Study Material of 2/7/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Practice Book Pg 24

· Two little Dicky Birds

· Do in the book

· Learn

Math

· Worksheet

· Check WhatsApp

Hindi

· Worksheet

· Check WhatsApp

Bengali

· অ – ঔ লেখঃ

· Write in copy

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Golden Rhymes Pg 4 –

Twinkle Twinkle

· Listen & repeat

Math

· Reading Book: Pg 143

· Do in the Book

GK

· Oral sheet

· Check WhatsApp

Art/Craft

· Pg 5

· Do in the book

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Cursive writing Book – Pg 26

· Write in the book

Math (Term I)

· Pg 74 – Big or Small

· Colour the object that is big

Hindi

· Answer sheet – मात्राओ वाले शब्द्

· Check WhatsApp for the Answer sheet

Bengali

· সাহিত্য কুসুমঃ Pg ১৯

নীচের ঘর গুলিতে ই–কারান্ত সঠিক বর্ণ বসাওঃ

· Do in the book

Class I

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Maths

Chapter 6

Done

Do page 219 in book

EVS

Chapter 9

Done

Page 143

C.put✅or❌

1. You always stand out of line.❌

2.You write on the school furniture.❌

3.You take a bath regularly.✅

4.You wish your parents good night before going to bed.✅5.You share things with others.✅

English 2

Orchid page 31

Done

Rhyming words

bee- see , fee

hug- jug , mug

you- few, new

honey- chimney, boney

Hindi

Page 60,61

Done

Page 60

3.पढ़िए और (ृ)की मात्रा वाले शब्द पर गोला लगाइए।

उत्तर:- वृक्ष, मृग, कृपा

Do page 61 in book

Bengali

বিষয়–বাংলা

বই–আবোলতাবোল

কবিতা–খিচুড়ি

কবি–সুকুমার রায়

★ কবি সুকুমার রায় এর আবোল তাবোল কাব্যগ্রন্থের কবিতা গুলি মূলত শিশু মনোরঞ্জক। যদিও সুকুমার রায় সাহিত্য প্রিয় সকলের কাছে খুবই প্রিয় একজন কবি।

★এই খুচুড়ি কবিতাটি কবি মাজারছলে ভিন্নভিন্ন পশুপাখিকে তাঁর কল্পনায় মিলিত করেছে এবং হাস্যকর রূপ দিয়েছেন। যেরূপ বা নাম আমাদের মনে হাসি জাগায়।

প্রশ্ন :-

১। কবিতাটি মুখস্থ করে আবৃত্তি রূপে বলা অভ্যাস করবে।

Class II

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng literature

Ch 2 Friendship

Refer to pg 18

Write in the book and learn

Ex a] choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks

Answers

1. Net

2. Slowly

3. Beak

4. happy

Eng language

Ch 13 Adverbs

Refer to pg 63

Do in the copy and practice

Homework

Do ex B from 7 to 12 in your book

Ex B ] Add ly or ily to these adjectives to form adverbs-

Answers

1. lazily

2. quietly

3. roughly

4. sleepily

5. dimly

6. quickly

EVS

Ch 8 Safety First

Refer to pg 141

Do in the book and learn them

Ex B ] circle the correct word in the given sentances.

Answers

1. stairs

2. footpath

3. toys

4. adult

Bengali

বিষয়–বাংলা

বই–আবোল তাবোল

কবিতা–ভালোরে ভালো

কবি–সুকুমার রায়

★কবি সুকুমার রায় বাংলা শিশুসাহিত্যের একজন বিখ্যাত কবি। তার আবোল তাবোল কাব্যগ্রন্থের কবিতাগুলি যেমন শিশু মনোরঞ্জক তেমনি বেশ কিছু কবিতা গভীর অর্থবহ।

★ভালোরে ভালো কবিতাটিতে কবি হাসির মধ্য দিয়ে বলেছেন এই জগতের সব কিছুকে সাদরে গ্রহণ করার কথা । কিছুই যেন আমাদের তুচ্ছ বলে মনে না হয় । কবি বুঝিয়েছেন আমরা যেন সব পরিস্থিতিতে সানন্দে সবকিছুকে গ্রহণ করতে পারি।

প্রশ্ন :-

১।ভালোরে ভালো কবিতাটি কবির নাম সহ মুখস্থ করে আবৃত্তি অভ্যাস করবে।

Hindi

सर्वनाम

निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से सर्वनाम छांट कर लिखिएl( in copy)

मेरी, कलम, सूरज, राजा हम, अजय, कुछ, रानी, उसे, वह, अपने, क्या, नीला, ऊंचा, उनका, अनेक, काजल, उज्जवल, आप, हम।

mathematics

CHAPTER 6 SHAPES

POINT

A POINT IS LIKE A DOT. A POINT HAS NO SHAPE, BREADTH, LENGTH OR HEIGHT. IT IS ALWAYS NAMED BY A CAPITAL LETTER.

EG,

Point P .

There are two different kinds of lines.

1. Straight line:

Straight lines are shown below.

2. Curved line:

Curved lines are shown below.

Straight lines may be drawn in different directions and are given three names.

(i) Horizontal lines: The lines drawn horizontally are called horizontal lines.

(ii) Vertical lines: The lines drawn vertically are called vertical lines.

(iii) Slanting lines: The lines drawn in a slanting position are called oblique or slanting lines.

READ AND UNDERSTAND THE SUMMARY.

ALSO PRACTICE DRAWING STRAIGHT LINES USING YOUR SCALE.

Class III

SUBJECT

TOPIC

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

Eng literature

Poem The moon

Book Oxford

Refer to pg 46

[Write in your English literature copy and learn them.]

1. Answer the following questions.

Qs a. What is the moon s face compared to?

Ans. The moon s face is compared to a clock.

Qs B. What are the various things that the moon shines on at night?

Ans. The moon shines on the thieves, streets, fields, harbor quays and on birdies that sleep at night.

Hindi

सर्वनाम

निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से सर्वनाम छांट कर लिखिएl (in copy)

मेरी,कलम, सूरज, राजा हम, अजय, कुछ, रानी, उसे, वह ,अपने ,क्या, नीला, ऊंचा, उनका, अनेक , काजल, उज्जवल, आप, हम।

Social studies

Indian literature

Solved exercises:

Match the column:

1. Panchatantra C. Animal fables 2.Jataka tales. D. Lord Buddha

3. Ramayana. A. Lord Rama 4.Mahabharata. B. Lord Krishna

Write true or false:

1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True

বিষয় – বাংলা

বই – আবোল তাবোল

কবিতা – কাঁদুনে

কবি – সুকুমার রায়

★ কবি সুকুমার রায় বাংলা শিশুসাহিত্যের একজন বিখ্যাত কবি। তার আবোল তাবোল কাব্যগ্রন্থের কবিতাগুলি যেমন শিশু মনোরঞ্জক তেমনি বেশ কিছু কবিতা গভীর অর্থবহ।

★ কাঁদুনে কবিতাটিতে কবি হাসির মধ্য দিয়ে কান্না প্রকারভেদ ব্যক্ত করেছেন। এক ধরনের শিশু হয় যারা ছিঁচকাঁদুনে , কথায় কথায় যেমন কেঁদে ওঠে তেমনি সহজেই তার কান্না থেমেও যায় । আবার আর এক ধরনের শিশু আছে যারা রাগ পুষে রেখে হঠাৎ এবার কেঁদে ওঠে আর সেই কান্না থামতেই চায়না ।বাড়ি যেন মাথায় করে তোলে সে।

প্রশ্ন :-

১। কাঁদুনে কবিতাটি কবির নামসহ মুখস্থ করে আবৃত্তি অভ্যাস করবে ।

MENTAL MATHEMATICS

Activity : 8

1. Find the missing numbers using facts of subtraction:

Solution

(a) 4000 – 1000 = ______

(a) 4000 – 1000 =3000

(b) 8642 – 8642 = ______

(b) 8642 – 8642 = 0

(c) 3571 – 1 = ______

(c) 3571 – 1 = 3570

(d) 5240 - _______ = 5240

(d) 5240 - 0 = 5240

2. Insert the signs >, < or = in the place holders:

Solution

(a) 46 – 26 20

(a) 46 – 26 = 20

(b) 75 – 37 42

(b) 75 – 37 < 42

(c) 125 – 93 54

(c) 125 – 93 < 54

(d) 337 – 186 151

(d) 337 – 186 = 151

3. Find the difference:

(a) Th H T O

4 6 8 5

- 2 4 3 2

(b) Th H T O

9 2 1 3

- 5 1 0 2

(c) Th H T O

5 7 8 5

- 3 2 1 5

2 2 5 3

4 1 1 1

2 5 7 0

Class IV

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English literature

PippiLongstocking

By Astrid Lindgren

The thing that made Tommy and Annika open their eyes widest of all was the monkey sitting on the strange girl's shoulder. It was a little monkey, dressed in blue pants, a yellow jacket and a white straw hat. Pippi walked along the street with one foot on the sidewalk and the other in the gutter. Tommy and Annika watched as long as they could see her. In a little while she came back and now she was walking backward. That was because she didn't want to turn around to get home. When she reached Tommy and Annika's gate she stopped. The children looked at each other in silence and asked her that why she was walking backward. Then Pippi replied to them that it is a free country, so a person can walk anyway she wants. She also told them a lie that she had travelled to many places in the world and had seen many stranger things than people walking backward.

