Study Material of 4/8/2020For Class I to X & XII

Class ISubject Topic ExecutionG.K G. K Times-

Chapter-4-MOTHER and BABIES (pages-8 and 9)

At home we have our family, where we have mother, father and babies. In the same way animals and birds also have mummy, daddy and babies. They have different names.

So, in this chapter we will learn about the names of animal mummies and their babies.Pages- 8 and 9.(LEARN).

Hindi Ch. 10 Done Do. Page 69 in book(Rangoli)

EVS Ch. 10 Page 149Say true or false1. We should always walk on the road. False2. We should not put each other while playing. True3. We should get on or off a moving bus False4. Playing with a matchstick is safe for us. False.5. We should not throw objects at Each Other. True6. Zebra crossing has three colors False

Class II Subject Topic Summary ExecutionEVS Ch. 9

Plants around us.

Refer to pg 149.Write the question and answer in the school copy and learn them.

Ex D. answer the questions.Qs 1. What are herbs?Ans. Herbs are small plant with soft green stem.Qs 2. What are shrubs?Ans. Shrubs are small plant with many branches close to the ground.Qs 3. Write any 2 uses of plants.Ans. The two uses of plants are-A] Plants keep the air clean and fresh.B] Plants give us food.

Gk. Ch. 3 Calendar

Write in the book and learn Refer to pg 266 of your semester book.

Hindi Chapter 8 प्रश्न उत्तर1.मां को गुस्सा क्यों आया था? उत्तर: मां को गुस्सा आया था क्योंकिक कि�ल्ली स� खीर खा चुकी थी।2. कि�ल्ली ने म्याऊं का क्या अथ# �ताया?उत्तर: कि�ल्ली ने म्याऊं का अथ# �ताया ‘मैं आऊं’।

3. अंत में कि�ल्ली ने मां से क्या कहा?उत्तर:अंत में कि�ल्ली ने मां से कहा किक उसे अ� माफ कर दें और वह हमेशा पूछ कर आएगी।

Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONG.K Chp:11

Plant QuizPlants are living things that grow on land or in water. Plants are really important for the planet and for all living things. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen from their leaves, which humans and other animals need to breathe. Living things need plants to live - they eat them and live in them. Plants help to clean water too. Plants provide many products for human use, such as firewood, timber, fibers, medicines, dyes, pesticides, oils, and rubber.In this chapter, we will come to know many interesting things about PLANTS.

Note: Follow your book and tick the correct answers.1. What kind of root is carrot?A)Tap root2. When do plants make their food?A)During day3) What are the stems of big trees called?A)Trunks4. Which is the world’s biggest flower?A) Rafflesia5. Which is the world’s fastest growing plant on land?A)Bamboo6. Which flower has been nicknamed ‘sun worshipper’?A)Sunflower7. Which is the world’s fastest growing plant in water?A) Water lily8. Which is the world’s oldest living tree?A) Bristlecone pine9. Where will you find stomata in a plant? A)On leaves10. What is the food making process in plants called?A)Photosynthesis

Eng. language

Writing a paragraph.

**Write down in your Eng. language copy and learn it.

Write a paragraph within 100 words.Topic – The Value of Time.Most of us do not appreciate the value of time. We keep talking on the phone, watch cartoon, and play computer games or just sleep. We are unaware of how much time we are wasting. There are two things about time that we should never forget. First, we all have a limited amount of time. Secondly, time once gone is gone forever. Nothing can bring it back, not even one second of it. We should learn the value of time from those who have been successful in life. They too had the same 24- hour day that we have. But they made the best possible use of time and became successful. Let us seek inspiration from them and use our time wisely.

Eng. literature

Ch. 5 Message in a bottle

Children we will not to do QS 1 [h , I , j ]Do QS 2 in the school copy and also fill in the blanks that I am giving write in the school copy.Refer to pg 51 and 52.Qs 2. Write true or false.The children had a difficult life. FalseAjay found the bottle. FalseThe bottle was easy to open. FalseThe children knew what to do with the message. FalseThe message was from a girl in New Zealand. FalseThe children learnt to read and write in a few months. TrueFill in the blanks.

Meena and Ajay lived in a small fishing village.Their fathers were both fishermen.The children found a large green bottle.Old Manu was the shopkeeper in the village.David lived in a small fishing village in New Zealand.

Science Ch. – Cleanliness, Health and Hygiene

Cleanliness of our bodyWe should also follow the correct ways of brushing.2. We should bathe everyday with soap to remove sweat and germs from our body, as our skin sweats

for cooling down the body when it is warm.3. Our hair also sweats and collects dirt. We should keep our hair clean by washing it.4. We should wash our hands before and after meals. We should also wash them every time after using the toilet.5. We should sneeze or cough into a handkerchief. By doing this we don’t spread the germs to others.6. Long nails collect dirt and germs. So we should trim our nails once a week.7. Our clothes also collect dirt, germs, sweat. So, we should wear washed clothes every day.

Book’s exercise (pg no.- 114)B. Fill in the blanks.1. Long fingernails collect dirt and germs.2. We should sneeze or cough into a handkerchief.

C. Write T for True or F for False:1. We should brush our teeth twice every day. – True2. We must sleep only five hours every night. – False

D. Give reason1. Why should we bathe every day? –Ans. We should bathe everyday to remove the sweat and germs from our skin.

MATHEMATICS

Ch.: 8

Money

Exercise – 48

11. Daljeet went to a shop. He bought 2 cards for 25 paise each, an ordinary envelope for Rs.5 and 3 decorative papers for Rs.16.50 each. He gave a 100-rupee note. How much money did he get back?

Solution:

Cost of each card 2 5 P

× 2 cards

5 0 P = Rs.0.50

Again, cost of one decorative paper Rs. 1 6 . 5 0

× 3 decorative papers

Rs. 4 9 . 5 0

Now,

Cost of 2 cards = Rs. 0 . 5 0

Cost of one envelope = Rs. 5 . 0 0

Cost of 3 decorative papers = + Rs. 4 9 . 5 0

Rs. 5 5 . 0 0

Daljeet gave Rs.1 0 0. 0 0

Total cost – Rs. 5 5. 0 0

Rs. 4 5 . 0 0 He got back Rs.45.

14. Make separate bills for each of the following and find the total cost.(a) 3 crickets bats for Rs.75.50 each and 1 chocolate for Rs.11.40.(b) 5 pen for Rs.9.30 each, a book for Rs.19.10 and 2 balls for Rs.7.25 each.Solution:(a)

Cash MemoSonu Shop

No: 01 Date: 04/08/2020Item Rate/Item Rs. P

3 Cricket bats 75.50 226 501 Chocolate 11.40 11 40

Total: 237 90(b)

Cash MemoSonu Shop

No: 01 Date: 04/08/2020Item Rate/Item Rs. P

5 pens 9.30 46 501 book 19.10 19 102 balls 7.25 14 50

Total: 80 10

Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionEnglish language

Verbs: Past participles and perfect tenses

Solved exercises: (page 38)Change the tenses of the verbs to past perfect: (ex C)1. Rahul had got all his sums wrong.2. John wanted to make his parents proud of him.3. Rana had bought tickets for the concert.4. The snake had bitten a child.5. The men were too afraid to had gone into the forest to gather honey.6. The little child had grew up to become a famous writer.7. Tom had decided to walk home, for he had wanted some exercise.8. The dog had barked to warn the inmates of the house.9. The tiger had become a maneater and a threat to the villagers.10. It had rained all night and the streets had become waterlogged.For homework: do page 38, ex C, numbers 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.

