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Wales

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This article is about the country. For other uses, seeWales (disambiguation).

Wales

Cymru

Flag

Motto: Cymru am byth(English: Wales for ever)

Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau(English: Land of my fathers)

Location of Wales (orange)

in the European continent (camel & white) in the United Kingdom (camel)

Capital(and largest city)

Cardiff (Caerdydd)

5129N 311W / 51.483N 3.183W /

51.483; -3.183
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Official languages Welsh, English

Demonym Welsh (Cymry)

Government Devolved Government in a Constitutionalmonarchy

- Monarch Elizabeth II- First Minister Carwyn JonesAM

-Prime Minister of theUnited Kingdom

David CameronMP

-Secretary of State (in the UKgovernment)

David JonesMP

LegislatureUK Parliament

and National Assembly for Wales

Unification

- by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn[1] 1057

Area

- Total 20,779 km2

8,022 sq mi

Population

- 2011 census 3,063,500

- Density 148/km2

381/sq mi

GDP (PPP)2006 (for national statistics)estimate

- Total US$85.4 billion

- Per capita US$30,546

Currency Pound sterling (GBP)

Time zone GMT (UTC0)

- Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)

Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (AD or CE)

Drives on the left

Calling code 44

Patron saint Saint David (Dewi Sant)

ISO 3166 code GB

Internet TLD .uk[nb 1]

Wales i/ welz/ (Welsh: Cymru; Welsh pronunciation:
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[ km.r ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom andthe island ofGreat Britain,[2]bordered by England to its east andthe Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It had a populationin 2011 of 3,064,000, and has a total area of 20,779

km2

(8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi)of coastline, and is largely mountainous, with itshighest peaks in the north and central areas,including Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit. Thecountry lies within the north temperate zone, and has achangeable, maritime climate.

Welsh national identity emerged among the CelticBritons after theRoman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is

regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations. Llywelyn apGruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion ofEdward Iof England's conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndr brieflyrestored independence to what was to becomemodern Wales, in the early 15th century. The wholeof Wales was annexed by England, and incorporatedwithin the English legal system, under the Laws in Wales Acts 15351542.Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century.

Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th centuryby Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth ofsocialism andthe Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over thecentury; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the WelshLanguage Society in 1962. Established under the Government of WalesAct 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for arange ofdevolved policy matters.

At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of themining and metallurgical industries transformed the countryfrom an agricultural society into an industrial nation;the south Wales coalfield's exploitation causing a rapidexpansion of Wales' population. Two-thirds of thepopulation now live in south Wales, mainly in and aroundCardiff (the capital), Swansea and Newport, and in the nearbyvalleys. Today, with the country's traditional extractive

and heavy industries either gone or in decline,Wales' economy depends on the public sector, light andservice industries, and tourism. Wales' 2010 Gross Value Added
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(GVA) was 45.5 billion (15,145 per head); 74.0 percent of the average for the UK total, the lowest GVAper head in Britain.

Although Wales shares a close political and social

history with the rest of Great Britain, and almosteveryone speaks English, the country has retained adistinct cultural identity and is officially bilingual. Over 580,000Welsh language speakers live in Wales, where it is spokenby a majority of the population in parts of the northand west. From the late 19th century onwards,Wales acquired its popular image as the "land ofsong", attributable in part to the eisteddfod

tradition. At international sporting events, such asthe FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games, Walesis represented by national teams, though at theOlympic Games, Welsh athletes compete as part of a GreatBritain team. Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identityand an expression of national consciousness.

See also: List of meanings of countries' names

Etymology of Wales

The English words "Wales" and "Welsh" derive fromthe same Germanic root (singular Walh, plural Walha),meaning a "foreigner", or "stranger", who had been"Romanised". The nglisc-speaking Anglo-Saxons used theterm Waelisc when referring to the CelticBritons, and

W alas when referring to their lands.

[3] The modernnames for some Continental European lands (e.g., Wallonia andWallachia) and peoples (e.g., the Vlachs via a borrowinginto Old Church Slavonic), have a similar etymology.[4] [5] [6] [7]

Historically in Britain, the words were not restricted tomodern Wales or to the Welsh but were used to referto anything that the Anglo-Saxons associated withthe Britons, including other non-Germanic territories

in Britain (e.g., Cornwall) and Germanic territoriesparticularly associated with Celtic Britons (e.g.,
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Walworth in County Durham and Walton in West Yorkshire),[8] as well asitems associated with non-Germanic Europeans(e.g., the walnut).