Read the portion which has been explained.

Make sentences:

1.Silence –

2.backward –

3.strange –

4.dressed –

5.jacket –

Social studies

Map reading

Define the following terms:

1. Cartographers –a person who makes a map is known as Cartographers.

2. Cartography –a study and practice of representation of the Earth on a flat surface is known as Cartography or map making.

3. Physical map –Physical mapsshow physical features of the Earth.

4. Political maps –Political maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries, capitals, cities, states and union territories.

Science

Ch – The FoodWe Eat

Fats: Fats are also called energy-giving food. Foods rich in fats give more energy than foods rich in carbohydrates. Fats are stored in the body to provide energy for later use. Thus, they are known as energy bank of the body. They also help in keeping the body warm. So, people living in very cold places eat more fats.

Our body requires only a small amount of fats. Eating too much fatty food makes our body overweight (obese) and causes diseases.

Sources of fats – ghee, butter, oil, nuts.

Book’s exercise

A.Tick the correct answer:

1. These nutrients give us energy – Carbohydrates

2. Ghee, butter, oils and nuts are rich in – fats.

3. Foods rich in proteins are also called – bodybuilding foods.

COMPUTER

FORMATTING IN MS WORD

Q6) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT COLOUR.

ANS)THE STEPS ARE:

1. SELECT THE TEXT TO WHICH YOU WANT TO APPLY THE DIFFERENT COLOUR.

1. CLICK ON THE HOME TAB.

2. CLICK ON THE FONT COLOUR DROP DOWN ARROW IN THE FONT GROUP.

3. SELECT THE DESIRED COLOUR FROM THE OPTIONS SHOWN.

Q7) WRITE THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CHANGE CASE FEATURE.

ANS) THERE ARE VARIOUS CASE OPTIONS:

· SENTENCE CASE - FIRST CHARACTER IN THE SENTENCE IS IN UPPERCASE AND REST ARE IN LOWERCASE.

· LOWERCASE - ALL CHARACTERS ARE IN LOWERCASE.

· UPPERCASE - ALL CHARACTERS ARE IN UPPERCASE.

· TITLE CASE - FIRST CHARACTER OF EACH WHAT IS CAPITAL AND THE REST ARE SMALL.

· TOGGLE CASE - ALL THE UPPERCASE CHARACTERS ARE CONVERTED TO LOWERCASE AND ALL THE LOWERCASE CHARACTERS ARE CONVERTED TO UPPERCASE

MENTAL MATHEMATICS

Activity: 3

1. Write the numerals using comma:

Solution

(a) Three hundred thirty-five thousand five hundred twenty-six.

335,526

(b) Two lakh thirty-nine thousand four hundred four.

2,39,404

(d) Seven lakh sixty thousand fifty-six.

7,60,056

(e) Four hundred thousand four hundred ninety.

400,490

2. From the greatest and the smallest 6-digit numbers using the given digits:

Digits

Greatest

Smallest

(a) 6,8,3,1,5,2 using only once

865321

123568

(b) 0,3,1,5,9,7 using only once

975310

103579

(c) 3,0,7 twice each

773300

300337

(d) 4 or 0 three times

444000

400044

3. Show the following numbers on place value charts given below:

(d) 408621 (e) 64001

Indian Place Value System:

Periods

Lakhs

Thousands

Once

Place Values

TL

L

TTh

Th

H

T

O

(d) 408621

4

0

8

6

2

1

(e) 64001

6

4

0

0

1

International Place Value System:

Periods

Thousands

Once

Place Values

HTh

TTh

Th

H

T

O

(d) 408621

4

0

8

6

2

1

(e) 64001

6

4

0

0

1

Subject-French (3rd Language)

Class V

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English literature

Sour grapes

A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head. The grapes where rich, ripe and purple- red. He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high. He gave it up by letting out a deep sigh.

He then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour.

The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life. When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives, we often say like the fox that “we 're sure the grapes are sour”.

Answer the following questions;

1. Did the fox really want the grapes?

Driven by hunger, the fox really wanted to have the grapes hanging high on the vine but was unable to reach them.

2. What was so attractive about the grapes?

The grapes looked lovely. They were rich, ripe and purple- red.

3. Which words are used to describe the grapes in the first verse? Which words are used in the third verse?

‘Rich','lovely','ripe' and ‘purple-red'were the words used to describe the grapes in the first verse.The words used to describe the grapes in the third was are, 'mean', 'common' and 'sour'.

4. What is the moral(lesson) that the poem teaches us?

The moral the poem teaches us is that we should keeptrying if we really desire something. Patience and hard work is the key to success. To blame others or to think low of the prize, in order to hide our failures, is an incorrect behaviour.

5. Why did the fox curl his nose?

The grapes were high and the fox could not reach them, Therefore, he curled his nose.

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 6

Common Fractions

Word Problems

Exercise – 34

1. Find:

(a) of a rupee (b) of a km (c) of a litre

· Solution:

(a) of a rupee = P = (2×20)P = 40P [ 1 rupee = 100P]

(b) of a km = m = (3×250)m = 750m [ 1km = 1000m]

(c) of a litre = ml = (7×100)ml = 700ml[ 1litre = 1000ml]

9. A class has 45 students. of the class went to picnic. How many students went on picnic?

· Solution:

of 45 students = students = (2×15)students = 30 students

30 students went on picnic.

11. 500 students sat for a competitive examination. of the students passed. How many students were not successful?

· Solution:

of 500 students = students = (9×50)students = 450students

450 students passed the examination.

So, number of students who were not successful = (500 – 450)students

= 50 students.

12. Two-third of the students in class I to X in a school are boys. of these are in class I to VIII. What fraction of students studying in class I to VIII are boys.

· Solution:

Number of boys in class I to X is students

Number of boys in I to VIII = of = students =

of the students studying in class I to VIII are boys.

Practice at Home:

Exercise – 34

10. A cinema hall has 450 seats. Seats were occupied in a show. How many people watched the movie? How many seats were vacant?

English language

Kinds of phrases

Meaning of phrase:

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject and a predicate.

There are three different kinds of phrases –adjective phrases, adverb phrases, noun phrases.

Adjective phrases:

A phrase which does the work of an adjective is an adjective phrase.

Example:

The books on the shelves are for sale.

We saw a bird with beautiful feathers.

Solved exercise:

Pick out the adjective phrases from the following sentences:

1.displayed in the glass case – adjective phrases.

2.singing so sweetly – adjective phrases.

3.camping in the middle of the town – adjective phrases.

4.lying in the sun – adjective Phrases.

5.built of marble – adjective phrases.

6.wild and free – adjective phrases.

Social studies

Indian Government

Elections in India : (continuation)

The election commission of India conducts the elections in India in a planned manner. It sets the dates for elections, gives necessary information conduct elections, counts the votes and announces the results.

The voters go to a polling booth to cast their votes through a secret ballot. This ensures privacy of casting vote. For casting vote, it is important that the name of the voter must be included in the voters list which contains the names of all the voters of that area. Electronic voting machine (EVM) are now used for voting.

Every vote counts. Every vote is precious. Before casting the vote, the voters must carefully study the past and the present performance of the candidate whom they have chosen to vote. Making a wrong choice can prove to be harmful for the nation. A responsible citizen is the one who is aware, alert and not influenced by the opinion of the others. He trusts his/her own instincts.

Solved exercise:

Put a tick ✓ on the correct option:

1.What is the minimum age to contest for Lok Sabha elections?

Ans:. (c ) 25.

2.Which is the Highest Court in India?

Ans:. (c ) Supreme Court.

3.How many members are there in Rajya Sabha?

Ans:. (b) 250

4.MLA's are selected for how many years?

Ans:. (c ) 5.

Fill in the blanks:

1.29 states and 7 union territories.

2. New Delhi.

3. Sansad.

4. President.

5. Telegu Desan and Swatantra Party.

Science

Ch – Plant Reproduction

Germination of seeds:

The growth of a seed into a seedling is known as germination. A seed needs the right amount of water, air and warmth to germinate. When the seed gets all the necessary things the process of germination starts.