G. K Days to remember

Match these International days with the dates when you celebrate them:6. World food day- October 167. International Labour Day- May 18. World water Day- March 22

9. Children's Day- November 1410. Teacher's Day- September 5

Science

Ch. – The Food We Eat

Preserving FoodTreating food to prevent it from getting spoilt is known as preservation. We can slow down the growth of germs in food to prevent it from getting spoilt by preservation. Cooked and uncooked food can be preserved in many ways.Refrigeration –It is the most popular form of food preservation in use today. The temperature inside a refrigerator is very low. Germs cannot grow well in low temperature. So, we can keep vegetables, fruits and cooked food fresh for a few days in a refrigerator. In a deep freezer, we can keep food fresh for several months.Drying –Food drying is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. In this method, the water content in the food is removed. This process reduces the moisture in foods and making them lightweight and convenient to store. Dried foods are sealed in packets to protect them from moisture in the air. Chillies and grapes are dried to preserve them.

Questions and Answers

2. Why do need food?Ans. We need food because food provides us energy to work and play. It helps our body to fight against diseases and also repairs the damaged parts of our body.

3. What is meant by a balanced diet?Ans. A diet that contains all the nutrients in the right amount is called a balanced diet.

4. Why are proteins especially important for children?Ans. Foods rich in proteins are called body-building foods. Children need more proteins for their proper growth.

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch: 9

Com

mon

Fra

ction

s

Subtraction of Fractions:To subtract a fraction from another like fraction, we subtract the smaller numerator from the greater numerator to get the numerator of the difference and the denominator remains unchanged.

Exercise – 43Subtract:

7. 719

¿ 1219 8.

513

¿ 813 9.

215

¿ 1315

10.5

16¿ 11

16 11. 512

¿ 1112 12.

717

¿ 1017

Solution:

7. 1219

− 719

=12−719

= 519 8.

813

− 513

=8−513

= 313

9. 1315

− 215

=13−215

=1115

10. 1116

− 516

=11−516

= 616

=38

11. 1112

− 512

=11−512

= 612

=12

12. 1017

− 717

=10−717

= 317

Home Work:Exercise – 43

Subtract: 5. 49

¿ 89 6.

711

¿ 1011

Class VSubject Topic Summary ExecutionEnglish Perseus Perseus made his way to the northern shore. He came across the cave of the ancient

Literature

and the Gorgon

witches. The witches wore filthy, tattered grey robes and they shared one eyeball. As the witches moved around the area, they passed the eyeball to each other. Just then, Perseus lunged forward and grabbed it. The witches then led him to the west and delivered him to Hera's garden. Perseus returned their eye to them. The nymphs were happy to help Perseus. They gave him a silver knapsack to safely contain Medusa's head.Perseus put his helmet and walked slowly to the mouth of the cave. He came across the bodies of sleeping gorgons. He gasped out aloud at the reflection in his shield of Medusa’s hideous face. He took a slow, deep breath to calm himself, raised his sword and, with one swift blow, he chopped off the monstrous head. Quickly, without looking at it he scooped the head into the knapsack and set off. Medusa's sisters had woken up and the run out of the cave just behind Perseus. But they could not follow him as he flew away on his winged sandals and left them far behind.

On his way home he met Andromeda who was tied to a rock in the sea. She was to be sacrificed to the sea serpent in order to stop him from attacking the people. Perseus admired her bravery and promised to save her. The sea serpent was ferocious and fought hard. Perseus flew in and out of its coils and sliced at it with Zeus sword. When Perseus and Andromeda returned back in Serifs, king Polyesters were holding another banquet. He strode through the door and said that he has the gift. The king laughed disbelievingly and commanded him to show the gift. Perseus closed his eyes tightly and pulled medusa’s head from the bag the king and everyone in his court were instantly turned into stone. From then on, Serifos was ruled by king Dictys. Danae was happy to see Perseus home safely and everyone celebrated when Perseus and Andromeda were married.

*** Read page no. 58-60Hindi 2nd lang

किवशेषण जो शब्द संज्ञा या सव#नाम की किवशेषता गुण दोष संख्या मात्रा परिरमाण आदिद �ताते हैं वह शब्द किवशेषण कहलाते हैं। जैसे -रामायण धार्मिम?क किकता� है ,कल स्कूल में 10 �च्चे ।आए , पापा 5 आम ।लाए , करीना 1 किकलो दूध ।लाईकिवशेषण के चार भेद होते हैं –

1. गुणवाचक किवशेषण2. संख्यावाचक किवशेषण3. परिरमाणवाचक किवशेषण4. सव#नामिमक किवशेषण

गुणवाचक किवशेषण-संज्ञा या सव#नाम शब्दों के गुण दोष रंग रूप दशा आकार आदिद का �ोध कराने वाले शब्दों को गुणवाचक किवशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे- �गीचे में सुंदर फूल हैं।, लड़का �हुत दयालु है।

संख्यावाचक किवशेषण–जो शब्द संख्या का �ोध कराते हैं उसे संख्यावाचक किवशेषण कहते हैंइसमें किनश्चिJत संख्या भी हो सकती है अकिनश्चिJत संख्या भी हो सकती है। जैसे 5 लोग दौड़ रहे हैं।, पापा कुछ आम लाए।

परिरमाणवाचक किवशेषण-संज्ञा या सव#नाम शब्दों की माप तोल मात्रा आदिद का �ोध कराने वाल ेशब्द परिरमाणवाचक किवशेषण कहलाते हैं।जैसे-मां 1 लीटर दूध लाई।, मेरे पास कुछ किकता�ें हैं ।,5 मीटर कपड़ा दजM ने ।दिदया

सव#नामिमक किवशेषण - ऐसे सव#नाम शब्द जो संज्ञा  से पहले लगकर उस संज्ञा शब्द की किवशेषण की तरह किवशेषता �ताते हैं, वे शब्द ।साव#नामिमक किवशेषण कहलाते हैं

जैसे - *कि�स  ।आदमी से �ात कर रह है

उस  ।पेन को यहाँ रख दो

जैसा किक आप ऊपर दिदए गए उदाहरण में देख सकते हैं उस  ।।शब्द पेन से पहले आकर पेन किक ओर संकेत कर रहा है

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch: 7

Deci

mal

s

Addition of Decimal:Steps:(1) Write the numbers such that the decimal points are one below the other.(2) Convert to like decimals before adding and regroup if needed.

