MACDONALD

years (1882-87) overseer of the Ngatapa station,and later manager of other large runs. He be-came a member of the Farmers' Union, and pre-sident of the Poverty Bay Farmers' club, amember of the Gisborne harbour board, of theCook hospital and charitable aid board, and ofthe Waiapu county council. When the districtwas divided he became chairman of the Wai-kohu county council. In 1908 he was electedM.P. for Bay of Plenty and in 1909 he becamejunior whip for the Ward Government. In 1912he was a member of the Mackenzie administra-tion (as Minister of Public Works and of NativeAffairs) and in the National ministry of 1915he had control of agriculture and of mines.He was also president of the board of trade anda member of the lands commission. On thedefeat of Ward in 1919, Macdonald becameleader of the Liberal party. He died suddenlyon 31 Aug 1920.

N.zP.D., 1 Sep 1920; N.Z Herald, 1 Sep 1920.Portrait: Parliament House.

MACDONALD, WILLIAM KENNETH (d. 1879)was born in Inverness-shire, Scotland, and cameto New Zealand in 1852 after 10 years in Aus-tralia. With his brother (A. R. Macdonald) hebought the Orari estate in Canterbury. In 1859he married a daughter of Captain Macpherson,of the 59th Regiment. He was a member of theCanterbury Agricultural and Pastoral associa-tion, a founder of the Christchurch club, andrepresented Geraldine in the Canterbury Pro-vincial Council (1871-72).

Cycl. N.Z., iii; Acland.

McDONNELL, THOMAS (1788-1864) was bornin county Antrim, Ireland, and entered theRoyal Navy in 1804 as a midshipman. In thatyear he was present in the Veteran at the attackon Boulogne. In 1809 he commanded one of theboats in the attack on the French fleet in theBasque roads, and he was in a gunboat atWalcheren. In 1810 he was appointed lieu-tenant in command of the sloop Opossum, inwhich he saw service against slavers onthe west coast of Africa. He had further servicein Europe and the West Indies in the Hem,Narcissus, Henules and Valiant, and took partin the blockade of New York in 1814.

At the conclusion of peace in 1815 McDon-nell went on half-pay and joined the East IndiaCompany's service. He commanded one of the

8

McDONNELL

Company's ships in the Red Sea, where he madecertain explorations, and he conveyed the em-bassy to Siam. McDonnell travelled a good dealin India, and accompanied Sir Frederick Hen-niker in a tour of Egypt. He aftenvards fittedout an opium clipper for trade in China andthe Islands. He seems to have visited Sydneyfirst in 1828-29; and in 1830 he was command-ing the brig Elizabeth in the China seas. Aboutthis time he visited Kaipara and Hokianga, andnamed Port McDonnell in Hawkes Bay. Hemade a report to the Admiralty on the supplyof kauri spars from New Zealand.

Having purchased land on the Hokianga har-bour from a Sydney firm, McDonnell came toNew Zealand in the Lady Flora and establisheda dockyard at Horeke, which was managed byFrederick Russell. In: 1831 he purchased theSiT George Murray, in which he brought hisfamily to New Zealand. In 1835 they built theschooner Tui. McDonnell did a considerabletrade with the natives, and in the supply ofspars for H.M. ships. These were got in theneighbourhood of Horeke and rafted downHokianga harbour. In 1835 he made an agree-ment with some chiefs at Bay of Islands toopen the entrance to Hokianga. This heachieved in the following year. At that time hehad the largest mill on the Hokianga (aboutthree miles above the mission station). Heowned two ships and employed a good numberof people. Part of McDonnell's journal waspublished in 1834.

In 1835 he persuaded the Secretary of Stateto appoint him an additional British Residentfor the Hokianga district. He took a leadingpart in the government of the white community,with the assistance of the Hokianga chiefs, butcame into conflict with Busby, who complainedof his taking independent action. In 1837 hegave up his duties as a resident. In 1839 Mc-Donnell visited Great Britain, where he dis-posed of his rights to the New Zealand Com-pany for 5,000 and a salary of 300 a year.He returned to New Zealand in 1841, but wasagain in England in 1844, when he gave evid-ence before the parliamentary committee onNew Zealand.

During Heke's war in 1845 McDonneHstrongly fortified his yards at Horeke. He hadby this time to a great extent lost his influencewith the natives. He petitioned Parliament in

McDONNELL

1846 for compensation. He died on 13 Sep'1864 (see THOMAS McDONNELL, 1832-99).

G.B.O.P., 1844/556; App. H.R., 1856 ii, E3, Dl5;P.R.O. C.O. 209; N.Z. Archives B.R. 1 and 2; N.Z.C.;Hist. Rec. Aust., ser. I, xvi; O'Byrne, Naval Bio-graphies; Earle; Sherrin and Wallace; E. J. Wake-field; H. E. M. Fildes in N.Z. Herald, 14 Jul 1934.

McDONNELL, THOMAS (1832-99) was theeldest son of Thomas McDonnell (q.v.), andwas born at the Philippines. As a child he cameto New Zealand with his father, ana he re-ceived most of his education at Hokianga. In1853 he left for Melbourne to try his fortuneon the goldfields, but two years later returnedto New Zealand and received an appointmentin the civil service, being stationed in HawkesBay and later at Coromandel. With his brotherWilliam he took up a sheep run in SouthernHawkes Bay. He was a capable Maori linguistand on the outbreak of the Maori war joinedthe Defence Force (Aug 1863) and served as asub-inspector under Colonel Nixon in Auck-land province. He was present at the actionsat Mauku, Drury, Queen's Redoubt and Burt'sFarm. In company with von Tempsky, he re-connoitred the enemy position at Paparata, nar-rowly escaping capture. For this he receivedthe thanks of General Cameron. He took partin the Thames expedition under Colonel Carey.In the attack on Rangiaowhia (2 Feb 1864) heapproached the large house with Mair and sum-moned the occupants to surrender. The replywas a heavy volley, in which Colonel Nixon wasmortally wounded. NlcDonnell assisted him outof danger. Promoted captain, he was secondin command of the Maori contingent in thefighting at Maketu and was slightly wounded inskirmishes. He was appointed magistrate atCambridge, but had only been there a fewmonths when his senices were again requiredin the field. Promoted brevet-major (Jul 1865)and given command of the 'Vhanganui contin-gent in the operations on the West Coast, hetook an active part in the first assault at Wera-roa (21 Jul) and then proceeded with the reliefforce to Pipiriki (19-30 Jul). Summoned awayby the murder of Volkner, McDonnell servedunder Brassey in Bay of Plenty, being pre-sent at the actions of Kiorekino and Te Tarata(3 and 4 Oct). He pursued Kereopa and hispeople up the Waimana valley, taking their pa

9

McDONNELL

at Te Puia and defeating them in the Waimanagorge. He was soon recalled to the West Coastto serve as advance guide to General Chute'scolumn. There he was in action at Moturoa,Te Putahi (7 Jan 1866), Ketemarae and Kete-onetea ; and was again wounded.

The Government having decided to occupy theconfiscated lands in Taranaki, McDonnell wasgiven com~and of the protecting force andestablished his camp at Manawapou. His nego-tiations with the Ngati-Ruanui and: the Tanga-hQe were unsuccessful. After being several timesarhbushed, he retaliated by attacking the Hau-hau position at Pokaikai. For this he was critic-ised, inasmuch as he had accepted a token ofpeace some days earlier. There were furtherstubborn engagements at Pungarehu and Kele-marae. In Apr McDonnell was promoted lieut-colonel and given command of the native con-tingent operating against the Hauhau in tlleRotorua district, Henry Tacy Clarke being at-tached to his force. From this duty he was re-called to Patea to command a force of 100 mendetailed to quell the Fenian disturbances inHokitika. The situation in Taranaki was farfrom satisfactory. In May 1868 Booth issuedwarrants for the arrest of two principal fightingchiefs of Titokowam, and requested McDonnellto execute them. By diplomacy he secured thereturn of some of the settlers' horses, but itsoon became clear that hostilities were im-minent.

A message was sent to "Vanganui recallingMcDonnell, who hurried to Wellington forauthority to raise a force of 400 men, of whom100 should be natives. With the rank of in-spector iIll the Armed Constabulary (Jul 1868),he hastened back to Taranaki to find that therehad been a serious reverse at Turuturumokai(12 Jul). Placing Roberts in charge of thatpost, he made his plans for retaliation againstTitokowaru's stronghold at Te Ngutu-o-te-Manu. On 21 Aug, in thick fog, he approachedthe position with a force of 350 men, himselfleading the frontal attack while von Tempskyattacked on the left. The defenders fled intothe bush from which, after the whares had beenburned, they maintained a harassing fire on theretreating force. McDonnell brilliantly extri-cated his men, the rearguard being commandedby Major Hunter. Both sides suffered somelosses.

McDONNELL

On 7 Sep McDonnell again marched out fromWaihi with 360 men, including 100 natives.The divisions were commanded by von Temp-ski and Hunter, the natives being under Cap-tain William McDonnell and Keepa te Rangi-hiwinui (q.v.). Striking into the forest for theposition of Rua-ruru, McDonnell passed TeNgutu unwittingly, and only learned of it fromKeepa when the two European divisions hadbegun their assault. Believing that the positionwas strongly held, he could not make up hismind to push the attack. In these momentsof indecision there were severe losses, the rawtroops showing signs of panic. Both von Temp-sky and Hunter wished to attack, but McDon-nell ordered a retreat to the Waingongorounder Hunter's protection. Von Tempsky andCaptain George Buck having been killed andmany casualties sustained, Roberts collected thesun'ivors and led them out of the bush. Theforce returned to Waihi somewhat demoralised,and McDonnell resigned his command, beingsucceeded by Whitmore, under whom he served.In the following operations he fell into an am-bush and was again wounded. He was presentat Tauranga-ika and Karaka flats (Feb 1869),and then resigned from the force. A few monthslater (Jul 1869) he was again called upon tooperate against Te Kooti, a service for whichhe had every qualification. By the middle ofSep he had concentrated a mixed body of theColonial Defence Force and native allies in thecamp at Tokaanu. Te Kooti took up a posi-tion on the Ponanga saddle, between Taupoand Rota-a-Ira. McDonnell moved out andestablished his field headquarters at Poutu,where he threw up earthworks. On 25 Sep theMaori contingent gallantly attacked Te Kooti"sforce, which was strongly entrenched, and threwthem off the hill with great loss. The blow toTe Kooti's mana destroyed all hope of receivinghelp from the King tribes, and he withdrew tomake a last stand in the fortified knolls and re-doubt at Porere, on the banks of the UpperWhanganui river. Here McDonnell surroundedand attacked him (3 Oct 1869), storming theposition and driving the survivors into thickbush to the westward. A few days later TeHeubeu Horonuku (q.v.) surrendered. McDon-nell, having received native reinforcementsunder Topia Turoa and Keepa, then pursuedthe enemy, whom he drove out of Tapapa pa

MACE

(24 Jan 1870) and defeated in a counter at-tack on the following day, seizing all his horses.He remained in the field some time longer, andthen retired with a fine record of service, havingbeen four times wounded, many times men-tioned, and thanked by various governors andgenerals. It was not until 1886 that he wasawarded the New Zealand Cross.

