VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES · VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES POST-TENSIONING...

VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES

POST-TENSIONING

ENGINEERING

HEAVY LIFTING

FORMWORK

REPAIR AND

STRENGTHENING

Plaq LNG:Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 13:01 Page1

2 V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S

VSL: a worldwide networkVSL’s construction systems have been usedthroughout the world since 1956 and aretechnically proven, earning a well-deservedreputation for safety, quality, reliability andexperience. This has led to VSL beingrecognised as an international leader in thefield of specialist construction systems andengineering methods.

The VSL network, with profit centresestablished in over 35 countries, is workingclosely with partners and clients from theinitial stage all the way through to thesuccessful completion of the project utilising‘Swiss’ quality partnered with local knowledgeto offer the most efficient construction solutions.

VSL’s services in LPG and LNGcontainment structures• Post-tensioning• Engineering• Heavy lifting• Formwork• Repair and strengthening

VSL: KNOW-HOW TO BUILD ONLeader in specialist construction

For projects, both large and small, VSL’sengineers and technicians have made it theirgoal to identify and resolve potential problemsin order to ensure projects are carried outsmoothly and efficiently.

VSL’s project staff, working together with VSL’shigh-tech Research and Development department,aims to constantly refine, improve and expand thescope of VSL’s systems and services.

With active members of technical committees,such as fib & PTI, and a global network ofextensively trained engineers and specialists, VSLis able to stay ahead of the ever changingdemands of the industry so as to providethe highest level of technical supportto projects and clients.

VSL: guided by a strong QSE cultureVSL’s leadership is based on a rigorous andcommitted quality culture. The QSE (Quality,Safety, Environment) policy represents a majorfocus for any service provided with the aim tocontinuously improve performance. In the VSLculture, the company’s employees are vitallyimportant and VSL is committed to maintainthe highest level of client satisfaction andsafety of its people.

Changing the way we do businessFor VSL, sustainable development (SD) meansstriking a balance in its development modelbetween the economic profitability of itsbusinesses and their social and environmentalimpact. That commitment is formalised intothe VSL SD program which focuses on safety,use of fewer scarce materials and less energy

and production of less pollutionand waste.

Ras Laffan LNG, Qatar - 1996

Barge N’Kossa, France - 1997

Tokyo LNG, Japan - 1993

Taichung LNG, Taiwan - 2005

Sines LNG, Portugal - 2002


V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S 3

Cost-effective and easy to maintainStorage of the liquefied gas isprovided by two elements:• The primary or inner containment of

the tank, to meet the extremedemands of cryogenic conditions (inthe case of LNG), are typicallyconstructed of high nickel contentsteel, aluminium, stainless steel orin some cases post-tensionedconcrete and must be able toindependently withstand thehydrostatic load of the liquid.

• The secondary or outer containmentis most commonly constructed frompost-tensioned concrete and isdesigned to withstand abnormalloads of external origin as well asretaining the liquid and vapoursshould there be a fracture of theprimary containment.

Markets worldwide need more energyThe world’s energy consumption isprojected to increase considerablyover the next 30 years with fossil fuelscontinuing to cover the majority of theworld’s energy needs.

The global demand for gas will continueto grow and countries with a domesticsurplus of natural gas may look toconvert the gas into liquefied naturalgas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) which is subsequently containedin specially developed storage tanksand shipped to areas where naturalgas is required.

LNG is composed primarily ofmethane (86% to 99%) which, whencooled to -165°C, condenses to a liquid at atmospheric pressure(liquefaction) reducing the volume byapproximately 625 times. The resultingcryogenic liquid is odourless, non-corrosive and non-toxic.

LPG is composed mainly of propane and/or butane and liquefies at highertemperatures than LNG and iscontained at temperatures below -50°C so as to condense it into aliquid reducing the volume by a factorof roughly 250 times. A powerful odorantof ethanethiol is added to the mixtureso as to detect leaks of the gas.