Subtraction of Decimals:Steps:(1) Write the numbers such that the decimal points are one below the other.(2) Convert to like decimals before subtraction and regroup if needed.(3) Subtract hundredths from hundredths and tenths from tenths and so on.

Exercise – 41Add:

7. 7 8 5 . 8 3 7 1 0 6 . 9 3 1 + 2 7 . 2 8 0

8. 4 0 6 . 2 8 4 2 8 3 . 8 1 3 + 9 0 . 9 8 6

9 2 0 . 0 4 8 7 8 1 . 0 8 3 12. 46.90+206.8+7.825+19.18

Solution: 4 6 . 9 0 0 2 0 6 . 8 0 0 7 . 8 2 5 + 1 9 . 1 8 0 2 8 0 . 7 0 5

Subtract:21. 4 1 0 . 3 0 6 - 1 2 7 . 4 6 9

22. 1 2 3 . 0 3 7 - 8 5 . 6 1 9

2 8 2 . 8 3 7 3 7 . 4 1 8

25. Subtract 486.235 from 900.2 Solution: 9 0 0 . 2 0 0

- 4 8 6 . 2 3 5 4 1 3 . 9 6 5

Evaluate:30. 16.1 – 7 + 12.86 – 9.9 31. 17.23-4.8-12.36+21.07

Solution: 30. Add the numbers having + signs and having – signs

1 6. 1 0 + 1 2. 8 6

7. 0 + 9. 9

2 8. 9 6 1 6. 9Now subtract the total of the numbers to be subtracted from other total: 2 8. 9 6 - 1 6. 9 0 1 2. 0 631. Add the numbers having + signs and having – signs

1 7 . 2 3 + 2 1 . 0 7

4 . 8 0 + 1 2 . 3 6

3 8 . 3 0 1 7 . 1 6Now subtract the total of the numbers to be subtracted from other total: 3 8. 3 0 - 1 7. 1 6 2 1 . 1 4

34. What should be subtracted from 138.01 to get 98.5? Solution:

1 3 8. 0 1 - 9 8. 5 0 3 9. 5 1

∴ 39.51 should be subtracted from 138.01 to get 98.5.

35. How much the sum of 185.6 and 203.73 greater than the difference of 145.3 and 98.09?

Solution: The sum of 185.6 and 203.73 is 2 0 3. 7 3 + 1 8 5. 6 0 3 8 9. 3 3Again, the difference of 145.3 and 98.09 is 1 4 5. 3 0 - 9 8. 0 9 4 7 . 2 1Now, 3 8 9 . 3 3 - 4 7 . 2 1 3 4 2 . 1 2 (Ans.)

Home WorkExercise – 4129. Evaluate: 2.9-1.3+18.6-7.2333. Rahim has 200kg rice in his shop. He sold 37.509kg and 85.78kg rice to his customers. How much rice is left in his shop?

Class VISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONHISTORY AND CIVICS

CIVICS:1Rural Local Self- Government

FUCTIONS OF THE GRAM PANCHAYAT

The Gram Panchayats usually perform two kinds of fuctions.

COMPULSORY FUCTIONS:

1. Provision of safe drinking water, sanitation and health care facilities in the village.2. To maintain roads and bridges.3. To provide street lighting.4. Arrangements for primary education.5. To maintain public wells and tanks.

OPTIONAL FUNCTIONS:

1. Maintaining health centres and dispensaries.2. Welfare of the weaker sections.3. To build and run a Secondary School.4. To maintain a library and arrange cultural activities, like plays and music competitions.

***Read & write in your class work copy.GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 6 :NORTH AMERICA

THE WESTERN CORDILLERAS- The Western Cordilleras are young fold

mountains and are high and rugged as the Himalayas in Our Country.

These ranges are spread across a dis-tance of about 6,500 km from Alaska in the north to Panama in the South.

The Western Cordilleras consist of sev-eral mountain ranges running north to south.

The Rocky Mountain Range forms the eastern boundary of the Western Cordilleras.

The Alaskan Range in the north, The Cas-cade Range in the center and the Coastal Range in the South, rise steeply from the west coast.

The Rocky Mountains were undergoing violent folding; molten materials from

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. The Western Cordilleras are young fold mountains.2. These ranges are spread across a distance of about 6,500 km from Alaska in the north to Panama in the south.3. The Alaskan Range in the north.4. The Cascade Range in the center.5. The Colorado Plateau is intermundane plateaus in North America.6. The highest peak is Mt. McKinley in Alaska.

below the Earth were thrown up. Solidi-fied molten materials formed the Colum-bia Plateau and gigantic rocky cliffs of Sierra Nevada which can still be seen in the Yosemite Valley.

The Sierra Nevada and the Western Sierra Madre lie inland parallel to the Coastal Ranges.

The Columbia Plateau, The Great Basin, The Colorado Plateau and the Mexican Plateau are Intermundane Plateaus in North America.

The Western Cordilleras have many peaks, 4000 meters above sea level.

The highest peaks isMt. McKinley or Denali in Alaska; which is about 6,190 m above sea level.

There are many active volcanoes in Mex-ico and Alaska.

The mountain region is also prone to earthquakes.

The Western Cordilleras created rain-shadow conditions that led to the forma-tion of four important desert regions, all in the south-western part of the conti-nent.

The four important deserts are-Great Basin DesertMojave DesertSonoran DesertChihuahuan Desert

G. K Chapter-10 Young Achievers.

1. He became youngest known inventor. In 1962, he was issued a U.S patent for his toy truck at the age of 6- Robert Patch.

2. At the age of 13, he learned to play the trumpet. He was one of the greatest jazz musicians of all times- Louis Armstrong.

3. At the age of 18, this English boy invented synthetic dye in 1856. He made this dye from coal tar and it was of purple color – William Perkin.

4. He started singing at the age of 11, and at the age of 13, he topped the charts with a single hit called ‘Fingerprints'- Stevie Wonder.

5. At the age of 15, this French blind boy invented a system of reading which is being used by millions of blind people all over the world – Louis Braille.

6. At the age of 8 , he began performing with his brother. His album Thriller is bestselling album of all time- Michael Jackson.

7. At the age of 5 he began composing music and ay year later he began a concert tour across Europe- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

8. At the age of 11 he went to Harvard University to study Mathematics- William James Sid.

9. The U. Ks richest self-made teenager with an estimated wealth of 23 million pound- Harry Potter fame Daniel Jacol Radcliffe.

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionHistory and civics

The Delhi Sultanate

** Explanation has already been done in the last lesson.

Solved exercises:Long answer questions:3. Explain the impact of the Turkish invasion on India.Ans: The impact of the Turkish invasion on India that as a result of the success of the Turks, a period of Muslim rule started in India. In 1206 AD, Qutbuddin Aibak laid the foundation of the Delhi sultanate under a dynasty, popularly known as the slave dynasty. It is known as Sultanate as all the rulers during this period were known as Sultans.The rule of the Delhi sultanate lasted about 320 years from 1206 to 1526 AD during which five dynasty ruled : Slave Dynasty (1206 -1290 AD), Khilji Dynasty (1290 – 1320 AD),

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414 AD), Sayyid Dynasty (1414 – 1451 AD) and Lodi Dynasty ( 1451 – 1526 AD).