In 1884 McDonnell contested the Waitotaraseat against Bryce. Grace says that he was asoldier of outstanding courage and intrepidity.Whitmore says that he was more sinned againstthan sinning ;. the Government repeatedly gavehim the shadow of authority, but constantly in-terfered in his operations, so that Te Kooti waspermitted to regain the sanctuary of the moun-tainous Urewera country. McDonnell marriedfirst (1866) Rose von Dardebyyn (d. 1869), andsecond (1870) Henrietta Elise, daughter ofThomas E. Lomax, of London. He died atWanganui on 8 Nov 1899. His memoirs, uponwhich he spent much time, have not been pub-lished.

Cowan, Wars (p); Gudgeon (p); Grace; Whit-more.

'McDOWELL, WILLIAM, was born in 1835 inKirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, educated at thelocal school and served his apprenticeship tothe building trade at Castle Douglas. He cameto Australia in the Negotiator (1857), followedthe gold rush to Otago (1861), and after a trip.to South America, settled in Wellington in1864 as a builder. For four years he representedHutt in the Provincial Council (1865-69).

Cycl. N.l., i (p).

MACE, FRANCIS JOSEPH (1837-1927) wasborn at Madeira and educated in Leamingtonand at Islington, London. He came to NewZealand in the St M.ichael (1852) with his par-ents, who took up land at Omata. There, incompany with Wellington Carrington, he gainedmuch experience of the natives, and when thefighting commenced in 1860 he enlisted in thevolunteers under Burton. While scouting hediscovered a force of about 500 hostile MaoriiIll position near Waireka. The settlers were atonce assembled in the stockade and shortlyafterwards firing began (resulting in the deathof Ford, Passmore, Shaw and two boys). Macecarried despatches to New Plymouth, and actedas guide to Captain Cracroft and the force from

10

MACE

H.M.S. Niger in the attack on Waireka (Mar1860). For this he was presented by the Gov-ernment with a revolver. He then joined themounted troop, and for two years was orderlyto Colonel Carey. He had his horse shot underhim, and was himself twice hit. Mace receivedthe thanks of the Government for his servicesin this campaign and was offered a commission,which he declined.

In 1862 he was promoted from sergeant toensign, and serving with his mounted troopunder Colonel Warre was constantly in action.Several times with a strong escort he carrieddespatches between New Plymouth and Opu-nake. The services of Mace and the mountedvolunteers were highly spoken of by Warre,who described his courage as proverbial. InJul 1863 he was promoted lieutenant and re-cruited 215 men in Otago for the military set-tlers. He became captain in Sep 1863. Lead-ing these mounted troops later, he frequentlydistinguished himself, Haultain remarking thatthe mounted volunteers in Taranaki weresecond to none. Mace was wounded in an am-buscade at Warea, where he was surrounded by70 natives. At the taking of Ahuahu he hadhis horse killed under him. In 1864 he wasspecially mentioned (with Rodriquez) for con-spicuous courage and coolness in carrying outwounded men under fire. They received theNew Zealand Cross at the end of the war (Jan1877).

Returning to civil life, Mace was a memberof the Provincial Council for Omata (1873-76),of the Oakura road board (20 years a member,and some time chairman); of the school com-mittee and the licensing committee. He mar-ried (1863) a daughter of Hamer Arden. Hedied on 7 Aug 1927.

Taranaki P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; N.l. Gaz.; Who'sWho N.z., 1908; Cycl. N.z., vi (p); Gudgeon, De-fenders of N.z. (p); Cowan, N.l. Wars, i (p);Taranaki Herald, 8 Aug 1927.

MACE, THOMAS (1808-91) was born in Eng-land, brought up to commercial life, and livedfor some years in Portugal and Madeira. Hesettled at Funchal in 1838 and received a decora-tion from the King of Portugal for his servicesin repulsing an attack by pirates on a militarypost whidl was deserted by the garrison. Macewith his family and several others (includingAntonio Rodriquez, q.v.) carne to New Zealand

II

MACFARLANE

in the St Michael, arriving on 2 Dec 1852. Hesettled at Omata. During the Maori war Macewas sent to Nelson in charge of a party ofelderly refugees (1860) and while there wasengaged in the customhouse. On returning toTaranaki he again took up his farm. He wasa member of the Provincial Council for Omata(186569) ...He died on 25 Jun 1891. (See F. J.MACE.)

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz.; TaranakiHerald, 26 Jun and 3 Jul 1891.

McEWEN, DAVID (1818-1905) was born inScotland and came to New Zealand in theBengal Merchant (1840). He represented Huttin the Wellington Provincial Council (1861-65)and was chairman of the Belmont road board.In 1863 McEwen made an exploration fromWaikanae to the Hutt by way of Akatarawa.He moved to Manawatu in 1868, and died on15 Jul 1905.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Press Association, 16 Jul1905.

MACFARLAN, GEORGE (?-1868) was bornin England and educated at Shrewsbury and atTrinity College, Cambridge, graduating withfirst-class honours in classics. In 1863 he wasadmitted to the bar at the Inner Temple, andin the following year he came to New Zealand.From 1867 until his death (on 12 Oct 1868) hewas member for Lyttelton in the House of Rep-resentatives.

N.l.P.D., 186768.

MACFARLANE, JOHN (?-1859), the firstminister of the Church of Scotland in NewZealand, had been for some years successfullyministering at the Martyrs' Church in Paisleywhen he was chosen in 1839 to accompany theScottish emigrants in the Bengal Merchant.Arriving at Port Nicholson on' 20 Feb 1840, heheld the first service six days later near Petonebeach. Thereafter he preached every Sundayin Bethune's store on the Hutt river. He builthis house in Clyde terrace, Petone. After theremoval of the town to Thorndon, services wereheld at first in Hunter's premises and later inthe Exchange in Customhouse quay. Macfar-lane also preached in the native chapel at TeAm and in the courthouse at Thorndon. Hepreached in Gaelic at Kaiwarra for the benefitof the Highland settlers, the first sermon in

McGLASHAN

McGillivray moved to Kaiapoi shortly after-wards and died there.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Riverton Rec. (p); South-land Times, 8 Aug 1904.

McGLASHAN, EDWARD (1817-89) was bornat Edinburgh, and had substantially the sameupbringing. as his elder brother John (q.v.).His father's family having been publishers tothe University, he received a good Scots edu-cation and went into the bookselling trade, ofwhich he obtained a very good knowledge.

John McGlashan's association with the Otagoproject inspired Edward to emigrate, but hewas prevented by an accident from leaving inone of the first Otago ships. Before leavingEdinburgh he bought up the surplus stock ofbooks of the well-known publishers, Chambersand Sons, and had it packed in accessible formto be sorted on the voyage. At the end of1848 he sailed for Adelaide. He stopped fora while there and at Melbourne, and eventuallyreached Sydney, where he made a good profiton his books in a market which was rather bareat the time. McGlashan invested his capitalin the purchase of stores and provisions, andwhen he reached Dunedin (1850) was againable to dispose of his stock advantageously.The first position that he took in Otago wasthat of registrar of the Supreme Court (overwhich Stephen presided). UnfoTtunately for him,there was little business and the judge wasmoved to Wellington. McGlashan leased fromValpy the sawmill and flourmill on the Waterof Leith and gradually worked up a thrivingbusiness grinding wheat for the settlers, whohi tllerto had ground their own in steel handmills. He carried on a store and auction roomin Princes street, finding his commercial train-ing of service. Meanwhile, in 1855, some ofhis capital was invested in land at Otepopo. In1858 McGlashan dropped the auctioneering partof his business, and went into partnership withW. Carr Young as Young and McGlashan, mer-chants. They did exceptionally well until the

'diggings broke out. In 1862 the partnershipwas dissolved and McGlashan visited England.For some time he dealt largely in runs andstock, and owned the Mount Stokes station. Hehad an unfortunate steamer venture to theWest Coast when the diggings opened up amarket there. He was also sawmilling for a

McGHEE

McGHEE, RICHARD, lived for many years inthe Pensioner Settlements, which he representedin the Auckland Provincial Council from 1861to 1865. In 1866 he withdrew from the GeneralAssembly elections, because his opponent (DeQuincey) was a strong separationist. He mar-ried in 1864 a daughter of Thomas Rogers, ofOtahuhu.

MACGIBBON, THOMAS (1839-1925) wasborn in Glasgow and arrived in New Zealand in1849 with his parents by the Mooltan. Mterliving in Caversham, Otago, he engaged infarming and in 1872, with his father andbrother, he started in business as general mer-chants in Gore and Mataura. He became amember of the Southland education board andlater chairman, and its representative on theOtago school commissioners, and had a seat onthe Mataura borough council.

In 1905 Macgibbon as a Reform candidatedefeated R. McNab for the Mataura seat. Heretired in 1908 and was a member of the Legis-lative Council (1914-21). He was a member ofthe Otago University council (1913-20), and ofthe board of governors of McGlashan andColumba Colleges, and for many years an elderof the church. He died on 27 Sep 1925. (Mac-gibbon's father spelled his name M'Gibbon.)

N.z.P.D., 29 Sep 1925, 18 Jul 1926; Cycl. N.Z.,iv; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Beattie, i 82, ii 67,71, 122; Otago Daily Times, 28 Sep 1925.

McGILLIVRAY, LAUCHLAN, received histheological training in Scotland. He marriedCatherine Anne (1814-1904), daughter of JamesSloane, rector of the Peebles Grammar School,and they landed in Melbourne in 1840. Aftersome years in Warrnambool (Victoria), Tas-mania and Canada, they returned to Scotland.and McGillivray was selected by the Colonialcommittee of the Free Church to be the firstsettled minister at Riverton. They arrived in1860 and he was inducted in Apr 1861. Heheld the charge only two years, when he re-signed from the ministry to take part in poli-tics. He was a member of the Southland Pro-vincial Council for Riverton (1869-70), andafter the reunion he represented Southland fora few weeks in the Otago Council (1870). Hewas the first mayor of Riverton (1871-72) andrepresented Riverton in Parliament (1870-75).