A seed starts taking in water through the hole in the seed coat. Then the seed begins to swell up and the seed coat bursts open. When the seed starts to germinate, the young root grows downwards and the shoot grows upwards. The baby plant uses the food stored in the cotyledons and the root starts taking in water and minerals from the soil. When the green leaves grow and get sunlight they begin to make food by photosynthesis.

Questions & answers

3. What is the most important function of a seed coat?

Ans. The most important function of a seed coat is to protect the seed.

4. Define germination process.

Ans. The process by which a seed grows into a new plant is called germination.

Subject-French (3rd Language)

Class VI

SUBJECT

TOPIC

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

VI. Short answer question:

1. Who was Megasthenes?

Ans-The Greek general Seleucids sent his ambassador, Megasthenes to Chandragupta’s court. Megasthenes lived at Pataliputra and wrote his book ‘Indicia’.

2. Who may be called the first historical emperor of India?

Ans- Chandragupta.

4. How do you associate the Lion Capital of the Saranath pillar with modern India?

Ans- The lion capital of Saranath has been adopted by the Indian Republic as its National Emblem. The figure of the four lions is used on the Indian currency. The wheel is shown on the national flag.

5. Who was Chanakya?What were his other names?

Ans- Chanakya was a learned Brahmana of Taxila. Chanakya helped Chandragupta to establish the Mauryan dynasty. He wrote ‘Arthashastra’.

Other names of Chanakya were Vishnugupta and Kautilya.

6. From which language is the word ‘dhamma’ derived?

Ans- ‘Dhamma’ was derived from the Sanskrit word ‘dharma.

9. Which was the most important pillar of Ashoka? Where is it situated at present?

Ans- The Lion Capital of the Sarnath Pillar was the most important pillar of Ashoka.

It is situated in the Deer Park at Sarnath.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পশুপাখিরভাষা

সুবিনয়রায়চৌধুরী

ক) ‘পশুপাখির ভাষা’ গল্পটি কার লেখা?

উঃ – সুবিনয় রায়চৌধুরী।

খ) লেখক কি কি বাদ্য যন্ত্র বাজাতে পারতেন?

উঃ- হারমোনিয়াম , এসরাজ।

গ) তিনি কোন পত্রিকার সঙ্গে যুক্ত ছিলেন?

উঃ- ‘সন্দেশ’।

ঘ) মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করাকে কি বলে?

উঃ- ভাষাবলে।

ঙ) কুকুর, ঘোড়াপ্রভৃতিমানুষেরদেওয়ানামশুনলেকীকরে?

উঃ- মানুষ নাম ধরে ডাকলে তারা কান খাড়া করে শোনে তার পর কাছে আসে।

চ) মুরগিরা কীরকম ডাক শুনে কাছে আসে?

উঃ- ‘তি –তি’ ডাক শুনে।

ছ) হাঁসেরা কীরকম ডাক শুনে কাছে আসে?

উঃ- ‘সোই –সোই’ ডাক শুনে।

জ) কোন সাহেব বহুকাল পশুদের সঙ্গে ভাব জমিয়েছেন?

উঃ- রিউবেন ক্যাস্টাং সাহেব।

Hindi 2nd lang

मुहावरा

जो सामान्य अर्थ से अलग विशेष अर्थ देते हैं इनके प्रयोग से भाषा सुंदर प्रभावशाली होती है उसे मुहावरे कहते हैं।

जैसे- अंधे की लाठी-एकमात्र सहारा।

आंख लगना - सो जाना|

निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य प्रयोग करिए।

1. हाथ मलना-( पछताना) मोहन अपने किए पर बहुत हाथ मल रहा है।

1. पेट में चूहे दौड़ना- भूख लगना -अभय के पेट में आज बहुत चूहे दौड़ रहे हैं।

1. नाक में दम करना- परेशान करना- सीमा ने आज मां के नाक में दम कर दिया है

H.W-1 ) छक्के छुड़ा ना

2) चार चांद लगाना

3) कमर टूट ना

4) आग बबूला होना

5) कमर कस ना

English Language

Verb : Introduction

A verb can show an action, an event or a state.

Functions of primary auxiliaries:

· To show the tense of the main words.

· To show habit,like or dislike.

· To built negative, interrogative and emphatic sentence.

· To form question tags.

KINDS OF VERBS BASED ON STRUCTURE:

Regular verbs- these are verbs whose simple past and past participle forms consistently have the same ending -d or -ed.

Irregular verbs- this our words whose simple past and past participle forms cannot be predicted from their base form. In most cases the irregular verbs have different endings in their simple past and past participle forms.

Exercise B

2. How many books have you bought?

Bought- main verb

Have - auxiliary verb

3. You could have easily done it.

Done- main verb

Could, have- auxiliary verb

4. My brother is an engineer in the railways.

Is- auxiliary verb.

5. Please have all the clothes collected from the dry- cleaners by evening.

Collected- main verb

Have- auxiliary verb.

Exercise C.

(Do in your copy)

Base form

Simple past

Past participle

Begin

Began

Begun

Awake

Awoke

Awoken

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Dig

Dug

Dug

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Fall

Fell

Fallen

English literature

In the bazaars of Hyderabad- Sarojini Naidu

Through the poem In The Bazaars of Hyderabad Sarojini wanted to convey the message that India is rich in tradition and they don’t need the foreign products. So, she goes on to give a picture of a bazaar where traditional Indian products are ruling.

The poem is in the form of questions and answers. The poet asks the questions and the merchants answer them. Through this technique she makes the picture of the bazaar visible to us.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is brocade?

A brocade is a rich fabric woven with a raised pattern, typically with gold or silver thread.

1. What is the difference between amber and jade?

Jade is a name given to two metamorphic ornamental gemstones. Where is amber is a hard translucent fossil resin, which is used to make jewelry and other ornamental objects.

1. What is henna?

Henna is a reddish- brown dye made from the powdered leaves of a tropical shrub, used to colour the hair and decorate the body.

1. Why should bells be made for blue pigeons?

In earlier days, blue pigeons were used to bring and take messages. So, bells were tied to their feet so that their owners could identify them from the bells tied on their feet.

BIOLOGY

Ch-4

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Human Digestive System

The digestive system of the human body comprises of a group of organs that work together in converting food into energy and other basic nutrients to power the body. The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body, and the unused parts of the food are defecated.

The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed. It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx, esophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and finally ends at the anus. The food particles gradually get digested as they travel through various compartments of the alimentary canal.

Parts of the Human Digestive System1. Mouth 2. Pharynx3. Oesophagus4. Stomach5. Small Intestine6. Large Intestine7. Anus (Rectum)

**** Learn - Human Digestive System

Class VII

SUBJECT

TOPIC

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

English Literature

A Voice In The Dark

WH Davies’s story, “A Voice In The Dark” focuses on the fear of an individual who is running away from it. Davies has wonderfully explained it and points out the small things that matter the most in our daily life. Starting from pity to talking about the fear of ghosts, everything’s being covered beautifully in points throughout the story. This mainly refers to the honour that one might have witnesses at a certain level or lack of confidence. The story is beautifully explained by the author how an individual has a lack of confidence to face his fears. These fears may be because of ghosts or any other supernatural phenomenon.

COMPUTER

ARRAYS

Q4) DISCUSS THE TYPES OF ARRAY.

The various types of arrays are as follows.

One dimensional array

Two dimensional array

Multi-dimensional array

One-Dimensional Array

A one-dimensional array is also called a single dimensional array where the elements will be accessed in sequential order. This type of array will be accessed by the subscript of either a column or row index.

Two-dimensional Array

A two-dimensional array will be accessed by using the subscript of row and column index.For example,2-D array face [3] [4].

Multi-Dimensional Array

When the number of dimensions specified is more than one, then it is called as a multi-dimensional array. Multidimensional arrays include 2D arrays and 3D arrays.

A. TICK THE CORRECT OPTION

1.a.ELEMENTS

2.b. STRING ARRAY

3.c. TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS

4.b. SURROUNDED BY SQUARE BRACKETS

5.a.SAME

B. FILL IN THE BLANKS

4. SAME

5. AN INDEX VALUE IN AN ARRAY ALSO KNOWN AS THE SUBSCRIPT IS ALWAYS AN INTEGER.

(The given fill in the blanks in book is wrong so I have improvised it)

3. SINGLE

4. D I M

5. SUBSCRIPT

English Language

Prepositions

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun. It helps to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun is related to something else in the sentence.

