Volume-6, Issue-4, September-2019 ISSN No:...

Volume-6, Issue-4, September-2019 ISSN No: 2349-5677

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WOMEN’S POTENCY IN THE ECONOMICS FIELD IN BENGKALIS REGENCY, RIAU PROVINCE

Nahiyah Jaidi Faraz

[email protected]

Abstract

This research setting is the female coastal societies which are potential in Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. The sum of populaton is all of the female coastal societies which are potential in four sub-districts of Bengkalis Regency, i.e. 79,733 lives (Kabupaten Bengkalis Dalam Angka 2015). The sum of sample was determined by sampling quota of 60 coastal wome and the sampling technique is purpossive sampling (Winarsunu, 2002:13). The data collection used questionnaires. The data analysis technique is descriptive quantitative with percentage. The analysis result shows that the economic condition of female societies in sub-district of Bengkalis, Bantan, Rupat, and Northern Rupat is considered in good condition. In rank, the women in Bengkalis Sub-district has higher potency of 82 %, especially from being a songket weaver to improve their family economic condition. Bantan Sub-district has the potency of 75%, especially in farming. The women of Rupat Sub-district has the potency of 55 % and the women of Northern Rupat has 47 %. Those women potencies are gained from the efforts done by them to improve their family economic condition.

Keywords: women’s potency, economics field

I. INTRODUCTION

All citizens of Indonesia have the same right in improving their living standards and getting a job, getting social, education, and health services, expressing opinion and doing their political rights, securing and defending this country, and also getting a protection and equality before the law. So that, a fair country is a country which does not have any discrimination in any form whether individual, gender, or regional discriminations. From various limitations related to discrimination, the human resources, i.e. men and women, show that women are left behind from men in many fields like economics, education, health, and also social-politics.

Women’s participation in economics field in the previous era and in the beginning of the independence was dominated by working in farming sector which is suitable with Indonesia as an agrarian country. The activities of planting the rice field, weeding the grass, expelling the pests, reaping the rice and finally producing rice by punching it are almost done by women. Men are dominant in plowing and hoeing the rice field. Interestingly, as the Indonesian word of women per-empu-an (empu means expert), women are always creative in using the time with activitities which are economical.

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Women who are related to entrepreneurship are generally divided into four groups, i.e. women who are not capable to work because of poverty; women who do not have willingness to work; women who are micro entrepreneurs; and women who are small and medium entrepreneurs.

Women who are not capable to work because of poverty have to try at any possibilities to fulfil the needs which are related to education and health. Women in poor family are difficult to think clearly and also narrow-minded to prepare for their future. Meanwhile, women who do not have willingness to work face some problems related to attitude, culture, knowledge, and application. Women who do not work because of less motivation actually have proper resources. On the other hand, there are women who want to work but do not have knowledge or skill to work.

In the group of women who are micro entrepreneurs, the main problem faced is the unavailability of cash money to grow their business because their household needs are still the part of their business. This group often becomes the victims of the loan sharks. Meanwhile, there is a group of women who are small and medium entrepreneurs. The problems faced by women who are small entrepreneurs are marketing, improving products’ quality, managing business, and accessing to banking. Women who are medium entrepreneurs tend to be more aware in marketing and improving the products’ quality.

This research is an effort in mapping the potency of female coastal societies from four sub-districts in Bengkalis Regency, especially in economics field.

A. Formulation of the Problem 1. How is the potency of female coastal society in Bengkalis Regency related to the primary

data, especially in the economic condition? 2. How is the reccomendation about the potency of female coastal society in Bengkalis

Regency in theeconomics field?

B. Objectives of the Research 1. To identify the potency of female coastal society in Bengkalis Regency related to the

primary data, especially in the economic condition; 2. To get the reccomendation about the potency of female coastal society in Bengkalis

Regency in theeconomics field.