Etymology of CymruWikisource has original textrelated to this article:Moliant Cadwallon

The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry,and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales. Thesewords (both of which are pronounced [ km.r ] ) aredescended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning

"fellow-countrymen".[9] The use of the word Cymryasa self-designation derives from the post-Roman Erarelationship of the Welsh with the Brythonic-speaking peoples of northern England and southernScotland, the peoples of "Yr Hen Ogledd" (English: The OldNorth). It emphasised a perception that the Welshand the "Men of the North" were one people,exclusive of other peoples.[10] In particular, the term

was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, whoare of similar heritage, culture, and language toboth the Welsh and the Men of the North. The wordcame into use as a self-description probably beforethe 7th century.[11] It is attested in a praise poem toCadwallon ap Cadfan ("Moliant Cadwallon", by Afan Ferddig)c. 633.[12] In Welsh literature, the word Cymrywas usedthroughout the Middle Ages to describe the Welsh,

though the older, more generic term Brythoniaidcontinued to be used to describe any of the Britonnic

peoples (including the Welsh) and was the morecommon literary term until c. 1100. ThereafterCymryprevailed as a reference to the Welsh. Until c.1560 the word was spelt Cymry, regardless ofwhether it referred to the people or their homeland.[9]

The Latinised forms of these names, Cambrian, Cambricand Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative
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names for Wales, Welsh and the Welsh people. Examplesinclude the Cambrian Mountains (which cover most of Wales),the newspaper "Cambrian News", as well as theorganisations Cambrian Airways, Cambrian Railways, Cambrian Archaeological

Association and the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art. Outside Wales, arelated form survives as the name Cumbria in North WestEngland, which was once a part of "Yr Hen Ogledd". Thisform also appears at times in literary references,perhaps most notably in the pseudohistorical "Historia RegumBritanniae" ofGeoffrey of Monmouth, where the character ofCamberis described as the eponymous King of Cymru.

HistoryMain article: History of Wales

Prehistoric origins

See also: Prehistoric Wales

Bryn Celli Ddu, a late Neolithic chambered tomb onAnglesey

Wales has been inhabited by modern humans for at least29,000 years.[13] Continuous human habitation dates

from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and10,000 years before present (BP), when Mesolithichunter-gatherers from centralEurope began to migrate to Great Britain. At that timesea levels were much lower than today, and theshallower parts of what is now the North Sea were dryland. The east coast of present day England and thecoasts of present day Denmark, Germany and theNetherlands were connected by the former landmass

known as Doggerland, forming the British Peninsula onthe European mainland. Wales was free ofglaciers by about
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10,250 BP, the warmer climate allowing the area tobecome heavily wooded. The post-glacial rise in sealevel separated Wales and Ireland, forming the Irish Sea.Doggerland was submerged by the North Sea and,

by 8,000 BP, the British Peninsula had become anisland.[14] [15] By the beginning of the Neolithic (c. 6,000BP) sea levels in the Bristol Channel were still about 33feet (10 metres) lower than today.[16] [17] [18] John Davies hastheorised that the story ofCantre'r Gwaelod's drowning andtales in the Mabinogion, of the waters between Wales andIreland being narrower and shallower, may bedistant folk memories of this time.[19]

Neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenouspeople, gradually changing their lifestyles from anomadic life of hunting and gathering, to becomesettled farmers about 6,000 BP the Neolithic Revolution.[19][20] They cleared the forests to establish pasture andto cultivate the land, developed new technologiessuch as ceramics and textile production, and builtcromlechs such as Pentre Ifan, Bryn Celli Ddu and Parc Cwm long cairn

between about 5,500 BP and 5,800 BP.[21] [22] [23] [24] Incommon with people living all over Great Britain,over the following centuries the people living inwhat was to become known as Wales assimilatedimmigrants and exchanged ideas of the Bronze Age andIron AgeCeltic cultures. According to John T. Koch and others,Wales in the Late Bronze Age was part ofa maritime trading-networked culture that also included the other Celtic nations,

England, France, Spain and Portugal where Celtic languagesdeveloped.[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] By the time of the Roman invasion ofBritain the area of modern Wales had been dividedamong the tribes of the Deceangli, Ordovices, Cornovii, Demetae andSilures for centuries.[19]

