NEWS - vsl-suisse.ch

T H E V S L N E W S M A G A Z I N E • I S S U E O N E 2 0 1 0

NEWS

NUCLEAR CONTAINMENTS

New generations’challengesLNG tankFormwork SystemMoses MabhidaStadium

NUCLEAR 8hi

ghli

ghts FACTS&TRENDS 6

EIT: Worldwide first 6

R&D: No voids 7

SUSTAINABLE 4DEVELOPMENTAssessing sustainability 4

SITE INSIGHTS 16Australia: Six months ahead 16

New Zealand: Staged delivery 17

Abu Dhabi: Parisian prestige 20

Spain: Tight squeeze for a TBM 25

COVER STORY 8Post-tensioning solutions for nuclear containmentsAddressing the new generations’ challenges

TECHNICAL REPORT 31Testing the SSI saddle

R&D 26New LNG tank Formwork system: One system, one cycle

Cover photo: Shin Kori 1-2 nuclear plant, Korea

NEWS, magazine published by VSL International Ltd. • Bern, Switzerland Director of Publication: Daniel Rigout• [email protected] Editor in chief: Jane Rousseau •

[email protected] Editor : Elisabeth Lichter-Rodriguez • [email protected] Co-ordinators: Carlos Such, Emilie Parati, Doris Tong. Distribution: VSL

Communications Design: Red Line Photos: Derek Allan, Philippe Guignard, Hervé Gouband, Christine Mueller-Sinz, David O’Donnell, others Copyright: VSL 2010 •

TECH SHOW 32We shelter the funThe Moses Mabhida Stadium in South Africawill soon be staging the Soccer World cup. VSL placed the arch above the stadium and lifted the cable net roof structure

TANKFORMWORK27

STADIUM 32

FOCUS 28Fast track road construction with PPCP

BRIDGES16

For more than 50 years, VSL’s core strategies have been research and

innovation, technical development and achieving high quality to serve

our clients. Today more than ever, our key assets are our R&D

department in Subingen, Switzerland, as well as our Technical Centres

in Singapore and Saint Légier, Switzerland, which bring together over a

hundred highly skilled engineers and technicians. They allow us take on

the most ambitious technical challenges of building today’s

infrastructures.

Our teams in 50 countries throughout the world focus on optimising

each structure from its very start. Later, during construction, our

sophisticated method statements help guarantee project schedules,

quality and safety.

Clients can count on VSL to mobilise all its technical resources from the outset to

optimise costs and other key factors for successful projects, and to minimise the risks

involved in their investments.

This latest issue of our magazine is showing the daily efforts of our technical teams and

R&D engineers to develop systems that serve the booming worldwide nuclear industry

and meet a growing requirement for the construction of LNG tanks.

VSL endeavors to ensure that its name on a project is recognised and highly valued as a

global guarantee of quality, technical performance and reliability both during

construction and in terms of long-term durability, with minimised maintenance costs. At

the same time, there is a focus on sustainability and achieving the lowest possible

environmental impact. All members of VSL staff make this their priority.

VSL, a name that isrecognised and highly valued

EDITORIALI S S U E O N E • 2 0 1 0

D a n i e l R i g o u t , C E O

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Sustainability covers acomplex and wide-rangingset of issues, and VSL has a

clear concept of what sustainabilitymeans and does not treat it as aset of easy to manage tasks.

The Actitudes initiative focuses onSD actions across seven differentthemes: - Foster a trusting relationshipwith our clients, based onconsideration, transparency andinnovation- Incorporate risk managementinto the day-to-day running of thecompany - Lead our business sectors interms of occupational health andsafety- Develop our employees' skillsand promote equal opportunity- Establish balanced, long-termrelationships with our partners,suppliers and subcontractors- Ensure that our businessesrespect the environment (design ofworks)- Participate in the economic andsocial life of the regions where weoperate.

However, straightforwardmeasurement is useful if itdescribes real impacts andimprovement. Which is what VSLhas done, with the two main toolsdeveloped to measure theperformance.

Qualitative approach

The first one is a self-assessmentcarried out annually by eachoperating unit (typically covering

Assessing sustainabilityInitial efforts have been focused on raising awareness of sustainability

issues through education, training and encouraging changes in behaviour

through green initiatives. Even small individual improvements become major

gains. How to measure these efforts?

one country) usually by theAdministration, Finance and QSEDepartments. Each of the 42 actionsis measured against a performancecriteria to assess the currentsituation and set an improvementobjective for the coming year.These assessments are thenreviewed by the RegionalManagement for consistency andaccuracy before beingconsolidated, based on turnover,by the VSL Group. Following this arandom sample of the self-assessments are subject to anexternal audit. Each Actitudesaction is graded as 1 to 4 with 1 being the minimum acceptablestandard (e.g. legal compliance)and 4 applying to a mature system,achieving excellent results andincorporating a comprehensivefeedback loop. Level 4 can be

considered as ‘goal achieved’however continual improvement isan integral part of this so the worknever stops.

Quantitative approach

The other main tool is Enablon, asoftware used to report theperformance data online. Thecontent of the report evolves overtime as performance improves andpriorities change. Reporting is alsocarried out annually, however onlythe largest operating units reportrepresenting 80% of the turnoverof the group (which can broadly betranslated into ‘impact’). Thereport covers information such asenergy use, waste generated, staffdevelopment, and injuries. Thereporting is again completed bythe Administration, Finance andQSE departments, and is approvedby a senior manager.

Applying a sustainabledevelopment approach to VSL’sactivities will not only contribute toreducing the environmental impactof our activities but will also reflectthe attitudes of an increasingnumber of VSL clients andstakeholders. Self-assessmentcarried out at group level in 2008was complemented by a number ofVSL subsidiaries carrying out theirown self-assessment at the end of2009 to monitor progress and setnew objectives. The exerciseallows the whole company torecognise and share best practicesand to identify areas forimprovement on which futureefforts can be focused. �

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Memo-tech is Intrafor’s newlyimplemented tool aimed atcollecting and sharing tips

and tricks of the trade that aredeveloped on individual projects,but which disappear with theproject’s completion. It keeps trackof the knowledge and allowssharing throughout Intrafor (andVSL) of experience, solutions, ideasand good practices, including safetymeasures. �

V SL Vietnam has successfullyachieved ISO 9001:2008certification, following audits

carried out by Bureau Veritas(BVQI) on its head office andprojects both in north and southVietnam. �

C ivil project staff membersfrom VSL United States arepart of a team designing

and building the Foothills ParkwayBridge No. 2 in the Great SmokyMountains National Park. One of the key reasons forchoosing the proposed design wasthat it accommodated the uniquechallenges of the site and thestrict requirements to minimiseenvironmental impact. This wasimperative given the bridge’ssensitive location on amountainside in the denselywooded national park. �

E mergency Architectsprovided help following the devastating Haiti

earthquake, sending a team toassess damage to strategicbuildings and identify places thatwere safe for shelter. VSL inAustralia supported the work viadonations. �

H ong Kong’s LabourDepartment awarded aBronze Prize to the Central

Reclamation Phase III project inthe Construction Industry SafetyAwards. Intrafor’s safety managerCesar Shum and safety supervisorJerry Chan received the award onbehalf of the joint venture teamrunning the project. Next year theyare “going for gold!”. �

T he Macau Grand Prix isa major annual event,known for being the

only street circuit where bothcar and motorcycle races areheld. Race car No. 12,supported by VSL Intraforlogos, successfully completedone of November’s events,the Macau Road SportChallenge. �

If a picture is worth a thousandwords, then a 3D drawing mustbe worth a million…

Development of new cost-effectivetechnologies now allows VSL andIntrafor to use 3D tools forimproved risk management. Forexample, applying the newapproach to foundations enhancescomprehension and planning ofcomplex projects, situations anddetails, resulting in betterpreparation, understanding andexplanation. Clients, consultants,contractors and sub-contractorsall benefit from the very accuraterepresentations of projects. �

KNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT

Tips & tricksto share

RISK MANAGEMENT

Drawing the line

DISASTER RELIEF

Help for Haiti

ISO 9001

VSL Vietnamcertified

ENVIRONMENT

Minimisingimpact

COMPANY SPIRIT

VSL at Macau Grand Prix

AWARD

Recognized bygovernment

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FACTS&TRENDS

> The Florida Department of

Transportation has approvedVSL’s new segmental coupler. Itsfirst use will be on the new I-4 Interchange in Tampa, where18,000 of the couplers will beinstalled. VSL will also supplythe post-tensioning systems.When complete, the structurewill connect the Lee Roy SelmonExpressway to TampaInternational Airport. The overallproject value is US$450 million.� Contact: [email protected]

> Tysan Foundations awarded

VSL a contract for the supplyand installation of 75 temporaryground anchors as part of anextension to the SingaporeInternational School in HongKong. Intrafor carried out the

drilling works while VSL’s teamswere responsible for theinstallation and stressing of theanchors in a coordinated jointeffort that delivered the projectthree weeks ahead of schedule.The project involved HongKong’s first use of SAS Bars andtight schedules meant thatVSL’s work had to be carried outin parallel with excavations.� Contact: alice.lin@vsl-

intrafor.com

> Geneva’s Lect Viaduct marks

the world premiere for thecombined use of prefabricatedsegment construction together