Different types of Preposition and their function:

Type

Indicate

Preposition of time

Time

Preposition of place

Position

Preposition of movement

Origin, destination,

Motion, direction

Preposition of manner

Means and manner

Preposition of purpose

Reason and purpose

Exercise C

1. The doctor can meet us around seven in the evening.

2. I want to discuss the deal with you before I sign the contract.

3. We know that you were in his house at 9p.m. that night.

4. There was a lot of disturbance during his speech.

5. We waited for six hours and the courier came after 3p.m.

6. The earthquake in Later took place in 1993.

7. I cannot eat anything for the next six hours.

8. They promise to finish the repair by tomorrow afternoon.

9. The guests reached on time for a nice chat and the dinner.

10. The chief guest arrived at time for the inaugural ceremony.

GEOGRAPHY

AFRICA

AT A GLANCE:

· The largest desert in the world, the Sahara Desert , is located in Africa.

· The Sahara Desert is bordered in the north by the Atlas mountain.

· The Atlas mountain are series of mountain ranges in northwestern Africa.

· The African continent is home to many wild animals.

· Around 90 species of hoofed mammals are found in Africa.

· These include antelopes, zebra, giraffe and so on.

INTRODUCTION:

· Africa is the World’s largest continent in terms of total land area approximately 30,363,000sq km.

· The oldest human fossils of our early ancestors have been found in east Africa.

· Till 19th Century most of the part unknown to the world except Mediterranean coast.

· Africa was called as Dark Continent.

· Africa was explored by the both – European and Arabs.

· David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley discovered the Africa.

· In the beginning Africa was colonized by the European countries such as Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

· It was discovered due to it’s the mines of diamonds.

LOCATION:

· Africa is located south of Europe and southwest of Asia. Africa extends almost equally to thenorth (37° N) and south (33°S) of the Equator and stretches from approximately 17°W to 31°E longitude.

· It is the only continent through which the Equator, the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.

· It is so vast a continent that the landmasses ofUnited States, Europe, India and Japan canfit comfortably.

· The entire continent issurrounded by oceans and seas except in thenortheast where the Sinai Peninsula, a smalltriangular piece of land, joins Africa to Asia.

Q1. Name the largest desert of the World. Where it is located?

A1. The Sahara Desert is largest desert in the world. It is located in Africa.

Q2. Write some name of animals found in Africa?

A2. Around 90 species of hoofed mammals are found in Africa. These include antelopes, zebra, giraffe etc.

Q3. Why Africa is called as dark continent?

A3. Africa is called as dark continent because till 19th Century most of its part unknown to the world except Mediterranean coast.

Q4. Who discovered the Africa?

A4. David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley discovered the Africa.

Q5. Write the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Africa.

A5. Latitudinal extent is from 37° N to 33°S and longitudinal extent is from 17°W to 31°E.

CHEMISTRY

Chapter –Physical and Chemical Changes

Pg-25 Objective Types Question

1. Fill in the blanks.

a) A new substance is always formed in a chemical change.

b) Melting of ice is a physical change.

c) When a candle burns, wax melts. Melting of wax is a physical change.

d) Chemical change occurs as a result of rearrangement of atoms between two substances.

e) Burning of a fuel is a chemical change.

f) Revolution of the earth around the sun is a natural periodic change.

g) Growing of a seedling into a plant is chemical change.

Subject-French (3rd Language)

Class VIII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

PHYSICS

ENERGY

Conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy

· The water held behind the dam has potential energy because of its position. When flow starts from the dam it's potential energy converted into kinetic energy of the moving water turns turbines within the dam .

· When you pick up a rock, you work against gravity to give it some potential energy. And then when you drop it, the gravitational force causes the rock to accelerate towards the ground.

· A pendulum is quite nice because there's a very clear transfer of energy from gravitational potential energy (top of the swing) to kinetic (maximised at the bottom of the swing).

· A ball from a height towards the ground is an example of potential energy being converted into kinetic energy. 

Conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy

· If the person rides the bike to the top of a hill, the kinetic energy of motion is then converted into potential energy stored in the bike at the top of the hill. The potential energy stored in the bike at the top of the hill can be used to roll the bike down the hill.

· In the case of our spring, the kinetic energy used to compress the spring has been converted to potential energy. When we release the spring, the stored potential energy will be converted back into kinetic energy.

Question 3.

Match the following:

Column A Column B

(a) A stone at a height (i) power

(b) A moving ball (ii) joule

(c) Energy (iii) work done in 1s

(d) Power (iv) potential energy

(e) watt (v) kinetic energy

Solution:

Column A Column B

(a) A stone at a height (iv) potential energy

(b) A moving ball (v) kinetic energy

(c) Energy (ii) joule

(d) Power (iii) work done in 1s

(e) watt (i) power

GEOGRAPHY

MIGRATION

BRAIN DRAIN:

The process of emigration of talented andproductive people of one country to anotherfor the pursuit of higher studies, highersalaries and a peaceful and advanced workenvironment is known as brain drain.

Thehigher income that these jobs provide enablethe immigrants from developing countriesaccess advanced technologies, a better standardof living and quality of life. However, thisactually diminishes the human capital of thehome country.Causes of Brain Drain:

By the Push and Pull factors it can be explained.

PULL FACTORS:

· High paying jobs.

· Prestige of working or getting educated in aworld class organisation/institution.

· Stable government policies.

· Intellectual freedom.

· Modernised education systembetter economic standards.

PUSH FACTORS:

· Stiff competition in gaining employment.

· Poor research facilities.

· Poor economic development.

· Poor working conditions-long hours of work, less benefits and fewer wage.

· Limited career options leave people with less choice in life.

· Poor intellectual stimulation, especially when intellectual needs are not being met in the absence of adequate infrastructure and facilities.

POSITIVE IMPACT:

Due to brain drain intelligent pupils move to the developed countries. Developing countries utilize these brainy and they start to stay at their students for the development. So brain drain creates a positive impact on developed countries.

NEGATIVE IMPACT:

Due to brain drain intelligent pupils move away from their mother country and they start to stay at there. So basically it is a huge lost for their mother country. That’s why brain drain has a negative impact on the developing and under developed countries.

Now days, to hold brain drain from mother countries, they makes contact with their intelligent pupils that after completion his or her training he or she have to return back in their country and serve for it. In this case the mother country use to carry or bear the entire educational expenditure of that pupil.

Q1. What do you mean by the term Brain Drain?

A1. The process of emigration of talented andproductive people of one country to anotherfor the pursuit of higher studies, highersalaries and a peaceful and advanced workenvironment is known as brain drain.

Q2. What is the main cause of brain drain?

A2. The main cause of brain drain are higher income that these jobs provide enablethe immigrants from developing countriesaccess advanced technologies, a better standardof living and quality of life. However, thisactually diminishes the human capital of thehome country.

Q3. What are the main factors of brain drain?

A3. The main factors of brain drain can be explained as push and pull factors.

Q1. Enumerate ways in which the source countries can reserve brain drain.

A1. Some countries have developed a policy offunding the education of their meritoriouspupils in foreign universities, but with apromise from the beneficiary to serve theirnation on the completion of their education/training abroad. Countries may alsodevelop a congenial environment for theirown students by providing more grants forhigher education, so that young talent is notcompelled to leave the country and a reversebrain drain can be happen.

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 11

Algebric Expression

Multiplication

For the literals x, y, z etc.

(i) xm×xn = xm+n

e.g. x3×x5 = x3+5 = x8

(ii) x2y3×x3y5 = x2+3y3+5 = x5y8

Use of + & - in multiplication:

(+)×(+)

(+)

(+)×(-)

(-)

(-)×(+)

(-)

(-)×(-)

(+)

Exercise – 11(C)

1. Multiply:

(xvii) 2a3-3a2b and - ab2

(x) x2+x+1 by 1 – x

(xviii) 2x+y and 2x- y

· Solution:

(xvii) ( 2a3-3a2b) × (- ab2)

= 2a3× (- ab2) - 3a2b × (- ab2)

= - a4b2 + a3b3

(x) (x2+x+1) × ( 1 – x)

= 1 × (x2+x+1) – x × (x2+x+1)

= x2+x+1 – x3 – x2 –x

= - x3 + x2 – x2 +x –x + 1

= 1 - x3

(xviii) 2x+y and 2x- y

= ( 2x+y) ×( 2x- y)

= 2x ×( 2x- y) + y ×( 2x- y)

= 4x2 – xy + xy - y2 = 4x2 - y2

2. Multiply:

(v) 5p2+25pq+4q2 by 2p2-2pq-3q2

· Solution:

(v) (5p2+25pq+4q2) × ( 2p2-2pq-3q2)

= 2p2(5p2+25pq+4q2) - 2pq(5p2+25pq+4q2) -3q2(5p2+25pq+4q2)

= 10p4 + 50p3q + 8p2q2 – 10p3q – 50p2q2 -8pq3 +15p2q2 + 75pq3 + 12q4

= 10p4 + 50p3q – 10p3q + 8p2q2 +15p2q2 – 50p2q2 + 75pq3 -8pq3 + 12q4

= 10p4 + 40p3q - 27p2q2 +67pq3 + 12q4

3. Simplify:

(v) (3y + 4z) (3y – 4z) + (2y + 7z) (y + z)

· Solution:

(v) (3y + 4z) (3y – 4z) + (2y + 7z) (y + z)

= [3y(3y – 4z) + 4z(3y – 4z)] + [y(2y + 7z) + z(2y +7z)]

= 9y2 - 12yz + 12yz – 16z2 + 2y2 + 7yz + 2yz + 7z2

= 9y2 + 2y2 + 7yz + 2yz + 7z2 – 16z2

= 11y2 + 9yz – 9z2

(Exercise – 11(c) to be continued…]

Practice at Home

Exercise – 11(C)

2. Multiply: (iv) 2y -4y3 + 6y5 by y2 + y – 3

3. Simplify: (iv) (4x-5y) (5x-4y)

COMPUTER

ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS

III.Write algorithms and draw flowcharts for the following

Question 1

Accept the length of two different line segments and check whether they are equal or unequal. Display the message accordingly.