C. Significance of the Research

By providing the mapping of the potency of female coastal societies in Bengkalis Regency, especially in the economics field, the Government of Bengkalis Regency will get a precious advice in order to do the process of planning and policies making related to the development which is responsive to women in Bengkalis Regency.


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II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Women’s Participations in the Economics Field When the ’98 crisis happened, the economics of Indonesia still emerged and there were many economical transactions progressed which showed that the economics of Indonesia still survived. The causes why the economics of Indonesia survived were the micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs which do not depend on foreign debt and also do not depend on foreign raw materials. The sum of the micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs has a proportion of 99.99% from the total amount of entrepreneurs in Indonesia or approximately 56.54 million units (LPPI & BI, 2015).1The research result of USAID andInternational Finance Corporation (2016) stated that the micro, small, and medium entrepreneursgave 99% from the whole businesses, employed 89% of private labour force and contributed 57% in the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The problems, which do not get more concern from the experts, is that there is 42.8% of female owners among the sum of the micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. In detail, there are 52.9% female micro entrepreneurs, 50.6% female small entrepreneurs, and 34% female medium entrepreneurs (USAID & IFC, 2016). The conclusion of this data is that the participation of women in the economics field is enormous. That is just from the sector of the micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. It has not counted the women’s participation in farming, industry, and also women who work abroad who create a lot of foreign exchange for the country. This survey collected the data and analyzed, whether primary or secondary, women’s participation of Bengkalis in the economics field by focusing on women performing as micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. This sector is proven not just save this country from the crisis, but also create many opportunities for workers and show the courage of women in making decision, taking risks, and leading.

B. Profile and Problems of Female Entrepreneurs in Indonesia

The research result of USAID (2016)cooperating with International Finance Corporation (IFC) in twelve provinces in Indonesia stated that almost a half of the amount ofthe micro, small, and medium entrepreneursin Indonesia are owned by women. However, they are usually business in small size and informal. The duty in a household and a family limit women to run and develop business. Women rarely deal with debt in bank, when they do that it usually holds back the growth of their business. The dependence of their spouse, lack of property, and high sensitiveness related to the bank are the main reasons why women avoid to get loans from the bank. In spite of those problems, women have the same profitability and also the sum of the loans from the bank as men have.

The profile of Indonesian female entrepreneurs is relatively similar with the profile of male entrepreneur. For example is the age, the average is 41 years old. Educational background is also relatively similar between female and male entrepreneurs. Household size for both genders are 5.8 for male and 5.9 for female. The average of the sum of the children in the household are 1.4 for male and 1.5 for female. The spouses for male entrepreneurs are usually housewives (44%), working in another place (28%), and working with their husbands (26%). On the other hand, if women own companies, the husbands work in another place

1 LPPI = Lembaga Pengembangan Perbangkan Indonesia.


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(69%), but the other husbands work with their wives in their business (35%). Besides hardworking (71%) and entrepreneurship (58%), family support (56%) is applied for both genders as the successive factor (USAID and IFC, 2016). The motivation to become an entrepreneur for a woman is usually to gain money, while a man is for career. Almost all women have not experienced when starting their business comparing to men. Women’s businesses are usually smaller than men’s businesses.

The problems faced by women to start business are usually the lack of capital, the difficulty to find customers, the difficulty to find a place to start the business, the difficulty to find proper employees, and the lack of confidence. Their husbands and parents usually become the main source for the first capital for female entrepreneurs. If their husbands or family member refuse to support them, women will have less chance to build their own business.

Women, actually, have the same problems in running their business as men have. Most of the problems are related to the competitions, operational expenses, rental costs, and the difficulty to find and maintain qualified employees. Tax is also a main trouble to women related to the lack information of the types of tax, levels of tax, and tax regulation.