13

N.Z.P.D., 1876-79; N.Z. Herald, 3 Feb 1880;App. H.R., 1871 GA. Portrait: Parliament House.

factory and the Parnell Soap Co. He paid muchattention to steam communications with out-lying ports, especially the north and the EastCoast, and for a while had the steamers lona,Rowena and Southern Cross in service. He wasalso heavily interested in the timber trade. Hisadvocacy was instrumental in getting a railwayconstructed to the Thames goldfields.

Macfarlane represented Waitemata in Parlia-ment (1876-79, being defeated by R. Wood). Hewas a frank, outspoken speaker, a man of re-markable energy and force of character. In1871 he resigned from the commission of thepeace to assert his independence. He was aliberal patron of the turf and owned some goodhorses, notably Kauri Gum, which won thechampion cup in Otago. Macfarlane died on2 Feb 1880.

MACFARLANE

MACFARLANE, THOMAS (1811-85) was bornat Glasgow, Scotland, and as a youth became aclerk to an advocate in Edinburgh who waslater elevated to the bench (as Lord Currie-hill). Macfarlane took a deep interest in socialmovements, and particularly in the establish-ment of an institution in Edinburgh for thedeaf and dumb. On the death in 1860 .of hiselder brother John (who arrived in Wellingtonin the London in 1840) Macfarlane came toNew Zealand and took his place in the busi-ness of Henderson and Macfarlane, then thelargest employers in the province. He con-tinued in New Zealand the interests which hadcommanded his attention in Edinburgh, andwas prominently associated with the acclimatis-ation society, the archery and lawn tennis club,the ladies' benevolent society and the bowlingclub.

Macfarlane also played his part in politics.In 1867 he was elected to Parliament for theNorthern Division, which he represented to1870. He had an exhaustive knowledge of bank-ruptcy law, was for some years a trustee inbankruptcy and at the time of his death acurator of intestate estates and a visiting justiceat Auckland gaol. He died on 10 May 1885.

Guthrie Hay; N.Z. Herald, 25 May 1885, 18 Jun1894; Southern Cross, 7 Sep 1860. Portrait: Par-liament House.

12

MACFARLANE, JOHN SANGSTER (1818-80)was born at Haddington, East Lothian, the sonof a minister of the Established Church. In1837 he went to New South Wales as an officerof the commissariat department, but resignedshortly aftenvards and studied navigation. Hethen purchased a schooner and entered intothe Auckland-Sydney trade.

In 1844 he settled in Auckland, and joinedCaptain Salmon as merchants and coastaltraders, interested mainly in the East Coast.In 1849 Macfarlane visited California in com-mand of the Daniel Webster. On his returnhe was associated with Captain Read in thePoverty Bay trade, and aftenvards carried onbusiness in Auckland under the style of J. S.Macfarlane and Co. He retired in 1876 todevote his time to public affairs and directorates.The latter included the Bank of New Zealand,the New Zealand Insurance Co. (of which hewas a director from the beginning until hisdeath), the Fiji Banking Co., the AucklandSteam Packet Co., the Auckland Rope Manu-

MACFARLANE

that tongue being delivered on 20 Jun 1841.For some weeks, until the arrival of the first

Anglican clergyman, MacFarlane ministered tothe wants of all the Protestant colonists. As theresult of a visit to Nelson in 1842 he appealedto the missionary committee for a minister forthat district. The draft constitution of the firstPresbyterian church in Wellington was unanim-ously approved in Mar 1843. In the followingmonth arrived the Rev James Duncan, who hadbeen chosen by the Reformed Church of Scot-land as missionary for the Maori in Manawatu.He made ms headquarters in Wellington whilestudying the language, and during that timeassisted MacFarlane at St Andrew's Church,which was opened on 7 Jan 1844. MacFarlanewas deeply interested in the Mechanics' In-stitute. He left for Scotland in Oct 1844 by theBella Marina, the church being closed duringhis absence.

Owing to the state of his health he did notreturn to New Zealand, but settled as ministerat Lochgilphead, Inverary, Argyllshire, wherehe died in Mar 1859.

Ward; Rev A. B. Kilroy in the Outlook, 23 Feb1938; Dickson (p); N.Z. Colonist, 23 Aug 1842;Wellington Independent, 26 Jul 1859; Evening Post,6 Sep 1938 (p). Portrait at St Andrew's Churc~,Wellington.

McGLASHAN

while in the Catlins district, and in connectionwith this ran the steamer Taiaroa on the coast.In 1876 he directed his attention to papermanufacturing, and established on the banksof the Leith the business which was afterwardscarried on by Fergusson and Mitchell. He re-ceived the Government bonus for the first paperproduced in Otago. Incidentally, he tried tointerest British manufacturers in the possibilityof using New Zealand tussock for paper-making,but the cost and difficulty of gathering left nomargin of profit. In later life McGlashan was adirector of several public companies. V\7hileliving in south Canterbury he was chairman ofthe Timaru Milling Co., and he had a consider-able holding in the New Zealand Shipping Co.

McGlashan entered political life in 1853,when he was elected by Western district to thefirst Provincial Council, which ended in 1855.He differed from Cargill on matters of policy,and in 1854 advocated selling land at tenshillings an acre in order to induce immigra-tion to the province. He was not able formany years to re-enter the Council, though hestood in 1861 and 1863. In 1871 he got backfor North Harbour, for which he sat until theabolition. He aspired to higher honours whenhe contested the Superintendency against Dick(1865). Meanwhile McGlashan was electedM.H.R. for Dunedin City in 1860, but he re-signed two years later. In 1871 he was returnedfor Roslyn, which he represented until 1875.After that date he dropped out of public lifeowing to indifferent health, and in 1881 he paida long visit to Great Britain.

On his return he settled on a farm nearTimaru for three years, and then returned tolive at St Clair. He died on 31 Jul 1889. Hissecond wife was a daughter of George Bell(Dunedin). During a journey in south OtagoMcGlashan discovered on the banks of theCatlins river human remains which were be-lieved to be those of the German doctor, G. F.R. Schmidt.

Otago P.C. Proc.; App. H.R., 1871, H7, p. 27;Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Hocken; McIndoe; Otago DailyTimes, 1 Aug 1889; 28 Mar 1930 (p).

McGLASHAN, JOHN (1802-64) was born inEdinburgh of a family closely associated withthe publishing business, and was educated atthe High School and Edinburgh University.He studied law, and in 1824 was admitted to

McGLASHAN

practise as a solicitor of the supreme courtof Scotland. Increasing deafness incapacitatedhim from court work, and his practise did notthrive. He was an authority on certain aspectsof law, and wrote several law books, of whichsome went into more tllan one edition.

McGlashan became associated with themovement for the foundation of 'New Edin-burgh,' and from 1846 onwards gave his wholetime to the movement in the capacity of secre-tary to the Otago Association in Edinburgh.For six years he devoted himself whole-heart-edly to the work of the Lay Association, anddid a vast amount of work. But for him thescheme would probably not have been so wellcarried out. Through him 'the strange andunheard-of name of Otago became familiar asa household word in every county and parishin Scotland: He circulated an incredibleamount of information throughout Scotland, inhandbills, newspapers, and through the OtagoJournal, of which he published eight issues be-tween JaDe 1848 and Aug 1852. When the- firstships had sailed McGlashan redoubled his efforts,and it was admitted that the despatch of 12 ofthe 14 ships that left for the colony under theLay Association was due solely to his energyand persistence.

While the controversy on the New Zealandconstitution raged in England (1846-52), Mc-Glashan watched it closely from the point ofview of the Otago scheme. He was especiallyjealous that the proposals put forward by theAssociation in its printed literature should behonoured by the Government in the bill of1852, and he wrung from the Colonial Secre-tary the promise of a charter which would en-able the association to fulfil its commitmentswith prospective emigrants. Single-handed heobtained the inclusion in the bill of clause 78,which met this demand. Writing to him in1852 Sir John Pakington (who piloted the meas-ure through the British Parliament) warmlyacknowledged his assistance. He had been inconstant communication with the ColonialOffice and with every member of Parliamentwhose interest could be of service to the cause.

When the Constitution Bill had been passedMcGlashan felt that his work at Home wasfully completed, and he turned his face to-wards the colony. With his wife and family hesailed in the Rajah, which arrived at Port

[:!I

I~~ .;

McGOWAN

Chalmers on 8 Oct 1853. McGlashan was en-tertained at a public dinner and forthwith be-came a leading citizen of Dunedin. The firstProvincial Council had already been elected,but he was soon in service in the capacity ofprovincial treasurer. Early in 1854 he wassent by presbytery to accompany Bannermanon a visit to the Church members living inNorth Otago, outside the Otago block. Hewas also appointed to a committee with DrBurns to report upon the state of the Maoriand half-caste population of the province, witha view to the amelioration of their condition.

At the provincial general election in 1855,McGlashan was elected to the Council, in whichhe represented the Western District (1855-63).He was a member of the executive in 1855-59 asprovincial solicitor and provincial secretary, andin 1858 was for a time deputy-superintendent.McGlashan's health received a severe shockwhen in 1861 an attempt was made to connecthim with the financial scandal which causedthe removal of Macandrew from the superin-tendency. The inquiry showed that he had nomoral responsibility, and in the following yearhe was again a member of the executive. Atthe general election of 1863 he was nominated(in his absence) for the Waikouaiti seat, butwas defeated by Vogel. MtGlashan was out-spoken in his criticism of Cargill and othersfor what he considered their betrayal of theScottish basis of the settlement in extendingthe emigration scheme to embrace England andIreland.

In 1862 he was appointed registrar of deeds,and he was a member of the education andlands boards, secretary of the education boardand treasurer of the road board. He under-took in 1864 to codify the provincial ordin-ances for the government, but death inter-vened (2 Nov 1864) as the result of injuriesreceived in a fall from his horse.

McGlashan married (1827) Isabella, daughterof William Macewen, lieutenant and adjutantof the 1st Royal Scots. She survived until 1888.McGlashan College now occupies the home ofMcGlashan at Balmacewen.

Otago P.C. Proc.; N.Z.C (Otago Association pa-pers); Hocken; Otago Witness, Mar 1898 (p);Otago Daily Times, 24 Jan 1930 (p).

McGOWAN, JAMES (1841-1912) was born atMaxwell's Court, county Down, Ireland. His

McGREGOR

father having died, he commenced at the ageof 15 to learn the trade of a baker, and after-wards served with a firm of storekeepers, flax-millers and farmers. In 1864 he emigrated toAuckland, where he stayed for five years, andthen opened a bakery and store at Thames,which he operated until his retirement frombusiness in 1897.