4. Discuss the achievements of Iltutmish. Can he be called the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate?Ans: Iltutmish was a slave of Aibak and later became his son-in-law. There was resentment in a section of the nobles against his accession; he appointed a group of forty trusted nobles known as Chalisa to help in suppressing his enemies. He also secured approval of the Caliph of Baghdad for his accession. He won the support of a large section of Muslims and also strengthened his position. He faced threat from two governors and suppressed them in the gangetic valley and firmly established the Turkish rule. He made Delhi his capital. Heat affected the Rajput rulers of Gwalior, Malwa, Ujjain and Mandu. He was able to extend the Delhi sultanate up to the banks of Narmada. Iltutmish showed his farsightedness in dealing with Genghis Khan and saved the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol invasion. He was the first Turkish ruler to introduce purely Arabic coins.Yes he can be called the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate.

5. State the problems which Balban faced. How did he establish a strong rule?Ans: Balban faced many problems. He faced the problems from the nobles, from his neighborhood states and from Mongol invasion.To restore the prestige of the crown, Balban adopted a policy of sternness and severity known as the policy of blood and iron. He regulated the court and made very strict rules which every noble had to follow. Balban destroyed the group of forty which had become very powerful. He is established order in the neighborhood of Delhi. The North-West frontier was garrisoned strongly because of the continuous Mongol Invasions from there. By his policies Balban consolidated the Turkish empire and provided it a firm base.

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionHISTORY AND CIVICS

TRADERS TO RULERS

Battle of Plassey:-The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French [1] allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive which was possible due to the defection of Mir Jafar Ali Khan, who was Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief. The battle helped the Company seize control of Bengal. Over the next hundred years, they seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and Myanmar - and briefly Afghanistan.The battle took place at Palashi (Anglicised version: Plassey) on the banks of the Hooghly River, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Calcutta (now Kolkata) and south of Murshidabad, then capital of Bengal (now in Nadia district in West Bengal). The belligerents were the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company. Siraj-ud-Daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before, and he ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal. Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757 and

Answer the following questions:-

Short note:-1.The battle of Plassey 2. What are the results of battle of Plassey?

Homework:-learn.

captured Calcutta.[2]The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the Black Hole massacre. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar.[3] Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientales)[1] sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Umichand and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-Daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators. The battle ended in 11 hours.This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. The British now wielded enormous influence over the Nawab, Mir Jafar and consequently acquired significant concessions for previous losses and revenue from trade. The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia, thus expanding the British Empire.Results of battle of Plassey:-Victory for the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey was the start of nearly two centuries of British rule in India. For an event with such momentous consequences, it was a surprisingly unimpressive military encounter, the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal owing much to betrayal.

MATHEMATICS

Ch.: 13Factorization

Factorization: Factorization means to find two or more expressions whose product is equal to the given expression.

Factorization by taking out common factors:

Exercise – 13(A)(2) a3−a2+a

Solution: (2) By inspection, we find that the largest monomial which divides each of the

Steps:(1) Find by inspection, the largest monomial that will divide each term of the given polynomial completely.(2) Divide each term of the given polynomial by this monomial (factor) and enclose the quotient within brackets keeping this common monomial outside the bracket.

given polynomial a3−a2+ais a

∴a3−a2+a=a( a3

a−a

2

a+ aa )

= a (a2−a+1 )

(5) 2 x3b2−4 x5b4

Solution:

2 x3b2−4 x5b4=2 x3b2( 2 x3b2

2 x3b2 −4 x5b4

2x3b2 )¿2 x3b2 (1−2 x2b2 )

(6) 15 x4 y3−20 x3 y Solution:

∴15 x4 y3−20 x3 y=5x3 y ( 15x4 y3

5 x3 y−20x3 y

5x3 y )= 5 x3 y (3 x y2−4 )(7) a3b−a2b2−b3

Solution:

a3b−a2b2−b3 ¿b( a3bb

−a2b2

b−b

3

b )¿b (a3−a2b−b2 )(10) 3 x5 y−27 x4 y2+12 x3 y3

Solution:

3 x5 y−27 x4 y2+12 x3 y3=3 x3 y ( 3 x5 y3 x3 y

−27 x4 y2

3 x3 y+ 12x3 y3

3 x3 y )=¿

3 x3 y (x2−9 xy+4 y2)(12) ( x+ y ) (a+b )+ (x− y ) (a+b )

Solution: ( x+ y ) (a+b )+ (x− y ) (a+b )

¿ (a+b )( ( x+ y ) (a+b )(a+b )

+(x− y ) (a+b )

(a+b ) )¿ (a+b ) [ (x+ y )+( x− y ) ]¿ (a+b ) ( x+ y+x− y )¿ (a+b ) ( x+x )=2x (a+b )(14) 12abc−6a2b2 c2+3a3b3 c3

Solution: 12abc−6a2b2 c2+3a3b3 c3

¿3abc ( 12abc3abc

−6a2b2 c2

3abc+ 3a3b3 c3

3abc )¿3abc ( 4−2abc+a2b2 c2)(16) (a+2b ) (3a+b )− (a+b ) (a+2b )+(a+2b )2

Solution:

(a+2b ) (3a+b )− (a+b ) (a+2b )+(a+2b )2

¿ (a+2b )[ (a+2b ) (3a+b )(a+2b )

− (a+b ) (a+2b )(a+2b )

+ (a+2b )2

(a+2b ) ]¿ (a+2b ) [ (3a+b )− (a+b )+(a+2b ) ]

¿ (a+2b ) (3a−a+a−b+b+2b )

¿ (a+2b ) (3a+2b )(17) 6 xy (a2+b2)+8 yz (a2+b2 )−10xz (a2+b2 )

Solution: 6 xy (a2+b2)+8 yz (a2+b2 )−10xz (a2+b2 )

¿2 (a2+b2) [6 xy (a2+b2 )2 (a2+b2 )

+8 yz (a2+b2 )

2 (a2+b2 )−

10 xz (a2+b2 )2 (a2+b2 ) ]

¿2 (a2+b2) (3 xy+4 yz−5 xz )

Home WorkExercise – 13(A)11. x2 (a−b )− y2 (a−b )+z2 (a−b )

15. 4 x (3 x−2 y )−2 y (3 x−2 y )Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution

English Literatur

e

The Chief Seattle’s Speech

Over the years, Chief Seattle’s famous speech has been embellished, popularized, and carved into many a monument, but its origin has remained inadequately explained. Understood as a symbolic encounter between indigenous America, represented by Chief Seattle, and industrialized or imperialist America, represented by Issac L Stevens, the first governor of Washington Territory, it was first published in a Seattle newspaper in 1887 by a pioneer who claimed he had heard Seattle (or Sealth) deliver it in the 1850s. No other record of the speech has found, and Issac Stevens’s writings do not mention it. Yet it has long been taken seriously as evidence of a voice crying out of the wilderness of the American past. Plot: -

1. Seattle delivers speech in Washington in 1854.2. He thanked the white Chief for his greetings and friendship.3. He accepted the White Chief’s proposition and says it was just.4. Speaks about their ecological and Native American’s land rights.5. Appeals to the White people to be kind and just to the natives.6. Wants the assurance of protection of his people by the whites.7. Offers greetings and friendship to the White people.