Male entrepreneurs as husbands are the leaders of their household, usually dominate all of main assets, especially the house, while women do not have the property with their own name unless they have it as the legacy from their parents or buy the property by themselves. In case of the proposal for bank loans, female entrepreneurs have to ask their husbands to sign the loan agreement or give the salary slip to the bank for further reference. Female entrepreneurs often make their house as the collateral when dealing loan with bank, although they do not like it. They like to use vehicles or other valuable things as their collateral, meanwhile the bank do not like to respond the collateral such as vehicles although the collateral like vehicles have been regulated by the government.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research is a descriptive research with quantitative approach. In quantitaive approach, all information is showed in form of numbers and analyzed in statistics (Sudarsono, 2000: 14).

The sum of populaton is all of the female coastal societieswhich are potential in four sub-districts of Bengkalis Regency, i.e. 79,733 lives (Kabupaten Bengkalis Dalam Angka 2015). The sum of sample was determined by sampling quota of 60 coastal wome and the sampling technique is purpossive sampling (Winarsunu, 2002:13). What is called by women’s potency, here, is the skill (basic skill) of women which can be improved better, such as farming and weaving songket in Bengkalis Regency.

The data collecting instrument was questionnaire consisting of the economic condition of female coastal societies in four sub-districts in Bengkalis Regency, i.e. sub-districts of Bengkalis, Bantan, Rupat, and Northern Rupat. Besides questionnaire as the primary data, the secondary data were also collected. The secondary data were books or documentations about geographical, demographical, and socio-cultural conditions including economics, education, and health.


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The data analysis technique is descriptive quantitative with percentage and numeric size of data centering: mean, median, modus, and data dissemination size including range, variance, and standard deviation.

IV. RESEARCH RESULT

This research result is from the primary data and shows data for each sub-district including the analysis for the ranking among those sub-districts related to the economic condition.

A. The Economic Condition of Women in Bengkalis Sub-district Most of the women in Bengkalis Sub-district have double roles in their family, as the housewife and also an entrepreneur to gain additional income for the family. Related to the data, here is the percentage of women’s role in Bengkalis Sub-district: as weavers (5.88%), as housewives (17.65%), as songket weavers (21.76%), as sweets makers (5.88%), as terasi makers (5.88%), as merchants (13.53%), as cake makers (11.76%), as kerupuk makers (11.76%), ans as farmers (5.88%). Based on the data, it can be concluded that almost all women in Bengkalis Sub-district have a side job to support their family economy.

Women’s handicraft products in Bengkalis Sub-districtare generally distributed in local market to province market level. The analysis result shows that there are 76.47%products which are distributed in village market, 11.76% products which are distributed in sub-district market,5.88% products which are distributed in regency market and 5.88%products which are distributed in province market.

Women inBengkalisSub-district also have rice field and field. The research result oh primary data shows that there are 5.88% women who have rice field and 94.12% women who have field. This is for improving the family economy.

Expenses spent by the female society in Bengkalis Sub-district are allocated for food, education, clothes, health, celebration, buying livestock, house maintenance, farming tools, and house rental.

Annual income of female society in Bengkalis Sub-district are gained from various sources, such as crops sales, labor salary, livestock sales, fish sales, craftsmanship, warung income, and office salary.

Based on the research result, it can be concluded that generally women in Bengkalis Sub-district have participated in improving family economy. It can be seen from the percentage of the women who have run their business which are 82.35%, and 17.65% as housewives.

B. The Economic Condition of Women in Bantan Sub-district The research result shows that 41.67% women in Bantan Sub-district work as farmers, 8.33% women work as cake makers, 8.33% women work as hijab sellers, 25% women are housewives. 8.33% women work as chinaware crafters, 8.33% women work asgarment owners. Based on the data, it can be concluded that 75% women in Bantan Sub-district work to improve family income and 25% do not work.


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The analysis result shows that there are 41.67%products which are distributed in village market, 8.33% products which are distributed in sub-district market,25% products which are distributed in regency market and25%products which are distributed in province market.