McGowan stood for Parliament in 1887, butwas defeated by Fraser. After retiring hedevoted his whole time to politics. He wastwice mayor. Elected to Parliament for Thamesin 1893, he was Government whip in the Par-liament elected in 1896, and in 1899 becameMinister of Justice and Mines. He held thesame portfolios under Hall-Jones and also, withthe addition of Immigration and Industries andCommerce, in the Ward cabinet, from whichhe resigned on 6 Jan 1909. McGowan's adminis-tration of the Mines department was note-worthy, and was marked by the opening ofseveral state coal mines. As Minister of Justicealso, he passed many acts reforming the systemof justice and prisons, and inaugurated treeplanting by prisoners. He was then called tothe Legislative Council, of which he was a mem-ber till his death (on 7 May 1912).

N Z.P.D., 1893-1909; Parltry Record; Who's WhoN.Z., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 7 Aug 1906.

McGREGOR, ALEXANDER (1829-1901) wasborn at Malagawatch, Nova Scotia, educatedthere and brought up to the sea. In 1857 hecame to Victoria, and soon afterwards to Auck-land, where he initiated a coastal service withRussell, Whangaroa and Mangonui. His firstvessel was the schooner Fairy, followed by theKiwi and Ivanhoe. In 1872 he built his firststeamer, the Rowena, in the ownership of whichhe was associated with D. B. and W. Cruick-shank, James Macfarlane, William Laird,George Fraser senr., R. Wyles, Reynolds, andCaptain James Chapman. McGregor was mas-ter. The Iona was built in 1875, and later theArgyle, Staffa and Katikati. In 1881 the North-ern Steamship Co. was formed, McGregor beinggeneral manager to 1888. He then purchasedthe Rose Casey for the Auckland-Waiwera-Ma-hurangi trade, for which the Orewa and RobRoy were afterwardS acquired, and the Kia Orafor the upper Thames. McGregor died on 11Jan 1901.

N.Z. Herald, 12 Jan 1901.

14 15

McGREGOR

McGREGOR, ALEXANDER INNES (1838-1901) was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire,and educated at the local grammar school andat King's College, Aberdeen. He was interestedin chemistry and came to New Zealand in 1870under engagement to the distillery at Dunedin.When the distillery was closed down (1871), hesettled at Maroa. He actively advocated theproclamation of a borough, became a memberof the council and later mayor (for three years)and a member of the Lake Ellesmere trust. Mc-Gregor was a free trader and a strong supporterof W. Montgomery (q.v.), on whose retirementin 1886 he won the seat and represented Maroato 1890 (when the electorate was merged inLyttelton). He was chairman of the high schooland domain boards. McGregor died on 16 Jan1901.

Cycl. N.Z. iii.

MACGREGOR, DONALD, was born in 1824 atWick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, and was a ropeand twine manufacturer. He came to New Zealand first in 1850, was attracted by the golddiggings in New South Wales and Victoria, butreturned in 1855, to Nelson. He prospectedin the Collingwood district, and discovered theQuartz Ranges. In 1864 he bought land on theWest Coast, where he bred high quality cattle.From Apr 1875 till the abolition of the Provin-cial Council, he occupied the seat for Buller,and he was chairman of the Hampden roadboard. Some years before his death he retiredto live in Nelson.

Cycl. N.z., v (p).

MACGREGOR, DUNCAN (1843-1906) wasborn at Aberfeldy, Perthshire, and was educatedin that parish and at Breadalbane Academy,from which he proceeded on a bursary to Aber-deen University, maintaining himself there byteaching. He graduated M.A. in 1867 after adistinguished career. At Glasgow University hewon the coveted Ferguson scholarship in mentalscience, open to graduates from all Scottishuniversities. He took his medical degree atEdinburgh in 1870, and in that year was selectedas the first professor of mental science andpolitical economy at Otago University, to whichhe came in the Wild Deer (1871).

Macgregor soon gave evidence of the rarewidth and depth of his philosophy, liberal read-ing and pronounced views on social questions.

MACGREGOR

Many future leaders of New Zealand sat at hisfeet (including Stout, T. W. Hislop, Findlay,Wilding, Downie Stewart, Denniston and DrFitchett). In the lecture room and as a peripa-tetic philosopher rambling with his students, heformed a cult of political thought and wieldedconsiderable influence on the intellectual andsocial life in New Zealand. He was a man otgreat stature and strength, excelled in robustsports, and throughout life enjoyed tlle High-land gatherings of his people. In 1873 he wasappointed inspector of lunatic asylums inOtago, and from 1876-82 he was medical super-intendent of the Dunedin asylum. In 1886 theStout Government appointed him Inspector-general of Asylums and administrator of tllehospital and charitable aid act. As an adminis-trator he was clear, decisive and bold. He wrotehis reports in the striking and forceful Englishwhich also characterised his series of articles (inthe New Zealand Magazine) on tlle problem ofpoverty. He declined tIle doctorate of Edin-burgh, and was awarded tIlat of Aberdeenwithout being consulted.

Macgregor died on 16 Dec 1906.

Ross; Evening Post, 17, 18 Dec 1906; N.z. Times,17 Dec 1906; Thompson, Rist. Univ. Otago; App.R.R. 1879, H.l.

MACGREGOR, JAMES (1830-94) was born inCallender, PertIlshire. By dogged persistencyand hard work he won his way through theUniversity, was ordained, and preached his firstsermon in his native parish. He had charge ofBarry, near Dundee, and afterwards of Paisley,from which he was appointed professor of sys-tematic tIleology in tIle New Free College inEdinburgh.

In 1881, seeking lighter work, he came toNew Zealand, and had charge of Columba FreeChurch at Oamaru, where he preached periodi-cally in Gaelic. Macgregor had a gifted and cul-tured intellect and was an accomplished writer,ratIler in me style of Carlyle. He published aseries of meological text books. His death oc-curred on 8 Oct 1894. (See 'VILLIAM CUNNING-HAM MACGREGOR.)

Oamaru Mail, 9 Oct 1894; Otago Witness, 7 JUI1931 (p).

MACGREGOR, JOHN (1850-1936) was born inAberfeldy, PertIlshire, where he received hisprimary education. He men went to Edin-

1 MACGREGORburgh University, graduating M.A. (1874). AbrotIler of Dr Duncan Macgregor (q.v.), he wasalso intended for medicine, but was attracted tolaw, and on arriving in Dunedin (1875) he en-tered the office of Robert Stout (q.v.), whosesister Jessie (d. 1890), tIle daughter of ThomasStout, of Lenvick, Shetland, he married in 1878.He was admitted to tIle bar in 1877, and after afew montIls in Timaru he practised in Dunedin(in partnership witIl Peter Duncan) until hisretirement in 1927.

Macgregor was a very capable lawyer,especially in constitutional law, and a man ofdeep culture and Liberal opinions. He was par-ticularly interested in education, and was amember of tIle Otago education board for 12years and chairman for two years. He wrote fre-quently to tIle press well-considered articles onindustrial relations and on social matters gen-erally (notably on tIle population question).He was called to tIle Legislative Council in1892, but before the expiration of his term hegave it to be understood that he would notaccept reappointment, as he believed tIlat somecriticism by a member of tIle cabinet of hisaction in Parliament suggested that it was hisduty to vote for tIle party which appointedhim. He was called again by tIle Reform Gov-ernment in 19i4, and reappointed for two sub-sequent' terms, retiring in 1935.

In Parliament Macgregor devoted much atten-tion to reform in social laws. He was respon-sible for tlle legitimation act, which provided tIlata fatller, by marrying tIle motIler of his illegi-timate cllildren, could' thereby legitimise them.The divorce law he had amended to equalisetIle position of husband and ,vife and to adddesertion, failure to maintain, and habitualdrunkenness to the grounds of dissolution. 'V.D. Stewart says Macgregor was an idealist witIlgreat force of character and an unusual masteryof legal principles and constitutional law. Formany years he was a brilliant polemic writer onpolitics, witIl a profound knowledge of politicalphilosophy. He was tIle first real critic of mesystem of compulsory arbitration.

Macgregor's principal pamphlets were:Money Bills (1895), Parliamentary Govemmentin New Zealand (1896), Marriage and Divol'ee(1897), Liberalism True and False (1899) andIndustrial Arbitration in New Zealand (1901).He died on 25 Nov 1936.

MACGREGOR

N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 10 Sep 1937); Who's WhoN.Z., J908, 1924, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., iv; W. D.Stewart, Bell; Otago Dailv Times, 17 Oct 1892, 18Sep 1899, 26 Nov 1936 (p). Portrait: ParliamentHouse.

McGREGOR, MALCOLM CHARLES (1896-1936), born near Hunterville, gained distinctionas an Air Force pilot during tIle war of 1914-18. He was commander of Number 85 Squad-ron of tIle Royal Air Force, and was awardedtIle Distinguished Flying Cross with bar. Re-turning to New Zealand, he became a pioneerof commercial aviation and an organiser of tIleNew Zealand air-mail and passenger services.In 1934 (witIl H. C. Walker) he took part intIle Melbourne centenary air race from Englandto Australia, establishing a new record for lightmachines. He was killed at Rongotai aerodromeon 19 Feb 1936.

G. H. Cunningham. Alae's Memories (1937) (p):The Press, 20 Feb 1936.

MACGREGOR, WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM(1862-1934) was born at Paisley, Scotland, tIleson of tIle Rev James Macgregor (1830-94,q.v.). He was educated at vVatson's College andtIle University of Edinburgh, and came to NewZealand at tIle age of 19 years. He studied atOtago University, where he passed his finallaw examinations in 1883 and in dIe same yearreceived tIle Canterbury law society's goldmedal. He was a keen sportsman, playing cric-ket for tIle Carisbrook club (Dunedin) andRugby for tIle Dunedin club. In 1898-99 hewas champion of tIle Otago Golf club.

Macgregor practised in Dunedin from 1890to 1920, and was president of tIle Otago lawsociety in 1898. In 1903 he became a partnerin tIle firm of SmitIl, Macgregor and Sinclair,and he was for many years legal adviser to meCity Council. In 1914 he became crown prose-cutor for me Otago district, and he took silkin tIle same year. In Jul 1920 he was appointedSolicitor-general. While in control of tIle CrownLaw Office, he had to assume most of tIle dutiesof Attorney-general during the absence inGeneva of Sir Francis Bell. In 1923 he becamea judge of me Supreme Court, and he retiredin 1934, and died on 26 Aug of tIlat year.During his earlier years at tIle bar Macgregorwas a frequent contributor to me press, both inEngland and New Zealand. He took a keen

16 172

McGUIRE

interest in British imperialism, and was theauthor of Ideals of Empire (1908). He marriedin 1902 Dora Louisa, daughter of G. W. Harris,of Mt Gambier, South Australia. J.H.B.S.

Who's Who NZ., 1924, 1932; The Dominion, 28Aug 1934.