LNG AND LPG APPLICATIONSDouble-walled tanks with post-tensioned concrete

Gas Field Liquefactionfacility

Storagetank

Storagetank

Shipping Regasificationplant

Gas Utilities

secondary enclosure, self supporting

in prestressed concrete

primary enclosure, self supporting

9% nickel steel tank

suspended ceilingwith insulation

bottom insulation

reinforcedconcrete roof steel lining

concrete foundation

insulation of internalsecondary enclosure

piles

heatingelement

Dahej LNG, India - 2003

Fujian LNG, China- 2006

Processing liquified gas

The above ground tank is the most commonly used method for storage of LNG and LPG.


the leak tightness enabling the secondarycontainment to contain the liquefied gas incase of failure of the primary containment. Italso leads to improved durability againstcorrosion of the structure.

VSL technology is based upon the principle ofpost-tensioning where the prestressing force ispermanently introduced into the structure oncethe concrete has hardened via the stressing ofhigh-strength prestressing tendons.

Through the constant refinement of VSL’stechnology from over 50 years within theindustry, VSL’s Post-tensioning systemscomplies with the requirements of national andinternational standards as well as the specificneeds of each individual project.


VSL POST-TENSIONING AND ANCHORAGE SThe most efficient structural solution for LNG and LPG a

Thinner wallsPost-tensioned concrete is typically chosen forthe secondary containment to allow a thinnerwall than conventionally reinforced concrete. The reduced crack width achieved with post-tensioned concrete leads to an improvement in

AF anchorages

Vertical stressingStressing at the buttresses

L anchorages

*ETAG: European TechnicalApproval Guidelines

Extensive experienceVSL is recognised as an internationalleader in LNG and LPG tank construction.

Versatility5 different types of anchorages to suit

varying project requirements

EnhancedefficiencyImproved forcedistributionwith VSL’s PTPLUS® ducts

Full encapsulationGreater tendon corrosionprotection Unique AF Anchorage

Allows vertical tendons without therequirement for a stressing gallery

CompliantwithinternationalstandardsPost-tensioningsystemscompliant with ETAG* 013requirements andhave been testedunder cryogenicconditions


E Anchorage: This stressing anchoragecomprises of a machined steel bearing-plate with a steel trumpet and a machinedsteel anchor-head. The E Anchorage wasthe first of VSL’s anchorages to beconfirmed for cryogenic applications.


E SYSTEMSG applications

CS Anchorage: Developed for increased fatigueand corrosion resistance, VSL’s high performancestressing anchorage comprises of a cast ironbearing-plate and a machined steel anchorhead. The anchorage can be supplied with fullencapsulation if greater corrosion protection isrequired.

AF Anchorage: A unique VSL design for thelower non-stressing anchorage of the verticaltendons where access to the underside of thetank is not possible. It is made of cast iron andis another of VSL’s new generation of anchorages.The strands, equipped with compression fittings,are installed one-by-one, the first-stage groutingof the anchorage (using VSL’s high performanceAF Anchorage grout with a compressive strengthin excess of 100 MPa) is carried out, the tendonis stressed and finally the free length of the tendon is grouted.

L Anchorage: Also referred to as the‘U’ tube, this non-stressing anchorageis used for the vertical tendons wherethe bottom end is not accessible. Thebent rigid pipe allows for the strandsto be installed after concreting of astructure with stressing from thestressing anchorages located at theopposite extremities of the tendonwhich in most cases is at the top of the wall.

In addition to the standard steel spiralducting, VSL offers the PT-PLUS® highresistance plastic duct with improvedcorrosion protection and also betterforce distribution along the tendon’slength as a result of the reducedfriction coefficient.

Please refer to the VSL Post-tensioning solutions brochure for further details.

GC Anchorage: This compact and easy tohandle stressing anchorage with a cast ironbearing-plate and machined steel anchor-headhas been successfully tested and confirmed for cryogenic applications. The GC Anchorage, VSL’s new generation of anchorage, replaces the extensively used EC Anchorage.