FLOWCHART

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Accept the length of the two line segments as l1 and l2.

Step 3: If l1 and l2 are equal, then display 'Line Segments are equal'.

Step 4: If l1 and l2 are not equal, then display 'Line Segments are not equal'.

Step 5: Stop

Question 2

Accept the age of a person and check whether he/she is eligible to vote or not. A person is eligible to vote only when he/she is 18 years or more.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Accept the age of the person.

Step 3: If age is greater than or equal to 18, then display 'You are eligible to vote'.

Step 4: If age is less than 18, then display 'You are not eligible to vote'.

Step 5: Stop

Flowchart

Question 3

Accept three numbers and check whether they are 'Pythagorean Triplets' or not. Display the message accordingly.

(Hint: Use Pythagoras Formula for a Right-angled Triangle: h = p2+b2)

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Take 3 numbers as input (Say A,B,C)

Step 3: If A2 = B2 + C2, display 'Pythagorean Triplets'

Step 4: If B2 = A2 + C2, display 'Pythagorean Triplets'

Step 5: If C2 = A2 + B2, display 'Pythagorean Triplets'

Step 6: If no condition of Step 3,4,5 match, display 'Not Pythagorean Triplets'

Step 7: Stop

Flowchart

SUBJECTIVE

II. WRITE THE NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF THE BOXES FOR THE GIVEN STATEMENTS:

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS

2. START SYMBOL

3. FLOWCHART

4. FLOW

5. DECISION BOX

6. PROCESS

III. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING FLOW CHARTS:

English Language

Clause

The Co-ordinate Clause

Examine the following sentences:

1) He is very poor.

2) He does not beg.

3) He is very poor but he does not beg.

Sentences (1) and (2) make parts of a larger sentence (3). When joined by the Co-ordinating Conjunction but.

Each part contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and is, there a Clause. Each Clause makes good sense and may stand by itself. The clause is, therefore, independent of the other, or in other words, is of every rank or order, and is therefore called a Co-ordinate Clause.

Note:- Clauses joined by Co-ordinating Conjunctions are called Co-ordinate clauses.

· The sentence having only one clause is called Simple Sentence.Ex- He stole money to buy food.

· A sentence having one main clause and at least one subordinate clause is called Complex Sentence.Ex- He stole money because he had to buy food.

· A sentence having two or more main clauses is called a Compound Sentence.Ex- He had to buy food and so he had to steal money.

Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Economics

Chapter- Primary Sector: Agriculture.

Today let us start with the introduction of Agriculture.

Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities

Question:

What do you mean by Agriculture?

Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities

Explain the contribution of Agriculture in Indian Economy.

Answer) Agriculture plays an important role in an Indian Economy through following ways:

Contribution to National Income: From the very beginning, agriculture is contributing a major portion to our national income. In 1950-51, agriculture and allied activities contributed about 59 per cent of the total national income. Although the share of agriculture has been declining gradually with the growth of other sectors but the share still remained very high as compared to that of the developed countries of the world

Source of Livelihood: In India over two-thirds of our working population are engaged directly on agriculture and also similarly depend for their livelihood. According to an estimate, about 66 per cent of our working population is engaged in agriculture at present in comparison to that of 2 to 3 per cent in U.K. and U.S.A., 6 per cent in France and 7 per cent in Australia. Thus the employment pattern of our country is very much common to other under-developed countries of the world.

Source of Food Supply: Agriculture is the only major source of food supply as it is providing regular supply of food to such a huge size of population of our country. It has been estimated that about 60 per cent of household consumption is met by agricultur…

Commercial Importance: Indian Agriculture is playing a very important role both in the internal and external trade of the country. Agricultural products like tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, spices, cashew-nuts etc. are the main items of our exports and constitute about 50 per cent of our total exports. Besides manufactured jute, cotton textiles and sugar also contribute another 20 per cent of the total exports of the country. Thus nearly 70 per cent of India’s exports are originated from agricultural sector.

Source of Government Revenue:

Agriculture is one of the major sources of revenue to both the Central and State Governments of the country. The Government is getting a substantial income from rising land revenue. Some other sectors like railway, roadways are also deriving a good part of their income from the movement of agricultural goods.

Role of Agriculture in Economic Planning: The prospect of planning in India also depends much on agricultural sector. A good crop always provides impetus towards a planned economic development of the country by creating a better business climate for the transport system, manufacturing industries, internal trade etc.

Commercial Studies

Chapter- Joint Stock Company

In last study material I have shared you the meaning of Private Limited Company.

Today I am going to give you

Advantages of Private Limited Company.

Disadvantages of Private Limited Company

Difference between Private company and Public Company.

Advantages of a private company

A private company is easy to start because it not required to wait for the certificate of commencement of business. It can start after getting incorporation certificate

Private company can take from decisions because there is a lesson number of people to be consulted with.

A private company can maintain its business secrets.

The liability of members in a private company is limited.

There is Greater personal touch with employees and customers in a private company.

Disadvantages of private company

A private company cannot have more than 50 members. Therefore the financial and managerial resources are comparatively Limited.

There are restrictions on the transfer of shares in a private company.

Public has little confidence in a private company because it’s our fears are unknown and it is not subject to strict control under the law.

Differences between Private Company and Public Company.

Public Company

Private Company

1.Minimum number of members are 7.

Minimum number of members are 2

2.Maximum number of members –no limit

Maximum number of members are 200.

3.It can invite public to buy shares and debentures.

It cannot invite public to buy shares and debentures.

4.Its shares are freely transferable

Its shares are not freely transferable.

5.Minimum number of directors are 3.

Minimum number of directors are 2.

Bengali- 2nd language

বাগ্ধারা

বাগ্ধারা-বাগ্ধারা হল বিশেষ প্রকার বাক্ ভঙ্গি। ভাবের এক বিশেষ প্রকাশরীতি থাকে কতগুলো কথার সমষ্টির মধ্যে। এগুলিকে বাগ্ধারা বলে।

আবার কতগুলো শব্দের বাঁধাধরা কোন রীতি নেই। যেভাবে চলে আসছে সেই ভাবেই চলে আসছে। তখন সেই শব্দগুলি যখন একক ভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তখন এদের বাগ্ধারা বলে। বাগ্ধারার প্রয়োগ ভাষাকে আরও সুন্দর করে তোলে।

১)অল্পবিদ্যা ভয়ংকরী (অল্প জেনে বেশি জাহির করার চেষ্টা)-পাড়ার ক্লাবে গিয়ে মিতা কথায় কথায় এত জ্ঞান দেয় শুনে মনে কোন মনীষীর কথা মিতার দশা অল্পবিদ্যা ভয়ংকারীর মতো ।

২)উভয় সঙ্কট (দুদিকেই বিপদ)- মা বাবার ঝগড়ায় ছেলেটি মায়ের হয়ে কথা বলতে পারছে না আবার বাবার হয়ে কথা বলতে পারছে না। ছেলেটির অবস্থা উভয় সঙ্কট ।

৩) উত্তম মধ্যম ( বেদম প্রহার) –পকেটমারকে হাতের কাছে পেয়ে ট্রেনযাত্রীরা উত্তম মধ্যম দিয়ে পুলিসের হাতে তুলে দিল।

৪) এলাহি কাণ্ড (বিশাল আয়োজন)- রামবাবু বিয়ের বিয়ে উপলক্ষ্যে এলাহি কাণ্ড করেছে।

৫) ইঁচড়ে পাকা ( অকালে পেকে যাওয়া)- মেয়েটি অল্প বয়সে এত ইঁচড়ে পাকা কথা বলে কেউ সহ্য করতে পারে না।

৬)কড়ায় গণ্ডায় (পুরোপুরি)- দীনেশবাবুর কত খরচ হয়েছে পুজো কমিটিকে কড়ায় গণ্ডায় হিসাব দিতে হবে।

৭) কেঁচে গণ্ডূষ (নতুন করে শুরু)- রীতা কবে নাচ ছেড়ে দিয়েছে আবার কলেজের অনুষ্ঠানের জন্য আবার তা কেঁচে গণ্ডূষ করতে হল।

৮)কূপমন্ডূক (ঘরকুনো)- তোমার মত কূপমন্ডূকে বিশ্বের গল্প শুনিয়ে লাভ নেই;কিছুই বুঝবে না।

Hindi 2nd lang

महायज्ञ का पुरस्कार

पर सब दिन होतना एक समान आकाश मत दिन फिरे और सेठ को गरीबी का मुंह देखना पडा।

सेठ का स्वभाव कैसा था? सब दिन होतना एक समान से क्या तात्पर्य है, और यह सेठ पर कैसे लागू होता है?