McGUIRE, FELIX (1847-1915) was born incounty Fermanagh, Ireland, educated there andsailed for Australia in 1862. Early in the fol-lowing year he crossed to Auckland, enlisted inthe Waikato Regiment and was in action atMauku. Having seen the Waikato campaignthrough, and been present at Te Ranga (Jun1864), he visited the West Coast diggings; but ayear or two later enlisted in the WanganuiCavalry for the' campaign against Titokowaru.He was mentioned in despatches, transferred tothe commissariat and eventually given a com-mission.

On leaving the service he entered into busi-ness as a storekeeper at Patea, prospered finan-cially and took a leading part in public life.He was a member of the Provincial Council forPatea from 1873 until the abolition of the pro-vinces, after which he became chairman of thecounty council. In the late seventies he movedto Hawera, of which town he was the firstmayor; and in 1883 to Auckland, where he ac-quired business interests. He returr..f:d toHawera in 1886, and in the following year ac-cepted a suggestion made 10 years earlier byopposing Atkinson for the Egmont seat. Aftera finely organised contest he was narrowlydefeated, but when Atkinson retired he gainedthe seat, which he represented from 1891. In1896 the Hawera electorate was created and herepresented it until 1902, when he was defeatedby C. E. Major. In 1913 he again went to re-side in Auckland. McGuire received many pre-sentations in recognition of his public servicesas mayor, member of Parliament and captainof the Hawera Rifles, and his constant interestin charities and social movements. In his lateryears he farmed at Okaiawa.

He married (1868) a daughter of J. Quin, ofWanganui. McGuire died on 6 Apr 1915.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Jun 1915; Who's Who N.Z., 1908;Hawera Star, 7 Apr 1915. Portrait: ParliamentHouse.

McHARDY, ALEXANDER (1831-99) was bornat Strathdon, Aberdeenshire. As a young man

McILRAITH

he emigrated to Australia, where he spent threeyears but, finding the climate unsuitable to hishealth, he came to New Zealand in 1861 andsettled in Hawkes Bay. He soon had a largebusiness at the Spit in the export of cattle fromHawkes Bay to other parts of New Zealand,especially the goldfields of the South IsI~nd.In conjunction with E. J. Coleman, he acqUlredBlackhead station, where he soon created a finecattle and sheep property. In 1888 the partner-ship was dissolved, and McHardy became thesole owner. He was specially noted for his breedof shorthorn cattle. He acquired also a finesheepraising property known as Longlands. Hewas president of the Hawkes Bay Agricult~raland Pastoral association and of the Caledomansociety and a member (and at times chairman)of the Patangata county council, the HawkesBay rabbit board and the local road board. Heafterwards acquired the Beaulieu estate in theManawatu, and became an inspiring patron ofthe Manawatu Agricultural and Pastoral associa-tion. McHardy died on 27 Sept 1899.

Playne; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Dail)' Telegraph(Napier), 16 Oct 1925; Hawkes Bay Herald, 29Sep 1899.

McILHONE, HUGH, was elected in 1868 asmember for Northern Division in the AucklandProvincial Council. In the following year heretired and was defeated by Farnall in theparliamentary elections for the same electorate.He was manager of St Mary's orphanage andof the state forests, resigning his position in1886. McIlhone married a daughter of JohnMcMullen (1886-88, of county Antrim, Ireland,who came to New Zealand in 1863).

McILRAlTH, HUGH, was born in A?hire, in1836, and brought up to sheep farming. In1855 he came to Australia, and the followingyear arrived in Canterbury, settling in th~ Mal-vern hills district. In 1864 he mamed adaughter of William Lyon, of Wellington. Mc-Ilraith moved to the Amuri district in 1876.He was chairman of the Amuri road board andfor three years (1882-84) sat as member forCheviot in the House of Representatives. Hewas an original and life member of the Can-terbury Agricultural and Pastoral association,president of the New Ze~land Trotting asso~ation and of the New Bnghton club, and a JUs-tice of the peace from 1865 until he resigned in

18

I

;.

'.":.

~~

t

McINDOE

1896. He retired from farming in 1885.

Cwl. N.Z., iii (p).

McINDOE, JAMES (1824-1905) was born atRothesay, Scotland, and educated in the parishschool. He entered an office for business train-;ng, but was fond of farming and horticultureand became a member of the Bute farmers'association. He married Elizabeth, daughter ofJohn Gillies (q.v.). His father being a memberof the Otago Association, he saw the first twoships leave the Clyde for New Zealand, andwhen his father died he decided to emigrate.

McIndoe sailed to Otago in the Alpine(1859) and commenced business as a merchantand auctioneer, but soon left for the goldfields.Returning to Dunedin, he was in business asa seed merchant till 1866. In 1867 he was elec-ted to the Otago Provincial Council for GreenIsland and Caversham, which he representedtill 1870. He was M.H.R. for Caversham for afew months in 1870. McIndoe took a great in-terest in the early history of Otago, and con-tributed many sketches and articles to the press(nota15ly the Otago Witness) under the initials, LM.L' A Sketch of Otago (published in1878) is a useful manual and chronology. Hewas fond of walking and botany. McIndoe wasa leading member of the Knights of Labour. Inhis later years he acted as a government valuer.He died on 4 Sep 1905.

Otago P.C. Proc.; McIndoe, op. cit.; A. Brown;Cycl. NZ., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 5 Sep 1905.

MACKAY, ALEXANDER (1833-1909), born atEdinburgh, was educated at Norfolk HouseAcademy, Southsea, and came to Nelson withhis uncle (]. Mackay, senr) by the SlainsCastle (1845). While engaged farming, helearned the Maori language and he accom-panied his cousin (James Mackay) when hepurchased the Kaikoura block from the natives(1859), and afterwards on his explorations andnegotiations on the West Coast. In Feb 1860they proceeded up the Buller river to the Grey.As his uncle was trying to find a route throughDevil's Grip to Nelson, he returned to econo-mise the expedition's food supplies.

In 1864 Mackay was appointed commissionerof native reserves in the South! Island and civilcommissioner. His knowledge of the history ofthe South Island tribes, which was unsurpassed,is obvious in the introductory pages of his

MACKAY

monumental" Compendium of Official Docu-ments relative to Native Affairs in the SouthIsland (1873). In 1882 Mackay was transfer-red to Wellington as commissioner of nativereserves for New Zealand, and he frequentlysat as a commissioner under the native landfrauds prevention act. In 1884 he became ajudge of the native land court. He died atFeilding on "18 Nov 1909. Mackay married(1863) a daughter of William Gibbs (q.v.).

App. H.R., 1876, G3a, 1891, Sess. ii G4, 7, 7a;Cycl. N.Z., i; Hindmarsh; Reid; Harrop; Mackay,op. cit.; N.Z. Times, 19 Nov 1909; Evening Post,18 Nov.

MACKAY, JAMES (1804-75) came to New Zea-land in the Slains Castle, settling in Nelsonearly in 1845 on a farm in the Wakapuaka blockwhich he had bought from the New ZealandCompany. Disputes about the native titlecaused him a great deal of trouble. In the firstNew Zealand Parliament Mackay was M.H.R.for the Town of Nelson (1853-55). He favouredresponsible government and took a leading partin establishing the fonns and privileges of Par-liament. He was convenor of the committeewhich considered the customs tariff and broughtsteam communications under the notice of theHouse. The incident in which he was assaultedby Sewell and others belongs to the fight forresponsible government. Mackay sat in the Nel-son Provincial Council for Nelson (1857-61).He died on 31 May 1875.

N.Z.P.D., 1854-55; Parltry Record; Nelson P.C.Proc. ; Saunders; Rusden ; Thl?mson; The Colonist,1 Jun 1875.

MACKAY, JAMES (1831-1912) was born inScotland, and at the age of 13 sailed for NewZealand in the Slains Castle, arriving at NelsonJan 1845. His father (James Mackay, 1804-75,q.v.) having purchased land at Wakapuaka,they commenced farming there, but soon haddifficulty with the Ngati-Tama, who disputedthe sale of their land. In the seven years Jamesspent with his father he learned a great dealabout stock and farming, and in 1852 he tooka run at Cape Farewell and 1,500 acres of free-hold land fronting on Golden Bay. While raising sheep and cattle on these properties, hecommenced a series of important explorations,the first (in 1856) being to the head waters ofthe Aorere and the Takaka rivers. He was an

19

MACKAY

intrepid and fearless bushman and, having mas-tered the Maori language, was able to usenatives in his exploration. In 1855 he met DonaId McLean (q.v.), who was much impressedwith his qualifications. Early in 1857 Mackay,with Maori companions, started from Cape Fare-well and walked to the Mawhera (Grey) river,which they ascended for 50 miles. With thechief Tarapuhi, Mackay explored the riverhigher up ; he sounded the bar and ascertainedthat small vessels could enter, and returned toNelson (walking along the coast) to show speci-mens of coal from Brunner's seam and to reportthat the pakihi lands of the Mawheraiti weresuited for pastoral occupation.

In Jan 1858 Mackay was appointed assistantnative secretary for the South Island, his firstduty being to set apart native reserves. On theresignation of Domett, Brunner and Heaphyhe became sole commissioner of reserves andadjusted most of the disputes. When gold wasdiscovered at Collingwood he had to negotiatewith the native owners. He settled many dis-putes on behalf of miners and natives, and inOct 1858 was appointed warden on the field.In 1859 he was sent to tlle East Coast to nego-tiate the purchase of the Kaikoura block. Thisdone, he was sent to acquire the whole of theWest Coast from Cape Farewell to MilfordHaven. Crossing the divide, he encountered atlake Sumner the Nelson surveyor, John Roch-fort, with a party defining the provincial boun-daries. The combined party crossed the saddleinto the Teremakau by way of the Hurunui andHarper's Pass and then separated, Rochfortproceeding to lake Brunner and the Grey, andMackay to the Teremakau and the sea. Mac-kay met with great difficulty in his negotiationsowing to the reluctance of the Maori to partwith the country from which they derived green-stone, and tlleir anxiety as to adequate reserves.In Aug 1859 he tried, with one Maori, to reachNelson by way of the Inangahua saddle, but hadto return to Greymouth and walked on to theBuller, where he found the cutter Supply andso reached Nelson. He proceeded to Aucklandto interview the Governor (Gore-Browne), andin Feb 1860 set out again for the coast fullyauthorised to agree to tlle reserves asked for bythe Maori chiefs.