Roman era

Main article: Wales in the Roman era
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The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 andtook 30 years to complete. Roman rule lasted over300 years. The campaigns of conquest are the mostwidely known feature of Wales during the Roman era, dueto the spirited, but ultimately unsuccessful, defenceof their homelands by two native tribes: the Silures andthe Ordovices. Roman rule in Wales was a militaryoccupation, save for the southern coastal region of

South Wales, east of the Gower Peninsula, where there is a legacyof Romanisation.[30] The only town in Wales foundedby the Romans, Caerwent, is in South Wales. BothCaerwent and Carmarthen, also in southern Wales,became Roman civitates.[31] Wales had a rich mineralwealth. The Romans used their engineeringtechnology toextract large amounts ofgold, copper and lead, as well asmodest amounts of some other metals such as zinc

and silver.[32] Roman economic development wasconcentrated in south-eastern Britain, and nosignificant industries located in Wales.[32] This waslargely a matter of circumstance, as Wales had noneof the necessary materials in suitable combination,and the forested, mountainous countryside was notamenable to industrialisation. Although Latinbecame the official language of Wales, the people

tended to continue to speak in Brythonic. WhileRomanisation was far from complete, the upper
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classes of Wales began to consider themselvesRoman, particularly after the ruling of 212 that grantedRoman citizenship to all free men throughout the Empire.[33]Further Roman influence came through the spread of

Christianity, which gained many followers afterChristians were allowed to worship freely in 313.[33]

Coin ofMagnus Maximus

Early historians, including the 6th century cleric Gildas,have noted 383 as a significant point in Welshhistory,[34] as it is stated in literature as thefoundation point of several medieval royaldynasties. In that year the Roman general Magnus Maximus,or Macsen Wledig, stripped all of western andnorthern Britain of troops and senior administrators,

to launch a successful bid for imperial power;continuing to rule Britain from Gaul as Emperor.[35] [36]Gildas, writing in about 540, says that Maximus leftBritain not only with all of its Roman troops, but alsowith all of its armed bands, governors, and theflower of its youth, never to return. Having left withthe troops and Roman administrators, and planningto continue as the ruler of Britain in the future, his

practical course was to transfer local authority tolocal rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies giveMaximus the role of founding father for several royaldynasties, including those ofPowys and Gwent.[37] [38] It wasthis transfer of power that has given rise to thebelief that he was the father of the Welsh Nation.[34]He is given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on thePillar of Eliseg, erected nearly 500 years after he left

Britain, and he figures in lists of the Fifteen Tribes of Wales.[39]
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Post-Roman era

See also: Sub-Roman Britain

Britain in AD 500: The areas shaded pink on the mapwere inhabited by the CelticBritons, here labelled Welsh.The pale blue areas in the east were controlled byGermanic tribes, whilst the pale green areas to the northwere inhabited by the Gaels and Picts.

The 400 years following the collapse of Roman ruleis the most difficult to interpret in the history ofWales.[33] After the Roman departure from Britain in AD 410, muchof the lowlands of Britain to the east and south-eastwere overrun by various Germanic peoples. Before extensive

studies of the distribution ofR1b Y-DNA subclades, someused to maintain that native Britons were displaced bythe invaders.[40] This idea has been discarded in theface of evidence that the population has, mainly, atlatest Hallstatt era origins, but probably late Neolithic, or atearliest Mesolithic origins with little contribution fromAnglo-Saxon source areas.[41] However, by AD 500,the land that would become Wales had divided into a

number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule.[33]The kingdoms ofGwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Seisyllg, Morgannwg andGwent emerged as independent Welsh successor states.[33]
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Archaeological evidence, in the Low Countries andwhat was to become England, shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between500 to 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles.

[42] John Davies notes this as consistent with the Britishvictory at Badon Hill, attributed to Arthur by Nennius.[42] Thistenacious survival by the Romano-Britons and theirdescendants in the western kingdoms was tobecome the foundation of what we now know asWales. With the loss of the lowlands, England'skingdoms ofMercia and Northumbria, and later Wessex,wrestled with Powys, Gwent and Gwynedd to define

the frontier between the two peoples.Having lost much of what is now the West Midlands toMercia in the 6th and early 7th centuries, aresurgent late-seventh-century Powys checkedMercian advancement. Aethelbald of Mercia, looking todefend recently acquired lands, had built Wat's Dyke.According to John Davies, this endeavour may have beenwith Powys king Elisedd ap Gwylog's own agreement,

however, for this boundary, extending north fromthe valley of the River Severn to the Dee estuary, gaveOswestry to Powys.[43] Another theory, after carbondating placed the dyke's existence 300 years earlier,is that it may have been built by the post-Romanrulers ofWroxeter.[44] King Offa of Mercia seems to havecontinued this consultative initiative when hecreated a larger earthwork, now known as Offa's Dyke