EITWorldwide first

CouplerApproval in Florida

BarsJoining forces

with electrical isolation of post-tensioned cables. The projectuses a special EP sheath couplerdeveloped for this type of work byVSL’s R&D teams in the USA andSwitzerland. Preliminarylaboratory tests showed that thesystem could provide a category Cstructure while allowing flexibilityduring installation. Constructionconfirmed the concept’stheoretical behaviour and thatthe bridge met EIT requirements.VSL’s construction of the viaductis part of a five-year project todevelop Geneva’s railway network.The 330m-long S-shapedstructure includes pronouncedcurves at entry and exit. VSL hasinstalled about 85t of strands aswell as 4,600m of PT-Plus® ductsand 1,200 duct couplers. � Contact:

[email protected]

> The Korean highway

authority responsible for theIncheon Bridge decided todisplay samples of VSL dampersat its showroom followingsuccessful installation on thebridge. The cable-stayed bridgewas the first project to combineboth VSL friction dampers andGensui dampers. This keyproject is expected to createother opportunities for damperson forthcoming cable-stayedbridges in the country. �Contact: [email protected]

DampersStaged by client

> VSL was recently awarded

its first corrosion protection

contract in Hong Kong for theredevelopment of Kai Tak, thesite of the former internationalairport that closed in 1998.Three different types of corrosionprotection systems will be usedby VSL on the project. Theimpressed current cathodicprotection method will protectthe existing pile caps of thetaxiway bridge. A sacrificialanode cathodic protectionsystem will be provided on anewly-installed seweragepipeline to be laid along theformer runway. Thirdly, acomplete corrosion monitoringsystem will be installed insidethe caissons of future seawalls.� Contact:

[email protected]

CorrosionHong Kong first

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> VSL has provided post-

tensioning and bearings for this730m-long new crossing of theRiver Cacheu in Guinea-Bissauthat will replace the old ferryservice. Contractor Soares daCosta has completed theconcrete structure, an elegantsolution designed by ArmandoRito. The bridge includes six86m main spans and two 52mspans built by the free cantilevermethod as a variable-sectionbox girder. Only bonded post-tensioning was installed in thedeck although provision hasbeen made for future installationof external cables. The mainpiers required temporaryexternal cables to balance thedeck during construction. Thepot bearings manufactured byCTT have capacities of up to14,500kN and all have beenequipped with load cells installedinside the pot to monitorvertical loading. � Contact:

[email protected]

> Development of a commercial

version of Intrafor’s own

directional coring system

started in September 2009following the delivery of anAtlas Copco BQ wireline drillingsystem and Reflex EZ-AQ EMSborehole survey instrument.The steerable core barrel was

> A successful test has been

carried out in Switzerland on a

full-scale mock-up of a post-tensioning tendon equipped withgrout void sensors. Supplied by

R&DNo voids

Pot bearings & PTElegant solution

Ground investigationWireline technique

EquipmentMulti-purpose rig> Intrafor is renewing its fleet

with a new Klemm KR805-2

multi-purpose environmental-

friendly hydraulic drilling rig, whichis suitable for top-hammer anddown-the-hole works as well as forjet grouting. In addition to the usualhorizontal and vertical movements,it can turn around the axle of theslewing column to allow set-up andalignment in difficult situations suchas the corners of buildings. TheKR805-2 is equipped with a newlydeveloped computer system toensure quality and efficiency of jetgrouting operations. � Contact:

sebastien.frebourg@vsl-

intrafor.com

modified slightly toaccommodate the wireline andsurvey systems. Preliminarytesting using the wirelinetechnique on Intrafor’s ownsteerable core barrel systemhas proved very successful andlarger scale testing will beperformed to confirm theproperties of Intrafor’scommercial system. � Contact:

[email protected]

SGK (Swiss Society of corrosionprotection for VSL) the sensorsenable monitoring of theinjection and control of groutproperties at critical points alongthe tendon to reduce the risk ofundetected defects such as poorgrout quality, voids and thepresence of any bleed water.Measures can then be taken toremedy any substandard areasof filling before the grout has set. A sensor management unit willbe developed to enable thetechnology to be applied on apilot project. � Contact:

[email protected]

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COVER STORY

POST-TENSIONING SOLUTIONS FOR NUCLEAR CONTAINMENTS

Addressing the newgenerations’ challenge

Shin-Kori 1-2 nuclear plant in Korea,2010. VSL is providing the post tensioningdesign and installation equipment.

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gesThe worldwide nuclear market is booming with

over 260 containments to be constructed in the

next 20 years. Criteria for post-tensioning in this

field are the most stringent to be met in civil

works to date. The required performance, the

difficulty of installation, the layout and the size of

the tendons pose unique challenges that have for

many of them never been pushed so far in the

detail and in the performance. Demonstration of

VSL’s post-tensioning for the new generation of

nuclear plants...

Different tendon layouts allow for compression of the concrete in three directions within the walls.

them never been pushed so far inthe detail and in the performance.Nuclear structures demand specialdesigns and methods to meet theextremely stringent requirementsfor installation and long termbehaviour, together with theexternal controls that are imposedby the nuclear regulators.

The safest ultimate barrierGenerally, nuclear reactors producemassive quantities of heat andrequire isolation from the

Post-tensioning for nuclearcontainments of the newgeneration is like what

Formula One is to the automotiveindustry, though requiring absolutesafe and full performance for thedesign life of the structure. Theprinciples of post-tensioning fornuclear applications are similar tothe ones for other large civilstructures; however, the requiredperformance, the difficulty ofinstallation, and the layout and thesize of the tendons pose uniquechallenges that have for many of

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COVER STORYA D D R E S S I N G T H E N E W G E N E R A T I O N S ’ C H A L L E N G E S

VSL’s experience in the nuclear civilbusiness includes 58 references innuclear containment structures, ofwhich 34 use the complete VSLanchorage system and installation.The highly specialised pool of VSL’stechnicians and engineers has theexperience and the qualificationsrequired to carry out all specialoperations of supplying andinstalling the post-tensioning onnuclear containments to thehighest level of quality and safety. A proactive R&D policy, with anintegrated R&D team, allows VSLto carry out independentlyimportant projects such as the full-scale mock-up in Gien (see box).

Anchorages are key elements forpost-tensioning systems. VSLprovides various types to suit eachclient’s requests, such asreplaceability of strand, frictionvalues, and containment geometry.VSL’s systems, all designedaccording to ETAG 013 criteria,provide excellent performance at

The testing program and resultshave demonstrated the efficiency ofVSL’s range of post-tensioningsolutions for the latest nuclearcontainment designs to suit powerstations ranging from 1,000MW to1,600MW, for the latest generationof containments, including theEuropean Pressurised Reactors(EPR), the VVER, the Advancedpressurized water reactor (APWR)for MHI and Obayashi, and the CPR 1000.The mock-up was designed as a2.75m-high slice of a nuclearcontainment vessel, including 6 different types of post-tensioningtendons of various systems. Theradius for the tendons matchedthe 24.46m outer tendon radius ofan EPR. A high-grade C60/75MPaconcrete was poured in the walls.The high density of reinforcementwithin the buttresses led to theanchorages being cast intoprefabricated elements toguarantee the accuracy ofinstallation and the quality ofconcreting. Special installation andchecking methods were developedto meet the stringent criteria forthe post-tensioning installation. Construction of the mock-upallowed demonstration of the ductwaterproofing, adjustment andplacement of three different typesof ducts: PT-Plus®, low friction

VSL has anticipated thecurrent boom in theenergy market by settingup a full-scale mock-upof a slice of an EPR-likecontainment todemonstrate newcapabilites. It is thelargest R&D investmentever undertaken by VSL.

SYSTEMS FOR 3D GENERATION CONTAINMENTS

Testing on a slice

55 Individualload cells

Displacement sensoron the piston

Jack with longstroke 520mm

VSL DAU:

• Continuous recordingof all parameters

• Special user functionto pick out records for QA purpose

Global Load cell1 500tons

Pressure gaugedirectly on the jack

The ZPE1350 VSL Jack fornuclear applications

environment through a dual circuitdesign. The primary circuittransports the heat between thereactor and the steam generatorsand is situated inside a nuclearcontainment vessel. The secondarycircuit transports the steam outsidethe containment, steam that is usedto activate the turbines to generateelectricity. Among the few reactortechnologies available worldwide,one of the most common is thePressurised Water Reactor (PWR).In this case, the containment isdesigned to withstand high internalpressures that would result from aleakage of steam or an accident.Such pressure applied to the insidesurface of the containment causetensile forces inside thecontainment walls, that are oftenoffset in the design principles by theuse of post-tensioning.

This post-tensioning is typicallymade of a layout of horizontal looptendons, vertical tendons, and domeor gamma tendons, depending onthe containment design. Thiscombination of tendons withstandsdesign pressures of typically0.4MPa. Unbonded or bonded post-tensioning tendons may be used:the choice depends on thespecifications and on thetechnology.

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Successfulstressing test atthe Gien mock-up

Load measurementsof the 55 strands

Type of Post-tensioning

Possibility of strand

replacement

Design friction coef value*

Performance atultimate state

Possible monitoring after

installation

Bonded with steel duct No 0.18 ��

Grout sensor

Bonded withplastic duct No 0.14 ��

Grout sensorEIT (electrical

isolation)

Unbonded withbare strands

and steel ductYes 0.14 ��

Force (global or individual forcemeasured duringmaintenance or

permanently

Unbonded withgreased and PE

sheathed strands Yes 0.05 ��

Grout sensor, EIT or force

Anchorages for every nuclear application

* These friction values are generally lower on site and confirmed by a friction test.

steel sheet ducting and steel tubes.Four tendon types were alsoinstalled, using differentanchorages, different type and sizesof ducts and different strands. Forthese tendons, three new designs ofcasting were developed, all of themmeeting the nuclear requirements.The tendon sizes were 6-37 and 6-55, using a maximum of 37 or 55strands of 15.2 or 15.7mm diameter.