Geography

Volcanoes

VOLCANOES:A volcano is a vent or narrow opening in the Earth's crust connected by conduit to an underlying magma chamber through which magma, rock fragments, lava, ash, steam, flames and other gases are emitted from the interior of the Earth.

Q1. What are volcanoes? What are the different types of volcanic eruptions?A1. Volcano: A volcano is a vent or narrow opening in the Earth's crust connected by conduit to an underlying magma chamber through which magma, rock fragments, lava, ash, steam, flames

Temperature increases at an average rate of 1°C for 32 metres of depth below the ground.

TYPES OF VOICANOES

On the basis of frequencyand intensity of eruption

On the basis of typeof eruption

On the basis of Composition of lavaOn the basis of frequency and intensity of eruption :Volcanoes are classified into three major types on the basis of the frequency of their eruptions. The three types are: 1. Active volcanoes, 2. Dormant volcanoes. 3. Extinct volcanoes.

ACTIVE VOLCANOES:Active volcanoes are those which erupted lava, gases, ashes, cinder, pumice, etc., in the recent historic periods. There are about 500 active volcanoes in the world. Mt. St Helena (USA), Mt. Stromboli, Mt. Etna in Italy and Mauna Loa in Hawaii are examples of active volcanoes.

Plate: Mt. Stromboli – An active volcano

DORMANT VOLCANOES:Dormant volcanoes are those which erupted in the past and are likely to erupt again after remaining inactive for fairly long periods. These are sleeping volcanoes which may become active once again. Some volcanoes in the West

and other gases are emitted from the interior of the Earth.The different types of volcanic eruptions are:1. On the basis of frequency and

intensity of eruption:a. Active volcanoesb. Dormant volcanoesc. Extinct volcanoes

2. On the basis of type of eruption:a. Conical volcanob. Shield volcano

3. On the basis of composition of lava:a. Acid lava (volcanic dome)b. Basic lava (lava shields)c. Fissure eruptions

Q2. Name two different type of volcanic eruption. A2. Active volcanoes and Dormant volcanoes.

Q3. How is a crater formed?A3. When a volcano erupts explosively, a portion of the summit gets blown up to form a depression. This is called a crater.

Q4. How is the lava plateaus formed? Give an example.A5. In places where fissure eruptions have taken place, the landforms produced is called plateau. Magma erupts quietly through narrow fissures or cracks several kilometers in length. Eruptions at intervals lead to the piling up of lava sheets one over the other forming a series of steps. Such example as Deccan trap region of Peninsular India has several lava sheets having a maximum thickness of about 2,000 m. This region forms a lava plateau.

Indies, Philippines and Japan are considered as dormant volcanoes like Mt. Vesuvius, standing 4,000 feet above the Bay of Naples.

EXTINCT VOLCANOES:Extinct volcanoes are those which were active in the remote geological periods. These are not likely to erupt once again. Mt. Kenya and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Aconcagua in South America, Mt. Elburz in Europe are all extinct volcanoes. The famous crater Gorongoro in Tanzania is an extinct volcano.

On the Basis of Types of Eruption:Volcanoes may be divided into two major types.CONICAL VOLCANO:The most common type of eruption takes place at a point on the Earth's surface. Magma and other materials get erupted through a narrow conduit or pipe and get accumulated around the point of eruption. Such accumulation of erupted materials leads to the formation of a conical hill.

SHIELD VOLCANO:A second type of eruption takes place along a long narrow fissure in the crust. Large quantities of magma are erupted and these spread over a large area. The magma gets solidified as thick sheets of lava to form extensive lava plateau, e.g. Deccan Plateau, Idaho Plateau (USA).

History & Civics

India in the 6th

Century B.C :

Rise of Jainism

and Buddhis

m

INDIA IN THE 6th CENTURY B.C: RISE OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM: The sixth century B.C was a period of discontent against existing social and religious order of the Brahmanical cult which was becoming more rigid and complex. This gave rise of the new religious sects- Buddhism and Jainism.SOURCES OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM:LITERARY SOURCES :

1. THE JATAKAS (Stories of Buddha)2. THE TRIPITAKA (Buddhist Scripture)

The Tripitaka or the three baskets namelya) Sutta Pitakab) Abhidhamma Pitakac) Vinaya Pitaka.

3. THE ANGAS (Sacred Books of Jain) :- The teaching of the Tirthankaras were compiled in twelve Angas.

4. ARCHEOLOGICAL SOURCES : The archeological sources fall into several categories –a) The great stupa at Sanchi

1. QUESTION: - Mention three sources for the study of Jainism and Buddhism.ANSWER: Sources for the study of Jainism and Buddhism are the Angas, the Tripitakas and the Jataka.

2. QUESTION:- What are the Jatakas?ANSWER: - The Jatakas are an important part of the Buddhist literature.The Jatakas form literature concerning the previous birth of Buddha.There are 550 Jataka tales written in Pali Language.These stories were dubbed with moral lesson and ethical teaching.These stories reflect travels and experience that he had to go through to attain the wisdom of

b) A Jain temple at Shravan Belgola in Karnataka.

c) Sarnath Pillar.

Buddha.It throws light on political, economic and social conditions of people.

3. QUESTION: - In which language are Jain books written?ANSWER:- Jain books are written in Ardha – Magadhi and Prakrit Language.

4. QUESTION:- What is Buddhist sacred literature known as?ANSWER:- The Buddhist sacred literature is known as the Tripitaka means the three baskets.

5. QUESTION: - What does Tripitakas comprise?ANSWER: - Tripitakas comprises the Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

ECONOMICSCHAPTER: BASIC PROBLEMS OF AN ECONOMYMeaning of Resources-Resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability — they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. They can also be classified as actual and potential on the basis of the level of development and use, on the basis of origin they can be classified as biotic and abiotic, and on the basis of their distribution, as ubiquitous and localized (private, community-owned , natural and international resources).