(Clawdd Offa). Davies wrote ofCyril Fox's study of Offa'sDyke: "In the planning of it, there was a degree ofconsultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent. Onthe Long Mountain near Trelystan, the dyke veers tothe east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands ofthe Welsh; near Rhiwabon, it was designed toensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possessionof the Fortress of Penygadden." And, for Gwent, Offa

had the dyke built "on the eastern crest of thegorge, clearly with the intention of recognizing that
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the River Wye and its traffic belonged to the kingdom ofGwent."[43] However, Fox's interpretations of both thelength and purpose of the Dyke have beenquestioned by more recent research.[45] Offa's Dyke

largely remained the frontier between the Welsh andEnglish, though the Welsh would recover by the 12thcentury the area between the Dee (Afon Dyfrdwy),and the Conwy known then as Y Berfeddwlad. By theeighth century, the eastern borders with the Anglo-Saxonshad broadly been set.

In 853 the Vikings raided Anglesey, but in 856 Rhodri Mawrdefeated and killed their leader, Gorm.[46] The Britons

of Wales later made their peace with the Vikings andAnarawd ap Rhodri allied with the Norsemen occupyingNorthumbria to conquer the north.[47] This alliancelater broke down and Anarawd came to anagreement with Alfred, king ofWessex, with whom hefought against the west Welsh. According toAnnalesCambriae, in 894, "Anarawd came with the Anglesand laid waste Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi."[48]

Medieval Wales

North Wales Principalities, 126776See also: Norman invasion of Wales and Wales in the Late Middle Ages

The southern and eastern parts of Great Britain lostto English settlement became known in Welsh asLloegyr(Modern Welsh Lloegr), which may havereferred to the kingdom of Mercia originally, and

which came to refer to England as a whole.[nb 2] TheGermanic tribes who now dominated these lands
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were invariably called Saeson, meaning "Saxons". TheAnglo-Saxons called the Romano-British 'Walha',meaning 'Romanised foreigner' or 'stranger'.[49] TheWelsh continued to call themselves Brythoniaid

(Brythons or Britons) well into the Middle Ages, thoughthe first written evidence of the use ofCymru and yCymryis found in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan(Moliant Cadwallon, by Afan Ferddig) c. 633.[5] In ArmesPrydain, believed to be written around 930942, thewords Cymryand Cymro are used as often as 15times.[50] However, from the Anglo-Saxon settlementonwards, the people gradually begin to adopt the

name Cymryover Brythoniad.[51]

Dolwyddelan Castle built by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in the early 13thcentury to watch over one of the valley routes intoGwynedd

From 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriagesled to Rhodri Mawr's (r. 84477) inheritance ofGwynedd andPowys. His sons in turn would found three principaldynasties (Aberffraw for Gwynedd, Dinefwr for Deheubarth, and

Mathrafal for Powys). Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda (r. 90050) founded Deheubarth out of his maternal andpaternal inheritances ofDyfed and Seisyllwg in 930, oustedthe Aberffraw dynasty from Gwynedd and Powys, andthen codified Welsh law in the 940s.[52]Maredudd ab Owain (r.98699) of Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) would,(again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line fromcontrol of Gwynedd and Powys.

Maredudd's great-grandson (through his daughterPrincess Angharad) Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 103963) would
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conquer his cousins' realms from his base in Powys,and even extend his authority into England.Historian John Davies states that Gruffydd was "the onlyWelsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of

Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship ofGruffudd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years,Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neitherprecedent nor successor."[1]Owain Gwynedd (110070) ofthe Aberffraw line was the first Welsh ruler to usethe titleprinceps Wallensium (prince of the Welsh),a title of substance given his victory on the Berwyn

Mountains, according to John Davies.[53]