- Stressing with the ZPE 1350 FJlong-stroke jack;

- Comparison of strand installationmethod between prefabricated andpush-through tendons,

- Equalisation of the force in eachstrand using the Low Force Jack;

- Measurements of frictioncoefficients for the overall tendon;

- Measurements of the variation inforce between strands of the sametendon during stressing, andcalculation of standard deviations;

- Validation of various cement groutformulae with different rheologyvalues and setting times.

The tendon layout of the full scale testmock-up at Gien, 2009

Construction of the mock-up at Gien, France

On completion of the civil works,clients and system owners wereinvited to attend demonstrationscovering a variety of site tests: - Threading test of a tendon with a

high vertical deviation simulatingthe tendons at the vicinity of thecontainment hatch;

Concerned about environmentand sustainable developmentissues, VSL handed over themock-up to the city of Gien aftercompletion of the tests. The ringwas transformed into a rainwaterstorage tank and surely it willhave long years of water tightnessduty in this new role.

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ultimate state and, depending onthe type of anchorage and projectrequirements, can be monitored indifferent ways, either by means ofgrout sensors, through electricalisolation, or by force measurement(see table).

Mixing in long and short lengthsThe strands in a nuclear structureare subjected to significantdeviations due to size and complexpipe penetrations in such structure.A major challenge encountered forthe installation of post-tensioning innuclear containments relates to thearrangement of the strands insidethe ducting during their threading.When a LNG structure generallyrequires only 19 strands, on a 180° layout, a nuclear containmentneeds up to 55 strands, threaded ona 360° layout. Consequently, oncethreaded, strands may varysignificantly in length –in amagnitude of half the stressingextension– depending on their finalposition inside the duct whether onthe inner or outer edge. Whenapplying post- tensioning, thisvariation in length may lead to largevariations in force from one strandto another.

appropriate lubricant to assist inreducing the friction between thestrands, and the development ofmethods (specific pre-tensioning ofeach individual strand prior tostressing to full force) to equalise

the force between the strands priorto the full stressing.

To pre-tension each individualstrand, VSL R&D team developed aLow Force Jack capable ofsimultaneously stressing all strandsindividually and independently at avery same force. This jack achievesa force of up to 10% of the breakingload (28kN per strand).Consequently, at the start of thestressing operation, all strands areloaded with the same forcewhatever the initial differences inforce, lengths, arrangements, andslack between the strands.

For the final stressing, VSL hasthen developed two types of high-capacity jacks. The ZPE 1350’slong stroke allows stressing of thetendon in a single stroke withoutany need for regripping. The otherlighter ZPE 1450 has a shorterstroke and is used where tendonaccess is difficult. Specificplatforms for the stressingoperations are provided in case ofdifficult access and reduced spaceon site.

Real time black box More than anywhere else,contractors and clients in thenuclear field not only require safesystems in place but also ask fortangible proofs that procurementand installation of these systemswere provided to the highest levelwithout defect. To provide real timecontrol to the operator, the ownerand the designer, VSL hasintegrated a specific monitoringsystem in its nuclear specialequipment, including stressingjacks and grout pumps. For thejacks, this control system is made ofindividual magnetic load cellsinstalled on each of the tendonstrands monitoring the force in realtime during stressing operationsindividually in each strand. Theseload cells small enough to fit oneach and all strands of the sametendon do not require a mechanicalconnection to the strand and can be

Vertical inverted U tendon after stressing onShin-Kori 3-4 nuclear plant in Korea, 2010

ZPE1350 VSL Jack between inner and outercontainment

VSL’s R&D team reproduced thesituation on a mock-up (see box)and demonstrated that thesedifferences in length could evenlead to strand breakage well beforethe end of the stressing operation ifno precautionary measure is taken.Problems were identified andquantified; specific measures werethen developed to guarantee thefulfilment of the nuclearrequirements, including theimplementation of adequatethreading methods to mitigate the“mixing” of strands, the use of the

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seamlessly integrated into thenormal stressing operation.

A special recording system, the VSL Data Acquisition Unit (DAU),acquires and continuously recordsthe stressing data, including thetendon forces and elongation. Sucha system allows full traceability of

the operation. It uses a personaldigital assistant to process theinformation and store it for furtherreview by a third party. The VSL DAUcan be considered as a “black box”(similar to the one of an airplane)that registers all events. In case ofunexpected event, issues areidentified and remedied.

Heavy duty grouting The quality of the grouting is ofutmost importance to ensure thedurability of post-tensioning tendons.When using bonded post-tensioningsystems, VSL’s cementitious groutprovides excellent bonding andprotection for prestressing steel. VSLhas developed a comprehensive

The main difference betweennuclear containmentstructures and othercontainment structuressuch as LNG and LPGtanks resides in thespecific shape andfunction of thenuclearcontainment andthe stringent supplyand installationrequirements. Inorder to allow for aperfect sealing andthe displacementrequired for theoperation of thecontainment,several pass-through tubes withspecific design areneeded. In somecases, the tubesmay interfere withor be too close tothe post-tensioninglayout. VSL’sexperienced teamsprovide theirservices to validatethe detailed positionon 3D or 2D models,as well as the tendon

radius and the compatibility withthe design specifications and, if

need be, to modify thedesign for a successful

tendon installation onsite. Finally, thespecifications imposestringent installationtolerances that requirethe use of pre-cut andpre-bended steel tubesinstalled on pre-defined supports fixedto the liner or to theprevious cast layer.Should the layout ofthe tendon cross theconcreting level,specific provisions aretaken to avoid ductdamages whilepreparing theconcreting of the nextlayer. Close cooperationbetween thecontainment designer,the VSL design teamand the client’sproduction and designteams are required atall time, since theseprovisions generate a

significant quantity ofcollaborative work.

TENDONS

Timely design for complex layout

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process dedicated to improving andinsuring the quality of groutingmaterials and grouting activities onsite: VSL HPI®. Optimised grout mixesdesigned for the specific use andenvironment, using selected localcements and admixtures have beenanalysed and optimised for exclusiveuse in the network.

Additional verification that groutinghas been properly executed isprovided by the VSL Grout voidsensor. It is installed at potentiallycritical points on a tendon andallows checking the existence of anyvoids left after grouting. Electricallyisolated tendons and PT-Plus®

ducts can be provided if required.Extra requirements for duct sealingare met, such as the welding ofoutlet vents to coupling pipes forsteel-to-steel connections withoutany intermediate pieces.

VSL has been involved inconstruction projects requiringspecial skills and innovativeengineering solutions since 1956and has been providing services inthe nuclear market since 1974. Integrated quality assurance is thefinal achievement of the VSLcomprehensive services to addressclients’ challenges, withcommitment and reliability. Today’sR&D is another proof – if need be. �

What is the role of post-tensioningin the design of your nuclearcontainments?The containment building of a PWRin Korea is a post-tensionedreinforced concrete structureenclosing a nuclear coolantsystem. It is designed to containthe escape of radiation in anyemergency. The 1.2m-thickcontainment is the final barrier toradioactive release. Thecontainment building itself istypically an airtight steel andconcrete structure enclosing thereactor and normally sealed offfrom the outside atmosphere. Thesteel liner is attached to the insideof the concrete containment.

You have worked with VSL for along time, since the 1980s. Anycomment?Doosan is the only and top-rankedcompany for nuclear power plants inKorea. VSL is the global number onecompany for post-tensioning work.The cooperation in Korea betweenVSL and Doosan has been a greatsuccess for the last 20 years. At thebeginning, our partner was VSL inthe USA and now VSL-Hong Kong

has replaced it since the UCN 5&6project. VSL-Hong Kong is locatedmuch nearer and we share a similarculture and time zone and for thisreason our cooperation is verystrong and well-suited.

You have recently had greatsuccess in the Emirates. What areyour perspectives about yourdevelopment within theinternational market?Korea's highly experienced teamcan transfer the knowledge gainedfrom the 30 years of successfulnuclear industry operation.

What particular skills do you needfrom your partners for thisinternational development?We will experience quite differentworking conditions, regulationsand cultures on overseas sites. Wehave to provide very high qualityand short delivery times despitethese kinds of difficulties and thiswill not be achieved easily withoutour partners’ cooperation. VSL hasso much experience and manybranch offices throughout theworld and so we are sure that it iswell-placed for this. Jack installation on the vertical tendon

at Shin Kori 1-2 plant.

Clients and partners

« We share a similar culture »INTERVIEW

Jong Cheol Lee, manager of the safety equipment design team

for Doosan’s Nuclear Business Group.

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What are the objectives andfunctions of the post-tensioningsystem in a nuclear containment?The post-tensioning systemincreases the load-carryingcapability of the nuclearcontainment to safeguard againstany damage that could happeninside the containment. It protectsfrom internal damage while theexternal shell protects fromexternal damage - even from aplane crash!

Do you see any risks in connectionwith this system’s installation?No, this system has proved itsvalue. I do not see any risks if thereis a competent technical approachand a correct installation.

Why have you chosen VSL on the LAES project?The system was tendered and VSLsuggested a more technically up-to-date approach, in which monitoring isalso used. The main advantages of

VSL’s post-tensioning system are itsusability and the provision forpermanent control with themonitoring instrumentation. Anotherimportant advantage is that thegreased, sheathed strands can be re-tensioned, de-tensioned or replaced.