Types of Resources:There are two broad types of resources – Natural Resources and Man-made resources.Anything and everything that is available naturally on earth is a natural resource. We can further divide them into:Biotic & AbioticAny life form that lives within nature is a Biotic Resource, like humans, animals, plants, etc.An abiotic resource is that which is available in nature but has no life; like metals, rocks, and stones. Both biotic and abiotic resources can be renewable or non-renewable.Renewable & Non-renewableRenewable resources are almost all elements of nature which can renew them. For e.g. sunlight, wind, water, forests and likewise.Non-renewable resources are limited in their quantity. Like fossil fuels and minerals. Though these resources take millions of years to form, they would eventually get over within our lifetime if we use continuously.Meaning of Resources Efficiency: Resource efficiency means using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimizing impacts on the environment. It allows us to create more with less and to deliver greater value with less input.Meaning of Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development can be defined as an approach to the economic development of a country without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations. In the name of economic development, the price of environmental damage is paid in the form of land degradation, soil erosion, air & water pollution, deforestation, etc. This damage may surpass the advantages of having more quality output of goods and service .Principles of Sustainable Development:

Respect and care for all forms of life. Improve the quality of human life. Minimize the depletion of natural resources. Change personal attitude and practices towards environment. Enable communities to care for their own environment.

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionChemistry

CH-3-Study of Acids, Bases and Salts(L-3)

1)BASES:-Compounds which react with an acid to give only salt and water are known as Bases.→A base is a substance which can accept a Proton or H+ (aq) to form a salt. NH3 + H+ → NH4

+

2)Classification of Bases:-(A)On the basis of Acidity of Bases:-ACIDITY of Base is the number of Hydroxyl ion (OH-) furnished by 1 molecule of a base in its aqueous solution. In case of Insoluble bases, the acidity of a base is defined as the number of H+

(aq) ions of an acid which react completely with one molecule of base.(1)Monoacidic Bases:-Bases which dissociate in aqueous solution to produce 1 hydroxyl ion (OH-) per molecule of the base are called Monoacidic Bases. (Acidity =1)e.g. – NaOH → Na+ + OH- , KOH → K+ + OH-

(2)Diacidic Bases:-Bases which dissociate in aqueous solution to produce 2 hydroxyl ions (OH-) per molecule of the base, are called Diacidic Bases. (Acidity=2)e.g. – Ca(OH)2 →Ca2+ + 2OH-

(3)Triacidic Bases:-Bases which dissociate in aqueous solutions to produce three hydroxyl ions (OH-) per molecule of the base are called Triacidic Bases. (Acidity=3)e.g. – Al(OH)3 → Al3+ + 3OH-

(B)On the basis of Strength:-(1)Strong Bases:-Bases which dissociate almost completely in aqueous solution thereby producing a high concentration of Hydroxyl ions [OH-] are known as Strong Bases.e.g. – NaOH→ Na+ + OH- , KOH → K+ + OH- , Ba(OH)2 → Ba2+ + 2OH-

(2)Weak Bases:-Bases which dissociate to a small extent thereby producing a small concentration of Hydroxyl ions [OH-] are known as Weak Bases.e.g. – NH4OH → NH4

+ + OH-

Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH-

Q.1) What are the indicator properties of Bases?ANS:- Indicator Properties

Sl. No.

Indicator Colour Change

1. Red litmus solution

Turns Blue

2. Methyl orange

Orange to Yellow

3. Phenolphthalein

Colourless to pink

4. Turmeric Paper

Yellow to Brown

5. Universal Indicator

Turns blue in a weak base & violet in a strong base

Q.2)What is the Lewis-Bronsted Concept of Acids and Bases?ANS:-According to this concept, Acids are the proton donors while the bases are proton acceptors.HCl + NH3 → NH4

+ + Cl-

Acid BaseHere, HCl donates proton while NH3 accepts a proton for the formation of NH4

+

ion.So, HCl is an Acid and NH3 is Base.

Q.3)How do bases act with soluble salts of metals?ANS:-→Action with Soluble Salts of Metals:- Alkalis like Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide on treatment with solutions of salts of metals (except those of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium) form insoluble metal hydroxide.

Salt solution+Alkali→Insoluble metal hydroxide +salt

FeCl3 + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl (Reddish brown ppt.)Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4

(White ppt.)Hydroxides of Aluminum, Zinc and Lead dissolve in excess of Caustic alkali due to

(C)On the basis of Concentration:-(1)Concentrated Bases:-A base having a relatively high percentage of base in its aqueous solution is called a Concentrated Base.e.g. –(2)Dilute Base:-A base having a relatively low percentage of a base in its aqueous solution is called a Dilute Base.e.g. –

3)General Methods of Preparation of Bases:-(1)Direct combination of metals with oxygen [synthesis]:On healing, metals from Potassium to Mercury in the activity series, react with oxygen to form their respective Oxides. All the metallic oxides obtained are Bases.Metal + Oxygen→ Metal oxide2Ca + O2 → 2CaO , 2Zn + O2 →2ZnO ,4Fe + 3O2 →2Fe2O3

(2)Action of water on soluble metal oxides and active metals:Basic oxides and active metals dissolve in water to give Alkali.Metal oxide + water → Metal hydroxide(alkali)Active Metal + water→ Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen2Na2O + H2 → 2NaOH , CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

(3)Action of Steam or Less Reactive Metals:Less reactive metals like Magnesium, Aluminum, Zinc and Iron displace Hydrogen from the steam with the formation of corresponding metal oxide.Metal + Steam → Metal oxide + HydrogenMg + H2O → MgO + H2 , Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

(4)Action of Water on Ammonia:-Ammonia gas rapidly dissolves in water to form Ammonium hydroxide which is a weak base.NH3 + H2O → NH4OH(5)Precipitation of Metal hydroxide:-All hydroxides (except KOH, NaOH and NH4OH) are insoluble in water. Hence, they can be precipitated out by adding NaOH or KOH to soluble salt of metals.Salt solution + Alkali → Insoluble hydroxide + SaltAlCl3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3NaClZnSO4 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(6)By heating Carbonates of Metals:-On heating strongly, Carbonates of metals from Calcium to Copper in the activity series, decompose to form their respective metallic oxide with the liberation of Carbon dioxide gas.Metal carbonate → Metal oxide + CO2

their Amphoteric nature.Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + 2H2O (Sodium meta-aluminate)Zn(OH)2+2NaOH → Na2ZnO2+2H2O (Sodium zincate)Q.4) What do you mean by Neutralization?ANS:-→ Definition of Neutralization:- Reaction of an acid with a base to form salt and water only is known as Neutralization. Acid + Base → Salt + Water HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2OH+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- → Na+ Cl- + H2OSo, Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which Hydronium ions, H3O+ or Hydrogen ions,H+ derived from an acid react with the Hydroxyl ions(OH-) derived from a base to form undissociated water molecules. H+ + OH- → H2O

Q.5) What is the heat of Neutralization?ANS:-The amount of heat liberated when 1 mole of H+

(aq) or H3O+ ions combine with 1 mole of OH- ions to form 1 mole of water is known as Heat of Neutralization. Heat of neutralization of all strong acids with strong acids with strong bases is 57.1 kJ of heat energy is liberated when 1 mole of H+ ions combine with 1 mole of OH- ions to form 1 mole of water.H+ + OH-