Travelling overland to tlle Maruia plain andthe source of the Grey river, Mackay reached

MACKAY

Mawhera pa in seven weeks. The sellOonerGipsy arrived about tlle same time with govern-ment supplies, and nearly tllree weeks laterHaast, who had also travelled by the Maruiaand the Grey, reached the pa. Mackay startedwith a strong party of Maori and pakeha, andcovered a distance of 135 miles to Okarito,where the hui was to be held. Having discussedtlle sale with the chiefs there, tlle party pro-ceeded to Bruce Bay (40 miles). From here thetravellers returned to lVlawhera pa, at the mouthof the Grey, where the deed was signed on 21May 1860, Mackay signing on behalf of theGovernment. At the end of 1858, with MajorJohn Lockett, Mackay made an exploration ofthe headwaters of the Takaka and Karamea,discovering Mts Lockett and Peel and theDiamond lakes. His last expedition on the coast(in 1862) was for the purpose of blazing a trackup the Aorere river to the mouth of theHeaphy. On this occasion he walked from Ka-ramea to Westport in one day. Mackay reachedCollingwood by way of the Heaphy, previouslyunexplored, and the Aorere. He left the WestCoast in Jul 1863.

On the outbreak of the \Vaikato war he wassummoned to Auckland, and in his capacity ofassistant native secretary had charge of theMaori prisoners. His intimate knowledge ofthe people and their language gave him greatinfluence, and he was sent to the Thames ascivil commissioner (May 1864) to assist in set-tling the natives who had been in rebellion andreturned to their homes after Orakau (Mar-Apr1864). In these negotiations Mackay came intoconflict with the senior military officer (ColonelGreer) when he insisted on explaining clearlyto the King tribes who wished to surrender thattheir lands had been confiscated. Greer puthim under arrest. On the discovery of gold atthe Thames (JuI1867), Mackay impressed uponthe Government his conviction that this pro-vidential occurrence would offset the depres-sion which overhung the Colony. In co-opera-tion with the chief Wirope Hoterini Taipari, henegotiated agreements with the Ngati-Tama-Tera, the Ngai-te-Rangi and the Ngati-Maru,which enabled tlle field to be opened, and incollaboration with miners' representatives hedrew up satisfactory rules. As warden and resi-dent magistrate Mackay showed remarkableenergy and judgment in his administration, pro-

20

MACKAY

viding in turn for the subsequent rushes atKauaeranga and Kennedy's Bay. His positioriwas rendered so difficult, however, by the jeal-ousies of the provincial and general Govern-ments, that he tendered his resignation. TheGovernment insisted that he should carry onthe duties of the native office, at any rate to theend of the year, and he continued to renderuseful service as civil agent and commission'~rat native gatherings in "Vaikato and Thames.

In 1869 Mackay intended to oppose Gilliesfor the superintendency of Auckland, but leftthe field to Williamson. He was elected to theProvincial Council for Thames in 1870 andagain at the end of the year, sitting till 1873.He was then agent for the General Governmentin Waikato. In 1875 he petitioned against thereturn of Sir George Grey as M.H.R. forThames, on the ground that he had alreadybeen elected for Auckland City West. Theselect committee decided against him. In 1879Mackay was again for a short time residentmagistrate and warden at Greymouth. He stoodfor Auckland City North in 1887, and was nar-rowly defeated by Cadman for Coromandel.Mackay died on 13 Oct 1912.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Nelson P.C. Proc. and Gaz.;App. H.R., 1869 A15, 16, 17, 18, 1873 G3, 1876 II;Parltry Record; Thames Jubilee (p); Reid; O. S.Meads, unpublished thesis on C. Heaphy; Hind-marsh; N.Z. Herald, 23 Feb 1889; Westport Timesand Star, 28 Dec 1926; Auckland Star, 29 Dec 1892.

MACKAY, JAMES (1857-1907) was born atDuns, Berwickshire, educated in Edinburgh andwent to sea, serving as apprentice in ships ofthe Henderson line between England and NewZealand. Leaving the Timaru in 1875, heworked his way from Dunedin to Invercargill,was employed for some time at the Mataurapaper mills, made another round voyage in theWaimea, and then settled in New Zealand,driving wagons over the Rimutaka and at otherjobs. In 1884 he made a round voyage in theLady Jocelyn, taking frozen meat from theNorth Island to England, and then worked forthe Wellington harbour board for some years.

In 1891 he was appointed to the staff of thenewly organised Labour department, to whichhe gave many years valuable service. The statefarm at Weraroa was one of his projects. Mac-kay was active in friendly societies, being aprominent member of the freemasons, odd-

.MACKAY

fellows and foresters. He died on 23 Sep 1907.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p).

MACKAY, JESSIE (1864-1938), the eldestdaughter of Robert and Elizabeth MacKay, wasborn at Rakaia Gorge in Canterbury. Herfather for ma.ny years managed Raincliff andOpuha stations, and was afterwards in chargeof the Manawatu Land Co.'s property in theNorth Island. Educated in her own home, shehad obtained a good grounding in the Englishclassics before she entered the Noniial SellOolin Christchurch. During her teaching service shewas in charge of the schools at Kakahu Bush(1887-90) and Ashwick Flat (1893-94). In 1889her first book of Ballads appeared, to be fol-lowed in 1891 by The Sitter on the Rail, a:volume especially interesting because, polemicalas well as poetical, it revealed first her ownpeculiar blend of inspiration. For 10 years shewas lady editor of the Canterbury Times. In1908 was published another book of verse, Fromthe Maori Sea, and in 1909 appeared her mostconsiderable collection, Land of the Morning,which contains poems which will stand to hername in a New Zealand renascence. It containsalso songs such as For Love 0' Appin: which isworthy of inclusion in any Scottish anthology. The Burial of Sir John McKenzie' is a strik-ing tribute to a great land reformer, the Grac-chus of New Zealand. Both were inspired byme memory of the evictions of the Scottishcrofters; and the one by enactment, the other bysong, strove to save this young country from likeabuses. In 1926 appeared a small gift volume,Bride of the Rivers, and in 1935 another volumeof greater merit called Vigil. Her poems areincluded in anthologies here and overseas.

A fine humanitarian, Jessie MacKay workedfor many causes, for women's rights and forsmall nationalities. Her vigorous, trenchantarticles won her a wide public. She was sent asdelegate in 1921 to the Irish conference at Paris.She toured through France, Germany, England,Scotland and Ireland and met many of theleading minds of the day. In 1935 her admirershere and overseas presented her with a testi-monial of their esteem. In 1936 the State, act-ing on wise suggestions, raised literature to thestatus of a national service by granting her apension and placing her on the civil list. Inan autobiographical sketch which she wrote for

21

McKELLAR, HENRY SCOTT (1834-1912), a sonof Dugald McKellar, M.D., was born in Batter-sea, Surrey, and educated at Christs Hospital inLondon. In .1852 he arrived in New Plymouthby the St MIchael. After farming for a year heente~ed the Government service as clerk andla~ding waiter in the customs, and he becamechief clerk at Lyttelton (1859) ; sub-collector inChristchurch (1863) and eventually inspector?f customs (1887), and Secretary (1888). Retir-mg on pension in 1892, he settled in PalmerstonNor~, where he died on 27 Jul1912. McKellarmarrIed (1861) Sophia Louisa, daughter ofJoseph Heywood, a London merchant and(1871) Maria Russell, daughter of e~lonelHulme, of the 80th Regiment. For 30 years hewas a member of the Anglican synod, and secre-tary of the Melanesian mission.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Evening Post, 25 Jul1912.

McKELLAR

natives over the grazing of their cattle culmin-ated in his being murdered (on 26 Jul 1892).

JOHN McKELLAR (d. 1883) was a well knownracing owner and a patron of coursing, and in-troduced fallow deer into the Tapanui district.He had a store and auctioneering business inTapanui and was the first mayor of the borough(1876). !~o years later he bought the Brooks-dale staUoh from his father-in-law, W. Pinker-ton (q.v.).

Ro?erts, Southland; Col. Gent.; Beattie; TapanUl; Otago Daily Times, 4 Aug, 4 Oct 1892.

McKELLAR, DUNCAN, was born in Scotland.He had a good liberal education and was en-ga.g~d at differ.ent times in journalism, teaching,lID.rung, dr.e~ng, carpentry, timber rafting andbndge building. He settled in the Cromwelldistrict just after the discoveries of Hartley andReilly (1862), and was many years headmasterof the school. He represented Kawarau in theProvincial Counci~ (1873-75), and was secretaryfor the goldfields m Reid's administration. Mc-Kellar died on 1 Aug 1890.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times 4 Au....1890. ' b

McKELLAR, PETER (1827-84) was born inS.cotland and trained as a surveyor. He prac-used for some time in Glasgow before coming toAustralia to join an elder brother. In 1855 hecrossed to New Zealand to join Alexander Mc-

23

McKELLAR, DAVID, was born in the westernHighlands of Scotland, the son of John Mc-Kellar, of Knebworth, Victoria, and went as ayoung man to Australia, where he married(1867) a daughter of the Hon W. Skene. Hecame to Otago from Australia and joined Alex-ander McNab in prospecting for land in South-land. From the Bluff they proceeded north-ward, and McKellar choose the Longridge pro-perty.. The na~ve grass was so long and coarsethat It took him and his brother Peter morethan a year to get their sheep to the stationfrom ~e Bluff. McKellar grew his first crop ofwheat m a bend of the Mataura river below:-Vaikaia plains station. He did much explor-mg, largely in the company of George Gunn,and they gave their names to two lakes. He wasthe first pakeha to see the central part of LakeWakati~u (1857-58), but was prevented by ad-verse wmds from exploring it with a mokihi.The winter snow here seemed too severe forstock. In 1866 or 1867 he sold his Waimea pro-perty to G. M. Bell. On the departure of hisbrother John for New Mexico in 1877, he tookover the management of the Brooksdale stationat Tapanui. Failing to sell it in small farmsMcKellar adopted intensive farming and Ameri:can methods of pig-raising and spent muchmoney on stock. In the early eighties he pur-chased land in Mexico, where he created amodern ranch, but constant troubles with the

McKELLAR

Indies, a son of the Rev Charles Mackechniean army chaplain. Coming to New'South Wa1e~with his father, he became associate to his' re-lative, Sir Alfred Stephen, and was admitted asolicitor. After practising for some years hecame .to A~ckland (1870), where he was in part-nership WIth MacCormick and later with 0~icholson. He was a member of the City Coun:01 (1882-85). an~ ~airman of the hospitalb~ard: but his mam mterests were literary andsoenufic. He was president of the AucklandMuseum and Institute and of the Society of~ts. On his death (on 17 Jan 1901) Mackech-rue bequeathed to the Auckland Institute hisbook~ an~ 2,500 to be applied to the purchaseof .soenufic w?rks, and to the Society of Artsa like sum, which was devoted to the erection ofthe art gallery in Kitchener Street.

Lyttelton Times, 2 Dec 1885; N.Z. Herald, 18 Jan1901, 8 Nov 1902; Auckland Star, 17 Jan 1901.

i

j

MACKECHNIE

member of school committees in Dunedin andan elder of the First Church, of St John'sChurch in Wellington and the Island BayChurch. He married (1879) Euthenia, daughterof D. McCorkindale (Dunedin). His death oc-curred on 3 Mar 1937.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908.

