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2012

Biology

General Instructions

Reading time – 5 minutes

Working time – 2 hours

Write using black or blue pen

Draw diagrams using pencil

Approved calculators may be used

Student Number

Student Name

__________________________________

Preliminary Course

Yearly Examination

Weighting 35%

Outcomes Examined: P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P16

TOTAL MARKS – 75

This paper has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A – 20 marks Attempt Questions 1-20 Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Part B – 55 marks Attempt Questions 21-30 Allow about 1 hour and 25 minutes for this part

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Part A – 20 marksAttempt Questions 1-20Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A,B,C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

A B C D

correct

1. The graph below shows how the biomass of a population of wallabies changed over a

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four year period.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

20406080

100120140160

Time (years)

Biomass (ar-bitrary units)

Assuming their only significant predator was a population of feral foxes, which one of the graphs below best represents the change in biomass of the foxes over the same period?

(A)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 405

101520

Time (years)


(B)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 405

101520

Time (years)


(C)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

50

100

150

Time (years)


(D)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

50

100

150

Time (years)


2. Examine the following food chain.

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phytoplankton

krill

penguin

fish blue whale

killer whalekiller whale

seal

WHEAT LOCUST SNAKE EAGLE

Most of the energy obtained by the eagle is:

(A) lost to the environment in the form of heat.

(B) returned to the soil and recycled.

(C) stored in the eagle in the form of ATP.

(D) stored in soil decomposers.

3. This question refers to the food web shown below.

It is called a web because:

(A) it starts with a producer.

(B) it contains both first and second order consumers.

(C) some organisms have more than one food source.

(D) it clearly involves a marine ecosystem.

4. Below is a sample of a woodland community investigated by a student

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Which one of the following cross sections best represents the transect X-Y?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

5. Transect studies, such as that in question 4 above, are performed to determine:

(A) the topography of the land.

(B) the abundance of organisms.

(C) the distribution of organisms.

(D) the biotic and abiotic factors present.

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6. A species of unicellular green alga can be found inside the outer cells of the simple multicellular aquatic animal, Hydra.

The Hydra obtains oxygen and sugars from the alga’s activities and the alga receives carbon dioxide and some essential minerals from the Hydra.

Such a relationship between these organisms would be called:

(A) parasitism.

(B) commensalism.

(C) mutualism.

(D) competition.

7. The figure below gives some information about how the pesticide DDT moves through an ecosystem.

Using the above diagram which of the following is most correct about DDT?

(A) DDT is produced by plankton.

(B) As the biomass increases the concentration of DDT also increases.

(C) Concentration of DDT is greater in organisms in higher trophic levels.

(D) Birds only eat fish that contain DDT.

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8. If plants are not watered in dry weather, the leaves tend to droop. Why does his occur?

(A) The plant cell walls become softer as they dry out.

(B) Salts accumulate within the plant and poison the leaves.

(C) Water enters the leaves and the stems cannot support the increased weight.

(D) Water is lost from cells and the cytoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall.

9. A large surface area, thin walls and a good blood supply allow the rapid and efficient transfer of materials to meet the body’s needs.

TWO such areas in a mammalian body where this may occur are:

(A) Heart and lungs.

(B) Small intestine and kidney nephrons.

(C) Skin surface and capillary network.

(D) Lungs and small intestine.

10. Which of the following compounds are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only?

(A) Carbohydrates and lipids.

(B) Lipids and enzymes.

(C) Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

(D) Proteins and glucose.

11. What is the function of the Xylem vessel?

(A) To transport water and mineral ions up and down the stem.

(B) To transport organic substances up and down the stem.

(C) To transport water and mineral ions upwards towards the leaves.

(D) To transport organic substances down towards the root.

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4 3 2 1 0 Billions of Years ago

Origin of earth

First multicellular organismsX Separation of Australia from Antarctica

12. Mitosis gives rise to:

(A) identical nuclei.

(B) identical cells.

(C) identical organelles.

(D) all of the above.

13. Some major events in the evolution of the Australian Biota are indicated on the time line below.

The event represented by X would most likely be:

(A) The first evidence of living things.

(B) The first stromatolites

(C) The change from an anoxic to an oxic atmosphere

(D) The first evidence of eukaryotic organisms.

14. Which one of the following best expresses the main reason why biologists are interested in studying extremophile prokaryotes in their natural environments?

(A) To learn how life might survive on Earth after a mass extinction.

(B) To investigate ways of breaking down nuclear wastes.

(C) To see how humans might be able to survive in outer space.

(D) To learn how life might have survived on the early Earth.

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15. The European Puffin is a fish-eating sea bird which swims under water. When swimming it looks quite like a fish. It also smells of fish, and apparently tastes of fish.

In medieval times the Catholic Church sanctioned the classification of the European Puffin as a fish. This allowed it to be eaten by Catholics on Fridays.

While this classification served its purpose in medieval times, the main reason modern biologists would reject it is because:

(A) Puffins don’t look like fish on land.

(B) Puffins don’t have a close evolutionary relationship with fish.

(C) Puffins don’t just live in water.

(D) Puffins lay eggs.

16. An organism is given the name Acaena ovina using the binomial system. To what does the first part of its name (Acaena) refer?

(A) Genus

(B) Family

(C) Order

(D) Species

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17. The Tasmanian tiger, or thylacine, is an Australian mammal which became extinct in Tasmania in the 1930s.

Which one of the reasons below is the most likely cause of its extinction in Tasmania?

(A) The activity of early Australians in managing areas of land with fire.

(B) Hunting since European settlement.

(C) Competition with other species.