Female society in Bantan Sub-districthave some assets such as mini compo, television, gas stove, rice cooker, hand phone, bicycle, and motorcycle. There are 58.33% women who have rice field and41.67% women who have field. The drinking water source in Bantan Sub-district are from rainfall water and well water.

Female society in Bantan Sub-districtspend some money to fulfil their needs, whether primary needs or secondary needs. The description ofannual expense of female society in Bantan Sub-district can be seen in picture 1 is as below:

Annual income of female society in Bantan Sub-district are gained from various sources, such as crops sales, labor salary, livestock sales, fish sales, craftsmanship, warung income, and office salary.The description of annual income of female society in Bantan Sub-district can be seen in picture 2 is as below:

Picture 1. Annual Expense of Bantan Sub-

district

Picture 2. Annual Income of Bantan Sub-district


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Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that generally women in Bantan Sub-district have participated in improving family economy. It can be seen from the percentage of the women who have run their business which are 75%, and 25% as housewives. This finding shows that women in Bantan Sub-district have participated in supporting their husbands to improve family economy.

C. The Economic Condition of Women in Rupat Sub-district Women in Rupat Sub-district also have the efforts to make additional income to support family economy. Related to the data, here is the percentage of women’s role in Rupat Sub-district: as warung owners (7.69%), as housewives (46.15%), as merchants (7.69%), as cake makers (30.77%), and as peddlers (7.69%). The description of occupations of female society in Rupat Sub-district can be seen in picture 3 is as below:

The raw materials used by women in Rupat Sub-districtto run their business are obtained from their own village, sub-district, regency, or province. There are 38.46% raw materials obtained from village, 7.69%raw materials obtained from village and sub-district, and 7.69%raw materials obtained from regency and province.

The products are generally distributed in local market to province market level. The analysis result shows that there are 23.08%products which are distributed in village market, 30.77% products which are distributed in village and sub-district market.However, these businesses do not run well.

Female society inRupatSub-district also have rice field and field, such as palm tree and rubber. They also raise livestock. This is for improving the family economy.

Female society in Rupat Sub-districtspend some money to fulfil their needs, whether primary needs or secondary needs. Expenses spent by the female society in Rupat Sub-district are allocated for food, education, clothes, health, celebration, buying livestock, house maintenance, farming tools, and house rental. The description of annual expense of female society in Rupat Sub-district can be seen in picture 4 is as below:

Picture 3. Women Occupations in Rupat Sub-district

mbar 3. Pekerjaan Perempuan Kec Rupat


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Annual income of female society in Rupat Sub-district are gained from various sources, such as crops sales, labor salary, livestock sales, fish sales, warung income, and bee farming.The description of annual income of female society in Rupat Sub-district can be seen in picture 5 is as below:

Based on the discussion above, it can be concluded that generally women in Rupat Sub-district have participated in improving family economy. It can be seen from the percentage of the women who have run their business which are 53.85% and 46.15% as housewives. This finding shows that women in Rupat Sub-district have participated in supporting their husbands to improve family economy. However, their participations are considered smaller than women’s participations in Bengkalis Sub-district and Bantan Sub-district.

D. The Economic Condition of Women in Northern Rupat Sub-district Female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district also have the efforts to make additional income to support family economy. The research result shows that 26.67% women in Northern Rupat Sub-district work as village unit cooperative owners,26.67% women work as cake makers, 53.33% women are housewives,and 6.67% women work as petroleum sellers.

Picture 4. Annual Expense of Rupat Sub-district

Picture 5. Annual Income of Rupat Sub-district


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The description of occupations of female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district can be seen in picture 6 is as below:

The materials used to run the business in Northern Rupat Sub-district are obtained from their own village, sub-district, regency, or province. There are57.14% raw materials obtained from village, 14.29%raw materials from sub-district, and 28.57%raw materialsobtained from regency.

The products are distributed in local market to province market level. The analysis result shows that there are 57.14%products which are distributed in village market, 28.57% products which are distributed in sub-district market, and14.29% products which are distributed in regency and province market.