Sculpture ofOwain Glyndr (c. 1354 or 1359 c. 1416) atCardiff City Hall

Within four years of the Battle of Hastings England had beencompletely subjugated by the Normans.[1]William I of England established aseries of lordships, allocated to his most powerfulwarriors along the Welsh border, the boundariesfixed only to the east.[54] This frontier region, andany English-held lordships in Wales, became knownas Marchia Wallie, the Welsh Marches, in which the Marcher Lordswere subject to neither English nor Welsh law.[55] The area ofthe March varied as the fortunes of the MarcherLords and the Welsh princes ebbed and flowed.[56]The March of Wales, which existed for over 450years, was abolished under the Acts of Union in 1536.[55]
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Owain Gwynedd's grandson Llywelyn Fawr (the Great,11731240), wrested concessions out of the Magna Cartain 1215 and receiving the fealty of other Welsh lords in1216 at the council at Aberdyfi, became the first Prince of

Wales.[57] His grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffydd also secured therecognition of the title Prince of Wales from Henry IIIwith the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267.[58] Later however, asuccession of disputes, including the imprisonmentof Llywelyn's wife Eleanor, daughter ofSimon de Montfort,culminated in the first invasion by King Edward I of England.[59]As a result of military defeat, the Treaty of Aberconwyexacted Llywelyn's fealty to England in 1277.[59]

Peace was short lived and, with the 1282 Edwardian conquest,the rule of the Welsh princes permanently ended.With Llywelyn's death and his brother prince Dafydd'sexecution, the few remaining Welsh lords did homage fortheir lands to Edward I. Llywelyn's head was carriedthrough London on a spear; his baby daughter Gwenllianwas locked in the priory at Sempringham, where sheremained until her death 54 years later.[60]

Caernarfon Castle

To help maintain his dominance, Edward constructeda series of great stone castles. Beaumaris, Caernarfon andConwy. His son, the future King Edward II of England, was born atEdward's new castle at Caernarfon in 1284.[61] He becamethe first English Prince of Wales, not as an infant, but in1301. The apocryphal story that Edward tricked theWelsh by offering them a Welsh-born Prince whocould speak no English was first recorded in 1584.[62]

The title also provided an income from the northwest part of Wales known as the Principality of Wales, until
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the Act of Union (1536), after which the termprincipality, when used, was associated with thewhole of Wales.[63] [64] [65] After the failed revolt in129495 ofMadog ap Llywelyn who styled himself Prince of

Wales in the so-called Penmachno Document there was nomajor uprising until that led by Owain Glyndr a centurylater, against Henry IV of England. In 1404, Owain wasreputedly crowned Prince of Wales in the presenceof emissaries from France, Spain and Scotland.[66]Glynd r went on to hold parliamentary assembliesat several Welsh towns, including Machynlleth. Therebellion was ultimately to founder, however, and

Owain went into hiding in 1412, with peace beingessentially restored in Wales by 1415. Although theEnglish conquest of Wales took place under the 1284Statute of Rhuddlan, a formal Union did not occur until 1536,[64] shortly after which Welsh law, which continued tobe used in Wales after the conquest, was fullyreplaced by English law, under what would becomeknown as the Act of Union.[67]

Industrial Wales

See also: Glamorgan, and Lower Swansea valley

Dowlais Ironworks by George Childs (1840)

Prior to the British Industrial Revolution, which saw a rapideconomic expansion between 1750 and 1850, therewere signs of small-scale industries scatteredthroughout Wales.[68] These ranged from industriesconnected to agriculture, such as milling and the

manufacture of woollen textiles, through to miningand quarrying.[68] Until the Industrial Revolution,
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Wales had always been reliant on its agriculturaloutput for its wealth and employment and theearliest industrial businesses were small scale andlocalised in manner.[68] The emerging industrial

period commenced around the development ofcopper smelting in the Swansea area. With access tolocal coal deposits and a harbour that could takeadvantage of Cornwall's copper mines and thecopper deposits being extracted from the thenlargest copper mine in the world at Parys Mountain onAnglesey, Swansea developed into the world's majorcentre for non-ferrous metal smelting in the 19th

century.[68] The second metal industry to expand inWales was iron smelting, and iron manufacturingbecame prevalent in both the north and the south ofthe country.[69] In the north of Wales, John Wilkinson'sIronworks at Bersham was a significant industry, while inthe south, a second world centre of metallurgy wasfounded in Merthyr Tydfil, where the four ironworks ofDowlais, Cyfarthfa, Plymouth and Penydarren became the most

significant hub of iron manufacture in Wales.[69] Inthe 1820s, south Wales alone accounted for 40% ofall pig iron manufactured in Britain.[69]

