Diseases related to water- Ashwin

INTRODUCTION

bull WATER HAS A PROFUND INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH

bull THE FIRST PRIORITY MUST BE TO PROVIDE ACCESS FOR THE WHOLE POPULATION TO SOME FORM OF IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY

bull MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER IS IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING ILL-HEALTH IN PUBLIC

bull CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY IS GENERALLY OF LOWER IMPORTANCE AS THE IMPACT ON HEALTH TEND TO BE CHRONIC LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND TIME IS AVAILABLE TO TAKE REMEDIAL ACTION

EPIDEMIOLOGYbull WATER RELATED DISEASE PLACES AN EXCESSIVE

BURDEN ON POPULATION AND HEALTH SERVICES OF MANY COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE AND IN PARTICULAR THOSE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

bull IN INDIA SEVERAL HUNDRED DEATHS HAV BEEN REPORTED IN LAST THREE YEARS DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE AND CONTAMINATED WATER

bull A TOTAL OF 257 DEATH HAVE BEEN REPORTED DUE TO THESE DISEASES IN THE KARNATAKA DURING 2009 2010 2011 AMONG THE 2112308 CASES DETECTED

EPIDEMIOLOGYbull AMONG THESE 3 PEOPLE DIED OF CHOLERA OUT

OF 610 CASES DETECTED ANDRA PRADESH SAW 4 DEATHS OUT OF 715 CASES WHILE 2 DIED IN TAMIL NADU OUT OF 1308 CASES KERALA SAW 3 DEATHS OUT OF THE 81 CASES DETECTED

bull SIMILARLY ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASE TOOK 192 LIVES IN KARNATAKA WITH 1962271 CASES DETECTED WHILE ANDRA PRADESH TAMIL NADU AND KERALA SAW 424976 AND 6 PEOPLE DIED RESPECTIVELY DUE TO THE DISEASE

THE TABLE SHOWS ESTIMATES OF THE MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES OF SOME MAJOR WATER-

RELATED DISEASES WORLDWIDE (AFTER WHO 2005)

DISEASE CASES PER YEAR DEATHS PER YEAR (THOUSANDS) (THOUSANDS)

CHOLERA 384 11 THYPHOID 500 25 GIARDIASIS 500 LOW DIARRHOEAL DISEASES 1500000 4000 ASCARIASIS 1000 20 TRICHURIASIS 100 LOW ANCYLOSTOMA 1500 60 DRACUNCULIASIS gt 5000 - SCHISTOSOMIASIS 200000 800 TRACHOMA 360000 9000

Diseases Related to Water

Water-borne Diseases

Water-washed Diseases

Water-based Diseases

Water-related Diseases

WATER - BORNE DISEASES

bull Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement which contain pathogenic microorganisms

bull Include cholera typhoid amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal diseases as

bull Giardiasis (Protozoan)bull Cryptosporidiosis (Bacteria)bull Campylobacteriosis (Bacteria)bull Shigellosis (Bacteria)bull Viral Gastroenteritis (Virus)bull Cyclosporiasis (Parasite)


bull In addition water-borne disease can be caused by the pollution of water with chemicals that have an adverse effect on health

bull Arsenicbull Flouridebull Nitrates from fertilizersbull Carcinogenic pesticides (DDT)bull Lead (from pipes)bull Heavy Metals

WATER - WASHED DISEASES

bull Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water

bull These include scabies trachoma typhus and other flea lice and tick-borne diseases

WATER-BASED DISEASES

bull Diseases caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water

bull These include schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis

WATER-RELATED DISEASES

bull Water-related diseases are caused by insect vectors especially mosquitoes that breed or feed near contaminated water

bull They are not typically associated with lack of access to clean drinking water or sanitation services

bull These include dengue malaria filariasis onchocerciasis trypanosomiasis and yellow fever

The Problem

bull ~80 of infectious diseases bull gt 5 million people die each year bull gt 2 million die from water-related diarrhea alone bull Most of those dying are small children

Other Consequences

bull Lost work daysbull Missed educational

opportunitiesbull Official and

unofficial healthcare costs

bull Draining of family resources

REPORTS FROM WORLD HEALTH ORGANISAIONbull Has Reported That Water Born Diseases Kill more

people than any other disease in the Worldbull 11 billion people globally lack basic access to

drinking water resourcesbull Some 34 million people many of them young

children die each year from water-borne diseases such as intestinal diarrhea (cholera typhoid fever and dysentery) caused by microbially-contaminated water supplies that are linked to deficient or non-existent sanitation and sewage disposal facilities

bull Globally water-borne diseases are the second leading cause of death in children below the age of five years while childhood mortality rates from acute respiratory infections ranks first

bull While 24 billion people have inadequate sanitation facilities which accounts for many water related acute and chronic diseases

LIST OF WATER AND SANITATION RELATED DISEASES ACCORDING TO WHO

bull Anemiabull Arsenicosis bull Ascariasisbull Campylobacteriosis bull Cholera bull Cyanobacterial Toxinsbull Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever bull Diarrhea bull Drowningbull Fluorosisbull Guinea-Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis) bull Hepatitis

LIST OF WATER AND SANITATION RELATED DISEASES ACCODIND TO WHO

bull Japanese Encephalitis bull Lead Poisoning bull Leptospirosisbull Malaria bull Malnutrition bull Methaemoglobinemiabull Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) bull Ringworm (Tinea)bull Scabiesbull Schistosomiasis bull Spinal Injurybull Trachoma bull Typhoid and Paratyphoid Enteric Fevers