McKAY, JOHN CLARK, was member of theSouthland Provincial Council for Waihopai(1861-64) and was on the executive in 1861-6!3,and in 1864.

MACKAY, JOSEPH (?-1918) was born inScotland, and gained his M.A. degree at KingsCollege, Aberdeen. He taught in a grammarschool at Bristol and in a Presbyterian schoolin Australia, and in 1865 came to New Zealandto take up the position of mathematics and assis-tant master at Nelson College. This he heldtill 1881, being also in charge of the boardingestablishment. From 1881 to 1891 he was head-master of Wellington College, which under hisguidance had considerable success in civil ser-vice and competitive examinations. After re-tiring he farmed at Midhirst, Taranaki, wherehe died in Jun 1918.

A son, CHARLES EVAN MACKAY (1875-1929)was mayor of Wanganui (1906-13, 1915-20). Hewas shot while acting as a press correspondentin Berlin on 3 May 1929.

Nelson Coll. O.B. Reg.; Leckie (p) ; The Times,6, 7, 8 May 1929.

MACKAY, THOMAS (1826-91) was born atInverness, Scotland, and educated and trainedas a civil engineer. He practised until middleage in Ireland and came to Nelson in 1871, thefamily settling at Aniseed valley. Following avisit by the Governor (Lord Normanby), he wasappointed to the land purchase branch of thePublic Works department, being later Govern-ment agent on the West Coast and trust com-missioner for native reserves; deputy land taxcommissioner (1879), and trustee of West Coast(North Island) settlement reserves (1882-84).In 1890 he was a commissioner, with Rees andCarroll, on the operation of native land laws.He had almost finished his dissenting reportwhen he died (13 Jun 1891).

App. H.R., ii 1891 Gla; Evening Post, 15 Jun1891.MACKECHNIE, EDMUND AUGUSTUS (1823-1901) was born at St Christopher's, West

22

MACKAY

MACKAY, JOHN (1851-1937) was born in Fife-shire, Scotland, came to Dunedin in the StormCloud (1860) and was educated at the publicschools and the Otago Boys' High School (1863-64). He then spent some years in the office ofhis brother Joseph, owner of the Bruce Herald,Milton, and after 12 months with Mills, Dickand Co., established himself as a printer inDunedin (1871). He was associated withThomas Bracken as printers of the SaturdayAdve1,tiser in Dunedin. He was also for a whilein partnership with George Fenwick (q.v.), andafterwards senior partner in Mackay, Rick andMunro. He sold out this interest in 1888, andbecame factory manager for the Evening Star.

In 1896 Mackay was appointed GovernmentPrinter, an office which he held till 1916. Hetook some little part in local affairs, being a

an Australian paper, she spoke of the busythirties in which the new century found me acity dweller, heading on to be a journalist ofsorts, thanks to two large-hearted editors-Samuel Saunders of the Lyttelton Times andWilliam Fenwick of the Otago Witness. Noneed to rehearse how A. G. Stephens gave mea foothold in Australia ere I knew I had onein New Zealand, nor how the slender sheaf ofverse gathered then was finally bound up intoLand of the Moming in 1909 and a tiny Mel-bourne booklet of the following year. And thereis less than no need to name this and that claimand cause of a battle-weary age, going far tostifle the small silvery call that poets hear:that would be nearer a story of endings thanone cares to think upon.' Of her causes per-haps the dearest to her was that of prohibition.A year or two before her death she wrote pas-sionate1y: How willingly I would give up mylittle bit of fame if my causes might prosper.'To the very end she worked for Scottish homerule. She, foretelling world-events, dubbed her-self Cassandra, and indeed there was somethingvatic in her gift. Something native leapt intoour literature at her coming. She represents theperiod of transition, when New Zealand firstbecame country-conscious, and we are fortunatein the gift and in the integrity of such a pioneer.

E.D.Annals N.z. Lit.; Acland; E. M. Dunlop in N.z.

Herald, 11 Jun 1904; Star-Sun, 23 Aug 1938 (p);The Press and The Dominion, 24 Aug; J. Cowanin N.z. Railways Magazine, 1 Jan 1937.

MACKELVIE

Nab in exploring the Murihiku district for pas-toralland. As a result he and his brother David(q.v.) for some years worked the Longridgeand Waimea properties in Southland. Mterthey separated, Peter acquired also Glenure (inthe Hokonui district). He represented Oreti inthe Southland Provincial Council (1864-65). Onretiring from Longridge McKellar lived in In-vercargill. His death occurred on 11 Nov 1884.

Beattie, ii, 103: Otago Daily Times, 5 Dec 1884.

MACKELVIE, JAMES TANNOCK (1824-85)was born in Glasgow, his father being an officerin H.M. Customs. He was educated in Glasgow,and trained to mercantile life. For some yearshe was in business in Liyerpool, where he be-came manager of the Birkenhead Steam FerryCo. He came to New Zealand in 1867 and wasassociated as a partner with Brown and Camp-bell until 1872. Meanwhile he invested shewdlyand successfully in mining ventures on theThames field. He was one of the fourowners of the Golden Crown (1869-70). Retir-ing in a few years with a large fortune, he re-turned to England. In 1877 he made the firstof a series of gifts to the City of Auckland, inthis instance a collection of English coins. Inthe next eight years he donated valuable booksand works of art to the Auckland Public lib-rary and the Art Gallery. Mackelvie died on 4Jun 1885, leaving a sum of [40,000 for the artgallery.

Barr; Weston; Auckland Star, 28 Ju1 1885; N.z.Herald, 23 Dec 1882, 9 May 1883, 24 Ju1 1885, 28Nov 1890, 23 Apr, 13 Sep 1892. Portrait: AucklandArt Gallery (by L. J. Steele).

McKENNA, EDWARD (1830-1908) was bornin Leeds, of Irish parentage, and came to NewZealand in 1846 as a non-commissioned officerin the 65th Regiment. He served through theMaori wars, and on 7 Sep 1863 was awardedthe Victoria Cross for bravery in an engagementat Alexandra Redoubt, near Camerontown. Hewas also promoted from colour-sergeant to en-sign, and received that rank in the militia (Dec1865). On retiring (1867), he joined the NewZealand Railway department, being station-master in Kaiapoi. Invercargill, Ashburton,Palmerston North, Gore and Wanganui (1896).He retired from the railways in 1903, and diedat PaImerston North 8 Jun 1908.

Railway department records; Who's Who N.Z.,

McKENZIE

1908; Cowan; Cycl. N.Z., i; Evening Post, 9 Jun1908; N.z. Herald, 10 Jun 1903; N.Z. Graphic, 14Oct 1893 (p); Auckland Weekly News, 27 Oct 1899(p).

McKENZIE, DUNCAN (1808-93) was born inPrince Edward island, and returned with hisparents to the parish of Applecross, in Ross,Scotland, where he was educated. At the ageof 21 he again emigrated with his family toCape Breton island, where he and his brotherMurdoch engaged in seafaring, becoming mastermariners and eventually shipowners. Theyprospered, left the sea and became storekeepei"sat St Ann's.

When Norman McLeod (q.v.) in 1847 re-ceived a letter from his son suggesting that thecolony should move to Australia, Duncan andMurdoch became the leaders of the movement,helped to finance and build the ships, and en-rolled 300 of the settlers for the migration. Mc-Kenzie sailed in the Highland Lass, when shedeparted from St Ann's. Mter making a call atthe Cape, they reached Adelaide on 10 Apr1852, and Duncan with three other leaders ex-plored as far as Mount Lofty to ascertain whe-ther suitable land was available. Proceeding toMelbourne, they established a camp on thebanks of the Yarra while the leaders prospectedas far inland as Mount Disappointment andthen acquired the schooner Gazelle and sailedfor New Zealand. Arriving at Auckland in Jan1853, they hired a longboat and sailed northto Whangarei and Waipu, where they selectedan area of land for the Highland settlement.

McKenzie established himself in business inAuckland as storekeeper, general agent and shipchandler, mainly to look after the interests ofthe settlers at Waipu, and to carry through thenegotiations for a special settlement. He andMurdoch advanced the money to build theFlora Macdonald as a trading schooner for thesettlers and eventually Duncan moved his abodeto Marsden Point, Whangarei, where he estab-lished a store and depot. He financed the build-ing of several ships, and himself took commandon various occasions, notably of the Don, theThistle and the Jessie. He did much to promotethe development of the settlement, introducedthe first threshing machine to Waipu and estab-lished saleyards at Cove. He took a prominentpart in public life, and represented Marsden inthe Provincial Council (1861-65) after the re-

MACKENZIE

tirement of his brother Murdoch. McKenziedied on 29 June 1893.

N. R. Mackenzie (p).

MACKENZIE, FRANCIS WALLACE (1824-92) was born at Tarral, Tarbat, Ross-shire, theson of George l\tlcK. Ross, and was commis-sioned as ensign in the Bombay Native Infan-try (1841). He served with the 8th Infantryin Scinde (1843), being present at Hyderabatl.Promoted lieutenant (1845), he was appointedinterpreter in Hindustani to his corps and twoyears later quartermaster and interpreter inHindustani and Mahratti. In 1851 he receiveda bonus for proficiency and was promoted cap-tain (1856). On retiring he came to Victoria,and in 1835 landed at Auckland from tlle Kes-trel. He travelled by the Waikato and Wanga-nui rivers to Wellington, prospected thoroughlythe grazing lands of Marlborough, and eventu-ally settled on the Pomahaka runs, SOUtll Otago,in company with Pinkerton. Later he boughtthe freehold of Glenkenich.

Mackenzie represented Clutha in the Pro-vincial Council (1863-70), and was M.H.R. forMataura (1881-84). He contested Waikaiaagainst Valentine (1887). He was a memberof the first Clutha county council, and laterchairman of the council and the charitable aidboard. He died on 5 Dec 1892.

India Office records; Otago P.C. Proc.; C. A.Macdonald; Beattie ii; Roberts, Soutilland; Ta-panui; Otago Daily Times, 6 Dec 1892. Portrait:Parliament House.

MACKENZIE, JAMES~ was born in Ross-shire,Scotland, about 1820, and was brought up as ashepherd. In 1847 he came from Australia toNew Zealand, and he wall employed for a timeas drover and shepherd in Southland. Heselected a run in south Otago, and appears tohave gone north with his bullock and dog insearch of stock. In Mar 1855 a mob of 1,000sheep was found to be missing from the Levelsrun, in South Canterbury. It was tracked west-ward through the low passes to the plains be-yond, now called the Mackenzie country, whereMackenzie was apprehended. He was suspectedof having stolen other sheep, which he haddriven over rough unexplored country andsome of which were traced as far south as South-land.