How do you evaluate thecooperation with VSL? VSL is distinguished by its technicalcompetence. Staff members providedetailed information about how thesystem will be installed and how itwill work. There are no issues withequipment delivery and VSLprovides a serious and responsibleapproach to technical assistance.

In your judgment, what are theprospects for nuclear expansion inRussia?A massive programme of nuclearplant construction has been createdin Russia. As far as I know, 24 or 26 reactor blocks will be built soon.Electricity consumption isincreasing in Russia and there is apower shortage in Europe. Forexample, the Baltijskaya nuclearpower plant will supply electricityto nearby countries.

What about technical developmentin the nuclear industry?Blocks of the current VVER-1000design are used for theLeningradskaya nuclear power plantand the same blocks will be built atBaltijskaya. The general director ofRosatom [the state nuclear energycorporation], Mr. Kirienko, said thatthe aim is to carry out blockconstruction in three to three and ahalf years. For such a decrease intimescales, it is necessary todevelop the construction technology.One of solutions could bepreassembly of the reinforcement

cages. As much of the preparatoryworks as possible should be carriedout off site - on site we should onlyhandle the installation. But the difficulty of saving time isthat we live in a country with severewinter frost. We must spend timebuilding enclosures around theconcrete structure for the winterperiod. Construction times increaseaccordingly.

What are you expecting frombusinesses that apply to tender?Equipment has to be the most up-to-date and very manoeuvrable andthe production team needs to behighly technically competent.Construction technologies may notbe fully worked out even when thetechnical drawings have beenissued by the designer. That's whyan enterprise aiming to participatein the construction has to havesufficient engineering staff to beable to suggest the bestconstruction solutions. A requirement for joint work to becarried out on site is that there issufficient flexibility in the ductingsystem as well as the ability tocater for modifications occurringduring construction - and believeme, there will be many differentmodifications!

Clients and partners

“Ability to cater for modifications!”INTERVIEW

Pavel Mozerov, technical director of the LAES-2 project for VSL’s client Metrostroy

LAES-2 Nuclear Power Station in St Petersburg, RussiaThe VSL post-tensioning system is beinginstalled on the 67.7m-high innercontainment shell at LAES-2. The projectmeets the latest nuclear containmentrequirements for post-tensioning and uses55 greased and sheathed 15.2mm strands,with 76 horizontal hoop tendons anchored inone or two buttresses, 13 extra horizontaltendons in the dome and 50 verticalinverted “U” shape tendons over the domestressed from a stressing gallery. Thesystem allows checking of the residual load,re-tensioning or replacing the tendons ifrequired, and this at any time during the lifeof the structure.

> The Leighton-Abigroup-VSL

Alliance has carried out the

closing pour at the centre of themain span of the Gateway Bridgeduplication, 65m above theBrisbane River. October’s closuremarked the end of 30 months of

construction, six months ahead ofschedule. The Alliance’s scopecovered full construction of the1.65km bridge including the 260m-long main span, which wasbuilt by form traveller. It is one ofthe world’s longest bridges to be

> A joint venture of Kaden and

VSL won a Highways design andbuild contract at Tseung Kwan ONew Town in December. Theproject’s major feature is a 140m-long channel crossing, whose mainspan will be precast on site on aflat-top barge for installation byheavy lifting and lateral launching.The 10m-wide bridge has a footpathand cycle track, which can also beused for emergency vehicle access.� Contact: lewis.wong@vsl-

intrafor.com

> Queensland’s Ipswich/Logan

Motorway Interchange has nowbeen completed, with VSoL® walls

Australia

Six monthsahead!

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SITE INSIGHTS

16

Hong Kong

Channelcrossing

Australia

Eye catcherIm

age

cour

tesy

of Q

ueen

slan

d M

otor

way

, Gat

eway

Upg

rade

Pro

ject

built using the cast-in-situbalanced cantilever method. Theadjacent 1980s crossing will berefurbished to give a combinedcapacity of six lanes in eachdirection by early 2011. � Contact:

[email protected]

providing an eye-catching entranceto a major piece of infrastructurethat has involved substantialbridge construction and accessramps. Leighton Contractorsawarded VSL a contract to designand supply the VSoL® RetainedEarth Walls. The various requiredfinishes for the walls were cast inVSL moulds using form liners,each 2m by 2m facing panel waspainted after installation. Design ofthe walls allows for crash barrierloads, horizontal loads at theabutments while used as formworkat these areas. � Contact:

[email protected]

> The Pipelines Alliance,

comprising Melbourne Water,

Fulton Hogan, Jaydo and GHD,

engaged VSL to assist in replacingMelbourne’s primary sewer.Critical in the upgrade was theconstruction over theenvironmentally-sensitiveWerribee River of a new seweraqueduct, adjacent to the heritage-listed existing sewer andMelbourne’s high pressure gaspipeline. The new, incrementally-

> Newmarket Viaduct, which wasbuilt in Auckland in the mid-1960s,is being replaced and VSL in NewZealand is part of the Alliancedelivering the staged project. TheNew Zealand Transport Agencyawarded the contract in November2008 to NGA Newmarket, whichincludes Leighton Contractors,Fulton Hogan, Beca, URS NewZealand, Tonkin & Taylor, BoffaMiskell and VSL. Foundation worksof this very challenging projectstarted on the piers in April 2009and the first of 468 segments were

N E W S N ° 1 - 2 0 1 0

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New Zealand

Staged delivery

Australia

Aqueductalliance

launched 70m-long, continuousstructure has a 5.3m by 5.3msquare cross-section with a 4.7m-diameter HDPE-lined circular pipe.The final launch was completed inearly December. VSL’s scopeincluded precasting and verticalprestressing of the 11 pier units

together with 33 precast deckunits and the hand rails. VSL alsocarried out the design, supply,fabrication and operation of thelaunching system and post-tensioning of the structure. �Contact: gioannidis@vsl-

australia.com.au

cast in early May. Cranes erectedthe first balanced cantileversections to create a 120m-longdeck, allowing assembly of thelaunching gantry. Segmenterection by gantry started inFebruary 2010. The stagedconstruction means that the 680m-long southbound structurewill open in October, allowingremoval of the existing southboundstructure to free up space for thenew northbound viaduct. �Contact: [email protected]

Deep cut. Two Intrafordiaphragm wall shafts for HongKong’s harbour area treatmentscheme are well under way,including one by cutter in Sai YinPun where the rockhead depth is91m. The 12.3-diameter shaftshould be the deepest diaphragmwall ever built which will beexposed over its full height, asbulk excavation will proceed inrock down to 150m. Panels haveachieved outstanding minimaldeviations of less than 1 in 900,despite massive boulders.

Challenging logistics. Intrafor’swork on Hong Kong’s CentralReclamation Project includes awall with a particularlychallenging client design requiringunusual reinforcement logistics.Three layers of 50mm-diametersteel mean that conventionallapping of the bars is not feasible.The only solution is to transport,lift and place the 55t, 38m-longcages as single sections using athree-crane multiple lift andpaying great attention to safetyand detail, including use ofbespoke equipment.

N O T E P A D

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SITE INSIGHTS

> More than 500 precast units have

been successfully installed for theJalan Hang Tuah elevated viaduct ona busy Kuala Lumpur road. VSLworked in joint venture with a localprecasting company on asubcontract to cast and erect 37 crossheads and 469 segments forthe twin carriageway single-cellbox-girder structure. Casting took

> A 300m-span suspension

bridge is being built to carry aconveyor transporting aggregatesfor a 2,000MW hydro-electric damon India’s Subansiri River. VSL’s

India

Aggregate transport

Malaysia

500 precast units

> VSL has been achieving a

series of milestones since it won acontract over a year ago to designand build nine VSoL® RetainedEarth walls totalling 22,000m2 inpreparation for high-rise housing atthe Anderson Road site in Kowloon.The VSoL® walls stand between25m and 36m high and are beingbuilt using 4m2 rectangularmasonry-finish panels. A majormilestone was December’scompletion of a load-bearing VSoL®

bridge abutment. Panel productionhas continued to push ahead, with20% of the total delivered by theend of 2009 and 10% of the VSoL®

Steel system wall area installed. �Contact: [email protected]

Hong Kong

Andersonmilestones

scope of work includes the fulldesign of the bridge structure,pylon and deck elements and thedesign, supply and installation ofthe 515m-long main cables. Theremoteness of the site and therequirement for accuratefabrication led to all special steelcomponents being produced underVSL’s strict supervision 1,200kmaway in Kolkata and brought to siteby barge. Treacherous rivercurrents mean that lifting has totake place as soon as the barge isanchored in position. � Contact:

[email protected]

place 200km from the site andsegments were erected using thebalanced cantilever method.Erection involved mobile crane useand an AF-65 segment lifter, whichwas particularly needed on achallenging section where anexisting monorail track runs parallelto the viaduct at a distance of just 2m.� Contact: [email protected]

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Australia

Realigningmountains> Building two reinforced soil

walls nearly 20m high for theConjola Mountain Realignmentinvolved difficult site access as thewalls were built on the mountainslopes. The subcontract for BMDConstructions involved VSL’sdesign and supply of 3,500m2

of VSoL® panels and soilreinforcement. One of the wallswas cut into rock and the use of astepped reinforced soil blockallowed minimising excavationcosts by reducing the length of thesoil reinforcement near the wall’sbase to approximately 40% of theheight. � Contact: fwagner@vsl-

australia.com.au

> Two drilling rigs are being

mobilised by helicopter as part ofa subcontract that Intrafor iscarrying out on behalf of LAMGeotechnics. The works involvedrilling a vertical hole and aninclined one to obtain geological and geotechnical information for the design of a traffic tunnel as part of capacity improvements at Hong

India

Complex cycles for BOT project

Hong Kong

Air-lifted drilling rigs

> VSL is achieving an average

cycle time of less than two days

per span - with a record of 36 hours - on a complex 4.2kmelevated highway being built inBangalore for NavayugaBengalooru Tollway PrivateLimited, India. Construction time is critical on the build, operate and transfer project and a peakproduction of 18 spans in Januarycomfortably beat the 2.5 day cyclethat VSL committed to.