In the late 18th century, slate quarrying began toexpand rapidly, most notably in north Wales. Themost notable site, opened in 1770 by Richard Pennant, isPenrhyn Quarry which, by the late 19th century, wasemploying 15,000 men;[70] and along with Dinorwic Quarry,

dominated the Welsh slate trade. Although slatequarrying has been described as 'the most Welsh ofWelsh industries',[71] it is coal mining which hasbecome the single industry synonymous with Walesand its people. Initially, coal seams were exploitedto provide energy for local metal industries but, withthe opening of canal systems and later the railways,Welsh coal mining saw a boom in its demand. As the

south Wales coalfield was exploited, mainly in the uplandvalleys around Aberdare and later the Rhondda, the ports of
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Swansea, Cardiff and later Penarth, grew into worldexporters of coal and, with them, came a populationboom. By its height in 1913, Wales was producingalmost 61 million tons of coal. As well as in South

Wales, there was also a significant coalfield in thenorth-east of the country, particularly aroundWrexham.[72] As Wales was reliant on the productionof capital goods rather than consumer goods, itpossessed few of the skilled craftspeople andartisans found in the workshops of Birmingham orSheffield in England and had few factories producingfinished goods a key feature of most regions

associated with the Industrial Revolution.[69]However, there is increasing support that theindustrial revolution was reliant on harnessing theenergy and materials provided by Wales and, in thatsense, Wales was of central importance.[69]

Modern Wales

Battle at Mametz Woodby Christopher Williams (1918)

Historian Kenneth Morgan described Wales on the eve ofthe First World War as a "relatively placid, self-confident,and successful nation". Output from the coalfieldscontinued to increase, with the Rhondda Valleyrecording a peak of 9.6 million tons of coal extractedin 1913.[73] The outbreak of the First World War(19141918) saw Wales, as part of the United

Kingdom, enter hostilities with Germany. A total of272,924 Welshmen served in the war, representing21.5% of the male population.[74] Of these, roughly
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35,000 were killed.[74] The two most notable battlesof the War to include Welsh forces were those at Mametz Woodon the Somme and Third Ypres.[75]

The first quarter of the 20th century also saw a shift

in the political landscape of Wales. Since 1865, theLiberal Party had held a parliamentary majority in Walesand, following the general election of 1906, only one non-Liberal Member of Parliament, Keir Hardie ofMerthyr Tydfil,represented a Welsh constituency in Westminster.[76]Yet by 1906, industrial dissension and politicalmilitancy had begun to undermine Liberal consensusin the Southern coalfields.[76] In 1916, David Lloyd George

became the first Welshman to become PrimeMinister of Britain when he was made head of the 1916coalition government.[77] In December 1918, Lloyd George wasre-elected at the head of a Conservative-dominatedcoalition government, and his poor handling of the1919 coalminers' strike was a key factor indestroying support for the Liberal party in southWales.[78] The industrial workers of Wales began

shifting towards a new political organisation,established by Hardie and others to ensure anelected representation for the working class, andnow called the Labour party.[79] When in 1908 theMiners' Federation of Great Britain became affiliated to the LabourParty the four Labour candidates sponsored byminers were all elected as MPs.[79] By 1922, half ofthe Welsh seats in Westminster were held by Labour

politicians, which was the beginning of a Labourhegemony which would dominate Wales into the21st century.[79]

Despite economic growth in the first two decades ofthe 20th century, from the early 1920s to the late1930s, Wales' staple industries endured a prolongedslump, leading to widespread unemployment andpoverty in the South Wales valleys.[80] For the firsttime in centuries, the population of Wales went intodecline; the scourge of unemployment only relented
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with the production demands of the Second World War.[81]The Second World War (19391945) saw Welshservicemen and women fight in all the majortheatres of war, with some 15,000 of them killed.[82]

Bombing raids brought major loss of life as the GermanAir Force targeted the docks at Swansea, Cardiff and Pembroke.[82]After 1943, 10% of Welsh conscripts aged 18 weresent to work in the coal mines to rectify labourshortages; they became known as Bevin Boys.[82]Pacifistnumbers during both World Wars were fairly low,especially in the Second World War, which was seenas a fight against fascism.[82] Of the political parties

active in Wales, only Plaid Cymru advocated a neutralstance, on the grounds that it was an 'imperialistwar'.[82]

Unofficial graffiti memorial to Capel Celyn, Tryweryn(Remember Tryweryn) at Llanrhystud, nearAberystwyth[83]

