WBCs Related Diseases

8/3/2019 WBCs Related Diseases

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White blood cells, or leukocytes are cells of theimmune system involved in defending the body againstboth infectious disease and foreign materials. Fivedifferent and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they

are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell inthe bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.

The number of leukocytes in the blood is often anindicator of disease.

There are normally between 4109

and 1.11010

whiteblood cells in a litre of blood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system


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WBC

Disorders

Leukocytosis Leukopenia

Classification Of WBCs

Disorders


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Definition:

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an elevated

number of white cells in the blood

Neutrophillic

Lymphocytosis

Monocytosis

Eosinophilla

Basophillia


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Definition:

An abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells to

fewer than 5000 cells per cubic millimeter. The condition may

be caused by an adverse drug reaction, radiation poisoning,or pathologic conditions. One or all kinds of white blood cells

may be affected. The two most common forms of leukopenia

are .

Neutropenia

Lymphopenia


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Leukemia:

Definition: A progressive, malignant disease of the

blood-forming organs, marked by distorted

proliferation and development of leukocytes and their

precursors in the blood and bone marrow.

Acute ( Myeloid / Lymphoid )

Chronic ( Myeloid / Lymphoid )

Myeloma


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DEFINITION:A cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell

normally responsible for the production ofantibodies. Collections of abnormal cells

accumulate in bones, where they cause bonelesions (abnormal areas of tissue), and in the bonemarrow where they interfere with the production of

normal blood cells.


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RISK

FACTORS:

Age

Race

Gender

Family

history

MGUS


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Monoclonal Gammopathy of UndeterminedSignificances, is a benign condition in whichabnormal plasma cells make M proteins. Usually,there are no symptoms, and the abnormal level ofM protein.

M protein is a Virulence of bacteriumStreptococcus pyogenes. It is an abnormal protein

in blood or urine, often seen in MGUS.


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CAUSES:

Although the exactcause isn't known,

doctors do know thatmultiple myeloma

begins with one

abnormal plasma cellin your bone marrow,

the soft, blood-producing tissue that

fills in the center ofmost of your bones.This abnormal cell

then starts to multiply.


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The genetic abnormalities associated withmultiple myeloma include:

A defect related to chromosome 14 in whicha piece of one chromosome moves to adifferent chromosome (translocation)

Extra copies of certain chromosomes(hyperdiploidy)

An abnormality in which part or all ofchromosome 13 is missing


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Bone pain usually in back and ribs

Broken bones

Feeling weak and tired

Feeling thirsty Frequent urination

Frequent infections and fever

Weight loss

Abnormal bruising and bleeding.


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Doctors sometimes find multiple myeloma after

a routine blood test. More often, doctors

suspect multiple myeloma after an x-ray for a

broken bone. Usually though, patients go to thedoctor because they are having other

symptoms.


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Blood tests:

Multiple myeloma causes high levels of proteins in the

blood. The lab checks the levels of many different

proteins, including M protein and other immunoglobulins

(antibodies), albumin, and beta-2-microglobulin.

Myeloma may also cause anemia and low levels of white

blood cells and platelets. The lab does a complete blood

count to check the number of white blood cells, red blood

cells, and platelets.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24695http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9938http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9938http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9938http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9938http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24695


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The lab also checks for high levels of calcium.

To see how well the kidneys are working, the lab tests

for creatinine.


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The lab checks for Bence Jones protein inurine.The lab measures the amount of Bence

Jones protein in urine collected over a 24-hour

period.

X- RAYS:X-rays to check for broken or thinning bones. An

x-ray of your whole body can be done to seehow many bones could be damaged by the

myeloma.


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A biopsy is the only sure way to know whethermyeloma cells are in bone marrow.


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International Staging System Stage I: 2-microglobulin (2M)

= 3.5 g/dL

Stage II: 2M < 3.5 mg/L and albumin = 5.5 mg/L
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2-microglobulin


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Durie-Salmon staging systemstage I: all of

Hb > 10g/dL

normal calcium Skeletal survey: normal or single plasmacytoma

or osteoporosis

Serum paraprotein level < 5 g/dL if IgG, < 3 g/dL

if IgA Urinary light chain excretion < 4 g/24h

Stage II: fulfilling the criteria of neither I nor III


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stage III: one or more of Hb < 8.5g/dL

high calcium > 12 mg/dL

Skeletal survey: Three or more lytic bonelesions

Serum paraprotein > 7g/dL if IgG, > 5 g/dL ifIgA

Urinary light chain excretion > 12g/24h


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Stages I, II, and III of the Durie-Salmonstaging system can be divided into A or Bdepending on serum creatinine:

A: serum creatinine < 2 mg/dL (< 177 umol/L)

B: serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL (> 177 umol/L)


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People with multiple myeloma have manytreatment options. The options are watchfulwaiting,radiation therapy, induction therapy,and stem cell transplant.


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People with smoldering myeloma or Stage Imyeloma.

Regular checkups (such as every 3 months)

Receive treatment if symptoms occur.


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In radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy),high-energy rays are used todamage cancer cells and stop them fromgrowing and dividing.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13931http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13931


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1) Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy kills fast-growing myeloma cells, but the drug can alsoharm normal cells that divide rapidly.

2) Immunotherapy:This treatment stimulates theimmune system to fight multiple myeloma. The

two main drugs used are Thalomid(thalidomide)and Revlimid(lenalidomide). They help keepmultiple myeloma cells from reproducing withinbone marrow.

3) Steroids: Some steroids have antitumor effects.It is thought that steroids can trigger the deathof myeloma cells. A steroid may be used aloneor with other drugs to treat myeloma.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778


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Blood cells Hair loss Poor appetite Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Mouth and lip sores Dizziness

Drowsiness Tingling in hands or feet Low blood pressure


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1. Autologous stem cell transplant2. From a family member or other donor3. From your identical twin


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Thank you for your timeAny Questions

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