Water conservation Hang Bin Lim, Seo Yeon Choi, Young Seo Yoon

Introduction

• Of all the water present on earth 97.5% of it is not fit to drink.

• Only 2.5% of water is consumable, with one third frozen in the form of glaciers and polar ice.

• The water left for human use is roughly 1% of the total water present. 

Fig1. Water Conservation frombenefits-of-recycling.com

Issues• Southern Sri Lanca

▫ Dry areas are not improving

• Darfur▫ an isolated north-western province of Sudan with very low

rainfall 

• Kenya ▫ Water shortage for its population

• Zimbabwe▫ Water is needed to be conserved as waters are being wasted

• Peru ▫ Want to save water by agriculture

Water harvest-ing

Farming

Improved Toilets

Earth Dams

Wadis

Issues• Australia (Recent)

• Nepal

• Kenya

• Shaanxi Province, China

• Gansu Province, China

Grey Water

Issue – Shaanxi Province, China

• Shanxi's major industries▫ thermal power generation,

metallurgy and chemical industries

• 3 million tons of wastewater▫ two-thirds of it discharged

directly into local rivers without any treatment

• 26 rivers in Shanxi▫ nearly 81 percent were

rated Grade V or lower last year

Fig4. China Black water from chinahush.com

Intermittent slope Level Ditch

• Slope▫ below 25°

• Ditch▫ 13m apart along the contour▫ Width: 2m depth: 20cm

• Earth▫ Excavated▫ Depth: 1m

• Ridge▫ 0.7m wider than original slope▫ Surface bottom width: 1m▫ Top width: 0.5m

• Planting Trees▫ Fast growing, economical▫ 5m distance between

Fig5. Intermittent slope from fao.org

Evaluation• Effectively controls soil and water

lossAn area with 750 m/ha of constructed ditches can hold over 900 m3 soil and water each time

• Improve forest and grass growthThe refilled surface soil brings the fertility to normal top soil level, stores water and conserves soil

• Low labor and other costsOn an average, each hectare of slop-ing land needs only less than 150 la-bor days and 75 Yuan (9 U.S. dollars) for tree seedling or grass seeds.

• Productivity can reduce in the first 2-3 years

• Landscapes can change depending on the weather characteristicsThis will lead to soil erosion and fur-ther environmental damage

Fig6. Contoured Terracesfrom afe.easia.columbia.edu Back

Issues• Australia (Recent)

• Nepal

• Kenya

• Shaanxi Province, China

• Gansu Province, China

Grey Water

Issue – Gansu Province, China

• Technology used by people of Gansu Province

• Gansu Province▫ located in the semi-arid

and arid region with low rainfall and lack of water resources for irrigation

Fig7. Gansu Province Farming from arti-cle.wn.com

Paving Gravel on Sloping Lands

• Paving a certain thickness of gravel on the surface soil of the sloping land

• requirements of water for crop growth can be basi-cally met even under semi-arid and arid climatic con-ditions without irrigation

Fig8. Paving Gravel from fao.org

Evaluation• Store water• Reduce evaporation• Preserve fertility• Reduce sanitation and soil

loss• Gravel-covered farmland can

be paved once and used for 15 to 40 years without tillage

• Rainfall is generally concen-trated in July, August and Septemberagriculture production is not guaranteed without irrigation

Fig9. Gravel on Farm fromnorsemanshipyard.com

Conclusion

Thank you

Grey Water

• The implication of the more rapid decomposition of grey water pollutants is the quicker stabilization and therefore enhanced prevention of water pollution.▫ Decomposes very fast

Back

Problem in Kenya • Drought (to which 83% of

Kenya's land area is vul-nerable) also threaten po-tential productive agricul-tural lands

http://www.desdemonadespair.net/2010/03/drought-agriculture-and-pollution-are.html

Solution

-Installed drip irrigation to conserve water

http://www.gharainwater.org/photos-video-audio/

http://www.simplyhydro.com -

Benefit from drip irrigation

• More than 80,000 house-holds in the Kenya are set to benefit from a drip irri-gation program that will increase food production.

http://www.oneacrefund.org/blog/?m=201002

Back

Issue - Nepal

• Poor communities• Get a can of water from

mountain streams• Not enough water to drink

and water crops• Difficult paths: too steep Fig2. YouTube logo

from youtube.com/t/press.com

Multi Use Water System• Using the Power of Gravity

1. Water is carried from local spring

2. The source and intake box feeds

the water into the pipe system

3. The water is collected in two

tanks lined with soil-cement plas-

ter

4. The water is carried to public tap

stands to provide drinking water

5. Water is also fed to off-takes to

provide water for irrigating fields

How Land-scape method

Works

Evaluation• Families no longer have to make diffi-

cult journeys to riversprovide a family with over 1,000 liters of water a day

• People can grow crops for three sea-sons of the year instead of twoWith more water available for irrigation, many farmers now reap three harvests in-stead of two, allowing them to feed their families all year round