उन दिनों कौन सी प्रथा प्रचलित थी? सेठ ने क्या सोचा?

क्या सेठ जी ने उस प्रथा से लाभ उठाने का सोचा?

सेठ जी कहां गए और क्यों? सेठानी ने उनके लिए क्या तैयारी की ?

उत्तर

सेठ जी धनी थे और वह अत्यंत ही विनम्र और उदार उनका स्वभाव था। वह धर्म परायण इतने थे कि कोई साधु संत उनके द्वार से निराश नहीं लौटता पेट भर भोजन पाता। सभी के लिए भंडार द्वार खुले थे। सेठ ने बहुत से यज्ञ किए थे और दान में ना जाने कितना धन दीन दुखियों में बांट दिया था। सब दिन होतना एक समान का तात्पर्य है कि सभी दिन एक जैसे नहीं रहते सेठ जी पर यह कहावत इसलिए लागू होती है कि पहले सेठ जी बहुत धनी थे लेकिन अब गरीब हो गए हैं।

उन दिनों यह प्रथा प्रचलित थी कि यज्ञ के फल का क्रय विक्रय हुआ करता था छोटा बड़ा जैसा यज्ञ होता उनके अनुसार मूल्य मिल जाता था सेठानी ने अपनी गरीबी के कारण यह यज्ञ बेचने को कहा।

सेठ जी ने इस प्रथा से लाभ उठाने का निश्चय किया ।उन्होंने अपने यज्ञ में से एक यज्ञ बेचकर अपनी गरीबी से निजात पाने का सोचा। समय के अनुसार सेठ सेठानी का निर्णय उचित था।

सेठ जी कुंदनपुर नाम के एक गांव गए। जो उनके यहां से दस बारह कोस की दूरी पर था। वहां एक बहुत बड़े धन्ना सेठ रहते थे। यह अफवाह थी कि उनकी पत्नी को दैवीय शक्ति प्राप्त है जिससे वह तीनों लोगों की बातें जान लेती है। मंजिल दूर थी इसलिए सेठानी ने पढ़ो से आटा मांग कर चार मोटी मोटी रोटी बना दी जिससे कि सेठ जी भूख लगने पर खा ले।

EVS

Chapter 3 –How Ecosystems Work

Energy pyramid

An energy pyramid shows the flow of energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem. A pyramid shape is used because energy is lost at each trophic level when organisms use it up.

The 10 percent law of energy flow

The 10 percent law of energy flow states that when the energy is passed on from one trophic level to another, only 10 percent of the energy is passed on to the next trophic level .

Food chain

Food chain, in ecology, the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism.

Example -

Grass - grasshopper - frog - snake – eagle

Leaves - caterpillars - birds - snakes

Food web

A food web is a graphical representation of many food chains linked together to show the feeding relationships of different organisms in an ecosystem.

Learn -

Energy pyramid

The 10 percent law of energy flow

Food chain

Food web

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act II, Scene 7, Text & Paraphrase

Text & Paraphrase

Act II, Scene 7

Original Text

Paraphrase

[Belmont – a room in Portia’s house]

[Belmont – a room in Portia’s house]

Flourish of cornets. Enter Portia with the Prince of Morocco, and their trains.

Flourish of cornets. Enter Portia with the Prince of Morocco, and their trains.

PORTIA:

(To servant) Go, draw aside the curtains, and discoverThe several caskets to this noble prince.Now make your choice.

PORTIA:

(to servant) Go open the curtains and show the different boxes to the prince.

A curtain is drawn revealing showing three caskets: one gold, one silver, and one lead.

(to MOROCCO) Now make your choice.

MOROCCO:

The first, of gold, who this inscription bears:Who chooseth me, shall gain what many men desire. (5) The second, silver, which this promise carries:Who chooseth me, shall get as much as he deserves.This third, dull lead, with warning all as blunt:Who chooseth me, must give and hazard all he hath.How shall I know if I do choose the right? (10)

MOROCCO:

The first one, the gold one, has an inscription that says, “He who chooses me will get what many men want.” The second one, the silver one, says, “He who chooses me will get what he deserves.” And this third one is made of dull lead. It has a blunt warning that says, “He who chooses me must give and risk all he has.” How will I know if I chose the right one?

PORTIA:

The one of them contains my picture, prince;If you choose that, then I am yours withal.

PORTIA:

One of them contains my picture. If you choose that one, I’m yours, along with the picture.

MOROCCO:

Some god direct my judgment! Let me see.I will survey the inscriptions back again:What says this leaden casket: (15)Who chooseth me, must give and hazard all he hath.Must give—For what? for lead? hazard for lead?This casket threatens: Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantages:A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross; (20)I'll then nor give, nor hazard, aught for lead.What says the silver, with her virgin hue?Who chooseth me, shall get as much as he deserves.As much as he deserves?—Pause there, Morocco,And weigh thy value with an even hand: (25)If thou be'st rated by thy estimation,Thou dost deserve enough; and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the lady:And yet to be afeard of my deserving,Were but a weak disabling of myself. (30)As much as I deserve!—Why, that's the lady:I do in birth deserve her, and in fortunes,In graces, and in qualities of breeding;But more than these, in love I do deserve.What if I strayed no further, but chose here? (35)Let's see once more this saying grav'd in gold:Who chooseth me, shall gain what many men desire.Why, that's the lady: all the world desires her:From the four corners of the earth they come,To kiss this shrine, this mortal, breathing, saint. (40)The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wildsOf wide Arabia, are as through-fares now,For princes to come view fair Portia:The watery kingdom, whose ambitious headSpets in the face of heaven, is no bar (45)To stop the foreign spirits; but they come,As o'er a brook, to see fair Portia.One of these three contains her heavenly picture.Is't like that lead contains her? 'Twere damnationTo think so base a thought: it were too gross (50)To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave.Or shall I think in silver she's immur'd,Being ten times undervalued to tried gold?O sinful thought! Never so rich a gemWas set in worse than gold. They have in England, (55)A coin that bears the figure of an angel,Stamped in gold; but that's insculp'd upon;But here an angel in a golden bedLies all within.—Deliver me the key;Here do I choose, and thrive I as I may! (60)

MOROCCO:

I wish some god could help me choose! Let me see. I’ll look over the inscriptions again. What does the lead box say? “He who chooses me must give and risk all he has.” Must give everything—for what? For lead? Risk everything for lead? This box is too threatening. Men who risk everything hope to make profits. A golden mind doesn’t bend down to choose something worthless. So I won’t give or risk anything for lead. What does the silver one say?“He who chooses me will get as much as he deserves.” As much as he deserves—wait a minute there, Morocco, and consider your own value with a level head. If your reputation is trustworthy, you deserve a lot—though maybe not enough to include this lady. But fearing I don’t deserve her is a way of underestimating myself. As much as I deserve—I deserve Portia! By birth I deserve her. In terms of wealth, talents, and upbringing, and especially love, I deserve her. What if I went no further and chose this one? But let’s see once more what the gold one says: “He who chooses me will get what many men want.” That’s Portia! The whole world wants her. They come from the four corners of the earth to kiss this shrine and see this living, breathing saint. Princes travel across deserts and the vast wilderness of Arabia to come see the beautiful Portia. The wide ocean doesn’t prevent them from coming to see her—they travel across it as if it were a little stream. One of these three boxes contains her lovely picture. Could the lead one contain it? No, it’d be a sin to think such a low thought. Lead’s too crass to hold her. Is she enclosed in silver, which is ten times less valuable than gold? Oh, what a sinful thought! Nobody ever set a gem like her in a worse setting than gold. They have a coin in England stamped with the figure of an angel, but that’s just engraved on the surface.

Here an angel’s lying in a golden bed.—Give me the key. I will choose this one and try my chances.