The 20th century saw a revival in Welsh nationalfeeling. Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925, seeking

greater autonomy or independence from the rest ofthe UK.[84] In 1955, the term England and Wales becamecommon for describing the area to which English lawapplied, and Cardiff was proclaimed as capital city ofWales. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (The WelshLanguage Society) was formed in 1962, in responseto fears that the language may soon die out.[85]Nationalist sentiment grew following the flooding of

the Tryweryn valley in 1965 to create a reservoir supplyingwater to the English city ofLiverpool.[86] Despite 35 of
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the 36 Welsh Members of Parliament voting againstthe bill, with the other abstaining, Parliament stillpassed the bill and the village ofCapel Celyn wassubmerged, highlighting Wales' powerlessness in

her own affairs in the face of the numericalsuperiority of English MPs in the WestminsterParliament.[87] Both the Free Wales Army and Mudiad

Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement,abbreviated as MAC) were formed as a direct resultof the Tryweryn destruction, conducting campaignsfrom 1963.[88] In the years leading up to theinvestiture ofPrince Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969,

these groups were responsible for a number of bombblastsdestroying water pipes, tax and otheroffices, and part of the dam at the new Clywedog reservoirproject in Montgomeryshire; being built to supplywater to the English Midlands.[89] [90] In 1966 theCarmarthen Parliamentary seat was won by Gwynfor Evans at a by-election, Plaid Cymru's first Parliamentary seat.[91] Inthe following year, the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 was repealed

and a legal definition of Wales and of the boundarywith England was stated.

By the end of the 1960s, the regional policy ofbringing firms into disadvantaged areas of Walesthrough financial incentives, had proven verysuccessful in diversifying the once industriallandscape.[92] This policy, begun in 1934, wasenhanced by the construction ofindustrial estates and

improving transport communications,[92] mostnotably the M4 motorway linking Wales directly to London.There was a belief that the foundations for stableeconomic growth had been firmly established inWales during this period; but these views wereshown to be wildly optimistic after the recession of the early1980s saw the collapse of much of the manufacturingbase that had been built over the preceding forty

years.[93]

The first referendum, in 1979, in which the Welsh
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electorate voted on the creation of an assembly forWales resulted in a large majority for the "no" vote.[94] However, in 1997, a referendum on the sameissue secured a "yes", although by a very narrow

majority.[94] The National Assembly for Wales (CynulliadCenedlaethol Cymru) was set up in 1999 (as aconsequence of the Government of Wales Act 1998) and possessesthe power to determine how the central governmentbudget for Wales is spent and administered,although the UK parliament reserves the right to setlimits on the powers of the Welsh Assembly.

The governments of the United Kingdom and of

Wales almost invariably define Wales as a country.[95][96] The Welsh Assembly Government says: "Wales isnot a Principality. Although we are joined withEngland by land, and we are part of Great Britain,Wales is a country in its own right."[97] The titlePrince of Wales is still conferred on the heir apparent tothe British throne, currently Prince Charles. However thePrince of Wales has no constitutional role in modern

Wales.[98] According to the Welsh AssemblyGovernment: "Our Prince of Wales at the moment isPrince Charles, who is the present heir to thethrone. But he does not have a role in thegovernance of Wales, even though his title mightsuggest that he does."[97]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of WalesSee also: Politics of the United Kingdom and National Assembly for Wales election,2007
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Royal Badge of Wales, used by the National Assembly

Wales is a country that is part of the UnitedKingdom.[2] [99] Constitutionally, the UK is a de jure,unitary state, its parliament and government in Westminster. Inthe House of Commons the lower house of the UKgovernment Wales is represented by 40 MPs (of 650)from Welsh constituencies. Labour MPs hold 26 of the 40 seats,the Liberal Democrats hold three seats, Plaid Cymru, three andthe Conservatives, eight. A Secretary of State for Wales sits in the UK cabinetand is responsible for representing matterspertaining to Wales. The Wales Office is a department ofthe United Kingdom government, responsible forWales. Cheryl Gillan has been Secretary of State for Walessince 12 May 2010, replacing Peter Hain of the previousLabour administration. Gillan was appointed to thenew Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition Westminster governmentfollowing the United Kingdom general election of 2010.[100]

Referendums held in Wales and Scotland in 1997 chose

to establish a form of self-government in bothcountries. In Wales, the consequent process ofdevolutionbegan wi

wales project2

Documents

Transcript of wales project2