Mackenzie was brought to trial at Christ-

McKENZIE

church and sentenced to five years' imprison-ment. After several escapes and attempts, hissentence was remitted and he was deported. ToMackenzie belongs the credit of exploring muchof the mountainous back country of Canter-bury and Otago. It is believed that he died inAustralia.

Justice department records; \Voodhouse; Acland;Cant. O.N.; J. C. Andersen; Beattie ii; LytteltonTimes, 18 Apr, 20 Jun 1855.

McKENZIE, SIR JOHN (1838-1901) was bornon the estate of Ardross, in Ross-shire, in 1838,educated in the parish school, and then wentto work on tlle farm of his father, a progres-siye husbandman who used lime as a fertiliser.

On reaching manhood he decided to goabroad and chose New Zealand. In 1860 hemarried Annie Munro (of Glenglass), and sailedfor Otago, where he took employment in orderto gain New Zealand experience. Having beenmanager for some time of 1- Jones's Shag Valley(Puketapu) station, he acquired a 60-acre farmwhen it was cut up (1865). McKenzie, with aScot's keen interest in land questions, feltstrongly on the practices prevailing in Otago,and criticised them openly when he had beena few years in the country. Having become anindependent farmer, he took part in publicaffairs. He became clerk and treasurer of theBushey road board, and he successfully agitatedfor a school in the district, he himself becom-ing secretary of the committee. In 1868 he con-tested the \Vaikouaiti seat in the ProvincialCouncil against G. McLean (q.v.). Though un-successful, he created it good impression of hisqualifications for public life. Unsophisticatedhe remained throughout life, with a rugged,straightforward manner; but the integrity ofhis convictions was obvious.

In 1871 he was elected M.P.C. for Waihemo(defeating John Douglas, q.v.), and he held theseat until the provinces were abolished. Henow definitely took the lead in local politics,and before 1881 was able to claim that he hadbeen elected to every office but Parliament. Hewas a member of the Waikouaiti county coun-cil, and advocated with success the creation ofthe new county of Waihemo (1882), of whichhe was the first chairman. McKenzie had forsome years in the Provincial Council opposedthe land policy of the day, and strong condem-

24 25

27

McKENZIE

nation of dummying in Otago lands was a lead-ing factor when, standing as an independent, hewas elected to Parliament for Moeraki in 1881.In a speech on 25 Nov 1881 he advocated selec-tion of land by ballot, elective land boards,Bible-reading in schools, grouping of countiesfor education board elections, and the establish-ment of arbitration courts. McKenzie continuedto represent the same district (with several ad-justments) throughout his parliamentary life(Moeraki, 1881-87; Waihemo, 1887-90; Waitaki,1890-93; Waihemo, 1893-1900). His interest inland problems soon gave him a position ofauthority in the councils of the Liberal Party.In 1882 he made a striking speech at a banquettendered to him in Dunedin, and during someyears' membership of the land board he stoodstrenuously against the use of the regulations tothe disadvantage of genuine land settlement.Naturally retiring, McKenzie came forwardslowly in the councils of his party, and wasalmost a silent member of Parliament until thedebate opened on the land bill, when he madea forceful maiden speech. He was, however,appointed whip to the Stout-Vogel Government.Meanwhile he was a member of the Otagoeducation board (1883-92) and land board.

On the Liberal party being returned at theelections of 1890, Ballance invited him to be-come Minister of Lands and Agriculture (Jan1891). He accepted, and threw himself with hiswhole heart into the land settlement policy.He earned a series of laws against dummyismand to facilitate the subdivision of large estatesfor closer settlement. In addition to individualsettlers who were anxious to get farms, therewere numerous associations waiting to settleupon special settlements. During the Ballanceadministration McKenzie laid the foundationsof a well-considered land policy and pilotedseveral measures in Parliament. The Cheviotestate, the first of the large holdings to beresumed by the Government under the taxinglaws, was taken over a few days before the deathof Ballance. In the fonowing year the advancesto settlers act was passed and the act authorisingthe compulsory taking of large private estates,and in 1894 the dairy industry act.

Under the strain of his vigorous administra-tion and long parliamentary sessions McKenzie'shealth suffered, and towards the end of the Par-liament of 1896-99 he paid a visit to England

26

MACKENZIE

for medical advice. When he returned it wasevident he could no longer stand the strain ofpolitical life. He was again elected, but wasunable to take his seat in Parliament, and inJun 1900 he resigned from the ministry and hisseat in Parliament. The dignity of K.C.M.G.was conferred upon him personally at his homeby the Duke of York. In May 1901 he wascalled to the Legislative Council, but he wasunable to travel to Wellington for the session,and died at his homestead on 6 Aug 1901. Hewas keenly interested in Gaelic matters and wassome years chief of the Gaelic Society.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Gisborne, Rulers; Drummond,Seddon; Condliffe; Scholefield, N.z. Evol.; Reeves,State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand,vol ii; Otago Daily Times, 7 Aug 1901; PublicOpinion, 3 Dec 1881, 29 Sep, 21 Oct 1882; EveningPost, 10 Oct 1936. Portraits: Parliament House,photograph, and bust, by Pagram (1903).

MACKENZIE, MACKAY JOHN SCOBIE(1845-1901) was born at Tain, in Ross-shire andwas the son of Roderick Mackenzie and MaryAnne Scobie. He was brought up on thefamily estate of Criech, in Sutherlandshire (soldabout 1900 to Andrew Carnegie). His father,a planter in British Guiana, died in 1850, andin 1852 Mackay was sent to John Watson's Col-lege, Edinburgh. He delighted in English, his-tory and literature, but intensely dislikedmathematics.

In 1860 he spent a year at Tain Academy,and then the mother and her family sailed inthe Raglan for Australia to join the secondson Kenneth on a small property on the Vic-toria-New South Wales border. Scobie foundemployment on a wild station in the Malleecountry, at the junction of the Murray andMurrumbidgee, and in 1863 he became out-station shepherd at Swan hill. Hemet theBurke and Wills expedition at the outset oftheir fatal expedition (1861), and later met theonly survivor (King). He was sent with a largeflock of sheep to cross Australia to Carpentaria,a journey which was expected to take two years.After travelling for several weeks he was over-taken by the bailiff and relieved of his charge,which was required to pay wages. Left withonly a few horses and a little money, he madehis way back to his station. Mackenzie metAdam Lindsay Gordon and Marcus Clarke, andhimself had contributions accepted by the

MACKENZIE

Argus and the Australasian, and continued t.owrite more or less regularly for the rest of. hislife. He became overseer of P. Macarthur'sstation at Meningoort, in the western districtof Victoria, where he remained until 1870, whenhe accepted an offer from the New Zealand andAustralian Land Company to manage its Deep-dell estate at Macraes, Otago.

In this post he had great success, and in1875 he purchased the Kyeburn station in part-nership with F. D. Rich, whom he afterwardsbought out. He lived there 1875-84. For someyears he was chairman of the Maniatoto countycouncil. Though he had no political ambitions,he ventured in 1881 to oppose the re-electionof de Lautour for Mt Ida, on the ground thatas he had left the district he could not be reallyinterested in its welfare. Believing that Mac-kenzie had been returned, the crowd carriedhim in triumph through the streets of Naseby.but a block vote which arrived during the nightchanged the position. Mackenzie won the seatin 1884 against J. Ewing (St Bathans), and in1885 moved to Dunedin, taking up his reside,nceat Grant's Braes. He supported the Stout-VogelGovernment until its defeat in 1887. At thegeneral election in that year he was opposedby Stout's brother-in-law. In 1890 he defeatedPyke by 100 votes.

At the next election, owing to an adjustmentof boundaries, he found himself contesting theWaihemo seat against his old friend John Mc-Kenzie (q.v.). Mackenzie strongly criticised theGovernment's purepase of the Pomahaka estatein the electorate from a Government supporterat a price which he believed to be excessive.The Minister of Lands won, and the breachbetween the two Scots, never a personal one,was soon healed. In Jul 1894 Scobie contestedthe Tuapeka vacancy against Larnach. In 1896he stood for the City of Dunedin, winning bya record majority of 1600 votes (with J. A.Millar and Fish as colleagues). Though at thefollowing election his health was obviously un-equal to the continued strain of politics, heyielded to a feeling of duty to oppose theLabour candidates, and was defeated by threeLiberal-Labour aspirants. His political careerwas singularly brilliant and consistent. He wasa strong freetrader. Though a believer in tem-perance, he opposed prohibition. He votedagainst female suffrage, but was at the top of

McKENZIE

the poll at the first election after it was carried.Elected in the first instance to support theStout-Vogel combination, he was afterwards oneof its strongest critics. He opposed Atkinson,too, when he proposed a protective tariff, butwould have none of Liberal politics when Bal-lance came into office. Moderate and consid-erate to hi,S opponents, he was absolutely fear-less in enunciating his own principles, and neverallowed personal friendships to compromise hisconvictions. He was extremely well read, andhad a fine private library. Inspired by his earlyfriendship with Marcus Clarke in the Austra-lian back country, he sought honours in jour-nalism, and until his death was a regular con-tributor to the Australasian.

Mackenzie married (1876), Jessy Adela(1850-1937), the only daughter of F. Dillon Bell(q.v.). He died on 15 Sep 1901.

S. Macdonald (p); Reeves; Gisborne, Rulers;Otago Witness, 27 Aug, 3 Sep 1896; Evening Star,15 Sep 191I; Otago Daily Times, 16 Sep 1901, 15Sep 1921 (appreciation by W. Rolleston, 17 Sep).Portrait: Parliament House.

McKENZIE, MURDOCH (1812-84), a youngerbrother of Duncan McKenzie (q.v.), was bornat Prince Edward island, returned with his par-ents to the parish of Applecross, Ross, Scotland,at the age of two, was educated there and train-ed to the sea. At the age of 21 he returnedto Cape Breton, became a master mariner andshipowner, and built a number of small shipsat Baddeck. In the migration to Australia hesailed in the Highland Lass (Oct 1852), andtook command when the captain was supersededat the Cape. After the settlement was estab-lished in New Zealand he bought the Aberdeentopsail schooner Gazelle and sailed her for someyears. McKenzie sailed partly in his own interestthe schooners Thistle, Flora Macdonald, Waver-ley and Kenilworth, the barque Martha and thebrigantine Peerless, trading in the islands andall round the world. In later years he com-manded the Three Cheers, Linda Weber, HandaIsle and Winona. He died on board the Winonaon 3 Jul 1884. McKenzie was a member of theAuckland Provincial Council for Marsden(1859-61).

Macdonald; N. R. McKenzie (p); Auckland P.C.Proc.; N.z. Herald, 21 Aug 1884.

McKENZIE, RODERICK (1852-1934) was theson of a sea captain and was born in