co
st
pe
r B
us
Estimated Average Lifecycle Costs Per Bus by Propulsion Technology
Patio
Combustible
Mantenimiento
Reacondicionamiento
Costo Capital
Operadores
CNG Diesel Híbrido
Results/ Average Speed
Comparing two operating speeds 10 km/h (inner-city speed) vs 22 km/h (BRT)
22 km/h
$ 0
$ 2,000,000
$ 4,000,000
$ 6,000,000
$ 8,000,000
$ 10,000,000
Lif
ecycle
Co
st
pe
r B
us
Estimated Average Lifecycle Costs Per Bus by Propulsion Technology
Patio
Combustible
Mantenimiento
Reacondicionamiento
Costo Capital
Operadores
CNG Diesel Híbrido
Nox emissions vs. Costs (per bus per km)
PM emissions vs. Costs (per bus per km)
CO2 emissions vs. Costs (per bus per km)
GHG emissions vs. costs
Local conditions: Need to consider local fuels and
technologies availability and costs.
Trade-offs: Some technologies are better at reducing
GHGs, others local pollution.
Technologies are important: In general, using the latest
technologies is more important than changing fuel types for
reducing all types of emissions.
Conclusions
From the technologies compared, each one has advantages
and disadvantages. There isn’t a clear favorite, particularly
when local conditions are considered.
Conclusions
Thank you
Erin Cooper
Juan Miguel Velásquez Magdala Arioli
Umang Jain Cynthia Menéndez