The businesses done by the female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district are fluctuated. It means that it can increase, stable, or even decrease. The businesses which are stableare 57.43%,increasing are 14.29%, and decreasing are 14.29%. Female society inNorthern RupatSub-district also have rice field, field, and farm. The research result of primary data shows that there are13.33% women who have rice field, 26.67% women who have farm, and 20% women who have field. This is for improving the family economy.

Female society in Northern Rupat Sub-districtspend some money to fulfil their needs, whether primary needs or secondary needs. Expenses spent by the female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district are allocated for food, education, clothes, health, celebration, buying livestock, house maintenance, farming tools, and house rental.

Annual income of female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district are gained from various sources, such as crops sales, labor salary, livestock sales, fish sales, warung income, bee farming, and so on.The description of annual income of female society in Northern Rupat Sub-district can be seen in picture 7 is as below:

Picture 6. Women Occupations in Northern Rupat Sub-

district


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For fulfilling the gap between expense and income, female society in Northern Rupat Sub-districtget some loans from the bank and village unit cooperative. Primary data stated that there are two women borrowing Rp4,000,000,- and Rp10,000,000.

E. The Women’s Economic Potency Ranking The women’s potency in sub-district of Bengkalis, Bantan, Rupat,and NorthernRupat can be considered good, because almost all of female coastal societies which are potential have their efforts to improve the family economy. The coastal women’s economic potency ranking can be seen as below:

Table 6. Coastal Women’s Economic Potency Ranking

No Sub-district Ranking Skor

1 Bengkalis Sub-district 1 82

2 BantanSub-district II 75

3 RupatSub-district III 55

4Northern Rupat Sub-

districtIV 47

Picture 7. Annual Income of Northern Rupat Sub-district


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V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion According to the research result discussed above, it can be concluded that the economic condition of the female societies in sub-district ofBengkalis, Bantan, Rupat, and NorthernRupat is as below:

Coastal women’s potencies in sub-district of Bengkalis, Bantan, Rupat, and Northern Rupatin economics aspect can be considered good. Almost all women in those four sub-district have their own business, such as weaving mat, weaving songket, selling hijab, selling fuels, selling raw materials, selling fish, farming, making cake, and making sweets which are, then, sold in sub-district, regency, or even province area.

Based on the ranks, the female coastal society in Bengkalis Sub-district have bigger potency in improving the family economy achieving 82.%, especially from weaving songket. They arefollowed by the female coastal society in Bantan Sub-district which have potency of 75%, especially from farming. The female coastal society in Rupat Sub-district havepotency of 55% andthe female coastal society in Northern Rupat have potency of 47%. Those potencies are obtained from the efforts done by the female coastal society in each sub-district to improve their family economy.

B. Recommendation Regarding the discussion above about the potencies2of female coastal societies in their participationto improve their family economy, there will be some recommendations especially for Rupat and Northern Rupat Sub-districts as below:

1. Women optimizations in sub-district of Bengkalis, Bantan, Rupat,and NorthernRupat are needed to be done by giving some trainings about entrepreneurship and advisories. It should be done in order to make the women in those four sub-districts able to innovate and become skillful with new businesses which are economically able to improve the family better.

2. In order to be more applicable, it is better to give the trainings which are related to the women’s potency in Bengkalis Sub-district (1st rank), i.e. songketweaver. The trainings should be about the use of the natural resources existing in that sub-district, such as natural coloring for songketweaving which have not used optimally by the female society to improve their family economy.

3. The potency of female society in Bantan Sub-district (2nd rank) shows that they are potential in farming, because of that, they should be advised to have a certain trainings in farming, such as nursery, maintenance, and marketing the crops.

4. Government should watch and assist the businesses which have been run by women in sub-district of Bengkalis, Bantan, RupatdanNorthern Rupat, such as capital loans, business licensing, and products marketing, especially songket weavers and farmers, so that they can run their businesses effectively.


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