→ H2O + 5.7 kjQ.6) Write down some applications of Neutralization?ANS:- Application:-(i)The dilute HCl in our stomach helps in digestion of food. However, excess acid causes in digestion, which can be painful. To neutralize the effects of acid indigestion, we use Antacids such as Milk of magnesia [contains insoluble Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 ] or Cold milk which is alkaline.(ii)The sting of bees and ants which contains Formic acid is neutralized by rubbing soap which contains the alkali Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).(iii)The sting of wasps contains an alkali which can be neutralized by rubbing with Vinegar (Acetic acid).(iv)On boiling hard water, Calcium carbonate (lime scale) gets deposited in kettles. This lime scale can be removed by neutralization with an acid that is strong enough to neutralize Calcium carbonate,

CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 , CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

(7)By heating Nitrates of metals:-On heating strongly, nitrates of metals from Calcium to Copper in the activity series, decompose to form their respective metallic oxides and nitrogen dioxide gas.Metal nitrate → Metal oxide + Oxygen + Nitrogen dioxide2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + O2 + 4NO2

2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + O2+ 4NO2

4)General Properties of Bases:-(1)Taste:- Aqueous solutions of bases have a bitter taste.(2)Touch:- Aqueous solutions of bases are soapy to touch, i.e., they produce a slippery sensation when felt between the finger tips.(3)Action on skin:- Caustic alkalis like Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide are corrosive because they react with oils and fats in the skin.(4)Effect on Indicators:- Alkalis give characteristic colours with indicators.(5)Effect on Electricity:- Alkalis are good conductors of electricity and are decomposed when electricity is passed through them.(6)Action with the Acids:- Bases neutralize acids to form salt and water only.Base + Acid → Salt + WaterNaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O(7)Action with Carbon dioxide or Air:-Alkalis absorb CO2 to form the corresponding metal carbonates. When air is passed through an alkali for a long time, the alkali absorbs CO2 from the air to form the corresponding Metal carbonate. Therefore, alkalis should not be left exposed to air.Alkali + CO2 → Metal carbonate + Water2NaOH + CO2 →Na2CO3 + H2O(8)Action with Ammonium salts:-On warming with Ammonium salts, alkalis liberate ammonia gas which is a pungent smelling gas.Alkali + Ammonium salt→ Salt + Water + AmmoniaNaOH + NH4Cl → NaCl + H2O + NH3

but not strong enough to damage the metal.(v)Farmers neutralize the acidity of the soil by liming (adding Calcium oxide, Calcium hydroxide or powdered lime-stone, CaCO3).

Q.7) Give some important uses of Acids.ANS:-

Q.8) Give some important uses of Bases.ANS:-

HISTORY AND CIVICS

The First Of Independence 1857

Consequences of the Revolt of 1857:-End of Company’s Rule:-The Company lost all its administrative powers following the Government of India Act of 1858, and its Indian possessions and armed forces were taken over by the Crown. The East India Company itself was formally dissolved by Act of Parliament in 1874.The Queen’s Proclamation:-The proclamation assured the native

Answer the following questions:-

Short note:-1. End of Company rule.2. The Queen’s proclamation.

Homework:-Learn.

princes that henceforth the Government would not annex their status would be maintained. General amnesty was granted to those people who were not involved in violence during the Revolt.1. The Oudh talukdars were reinstated and confirmed in their Taluks. These princes and talukdars were tied to the British rule with perpetual loyalty2. The Indian army was reorganized in the light of the experience of the Revolt. European element in the army was increased and native element was reduced. Indian soldiers were denied high military posts and control over the artillery.

Class XIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali ক�োনি�

অষ্টম পনি চ্ছে�দ।

প্রশ্ন) “ ক�ম� ক�ো� ক�ো তুনিম �ো� োচ্ছেত কমচ্ছে�টো দোদো মো ো ক�� আ তুনিম এখ� তোচ্ছে� ধম�োচ্ছেত ক�চ্ছে�ছ “�) �ো ক�খো ? ক�ো� উপ� ্যোচ্ছে! অংশ ?খ)বক্তো ক� ? �োচ্ছে� উচ্ছে&শ ্য �চ্ছে এ�থো বচ্ছে�চ্ছেছ ?�) ক�ো� কমচ্ছে�টো �থো ব�ো হচ্ছে�চ্ছেছ ?তো দোদো �ী হচ্ছে�নিছ� ?ঘ)উনি&ষ্ট ব ্যনিক্ত কমচ্ছে�টোচ্ছে� ব�নিছ� ক�� ?

উত্ত )�) আচ্ছে�োচ ্য অংশটি মনিত �ন্দী ক�খো ‘ক�োনি� ‘ উপ� ্যোচ্ছে! অংশ।

খ)আচ্ছে�োচ ্য অংচ্ছেশ বক্তো হচ্ছে�� শ ্যোমপু�ু বনি1 এ�জ� ব�স্কো মনিহ�ো।ক! এ�থো নি4তীশচ্ছে� উচ্ছে&শ ্য �চ্ছে বচ্ছে�চ্ছেছ।�)শ ্যোমপু�ু বনি1 কমচ্ছে� ক�োনি� �থো এখোচ্ছে� ব�ো হচ্ছে�চ্ছেছ।তো দোদো স্বপ্ন নিছ� ক�োনি� ক7� নিবখ ্যোত !াোতোরু হ�।�ো ণ ক! নি�চ্ছেজ !াোতোরু হচ্ছেত কচচ্ছে�নিছ� নি�ন্তু তো আনিথ<� !ঙ্গনিত ও তো বোবো আ�নি?� মৃতু ্য তোচ্ছে� ক!ই স্বচ্ছেপ্ন বো1বো�� হচ্ছেত বোধো �চ্ছে চ্ছেছ।ক!ই দোদোই ক�োনি� !�� ভো নি4তীচ্ছেশ ওপ দোনি�ত্ব নিদচ্ছে� নি�নিDত হচ্ছে�নিছ�।নি4নিতশও ক!ই দোনি�ত্ব বহ� � নিছ�।হঠোৎ নিদদো মৃতু ্য হ�।তখ� ক�োনি� অ�ু�পোথচ্ছে নি�চ্ছে� পচ্ছেG।এবো �ীহচ্ছেব, ক� তোচ্ছেদ !োহো7্য � চ্ছেব এই নিচন্তো� ক! !াোতোচ্ছে ক7চ্ছেত পোচ্ছে নি�।