(D) The natural decline in global biodiversity.

18. The number of chromosomes in a fertilised egg is usually:

(A) half as many as in an unfertilised egg.

(B) the same as in a sperm cell.

(C) twice the number found in a sperm cell.

(D) twice the number found in skin cells.

19. A flower with reduced, inconspicuous petals, long protruding stamens, and no scent or nectar is most likely:

(A) wind pollinated

(B) bird pollinated

(C) insect pollinated

(D) asexual

20. The Australian megafauna all went extinct during the last 40,000 to 10,000 years.

A number of causes have been suggested,

Which one of the following is NOT a plausible reason for their extinction.

(A) Habitat change resulting from the drying of the continent.

(B) Hunting pressure from an expanding aboriginal population.

(C) Competition for resources with smaller animals.

(D) The mass die off of vegetation following the meteorite strike which wiped out the dinosaurs.

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Part B – 55 marks

Attempt Questions 21 – 30Allow about 1 hour and 25 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Question 21 (9 marks)

The population of a fish species in a lake was estimated using a technique called the capture-recapture method.

1. 300 fish were caught on the first day.2. They were all marked with red tail tags and released.3. On the second day 400 fish were caught. Of these 20 were found to have the red tail tags.

(a) Calculate the size of the fish population. (Show your working).

Marks

2

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Question 21 continues on page 12

Question 21 (continued)

(b) Suggest a way of making this investigation more reliable .......................................................................................................................................

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(c) Name two biotic factors which might affect fish abundance.

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(d) During your practical work this year you would have used a different technique for determining the abundance of a plant or animal.

Outline the technique you used and justify the steps in it.

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Marks

1

2

1

3

12


Respiration releases energy in a usable form for living things.

(a) Write a general word equation for respiration.

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(b) State TWO uses of energy by living things.

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(c) Explain the significance of photosynthesis for ecosystems.

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The electron microscope revolutionised our understanding of cell structure.

Other than costs or complexity of usage, describe TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of the electron microscope.

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Marks

1

1

3

4

13


In the 1920s Alexander Oparin and John Haldane hypothesised that the Earth’s early atmosphere contained all of the chemicals necessary for life, and that the action of ultra violet light and lightening discharge produced more complex organic molecules.

(a) Describe the experiment performed by Harold Urey and Stanley Miller to test this hypothesis.

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(b) How did the ozone layer form and what beneficial effect did it have on the

evolution of life on Earth?......................................................................................................................................

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(c) What is a fossil?......................................................................................................................................

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Marks

2

2

1

Marks

14


The electron photomicrographs below show structures from a typical animal cell.

X Y

Identify the structures X and Y and describe their functions.

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15

acidagar cube


A student set out to investigate the effect of Surface Area : Volume ratio on the rate at which an acid will diffuse into a series of agar cubes containing an indicator which changes from pink to clear in an acid solution.

He prepared four cubes of the dimensions shown in the table below and immersed them in the acid as shown above. He then recorded the time taken for the indicator in each cube to become completely clear.

Dimensions of each side of cube (cm)

Surface area of cube (cm2)

Volume of cube (cm3)

SA / V Time taken for cube to become

clear (s)1 6 1 6 502 24 3 983 27 2 1534 96 64 1.5 199

(a) Calculate and fill in the two missing values in the table.

(b) Use the grid below to draw a graph showing the effect of SA/V on the time taken for the cube to become clear.

Marks

1

3

16


(c) Outline the implications of the results above for the size and shape of living cells.

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The fossil record suggests that primitive amphibians inhabited the swamps of Australia during the Devonian Period (408 – 360 million years ago). However, the first truly successful terrestrial vertebrates were the reptiles, known from fossils from the Carboniferous Period (306 – 286 million years ago).

Their success was partly due to the evolution of structures which allowed for internal fertilisation.

(a) Outline the differences between internal and external fertilisation.

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(b) Explain why internal fertilisation is advantageous in a terrestrial environment.

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Marks

2

2

2

17


The southern continents are known to have once been joined.

(a) Name the supercontinent shown above.

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(b) Describe the evidence which supports the assertion that Australia was once part of this supercontinent.

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Marks

1

3

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stomach

large intestine

caecum

oesophagus

small intestine

HumanKoala

MarksQuestion 29 (5 marks)

The diagrams below show a simplified version of both the human digestive system, and that of the koala (a leaf-eating marsupial).

(a) Add a label to the drawing of the koala digestive system to identify the caecum.

(b) Account for the differences between these two digestive systems in terms of how each is suited to the diet of the animal concerned. Use the table to complete this answer.

ANIMAL DIET Account for Differences in digestive Systems

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4

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A. cordifolia

New South Wales Angophora species

Leaf heart-shaped at the base Leaf not heart-shaped at the base

Fruit about 15 mm long Fruit about 8 mm long

Bark smooth Bark rough

A. subvelutina A. costata A. floribunda

10 mm


The Angophoras are members of the Myrtaceae family. They look quite similar to eucalypts, and one, the Sydney Red Gum (Angophora costata), is very common around Sydney Harbour.

Below is a dichotomous key to four common members of the Angophora genus.

Marks

(a) Use the key to identify the Angophora below.

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20

Question 30 continues on page 21


(b) Explain how you could distinguish between A. cordifolia and A. costata.

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(c) The drawings below are of four types of arthropod, found by students on a field study in a bush reserve..

Dragonfly Fly

Spider Ant

(a) Construct a dichotomous key to distinguish between them. 3

Marks

1

21


Cell Part Function

Cell membrane

Ribosome

Vacuole

Nucleus

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