VSL: COMMITTED TO QUALITYFit for cryogenic applications andenhanced durability VSL’s Research & Development department hastested anchorages under cryogenical conditionsto ensure the material performs as required atextreme temperatures in the unlikely event of a failure of the primary containment. This hasinvolved the full scale testing of various tendonassemblies at extreme temperature conditionsto assess the potential failure modes. VSL’s E Anchorage, as well as the new generation GC Anchorage, have both been successfullytested and confirmed for cryogenic applications.

Grouting - the critical final step Through many years of experience, VSL stressesthe importance of high quality grouting toensure the long term durability of a post-tensioned tendon. Under the trademark VSL-HPI® (High Performance Injection), VSL hasdeveloped a full process dedicated to improvingthe quality of grouting activities on site: thelocally available grout constituents are checkedfor their compatibility and the grout mix isdesigned and optimised for stable, low bleedgrouts so as to ensure the complete filling ofthe ducts in order to provide a fully alkalineenvironment for the steel materials.

Where there are potential fluctuations in localcement and/or grout admixtures quality, VSLhas also developed the VSL-HPI® pre-baggedhigh-performance grout mix which satisfies all

VSL Academy – World’s first post-tensioning training centerTo ensure the highest level of know-how andquality control in all countries, VSL has made astrategic decision to formalise and standardisethe training of all it’s foreman, supervisors andsite managers at a centralised facility.

The VSL Academy integrates VSL’s world-widetechnical knowledge so as to provide eachtrainee with proven expertise with regards toVSL’s Post-tensioning systems. The experttrainers provide theoretical and practicalsessions for all trainees. VSL Academy providesspecific training spread over three stages, all inaccordance with international recommendationsfor qualification and training of personnel inspecialist post-tensioning companies.

The VSL Academy represents a major step inensuring a consistent approach and a widersharing of post-tensioning best practice.

standard tests for bleed, flow time, strengthand volume change as well as the morestringent requirements of the inclined tube test,wick induced bleed test, mud balance test andstability of flow time, ensuring a consistentlyhigh standard of grout.

Cooling of dead-end anchoring

VSL Academy

R&D in Subingen, Switzerland

VSL-HPI® grouts: a package to guarantee the quality of grouting

VSL Academy



Huelva, Spain - 1989

Dabhol, India - 1999

Cartagena, Spain - 1998

Pyong Taek LNG, Korea - 1996

LPG Project, Middle East - 2006

Hazira LNG Tank, India - 2003

Fujian LNG, China - 2006

Damietta LNG, Egypt - 2005

Dragon LNG, UK - 2007

Ground anchors

GROUND ENGINEERING

VSoL® walls

D-walls & Piles

Groundimprovement

Buildings

Slab on grade

Containment structures

Bridges

Special structures

CONSTRUCTION

Formwork & Equipment

Heavy lifting

REPAIR, STRENGTHENING & PRESERVATION

Repair &Strengthening

Protection & Preservation

Structural diagnostics& Monitoring

36.25

3178.25

SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES

•Post-tensioning strand systems

•Bars & post-tensioning bar systems

•Stay cable systems

•Damping systems (stays & buildings)

•Ductal® UHP concrete

•Bearings & Joints

www.vsl.com


Copyright 2010, VSL International Ltd. Printed in France – patented.

The information set forth in this brochure including technical andengineering data is presented for general information only. While everyeffort has been made to insure its accuracy, this information should not beused or relied upon for any specific application without independentprofessional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability andapplicability. Anyone using this material assumes any and all liabilityresulting from such use. VSL disclaims any and all express or impliedwarranties of merchantability fitness for any general or particular purpose orfreedom from infringement of any patent, trademark, or copyright in regardto the information or products contained or referred to herein. Nothingherein contained shall be construed as granting a license, express orimplied under any patents.

VSL LOCATIONSwww.vsl.com

Printed on paperfrom sustainablymanaged forests.

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VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES · VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES POST-TENSIONING...

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