The viaduct involves erection of1,421 segments using a VSLoverhead launching gantry. Abouttwo thirds of the 120 spans havehorizontal curvature, includingseveral S-curves with crossfallsand a gradient. VSL has achieved 80% completion and has alsosuccessfully erected spans for a lay-by area, which includes a challenging 44m span. � Contact: [email protected]

Kong’s border with China. Intrafor is drilling about 315m down to theinvert level of the future traffictunnel. The NQ wireline drillingsystem will be used once the holereaches 100m. The client is HongKong’s Civil Engineering &Development Department and theengineer is Mott MacDonald. �Contact: [email protected]

> Yas Island I Abu Dhabi is

famous for the Formula One fans

as the final race on the F1calendar. The brand new circuitwas opened in October 2009, a fewweeks ahead of last year’sinaugural race. VSL was heavilyinvolved in the main accessinfrastructure works on Yas Islandworking for the main contractorSixco and their client Aldar on twolarge packages of 10 + 9 bridgesproviding 3,000T of post-tensioningincorporated in the many bridgesand ramps as well as over 90,000m2

of MSE walls. � Contact:

[email protected]

> Following the success of the

ongoing Thames Tidal Defence

project, Scottish & SouthernEnergy has awarded VSL Systems(UK) a contract to carry out testingof ground anchors for five damprojects throughout Scotland. The ground anchors, installed atvarious stages over the past 20 years, have been regularlytested by VSL as part of an ongoingcrucial maintenance regime. Sitework to carry out the latest testingis taking place in spring 2010. �Contact: [email protected]

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SITE INSIGHTS

> Abu Dhabi now houses a

replica of France’s prestigious

Sorbonne University that isdesigned to emulate the original’seducational standards andappearance including theimpressive 22m-high cupola. VSL lifted the new 20m-diameterdome to its final 19m level usingeight temporary towers with twoinclined pulling cables and

Scotland

Successfulground anchors

Abu Dhabi

Parisian prestigea retaining back stay. The liftingcables were connected to thedome’s compression ring below itscentre of gravity. In total 26 ofVSL’s SLU 40 strand jacks wereactivated simultaneously to lift the150t dome. VSL’s safe and cost-effective strand jacking methodallowed work to continue inparallel underneath the load. �Contact: [email protected]

Abu Dhabi

Access toFormula One

Abu Dhabi

Hangers for dunes

> The Special Projects

Department of VSL has recently

completed the first phase of

hanger installation at Abu Dhabi’snew landmark crossing, the SheikhZayed Bridge. The bridge consists

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Syria

Power lift> VSL and Kahele Technical

Group have worked together insuccessful heavy lifting works for a power plant close to Damascus.The adopted approach on thechallenging scheme involved aspecial gantry and lifting framedesign, which shortened the cycletime by more than 50%. A 250tgenerator and a 175t turbine hadto be installed. Use of a singleSMU 330 for lifting and loweringallowed the load to be rotated inmidair, without a turntable. Thegantry with the suspended loadwas skidded into position beforelowering. � Contact:

[email protected]

of three pairs of steel arches, whichare shaped to resemble desertsand dunes. It has a main span of126m and the twin concrete deck issupported by 36 stay hangers invarious sizes up to 6-127. Hanger

installation is expected to becompleted by the end of 2010.Opening of the bridge will provide athird link between Abu Dhabi Islandand the UAE mainland. � Contact:

[email protected]

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SITE INSIGHTS

Norway

Strand-by-strand debut

Czech Republic

Post-tensionedgallery

> Spennarmering Norge and VSL

have combined their expertise tomanage a cable-stayed project thatintroduces strand-by-strand staytechnology to the Norwegianmarket using VSL’s proven SSI 2000system. Bilfinger Berger is maincontractor for the SmaaleneneBridge spanning the River

> VSL’s proposal of an alternative

post-tensioning method secured itthe contract for work on theMülimatt sports training centrebeing built jointly by the Swisscanton of Aargau and the city ofBrugg. A particular feature of theZ-6-6 anchors proposed by VSL isthat they allow post-tensioning atany intermediate point of thecable. The piers and roof are madefrom very thin concrete, with160mm panels forming a “V”shape. VSL’s scope of workincluded the installation of about100t of stand as well as 15,000m of PT-Plus® ducts. � Contact:

[email protected]

Switzerland

Alternative solution

Glomma. A slender 90m-high pylonwill support a composite deck witha main span of 142m and anapproach span of 102m. The 28 stay cables vary in size from 6-43 to 6-85 with lengths upto 126m. Gensui dampers are to beinstalled on all stays. � Contact:

[email protected]

> Close coordination was needed

for the construction of Prague’s

Harfa Gallery, with PT works oftencarried out in four locationssimultaneously. The five-storeymixed-use development is in one ofthe city’s best locations, near theO2 Arena, which was another keyVSL project. VSL’s work at thegallery for main contractorMetrostav has involved installationof almost 100t of PT bonded slab

tendons and multistrand PT.Prefabricated cables were used inareas where there was insufficientspace for strand-pushing jacks.Space constraints also dictatedstressing from underneath theslabs through openings, whichwere subsequently reinforced andfilled. � Contact: [email protected]

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Switzerland

New slide for mega move

> Valais as Switzerland’s most

vulnerable earthquake region

updated its requirements whenseismic standards were updated in2003. Seismic safety measureswere evaluated as part of the

> VSL Heavy Lifting has

successfully transported a 2,500t

tunnel boring machine (TBM)

625m overland to its next locationin Biel, Switzerland. ClientHerrenknecht opted to move it inone piece rather than dismantle it.The move to the next drillinglocation required the developmentof a completely new slidingprocedure. The TBM was

refurbishment of the CentralHospital for Haut Valais in Viège.The results showed that thebuildings required strengthening.VSL has achieved this by means of33 vertical post-stressed VSLCarboStress® laminates, which areup to 24m long and connect theroof to the foundations. PermanentVSL micropiles had been installedpreviously to transfer loads directlyinto the ground for maximumearthquake protection. Theproposed method proved to be the most economical and bestcompliance with the requirementof the owner. � Contact:

[email protected]

supported on four VSS-500 lift-and-slide skid shoes and propelledby eight SLU-40 strand jacks in 4mcycles at a ‘cruising speed’ of7m/h. A bridge had to be lifted offits abutments to allow the 110m-long vehicle to pass along theroute, which included curves andslopes of 2.5% uphill and 3.7%downhill. � Contact:

[email protected]

> VSL Polska has supplied and

the stay systems for two

contrasting viaducts as part of theSosnica Interchange between theA1 and A4 highways in Poland’sSilesia region. The 101m-longWD467a viaduct features anoblique concrete and steel pylon. It has 85t of stays, made up ofbetween 33 and 65 strands, withtwo sets of seven stays for themain and back spans. Traffic willcontinue to run underneath on theA4 while the stays are installed.The WD464 viaduct has a 25m-higharch and its six pairs of hangers ofup to 55 strands were installed atthe end of the year 2009. �Contact: [email protected]

Poland

Silesianviaducts

Switzerland

Seismic upgrade

Des

igne

r: M

osty

Kat

owic

e

> VSL Argentina has completed

installation of the Río Cuarto

cable-stayed road bridge. Thebridge is the first of its kind inArgentina using the method ofprefabrication for this type ofbridge. Its steel pylons wereprefabricated before being liftedinto position and the precast deckbeams were installed on temporarysupports, which were removed afterstay installation. For the bridge with

> VSL has taken a major step

forward in the repairs market withVSL Portugal’s completion of ahighly complex project on a keymotorway viaduct across theTrancão valley. Bridge owner Brisadecided to carry out strengtheningto improve concrete protection andensure the structure’s seismicresilience. Main contractor Soaresda Costa appointed VSL to carry outthe seismic upgrade and otherrepairs. The viaduct has a 329m-long deck slab and issupported on cross beams andlongitudinal beams, which are

> The 28-storey Escondido Tower

has been developed byInmobiliaria Rotacion as the firstof three matching buildings atMazatlan in Sinaloa. Mazatlan isone of the most important ports onthe Pacific coast and is known asthe ‘Pearl of the Pacific’. VSL developed the structuraldesign for the project as well assupplying and installing PTmaterials. The work involved 62t of0.5” (12.7mm) strand for the21,300m2 of post-tensioned slabs.VSL Corporation Mexico willcontinue with the post-tensioningof the other two towers. � Contact:

[email protected]

Mexico

Matchingtowers

Portugal

Seismic step forward

Argentina

First cable-stayed road bridge

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SITE INSIGHTS

a 110m main span, VSL suppliedand installed 40 stays, using 57t ofsheathed galvanised strands andthe SSI 2000 system. The owner isCórdoba province's DPV and themain contractor was a joint ventureof Paschini Construcciones, Boettoy Butigliengo, Estructuras andMarinelli. The engineeringconsultants were Setec andIngroup. � Contact:

[email protected]

themselves carried by six parallelarches. Project consultant A2P’sanalysis concluded that thestructure could not fulfill seismicsafety requirements. The solutionwas to eliminate intermediate deckjoints and provide base isolationcomplemented by passive damping.The work involved installation of atotal of 120 longitudinal and 30 transverse dampers as well assteel beams. The isolation systemincorporates a cut-out, calibratedto break under seismic loads whileallowing service loadings. �Contact: [email protected]

> CTT Stronghold has

successfully moved a 1,300t

tunnel boring machine (TBM)

> Lleida’s largest industrial

company in Spain, Grup Alimentari

Guissona, has begun operations ata new food production complex.VSL was appointed to work withConstructora de Calaf on thedesign and construction of thelatest three phases, whichtogether provide a production areaexceeding 120,000m2. Key designrequirements included live loadsranging from 15kN/m2 to 25kN/m2

as well as a major reduction inexpansion joints with operationaltemperature ranges of between -20ºC and 30ºC. Two phases havebeen successfully completed andthe other is under construction. �Contact: [email protected]

Spain

Tight squeeze

Spain

Large productionarea> CTT Stronghold (VSL in Spain)

has successfully replaced the

drilling heads of a tunnel boringmachine in the Habaneras shaft,Barcelona. VSL designed a specifictransport steel frame for theskidding manoeuvres of bothdrilling heads inside the gallery,on two skidding tracks. By meansof three hydraulic jacks with a

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25

2.4m stroke fixed on the wall of thegallery opposite to the TBM and aflat skidding equipment installedon the transport frame plus twolateral steel extensions, it waspossible to achieve the requiredgeometrical accuracies to allowthe extraction/fitting of the TBMdrilling heads. � Contact:

[email protected]

> The 190m-long main span of

the Beylerderesi Bridge beingbuilt in Turkey’s Malatya provinceis the country’s longest ever to usethe balanced cantilever method.The 420m-long bridge crosses adeep valley in three spanssupported by slipformed piersabout 60m high. The superstructureis formed by a 24m post-tensioned

double box deck platform,constructed by form traveller. Main contractor for the bridge isVSL’s Turkish licensee Mega Yapion behalf of the highwaysauthority. The project involvesabout 700t of post-tensioningusing tendons equipped with VSLE6-19 anchorages. � Contact:

[email protected]

Spain

Three-directional accuracy for a TBM

Turkey

Largest span

and five back-up trailers of 750tthrough a 300m tunnel scarcelywider than the machine. The11.54m-diameter TBM forBarcelona’s underground systemis 12m long with 80m of trailers.The VSS-500 skidding system wasused to move the TMB andSLU/SMU to pull/hold the trailers.Tunnel geometry was the mostdifficult issue as the size of somesections is just 250mm wider thanthe TBM and there were alsodifferent complex curves and a 3% downhill slope. � Contact:

[email protected]

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Extensive worldwide involvement in the construction of LNG tanks

has enabled VSL to analyse data and obtain feedback from site

production teams to identify typical and specific problems associated

with tank construction, subsequently developing innovative and

unique solutions. The optimised VSL LNG tank Formwork system

is one such example of this development.

NEW LNG TANK FORMWORK SYSTEM

One system, one cycle

Nowadays, the storage of liquefiedgas is provided by two elements: • the primary or inner containmentof the tank, which is typicallyconstructed of steel with a highnickel content, aluminium,stainless steel or in some casespost-tensioned concrete to meetthe extreme demands of cryogenicconditions. The containment mustindependently be able to withstandthe hydrostatic load of the liquid. • the secondary or outercontainment, which is mostcommonly constructed from post-tensioned concrete. It is designedto withstand abnormal loads ofexternal origin as well as retainingthe liquefied gas and vapoursshould there be a fracture of theprimary containment.

Comprehensivemodular system VSL has developed a modularsystem for this secondarycontainment. It can be used tobuild entire circular containmentstructures without the need fortime-consuming and costlymodifications to the climbformsystem after installation on site.

The VSL LNG Formwork system isa comprehensive solutionproviding suitable solutions for theconstruction of all components ofa typical LNG tank wall including

Optimised layout for fast-track construction

The construction schedule is designed to allow for accurate planning andhelps avoid delays by optimising the formwork requirements and PTarrangement. The improved quality that results provides greater control tomeet the permanent tolerance requirements. Fast construction cycles areachieved as there is no need for additional components to cater forunexpected clashing of post-tensioning and form ties. Faster cycles savetime and money. The surface finish is improved due to reductions in form-tie relocation holes in the form face. Major adjustments and additionalform-tie holes are avoided because the locations of the ducts are taken intoaccount - a form tie cannot be positioned through a hollow duct. This avoidsunused form-tie holes, which would have to be closed with plastic plugsleaving marks that would have to be removed.

R&D

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Less time on

adjustment

of form work

panels

VSL has optimisedthe interfacesbetweenwatertight form-ties, climbingcones, tendonducts and vapourbarrier plates. The working cyclehas beenshortened byminimising thetime-consumingadjustment of formworkpanels.

Improvement

of operational

efficiency

The system guarantees anoptimised working schedule thatbrings accurate planning andavoids delays. The fast coneanchor assembly improves theformwork system’s operationalefficiency. Furthermore, there isno need for additional componentsto take account of unexpectedclashing of the post-tensioningand form-ties. The surface finish isimproved due to a reduction in thenumber of form-tie relocationholes in the form face.

Single system for standard

sections and ring beam

The VSL LNG tank Formworksystem allows casting of both thestandard sections and the ringbeam using the same form withsimple adjustment and only minoradditional elements.

Modular components

for more flexibility

The majority of components for theVSL LNG tank Formwork systemare modular and there is no needfor advanced training to operatethem safely and efficiently. Thetapered starter walls, vertical shellwalls, buttresses and the ring

beam can all be built withoutmodification of the standardcomponents. Adaptability forvariable lift heights and wallthicknesses makes the systemsuitable for all LNG tanksworldwide. The system may alsobe used on other structuresincluding piers, columns, buildingsand any circular containmentstructures. �

tapered walls with reducingthicknesses, walls of constantthickness and ring beams. Safetystandards and national codes havebeen taken into account withstandardised fixed access laddersfor increased safety on theclimbform. The system is highlyefficient with fast and safestripping and closing as well aseasy and quick assembly of theintegrated ring beam support.

The system development has beenbased on clearly defined criteria.Firstly, it was important that theconcrete tank construction couldbe completed without the need forany major modification once thesystem was assembled andcommissioned. This applied to allaspects including lower taperedtank walls, typical wall sections,ring beams and buttresses.

A second factor was to minimiseinterference with other activitiessuch as post-tensioning andinstallation of mechanicalembedded plates and inserts.Clear, unobstructed access to allwork areas had to be provided.

And, as for all VSL developments,safety features are vital, includingpermanent fixed access to the topworking and trailing platform, easystripping, ergonomic componentsand an integrated ring beamlowering device.

Optimising tankconstructionWhile designing this new formworksystem for tank construction, VSL has focused on five points:

Enhanced safety

The system meets internationalstandards and features safeworking areas on the climbform,including a fully-integrated stairladder, hand-rails and toe boards.The climbing cones with backanchors are designed withconsideration of hollow tendonducts.

Customer-involved testing

Clients who visit the VSL mock-up gain an invaluable insight intothe system and are able towitness firsthand the manybenefits that this new system willbring to their projects. Differentsite conditions are simulatedfollowing a theoreticalpresentation. The demonstration incorporates:• stripping• closing• fixing• adjustments• assembly and adjustment of the

ring beam soffit form.

Mock-up location: VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.Contact: Michael Jentschmail: [email protected]

No modification once assembled

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Precast and post-tensionedconcrete has a proven track recordas a durable high-performanceproduct for bridge and commercialbuilding construction. VSL is aleader in the field of post-tensioningand has for decades designed,manufactured and installeddurable, state-of-the-art post-tensioning systems that meetinternational standards andapproval guidelines.

Rapid opening to traffic

As a result, all it took to apply thisexperience to road constructionprojects was to adapt proventechnology to produce innovativesolutions.

Today’s infrastructure and roadprojects need to be built rapidly,not only in terms of how quicklythe road can be built but also howsoon it can be opened to traffic.Conventional cast-in-placepavement requires several days ofadditional curing after the concreteis placed before it is strong enoughto withstand traffic loading. Incontrast, a PPCP can be opened totraffic almost immediately.

The advantages in terms of durabilityand performance are manifold,starting from the production of thepanels and the related quality controlright through to installation andpost-tensioning on site.

Fast track road construcHighway owners and users demand quick and low-costinfrastructure construction with minimal impact on theenvironment and low long-term maintenance. A VSLprecast prestressed concrete pavement (PPCP) canprovide the ideal solution with pleasing aesthetics.

The panels are fabricated at aprecast plant, ensuring thoroughquality control under ideal factoryconditions.

Reduced slab thickness

and cracking

Reasons for specifying thinnerslabs and a borded post-tensioningsystem include concrete savings,easier replacement or meetingheight restrictions where a bridgecrosses the road. Prestressingfurthermore reduces the tensilestresses. By putting pavementsinto compression there is lesslikelihood of cracking, increasingthe design life.