PORTIA:

There, take it, prince, and if my form lie there,Then I am yours. [He opens the golden casket]

PORTIA:

(she hands him a key) There, take it, prince. And if my picture’s in there, then I’m yours. [He opens the golden casket]

MOROCCO:

O hell! what have we here?A carrion Death, within whose empty eyeThere is a written scroll? I'll read the writing.

[Reads]

All that glisters is not gold, (65)Often have you heard that told:Many a man his life hath sold,But my outside to behold:Gilded tombs do worms enfold. Had you been as wise as bold,Young in limbs, in judgment old, (70)Your answer had not been inscroll'd:Fare you well; your suit is cold.Cold, indeed; and labour lost: Then, farewell heat; and welcome frost. (75)Portia, adieu! I have too griev'd a heartTo take a tedious leave. Thus losers part.

MOROCCO:

Damn it! What’s this? It’s a skull with a scroll in its empty eye socket. I’ll read it aloud.

(he reads)

“All that glitters is not gold

You’ve often heard that said.

Many men have sold their souls

Just to view my shiny surface.

But gilded tombs contain worms.

If you’d been as wise as you were bold,

With an old man’s mature judgment,

You wouldn’t have had to read this scroll.

So goodbye—you lost your chance.”

Lost my chance indeed! So goodbye hope, and hello despair. Portia, goodbye to you. My heart’s too sad for long goodbyes. Losers always leave quickly.

Exit.

Exit. – Morocco leaves with his entourage

PORTIA:

A gentle riddance. Draw the curtains, go;Let all of his complexion choose me so.

PORTIA:

Good riddance!—Close the curtains and leave. I hope everyone who looks like him will make the same choice.

Exeunt.

They Exit.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English Language

Essay/composition

A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subject.

Structure of the composition:

· Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)

· Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)

· Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)

Kinds of essay/ composition:

· Narrative composition

· Descriptive composition

· Argumentative composition

· Reflective composition

A descriptive composition portrays people, places, things, moments and theories with vivid details to help the readers create a mental picture of what is being written about. It differs from a narrative in the sense that it does not require any dialogue or a storyline. In fact, a descriptive essay is a record of observed facts, which are impersonal in character.

Adescriptive composition generally focuses on portraying one of the following:

· A person

· A place

· An object

· An experience

· A memory

Write a composition (350-400) on one of the given topics:

1. Your first day at school or,

2. Your father has decided to take the entire family on a luxury cruise from India to Malaysia. Describe the experience.

Subject – EVS

Ch – 4: Managing soil and land

Today we will discuss about energy plantations and National forest policy,1988.

Q11. Energy Plantation:

* Growing selective species of trees and shrubs which are harvestable in a comparably shorter time and are specifically meant for fuel.

* The fuel wood may be used either directly in wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer gas.

Q12. What are the main points of National Forest Policy, 1988?

Ans: I) Maintenance of environment stability through the preservation and restoration of ecological balance.

ii) Conservation of forests as a national heritage with vast varieties of flora and fauna.

iii) Control of soil erosion.

iv) Check on the extension of sand-dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along sea-coasts.

v) Provision to meet the needs of fuelwood, fodder and minor forest products for the rural and tribal people.

vi) Augment the productivity of the forests to meet national needs.

vii) To minimize pressure on existing forests.

viii) Involvement of people in forest management under joint forest management.

Hindi 2ndlang

भिक्षुक( सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला)

विश्व के माध्यम से सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला जी समाज की दुर्दशा को दिखाते हुए कहते हैं कि एक गरीब की तरह जुटी पत्तल को चाहते हुए भी मांगते हुए इधर से उधर अपने बच्चों को लेकर घूम रहे लेकिन फिर भी हम इंसानों की मानविकताखत्म हो गई है इन गरीबों पर जरा सा भी दया नहीं आती है।कभी इस कविता में बहुत सारे उदाहरण को देकरहम लोगों को समझाने का फैशन किया है कि हमारे पास अगर कुछ सामर्थ है तो इन पर कृपा करने में हमारा कुछ जाता तो नहीं है।

1. वहआता दो टू कलेजे के करता पछताता पथ पर आता।पेट पीठ दोनों मिलकर एक चल रहा हैलकुटिया टेक मुट्ठी भर दाने को भूख मिटाने कोमुंह फटी पुरानी झोली को फैलातादो टूक कलेजे के करता पछताता पथ पर आता।

1) क्या समाज को भिक्षा वृति को हतोत्साहित करना चाहिए ?

2) पेट पीठ दोनों मिलकर से क्या तात्पर्य है ?

3) भिखारी अपनी कैसी झोली फैलाएं है और क्यो ?

4) वह क्यो पछताता हुआ रहा है ?

उत्तर

1) भिक्षा वृति एक गंभीर समस्या है।दिन प्रतिदिन इसका प्रचार हो रहा है इस समस्या का या तो कोई ठोस समाधान हो नहीं तो इसको एक लचीला कानून बना कर हतोत्साहित करना चाहिए। उनकी समस्याओं पर विचार करना चाहिए कि आखिर उनकी ऐसी क्या मजबूरी है जिसके कारण उन्हें भिक्षा वृति को अपनाना पड़ा।

2) पेट पीठ दोनों मिलकर एक से तात्पर्य है कि का दिनों से भूखा है इसलिए उसका खाली पेट पिठ से मिला हुआ प्रतीत होता है।

3) भिखारी अपनी भूख मिटाने के लिए फटी पुरानी झोली फैलाए हुए आ रहा है।भूख के कारण उसकी हालत अत्यंत गंभीर तथा दयनीय हो गई है।उससे ठीक से चला भी नहीं जा रहा है जिसके कारण वह लाठी लेकर चल रहा है।

4) भिखारी भूख के कारण बहुत कमजोर हो गया है कोई भी उसे अन्नका एक दाना भी नहीं दे रहा है।अपनी इस दयनीय स्थिति पर दुःख व्यक्त करता तथा पछताता हुआ आ रहा है।

Commercial Studies

Chapter- Banking

Today let us revise some questions from the chapter.

Questions:

1. What is a Bank Draft?

2. What is Banker’s Cheque?

3. What is RTGS?

4. What is NEFT?

5. State any two facilities of E-Banking.

6. State the differences between Central Bank and Commercial Bank.

7. Explain in brief the functions of Central Bank.

Bengali

চাঁদের পাহাড়।

ষষ্ঠ পরিচ্ছেদ।

প্রশ্ন)”শঙ্কর বাস্তবিকই লোকটার দিকে আকৃষ্ট হল“

ক) কার লেখা ? কোন রচনার অংশ ?

খ) শংকর কে ?

গ) সে কোথায় কোন লোকটির প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হয় ?

ঘ) কেন আকৃষ্ট হয় ?

উত্তর ) ক) আলোচ্য অংশটি বিভৃতিভূষন বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের লেখা ‘চাঁদের পাহাড় ‘উপন্যাসের অংশ।

খ) শঙ্কর একজন বাঙালি সে আফ্রিকায় এসে জিল রুজি রোজগারের আশায়। সবচেয়ে বড়ো কথা হল সে ছিল একজন সৌন্দর্য পিপাসু যুবক যে প্রকৃতির সৌন্দর্য প্রাণ ভরে দেখতে ভালোবাসত।

গ) কাবালো স্টেশনের বাইরে শঙ্করের সাথে আলবুকার্ক এর সাক্ষাৎ হয়। প্রথ দর্শনে লোকটিকে তার মোটেই ভালো লাগেনি। লোকটি দেখতে যেমন কর্কশ, তেমনি কদাকার। তবে লোকটি ভীষন জোয়ান ও প্রায় সাত ফুটের কাছাকাছি লম্বা। শরীর সুগঠিত সুস্থ। লোকটি তার সর্বস্ব অপহরণ করতে চেয়েছিল। এমনি দ্বন্দ্বে যুদ্ধে তাকে মেরে ফেলতেও পারতো।

ঘ)কিন্তু আলভারেজ এর হস্তক্ষেপে ব্যাপারটা অন্যদিকে গড়িয়ে যায়। লোকটি তাই জাতভাইকে দেখে হার স্বীকার করে নিয়ে তার কেবিনে তাদের নিমন্ত্রন জানায়। শত্রুতা ভুলে গিয়ে শঙ্করও আলভারেজের দিলখোলা কথাবার্তায় ও হাসিয়ে মাতিয়ে তোলে। এরকম মানুষ বা এত দিল খোলা হাসতে পারে তা শঙ্কর আগে লোকটিকে ধেখে বুঝতেই পারেনি। শঙ্করের খোশ গল্পে উৎফুল্ল হয়ে ওঠে এবং লোকটি আকৃষ্ট হয়।

Chemistry

Ch-2

Chemical Bonding

1)Polar and Non-Polar covalent compounds

2)Co-ordinate Bonding

1.Non-Polar Covalent Compounds:-

If two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the shared electrons are equally attracted by the nuclei of the two atoms. The electron distribution around the two nuclei is similar. Hence, the two bonded atoms do not carry either positive or negative charge. Such molecules are known as "Non-Polar Compounds".

e.g. - H2, Cl2etc.