ASCARIASISbull Ascariasis is found worldwide Infection occurs with

greatest frequency in tropical and subtropical regionsand in any areas with inadequate sanitation

bull Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides a large roundworm The eggs of the worm are found in soil contaminated by human faeces or in uncooked food contaminated by soil containing eggs of the worm

bull Eating uncooked food grown in contaminated soil or irrigated with inadequately treated wastewater is another frequent avenue of infection

bull Ascariasis is one of the most common human parasitic infections

bull Worldwide severe Ascaris infections cause approximately 60000 deaths

SCABIES

bull Scabies is a contagious skin infection that spreads rapidly in crowded conditions and is found worldwide

bull Personal hygiene is an important preventive measure and access to adequate water supply is important in control

bull Epidemics have been linked to poverty poor water supply sanitation and overcrowding

bull There are about 300 million cases of scabies in the world each year

MALARIA

bull Malaria the worlds most important parasitic infectious disease is transmitted by mosquitoes which breed in fresh or occasionally brackish water

bull Malaria is among the five leading causes of death in under-5-year-old children in Africa

bull WHO estimates 300-500 million cases of malaria with over one million deaths each year

HEPATITIS

bull Hepatitis a broad term for inflammation of the liver has a number of infectious and non-infectious causes

bull Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through water and food hygiene is therefore important in their control

bull Hepatitis A and E viruses while unrelated to one another are both transmitted via the faecal-oral route

Most often through contaminated water From person to person Via food contaminated by infected

foodhandlersuncooked foods or foods handledafter cookingrdquo

TYPHOID

bull Typhoid fever is the result of systemic infection mainly by salmonella typhi

bull It occurs in all parts of the world where water supplies and sanitation are sub-standard

bull The disease is characterised by a typical continuous fever for 3 to 4 weeks relative bradycardia with involvement of lymphoid tissues

bull It is endemic in India Reported data for the year 2011 shows 106 million cases and 346 deaths The prevalance rate in India is 88 caseslac population and death rate is 0029lac population

CHOLERA

bull Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholera O1 (Classical or El Tor)

bull Cholera transmission is linked to inadequate environmental management Typical at-risk areas include peri-urban slums and in areas where as a consequence of disaster disruption of water and sanitation system takes place

bull It remains a global threat to public health and key indicator of lack of social development

bull Reported cases for 2011 alone a total of 589854 cases were notified from 58 countries including 7816 deaths

CASE MANAGEMENT

bull The key management of a patient who has a water borne infection is identifying the specific organism and instituting specific therapy appropriate for the organism

bull Supportive therapy includes 1 Monitoring the patientrsquos response to

therapy 2 Ensuring hydration and fluid balance 3 Continually observing for

complications and providing information to both the patient and family

CASE MANAGEMENTbull 1048766 Nursing intervention The goals of nursing

management are to give supportive care and to monitor for complications

1 ) Encourage high fluid intake 2 ) During the period of anorexia the patient

should receive frequent small feedings supplemented if necessary by IV infusion of glucose containing fluids

3 ) Encourage the patient to express fears worries

4 ) Skin care (perineal care) 5 ) Teach the patient about his or her specific

disease and therapeutic regimens She or he is instructed about personal hygiene and the maintenance of the home environment to prevent the spread of infection to other family member

CASE MANAGEMENT 6 ) Inform the family about the disease problem and

how they can seek additional health care 7 ) Patient and family need specific guidelines about

diet rest and follow up 8 ) In case of typhoid fever delirium is common in its

severest form The patient requires special support during this period Patient safety must be maintained with the use of side rails and other restraints

9 ) Tepid water sponges are administered for temperature over 400C

10 ) Observe for bladder distension 11 ) Monitoring for complications for example in

typhoid fever a dangerous complication is intestinal hemorrhage and perforation of the bowel with resultant peritonitis

12 ) Additionally hepatitis A will rarely progress to fulminate hepatitis terminating in cirrhosis or death

References

bull parkrsquos text book of preventive and social medicine

bull water borne diseases by yenisel cruzbull water borne diseases outbreak- case

studies at small water system by rob rin and megan marsel

bull water sanitation and hygiene interventions and diarrhoea- review by lora fewtrell and jack colford

bull water borne diseases- ethiopian health centre team haramaya university

Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5

THE TABLE SHOWS ESTIMATES OF THE MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES OF SOME MAJOR WATER-RELATED DISEASES WORLDWIDE (AFTER WHO 2005)


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences

REPORTS FROM WORLD HEALTH ORGANISAION



ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

EPIDEMIOLOGYbull WATER RELATED DISEASE PLACES AN EXCESSIVE

BURDEN ON POPULATION AND HEALTH SERVICES OF MANY COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE AND IN PARTICULAR THOSE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

bull IN INDIA SEVERAL HUNDRED DEATHS HAV BEEN REPORTED IN LAST THREE YEARS DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE AND CONTAMINATED WATER

bull A TOTAL OF 257 DEATH HAVE BEEN REPORTED DUE TO THESE DISEASES IN THE KARNATAKA DURING 2009 2010 2011 AMONG THE 2112308 CASES DETECTED






























The Problem


Other Consequences





















SCABIES





MALARIA




HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32






























The Problem


Other Consequences





















SCABIES





MALARIA




HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

Other Consequences





















SCABIES





MALARIA




HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

















SCABIES





MALARIA




HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

MALARIA




HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

HEPATITIS






TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

TYPHOID





CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

CHOLERA





CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

CASE MANAGEMENT




















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32
















References






Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

INTRODUCTION

Slide 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Slide 5



Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13


Slide 15


The Problem

Other Consequences




ASCARIASIS

SCABIES

MALARIA

HEPATITIS

TYPHOID

CHOLERA

CASE MANAGEMENT

Slide 29

Slide 30

References

Slide 32

Diseases related to water- Ashwin

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Diseases related to water- Ashwin