ঘ)নি4নিতশ কমচ্ছে�টোচ্ছে� !াোতোরু � চ্ছেত কচচ্ছে�নিছ� । !�� �মপ্রনিত�ূ�তো জ� �চ্ছে ক! 7োচ্ছেত জীবচ্ছে� প্রনিতনিJত হচ্ছেত পোচ্ছে তো জ� ্য নি4নিতচ্ছেশ কচষ্টো কশষ নিছ� �ো।তোই !াোতোচ্ছে !োমো� ্য অনি��ম ক! !হ ্য � চ্ছেত পো ত �ো। এ�নিদ� �ো ক�চ্ছে�ই ব�োঝ�ো � ত।ক োজ�ো মচ্ছেতো !�োচ্ছে� ক�োনি� ক!নিদ� !াোতোচ্ছে 7ো� নি�। নি4তীশ অচ্ছে��4� অচ্ছেপ4ো � নিছ� নি�ন্তু ক�োনি� কদখো ক�ই।তো �ী হচ্ছে�চ্ছেছ তো কদখো জ� ্য নি4তীশ ক�োনি� বোনিGচ্ছেত হোনিজ হ�। প্রথচ্ছেম ব�োঝ�ো �চ্ছে ।�ো � Prractice

makes a man perfect এটি কবোঝোচ্ছেত থোচ্ছে�। নি��চ্ছেম কছদ পGচ্ছে� মো�ুষ দচূ্ছে !চ্ছে 7ো�।এই �ো চ্ছে� নি4নিতশ বোনিGচ্ছেত নি�চ্ছে� ব�োঝ�ো �চ্ছে ।অবশ ্য দোদো মৃতু ্য কশো�ো প নি4নিতশ !হো�ুভূনিতশী� হচ্ছে� তোচ্ছেদ পোচ্ছেশ দা োGো�।

Hindi 2nd lang

सारा आकाश

2. सारा आकाश उपन्यास में समर और प्रभा के मतभेद में समर की भाभी का क्या योगदान है ?

उत्तर - कहा गया है किक नारी घर को स्वग# �ना सकती है और वही नारी घर को नक# भी । �ना देती है समर की भाभी का इस उपन्यास की कहानी में महत्वपूण# योगदान है समर

। के किववाह से पहले वह घर की इकलौती �हू थी उसके पकित के सहारे ही घर का खच# चलता था। वह ही घर का सारा काम करती थी घर के सभी सदस्यों से उसका पे्रम का

नाता था समर अपनी भाभी से ही अपनी आवश्यकताओं के किवषय में �ातचीत करता था।

समर किववाह नहीं करना चाहता था उसकी भाभी न े ही प्रभा की प्रशंसा करके उसे किववाह के लिलए राजी किकया समर स्वय ं स्वीकार करता ह ै किक वह �हुत भावुक है,

कमजोर है। भागो और कमजोरिरयों के उफान में वह �हुत जल्दी �ह जाता है इसके �ाद किकनारा ना मिमल पाने के कारण वह परेशान हो उठता है। वह �ड़े तरीके से समर से �ात करती है समर की भलाई का सहारा लेकर वह प्रभाव और समर के �ीच खाई को �ढ़ाती रहती है उसमें नारी स्वभाव की ईर्ष्याया# भी है उनके पकित ने प्रभा के खाने की �हुत प्रशंसा की थी जो उस से । सहन नहीं हुई इसलिलए प्रभा के पहले दिदन रसोई �नाने पर वह प्रभा द्वारा �नाई गई सब्जी में स�की नजरें �चाकर मुट्ठी

भर नमक डाल देती है इसी �ात पर समर और प्रभा के �ीच की दूरिरयां और अमिधक �ढ़ जाती है। प्रभा के सामने प्रभाव से इस प्रकार का व्यवहार करती है मानव वह प्रभाव से �हुत प्रेम करती है समर और प्रभा से ही वह प्रेम और आत्मीयता का दिदखावा करती है

वास्तव में वह एक दूसरे को अलग करने का प्रयत्न करती है ताकिक उस का वच#स्व । कायम रहे �च्चे होने के �ाद से तो काम करना कि�ल्कुल �ंद कर दिदया था समय और

प्रभा की �ातचीत ना होने के कारण डॉक्टर को दिदखाने की सलाह देती है। �ात- �ात पर प्रभाव को एहसास कराती है किक वह उसका और उसके पकित का पालन पोषण कर रही

है। क्योंकि� घर �ा खर्च उस�े पकि� द्वारा र्चलाया जा रहा है जब उसे प�ा र्चल�ा है कि� समर और प्रभा में बोलर्चाल आरंभ हो गई है, �ो वह दुखी हो उठ�ी है ऊपर से दोनों �े सामने फोन में समझौ�ा �रने �ा प्रयत्न �र�ी है। वास्�व में दोनों �े बीर्च दरार डालने �ा �ाम �र�ी है।

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Organs of Government:-THE EXECUTIVE

Definition of Executive:-

The executive is the branch of government exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law. In such a system, the executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of the judiciary).

The Executive has two parts:-The Political ExecutiveThe Permanent ExecutiveThe difference between Political executive and Permanent Executive:-1.they are elected by the people and so they are answerable to the people2.they are the makers of the law and policies3. they are elected by the people and can be changed in the next election

Answer the following questions:-

1. What is Executive?

2. What are the differences between The Political Executive and The Permanent Executive?

Homework:- learn

4.the change with the change in government

permanent executive :-1.they are appointed by the government for the work under political executivethey are in change of Executive of the policies of the government they are permanent and remain in office even when the ruling party changes did you not change with the change in government

Mathematics

Matrix What is Matrix?Matrix is an array (arrangement) of data in rows and columns enclosed by a pair of brackets [ ] or ( ) subject to certain rules of operation.e.g; ¿ Matrix is singular word. Plural of it is

Matrices. Order of Matrix:A matrix with m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or m-by-n are called the matrix dimension.

e.g; ¿ This is a matrix of order 2×3.

Types of Matrices: Row Matrix: A matrix having only one

row is called a row matrix.e. g; ¿

Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.

e. g; ( 6105 )

Null Matrix: A matrix of any order whose all elements are zero is called null matrix.

e. g; (0 0 00 0 00 0 0)

Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements except those in the main diagonal are zero is called a diagonal matrix.

e.g; ¿ Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose

all the diagonal elements are equal is a scalar matrix.e.g.; ¿

Unit Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all the diagonal elements are unity (or one) is called a unit matrix. A unit matrix is denoted by In (n=order of matrix).e. g; I2 =¿

Example 1: If A=¿And B=¿, find the value of 2A+3B.Solution: 2A= 2¿

=¿3B= 3¿2A+3B=¿= ¿Example 2: Find X and Y, if X+Y=¿X-Y= ¿Solution: We have,X+Y=¿X-Y= ¿Adding (i)and (ii), we getX+Y+X-Y=¿Or, 2X +0 =¿Or, ½(2X) = ½¿Or, X= ¿From (i),

¿Or, Y=¿ =¿

I 3=(1 0 00 1 00 0 1)

Equality of two Matrices:Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if—i) A and B have the same order andii) Each element of A is equal to the

corresponding element of B. Rules on operations on Matrices: Scalar Multiplication:

Let, k be a scalar and A be a matrix then the product of k and A written as kA, is the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k.e.g; If k=3 and A= ¿then kA= 3¿

Addition of Matrices: Sum of two matrices A and B written as A+B, is the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.e.g; ¿

Subtraction of two Matrices: If A and B be two matrices of the same order, then A-B is obtained by adding the negative of B to A i.e; A-B=A+(-B).e.g; ¿