FOCUS

The 35km-long Kanci-Pejagan Toll Roadin Indonesia was completed in 14 months

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uction with PPCP

Joint panels

The joint panels are located at theends of each post-tensioned sectionof pavement. The joint panelscontain dowelled expansion jointswhich "absorb" the expansion andcontraction movements of the post-tensioned section. The joint panelsalso contain the post-tensioninganchorage for the longitudinal post-tensioning tendons. The anchors arecast into the joint panels on eitherside of the expansion joint. Up to100mm of movement can beexpected at the expansion joints, sothey must be robust. Both armouredjoints (similar to those used forbridge decks) and plain dowelledjoints have been used, with thechoice depending on the expectedtraffic and slab movements. Dowelsacross the joint are essential forproviding load transfer.

Central stressing panels

Post-tensioning is carried out at thecentral stressing panels, where thestrands are fed into the ducts. Strandsare fed in both directions to the anchorsin the joint panels. The strands fromeither side of the central stressingpockets are then coupled together andtensioned.

Panel assembly

The precast prestressed pavement consists of a series of individual precast panels that are post-tensioned together in thelongitudinal direction after installation on site. Ducts for the longitudinal post-tensioning are cast into the panels. Each of the panelsis pre-tensioned in the transverse direction along its long axis during fabrication. The system consists of three types of panels. It isbest to provide a flat, stable platform for the precast panels to rest on, although they can span over voids and "soft" base materials.

Base panels

Base panels make up the majority ofthe post-tensioned pavement section.They are placed between joint panelsand central stressing panels.

Traffic flow

Joint panel Joint panelBase panel(Multiple)

Base panel(Multiple)

Central stressingpanel

Ducts forpost-

tensioning

Ducts forpost-

tensioning

Ducts forpost-tensioning

Continuousshear keyContinuous

shear keyContinuousshear key

Pretensioningstrands


Central stressingpockets


How it works

Post-tensioning

The post-tensioning strands are threaded through the installedpanels, anchored at the ends and tensioned. Grouting providesan additional layer of corrosion protection for strands and bondsthe tendons to the pavement so that the post-tensioning systemwill remain intact if ever it is necessary to replace a panel. Roadconstruction by means of PPCP provides rapid pavementconstruction at reasonable cost, with high performance anddurability and simple maintenance.

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FOCUSF A S T T R A C K R O A D C O N S T R U C T I O N W I T H P P C P

Successful PPCP implementation in Indonesia

The Kanci-Pejagan Toll Road, which is 35km long and includes 40 overpasses,was built in just 14 months and completed in December 2009.

This major project by contractor Adhi Karya (Persero) and investor SemestaMarga Raya (Bakrie Group) forms part of the masterplan for Indonesia’s1,000km Trans Java Toll Road. Kanci-Pejagan is Indonesia’s longest toll roadand the first ever to be built there with a PPCP. The system was chosen asan alternative to the conforming cast-in-situ rigid concrete pavement. As aresult, the slab thickness was reduced from 300mm to 200mm and the lean

concrete was cut from 100mm to 50mm thick. The major considerations for choosing PPCP lay in its quality, speed ofconstruction, durability, reduction of expansion joints and cost-effectiveness.

The toll road has two 12.2m-wide carriageways, with the 8.2m for the two traffic lanes constructed using PPCP whilethe shoulders are of 200mm-thick cast-in-situ rigid concrete pavement. Each PPCP panel is 2.5m long and pre-tensioned transversally at the castingyard and then post-tensionedlongitudinally on site into 100m-longsections. More than 21,500 panels weremanufactured in a 5.2 hectare castingyard. Production reached about 234panels a day in a 16 hour pouring cycleusing 156 moulds in 12 lines and steamcuring. Contact: Johannes Tjintatmijarsa

([email protected])

Panels were installed bycrawler crane, each teamachieving 100m a day

Precast panels weredelivered by trailer

Slab thickness was reducedfrom 300mm to 200mm

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The testing in 2009 of a VSL SSI Saddle

under typical cable-stayed bridge loading

is now being followed up with a second

test to demonstrate performance

with extradosed cables.

TESTING THE SSI SADDLE

Continuousperformance

In the field

emulate conditions in extradosedbridges. The specimen’s ultimatecapacity will be determined by afinal tensile test.

In addition to the saddle test, VSL’sR&D team is supervising combinedfatigue and tensile stay cable testsin three different Europeanlaboratories to comply withspecific project requirements. Thetest specifications follow therecommendations of fib BulletinNo. 30 and involve specimens of37, 61 and 85 strands. �

Angola

Successful completion

of first saddle project

The bridge for an expressway crossingthe Catumbela River was designed byArmando Rito Engenharia andconstruction was awarded to aconsortium of Soares da Costa andMota-Engil. The 438m-long cable-stayed bridge has a 160m-long mainspan and its concrete deck is fullysupported by two pylons. Each pylontower integrates ten stay cables anduses saddles for seven, withanchorages for the remaining three.VSL Portugal’s work included the staycables, post-tensioning, bearings anddampers. Contact:

[email protected]

Hungary

M43 Tisza Bridge

shows saddle’s potential

The first set of stays has been installedsuccessfully on Hungary’s M43 highwaybridge, spanning 180m over the TiszaRiver. The project’s highlight liesinside the two 30m-high pylons wherethe VSL SSI 6-37 Saddle is showing itstrue potential as an alternative toconventional pylon anchorages.Contact: [email protected]

Independently guided and replaceable strands

TECHNICAL REPORT

By the end of March, the VSL R&D team hadsuccessfully completedthe 2,000,000 cycles of afull-scale fatigue test of theVSL SSI Saddle 6-37 system.

The system simplifiesdetailing of cablestayed bridge pylonsby replacing a pair ofupper anchorages with asingle saddle that thecables pass through.Current tests are on asaddle with a base radius of2.4m and an opening angle of 60°.It was fabricated in VSL’sBarcelona factory and installed inJanuary in the test frame atGermany’s Technische UniversitätBerlin.

The set-up consists of a full cablespecimen with the saddle, two SSI2000 DR anchorages, two tensionrings and saddle transition boxes.Testing involves applying a stressrange of 140MPa at 1Hz for twomillion cycles. The stress range islower than in the original test butthe upper load of 60% breakingstrength is significantly higher to

VSL’s saddles are manufactured inBarcelona and Hong Kong. In additionto the 20 saddles installed onCatumbela bridge (Angola), 60 saddles(sizes 6-31 / 6-37) were fabricated in2009 for Delhi’s Moolchand bridge(India), Tisza M43 bridge (Hungary)and Mumbai’s WEH bridge (India).

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32

TECH SHOW

VSL HEAVY LIFTING

We shelter the fun

Be aware of challenges

Situated at the Indian Ocean in Kwazulu, Durban is the second biggest city in South Africaand presents, like no other city the Rainbow Nation. For the FIFA World Cup™, the Moses

Mabhida Stadium was built, the second biggest stadium in South Africa seating more than 70,000 fans. The roof structure of the new stadium is exceptional: the giant Y-shaped archrepresents the South African flag. VSL’s scope of work was guying of temporary arch support towers; support and tieback of arch during free cantilever erection; lifting and tensioning of cable net roof structure- performed by VSL for theowner South African Football Association and roof contractor Pfeifer Seil- und Hebetechnik Memmingen (Germany).

1

South Africa will soon be hosting the FIFA World Cup ™. VSL’s goal in

the event was to place the arch above the Moses Mabhida Stadium,

Durban and lift the cable net roof structure. Here is how it scored.

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33

Act as specialists

VSL was contracted to support theinstallation of the huge Y-shaped arch and the cable net roof structure. A deciding factorin building the ambitious structure was theability to provide and install a tremendousamount of strand lifting equipment on time.The central control and monitoring systemallowed conducting an orchestra of 100 SLUstrand lifting units according a score-likecable net stressing procedure. VSL wasinvolved from the beginning in the design oftemporary structures to create task-fitinterfaces between permanent/temporaryworks and the proven lifting system.

2

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34

TECH SHOWV S L H E A V Y L I F T I N G

Tie down arch splice support towers

The 160m-long lateral stays for thetemporary towers are made up of six 6-92 cables,stressed with monostrand jacking. To maintainthe verticality of the tower, the stressing had totake place simultaneously from both sides. A control system ensured the same force level on all strands during stressing. The tricky partduring installation was to feed the large cablesthrough the adjacent tower.

3

Readjust once lifted

The tie-back stays for the cantileverarch erection used up to four 6-22 cablesfitted with SLU-220s for readjustment. The massive forces were anchored throughlarge steel consoles to the concrete base of the arch. The arch was adjusted by pulling or releasing the hinged tip of the temporary towers.

4

35

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Cater for wind

The support towers feature massive ties to cater for lateral windforces. Millimetre accuracy was required for the cantilever

adjustments. In addition, the arches were supported in the tower tips by asophisticated suspension system, allowing for vertical movement and makingit possible to rotate the cantilevering arch along its longitudinal axis.

5

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36


Lower the arch sections

The arch sections reachedtheir maximum cantilever in a slightlyelevated position. After lifting in placeof the closure segment by crane, thearch sections were lowered to closethe small gaps and allowed bolting ofthe last two joints.

6

37

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Use well-proven systems

Cable net lifting andstressing used 100 Strand LiftingUnits (SLU), made up of SLU-120s,SLU-220s and SLU-330s. All SLUswere specifically prepared toguarantee a smooth overheadoperation. Access to SLU suspendedabove ground between 30 and 100mhad to be kept to a minimum.