• No more having to choose between drinking and farmingPeople can choose both now

• Households also have enough water to meet their hygiene needsFamilies regained their health

• Expensive Initial Establishing CostThe cost might be too high for impoverished people that they cannot even start building one

• Destruction of Environment The paths of the mountain will be de-

stroyed

Fig3. Nepali mother and child frominf.org/gallery/nepali-people

Back

Farming • Training farmers in agricultural techniques – terracing and wadi (valley bot-

tom) cultivation -- which extend the range of crops they can grow and which make more efficient use of scarce water resources. Around 1000 women and men farmers are being trained per year, mainly by local extensionists

• Strengthening of the capacities of local village committees to manage and develop agricultural and water projects

• Construction of dams for rainwater harvesting, and training in dam con-struction, as well as improvement in the techniques of construction of tumad (shallow wells) in the wadis and the construction of haffirs (channels) for wa-ter supply

• Establishing several irrigated demonstration farms

• Introduction of donkey carts for transporting water – for household use, and other goods, reducing the time and drudgery, especially for women, in collect-ing water Back

Earth Dams

<Affects>• Earth dams can save thousands of litres of rain water

<How to build>• The dams take around three months of manual labour, often by the

women who farm, to complete.

Back

Wadis

<What is it>• Wadis are earth basins that form a water-saving bowl

<Affect>• Rainwater flows from the sides to the centre of each planting bed

<How does it work>• Each basin is surrounded by a ridge of earth about 15cm high. In flat

fields the basins are two metres square – they are smaller on sloping land. In fields with deep soil, farmers use a hoe to build up walls around each plot. Bac

k

Rain Water harvesting • Adopted in many areas

• Rain water catchment tanks - On roofs - Grounds - Buildings - Dams

• To have clean water, people from poor villages build certain water storage buildings

•  Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum an activity that played a key role in establishing, and which promoted rainwater harvesting activities throughout the country.

Back

Improved Toilets <Bio Latrines>• a dry toilet technology which reduces the demand for water

• includes a natural exhausting process so that the digester system never fills up to overflow

• The waste collected in the digester is processed using anaerobic digestion to make organic manure (suitable for use as fertiliser)As the waste biodegrades, the digester captures methane gas which is used for lighting and cooking

Improved Toilets

<Twin pit Latrine>• Easy to maintain the toilet • waste is sealed to remove pathogens before being composted and used as

manure• When one pit is full, it’s closed and the other is used• After a year, the first pit can be safely emptied and the contents used as

manure.Back

Works Cited List• "Farming Techniques for Water Conservation Farming Techniques for Water Conserva-

tion Farming Techniques for Water." Practical Action. 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.• "Improved Toilets | Water and Sanitation| Practical Action." Welcome to Practical Ac-

tion. 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://practicalaction.org/improved-toilets-3>.• "Rainwater Harvesting | Practical Action." Welcome to Practical Action. 23 Apr. 2012.

Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation/rainwater_harvesting>.

• " GREYWATER." Greywater Irrigation. 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.greywater.com/>.

• http://www.wvafrica.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=607:kenya-raising-hope-through-dry-land-agriculture-&catid=57:latest-news&Itemid=86

Works Cited List Frank, and Dixon. "Nepali People." International Nepal Fellowship. 2012. 23 Apr. 2012.

<http://www.inf.org/gallery/nepali-people>.

Key. "Amazing Pictures, Pollution in China | ChinaHush." ChinaHush. 21 Oct. 2009. eb. 23

Apr. 2012. <http://www.chinahush.com/2009/10/21/amazing-pictures-pollution-in-china/>.

 "Multiple Use Water Systems | Practical Action." Welcome to Practical Action. Reg Charity.

23 Apr. 2012. <http://practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation/multi-user-water-systems>.

 "Norsemen Shipyard History-built in 2000 on China Sea near Xiamen China for Building of

Marlow Yachts." Norsemen Marlow Shipyard, Ltd. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.norsemen-

shipyard.com/history.htm>.

Wu Deyi, Liu Xiaoying, San Sobei, Bi Zifieng, Leo Rongen, and Wen Yuhua. "Soil and Water

Conservation:." FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, for a

World without Hunger. Ed. Prem N. Sharma. Forestry Department. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.

<http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5670E/x5670e06.htm>.