2) Polar Covalent Compounds:-

If the two bonded atoms are dissimilar , the shared electron pair is not equally distributed but moves more towards than any one of the bonded atoms. There, the strong nuclear charge of one atom attracts the shared pair of electrons towards itself. Such a covalent bond in which one of the bonded atoms acquires slight '+' charge and the another one acquires slight '-' charge is called "Polar Covalent Bond" and the molecules formed by this bond is termed as "Polar Covalent Compounds".

e.g. –HCl , HF , H2O , NH3 etc.

3) Co- ordinate Bonding:-

A Co-ordinate bond is the bond between the two atoms by a pair of electrons , provided entirely by one of the combining atoms.

· It is also called as "Dative Bond".

· The atom which supplies the shared pair of electron is called as "Donor"

· The atom or ion which takes the shared pair of electron is called as "Acceptor"

· The bond is shown with the help of an arrowed pointing( → ) from DONOR to ACCEPTOR.

· A pair of electrons which is not shared with any other atom but can be provided to another atom for co-ordinate bond formation is known as the "Lone Pair"

e.g. - In NH3 , nitrogen atom has 1 lone pair of electrons.

In H2O , oxygen atom has 2 lone pair of electrons.

Q. How do Polar Compounds ionise in water?

A. Let's take an example of HCl.

When HCl comes in contact with water , the ‘ –‘ charged O atom of water pills the positively charged H of HCl towards itself and changes into Hydronium ion, H3O+ . The residual Clatom develops a negative ‘ – ‘ charge, Cl- . In this process, covalent compounds are converted into ions. The process is called as “Ionization” .

Q. What are the conditions for Co-ordinate Bonding?

A.

1) One of the two atoms must have atleast 1 lone pairs of electrons.

2) Another atom should be short of atleast a lone pair of electrons.

Q. What are differences between Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds?

Q. Formation of NH4+ ion:-

A.

Q. Formation of H3O+ ion:-

A.

Q. Formation of NH3 with lone pair:-

A.

Geography

Water Resources

MODERN METHODS:

Modern methods of irrigation are an improvement over the primitive type as they are more reliable and provide irrigation whenever needed throughout the year. They are easy to operate, and irrigate much larger area. Large amounts of water can be pumped up by an electric pump or a diesel-driven motor which is not possible in an ordinary well.Canals:Canals are a very effective source of irrigation in areas of low water. The main concentration of canals is in the Northern Plains of India in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Merits of Canal Irrigation:

a. Most of these canals are perennial and provide water for irrigation whenever needed.

b. Canal water is rich in sediments brought down by rivers. These sediments add fertility to the fields.

c. Although initial costs are high, canal irrigations quite cheap in the long run.

Demerits of Canal Irrigation:

a. Unless canals are lined, the canal water seeps into the soil and leads to the problem of water logging.

b. Large areas of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh suffer from the problem of 'reh’ or salts in the upper layers of the soil and makes large areas unfit for cultivation.

c. Marshy areas near canals become breeding grounds for mosquitoes resulting in widespread malaria.

NEED OF CONSERVATION OF WATER:

1. Although water is abundant in the Earth but there is scarcity of fresh water.

2. Uneven distribution of water bodies and rainfall.

3. Indian agriculture totally depends on water.

4. India has a huge amount of population and to satisfy its need conservation is very important.

RAINWATER HARVESTING:

The basic principle of rainwater harvesting is essentially- catch water where it falls. It is also technique of recharging of underground water.

The objectives of rainwater harvesting are:

· To meet the increasing demand for water,

· Reduce surface run-off,

· Avoid flooding of roads,

· Raise the groundwater table by adding to by groundwater reserves,

· Improve the quality of groundwater,

· Reduce groundwater pollution,Reduce soil erosion etc.

Methods of rainwater harvesting:

1. Construction of Potholes

2. Groundwater Dams

3. Well Recharging

4. Preserving Lakes, Ponds and Tanks

5. Johad

6. Ferro Cement tanks

Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting:

1. Rainwater recharged into the ground would have a positive impact on groundwater quality. It would also stop the decline in groundwater levels.

2. It would bring down consumer utility (water supply) bills and this is of great value especially to institutions, which spend considerable amount of money on water.

3. Rainwater is fresh water which makes it favorable for use in a variety of applications in homes, institutions and commercial establishments and industry. If stored for future use, rainwater can function as a useful supplementary supply, thus reducing the stress on public water supply sources.

4. In coastal areas, where there is excessive groundwater extraction, recharge of rain water into the ground would prevent sea-water ingress into fresh water aquifers.

5. Urban flooding can be controlled if the residents of a city harvest rainwater from their rooftops for future use or take steps to effectively recharge groundwater within their premises.

6. Using harvested rainwater reduces water demand from the public water supply, which in turn reduces energy consumption in the water distribution network.

Q1. Briefly discuss the merits and demerits of canal irrigation system.

A1. Canals are a very effective source of irrigation in areas of low water.

Merits:

a. Most of these canals are perennial and provide water for irrigation whenever needed.

b. Canal water is rich in sediments brought down by rivers. These sediments add fertility to the fields.

Demerits:

a. Unless canals are lined, the canal water seeps into the soil and leads to the problem of water logging.

b. Large areas of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh suffer from the problem of 'reh’ or salts in the upper layers of the soil and makes large areas unfit for cultivation.

Q2. What are the main objectives of rainwater harvesting?

A2. The main objectives of rainwater harvesting are:

1. To meet the increasing demand for water,

2. Reduce surface run-off,

3. Avoid flooding of roads,

4. Raise the groundwater table by adding to by groundwater reserves,

5. Improve the quality of groundwater,

6. Reduce groundwater pollution,Reduce soil erosion etc.

Q3. Name and discuss any four methods of rain water harvesting.

A3. The basic principle of rainwater harvesting isessentially- catches water where it falls. It is alsoa technique of recharging of underground water. The four methods of rain water harvesting are:

Construction of Potholes, Groundwater Dams,

Well Recharging,

Preserving Lakes, Ponds and Tanks.

ECO-10, 02/07/20, Topic- Forms of Market

DIFFERENT FORMS OF MARKET STRUCTURE

On the above mentioned characteristics, we can classify different markets in the way as shown in the following chart

Market structure

Perfect Market Imperfect Market

Monopoly Monopolistic Oligopoly

Perfect Competition

Like any other market structure, Perfect Competition is defined on the basis of its features. Perfect Competition is a market structure in which there is a large number of buyers and sellers who transact homogeneous or similar goods at a price fixed by the market or industry. Here, industry is a group of firms producing similar goods.

Features of Perfect Competition:

Perfect Competition is characterized by:

1. Very Large number of buyers and sellers: In a perfectly competitive market, there is a very large number of buyers and sellers. For instance, if a single seller tries to raise the price, there is a large number of other sellers selling identical product at a lower price. Therefore, the demand for this particular firm decreases forcing it to come in line again with the industry determined price.

2. Homogeneous Product: The products offered by different firms are homogeneous in every respect so that the buyer does not have any basis to prefer the goods of one seller over the goods of another seller. The goods are identical in terms of quality, size, packing, and other terms of deal etc. This feature ensures the uniformity of the price throughout the market.

3. Firm is a Price Taker: The firm has to sell the goods at a price determined by the industry as the firm has no control over the price. The market or industry determines this price on the basis of market demand and market supply as shown in the figure. So industry is the price maker and firm is the price taker.

4. Free Entry and Exit: Under perfect competition firms are free to enter into the market or exit from the market at any point of time. This means that there is no obstruction from anywhere for a new firm to produce the same product produced by the existing firms in the market; similarly if a firm wishes to exit then it is free to do so.

5. Perfect Knowledge: This feature implies that both sellers and buyers have perfect knowledge about the goods and their prices so that it is not possible for a firm to charge a different price. It also ensures uniform price for the buyers and uniform cost function for the producers.

6. Perfect Mobility: The goods as well as the factors of production are perfectly mobile so that there is no restriction- legal or monetary (involving expenditure in movement of goods). This feature ensures that the price throughout the market tends to be uniform.

7. No Selling Costs: Selling costs are the costs aimed at promotion of sales of product of a firm, e.g. expenditure on advertisement of a product. In perfect competition, there is no need to incur selling cost because of assumption of perfect knowledge and homogeneous goods. This implies that if people have complete knowledge about the product, the seller does not find it necessary to educate consumers through adver