7

Control 50 pairs of jacks

Force is nothing withoutcontrol. The VSL Bravo system madeit easy for the operator to guide eachof the 50pairs of SLU, climbing up thelifting cables with steadily increasingforce to millimetre accuratepositioning for pinning.

8

38


N E W S N ° 1 - 2 0 1 0

Stadium supportVSL has been at the forefront of a key technology to shelter sportsvenues around the world ever since its lift of the very first cable net roofin 1972. Building on the success of that first lift in Munich, Germany,VSL has continued with other important cable net projects. Among thelong list of names are the HSH Nordbank Arena (2000), Pusan DomeKorea (2002), Khalifa Stadium, Qatar (2005), Commerzbank ArenaFrankfurt (2005), Kuwait Stadium (2006), and Bayarena Leverkusen(2009). The list continues to grow as VSL is - among others - activelyinvolved in Dehli’s Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and Miami’s New MarlinsBall Park. For the Soccer World Cup 2010, VSL was furthermoreinvolved in the roof lifting operations for the Greenpoint Stadium in CapeTown, South Africa, with a capacity of 68 000. It will host six first-round matches, one second-round, one quarter-finaland one semifinal match. In the near future, projects will be carried outin Warsaw and Chorzow in Poland.

The retractable roof of Miami’s new MarlinsStadium will be a welcome feature after theteam suffered record rain delays in 2009.Lifting of girders to support the retractableroof is being carried out by the Florida office ofVSL United States in conjunction with VSLSwitzerland, which is supplying equipment andtechnicians. The largest of the girders, whichweighs 1,450t, has been placed successfully. Intotal, eight segments will be raised using SLU330 strand lifting units. VSL is also supplyingand installing the post-tensioning for the girders.

VSL will soon be carrying out works on the National Stadium, Warsaw in Poland, in preparation for the2012 UEFA European Football Championship, for the JV of Cimolai, Monostal and Hightex.

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C R E AT I N G S O L U T I O N S T O G E T H E Rwww.vsl.com

TAIWANVSL Taiwan Ltd.TAIPEIPhone: +886 2 2759 6819Fax: +886 2 2759 6821

THAILANDVSL (Thailand) Co. Ltd.BANGKOKPhone: +66 2 679 76 15 - 19Fax: +66 2 679 76 45

VIETNAMVSL Vietnam Ltd.HANOIPhone: +84 4 3976 5088Fax: +84 4 3976 5089

Ho Chi Minh CityPhone: +84 8 810 6817Fax: +84 8 810 6818

Australia

VSL Australia Pty. Ltd.NEW SOUTH WALESPhone: +61 2 9484 5944Fax: +61 2 9875 3894

QUEENSLANDPhone: +61 7 3265 64 00Fax: +61 7 3265 75 34

VICTORIAPhone: +61 3 979 503 66Fax: +61 3 979 505 47

SOUTH AUSTRALIAPhone: +61 8 8252 1900Fax: +61 8 8252 1911

TASMANIAPhone: +61 3 6249 3044Fax: +61 3 6249 3043

PERTHPhone: +61 8 9437 9575Fax: +61 8 9875 3894

Americas

ARGENTINAVSL Sistemas Especiales deConstrucción Argentina SABUENOS AIRESPhone: +54 11 4326 06 09Fax: +54 11 4326 26 50

BOLIVIAPostensados de BoliviaSan Miguel, LA PAZPhone: +591 2 27 70 338Fax: +591 2 27 96 183

CHILEVSL Sistemas Especiales deConstrucción S.A.SANTIAGOPhone: +56 2 571 67 00Fax: +56 2 571 67 01

COLOMBIASistemas Especiales de Construcción Ltda.BOGOTAPhone: +57 1 620 96 34Fax: +57 1 620 58 16

MEXICOVSL Corporation Mexico S.A de C.VMEXICOPhone: +52 55 55 11 20 36Fax: +52 55 55 11 40 03

PERUSistemas Especiales de Construcción Peru S.A.LIMAPhone: +51 1 349 38 38Fax: +51 1 348 28 78

UNITED STATESVStructural LLCBALTIMORE, MDPhone: +1 410 850 7000Fax: +1 410 850 4111

VENEZUELAGestión de Obras y Construcciones C.A.CARACASPhone/Fax: +58 212 941 86 75

Africa

EGYPTMatrix Engineering CompanyCAIROPhone: +20 2 344 19 00Fax: +20 2 346 04 57

SOUTH AFRICATsala-RMS Construction Solutions (Pty) LtdJOHANNESBURGPhone: +27 11 878 6820Fax: +27 11 878 6821

Europe

AUSTRIAGrund-Pfahl- und Sonderbau GmbHHIMBERGPhone: +43 2235 87 777Fax: +43 2235 86 561

CROATIATehnicki projekt d.o.o.10000 ZagrebPhone: +385 1 4664 586Fax: +385 1 4664 549

CZECH REPUBLICVSL Systems (CZ) Ltd.PRAGUEPhone: +420 2 51 09 16 80Fax: +420 2 51 09 16 99

FRANCEVSL France S.A.LABÈGEPhone: +33 05 61 00 96 59Fax: +33 05 61 00 96 62

GERMANYVSL Systems GmbHBERLINPhone: +49 30 530 28 06-0Fax: +49 30 530 28 06-99

GREAT BRITAINVSL Systems (UK) Ltd.BEDFORDSHIREPhone: +41 58 456 30 30Fax: +41 58 456 30 35

NETHERLANDSHeijmans Beton en Waterbouw B.V.ROSMALENPhone: +31 73 543 66 02Fax: +31 73 543 66 11

NORWAYSpännarmering Norge ASRUDPhone : +47 98 21 02 66Fax : +47 67 17 30 01

POLANDVSL Polska Sp. z.o.o.WARSZAWAPhone : +48 22 849 22 09Fax : +48 22 849 02 23

PORTUGALVSL Sistemas Portugal Pre-Esforço, Equipamento e Montagens S.A.S. DOMINGOS DE RANAPhone: +351 21 445 83 10Fax: +351 21 444 63 77

VSL GEOSistemas de Aplicação em Geotecnia SAS. DOMINGOS DE RANAPhone: + 351 21 445 83 10Fax: + 351 21 445 83 28

Asia

BRUNEI VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.BRUNEI DARUSSALAMPhone: +673 2 380 153 / 381 827Fax: +673 2 381 954

CHINA PRCVSL (China) Engineering Corp., Ltd.HEFEIPhone: +86 551 382 29 18Fax: +86 551 382 28 78

HONG KONGVSL Hong Kong Ltd.CHAI WANPhone : +852 2590 22 88Fax : +852 2590 02 90

Intrafor Hong Kong Ltd.CHAI WANPhone : +852 2836 31 12Fax : +852 2591 61 39

FT Laboratories Ltd.PING CHEPhone: +852 2758 48 61Fax: +852 2758 89 62

INDIAVSL India PVT Ltd.CHENNAIPhone: +91 44 4225 11 11Fax: +91 44 4225 10 10

INDONESIAPT VSL IndonesiaJAKARTAPhone: +62 21 570 07 86Fax: +62 21 573 75 57

JAPANVSL Japan CorporationTOKYOPhone: +81 3 3346 8913Fax: +81 3 3345 9153

KOREAVSL Korea Co. Ltd.SEOULPhone: +82 2 553 8200Fax: +82 2 553 8255

MALAYSIAVSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.KUALA LUMPURPhone: +603 7981 47 42Fax: +603 7981 84 22

PHILIPPINESVSL Philippines Inc.PASIG CITYPhone/Fax: +632 723 13 95

SINGAPOREVSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.SINGAPOREPhone: +65 6559 12 22Fax: +65 6257 77 51

SPAINCTT StrongholdBARCELONAPhone: +34 93 289 23 30Fax: +34 93 289 23 31

VSL-SPAM, S.A.BARCELONAPhone: +34 93 846 70 07Fax: +34 93 846 51 97

SWEDEN / NORWAYInternordisk Spännarmering ABVÄSTERHANINGEPhone: +47 98 21 02 66Fax: +47 67 17 30 01

SWITZERLANDVSL (Switzerland) Ltd.SUBINGENPhone: +41 58 456 30 30Fax: +41 58 456 30 35

VSL (Suisse) SASAINT LEGIERPhone: +41 58 456 30 00Fax: +41 58 456 30 95

TURKEYMega Yapi Construction & Trade Co. LtdANKARAPhone: +90 312 490 90 66Fax: +90 312 490 90 55

Middle East

SYRIAKahaleh for consulting engineeringDAMASCUSPhone: +963 11 50 40Fax: +963 11 22 14 595

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESVSL Middle East LLCDUBAI, UAEPhone: +971 4 885 7225Fax: +971 4 885 7226

DOHA, QATARPhone: +974 423 1117Fax: +974 423 1100

HEADQUARTERS

VSL International Ltd.

Saegestrasse 76

CH-3098 Köniz - Switzerland

Phone: +41 58 456 30 00

Fax: +41 58 456 30 95 VSL LOCATIONS

^

SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES

• Post-tensioning strand systems

• Bars & post-tensioning bar systems

• Stay cable systems

• Damping systems (stays & buildings)

• Ductal® UHP concrete

• Bearings & Joints

www.vsl.com

Ground anchors

GROUND ENGINEERING

VSoL® walls

D-walls & Piles

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Slab on grade

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CONSTRUCTION

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Heavy lifting

REPAIR, STRENGTHENING & PRESERVATION

Repair &Strengthening

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