ISSN No. 2349-0179 Prabodh

P r a b o d hAn International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Volume�:�1��Issue�:�1��January�2014

Published�By�:�University�School�of�Education

Desh�Bhagat�University,�Mandi�Gobindgarh�-�147301,�Punjab,�INDIA�

www.deshbhagatuniversity.in� �Email�:�[email protected]

WAY TO SUCCESS

Take up one idea, Make that one idea your life-think of it, dream of it, live on it. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success.

ISSN No. 2349-0179

Prabhod An International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences

CHIEF PATRONSCHIEF PATRONSCHIEF PATRONS

Dr. Zora SinghChancellor, Desh Bhagat University

PATRONSPATRONSPATRONS

Dr. S.S. ChahalVice Chancellor,Desh Bhagat University

Dr. Shalini GuptaPro-Vice Chancellor,Desh Bhagat University

EDITOREDITOREDITOR

University School of Education

Desh Bhagat University

Mandi Gobindgarh-147301, Punjab, INDIA

Phone: 01765-520550-51

Email : [email protected] | Website :

Dr. Mejar SinghAssistant Professor

Department of PunjabiDesh Bhagat University

Dr. Kaptan SinghAssistant Professor

Department of EnglishDesh Bhagat University

Dr. Ashwani KumarAssistant Professor

Department of HistoryDesh Bhagat University

Dr. Surjeet PathejaDirectorUniversity School of EducationDesh Bhagat University

An International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Prabodh : An International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences is a Bi-annual journal published in June and December by Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab. The main objective of the journal is to provide an intellectual platform for the national and international scholars. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social sciences.

The journal publishes research papers in the fields of humanities and social sciences such as anthropology, communication studies, economics, education, ethics, geography, history, literature, information science, international relations, linguistics, philosophy, political science, population studies, psychology, public administration, sociology, social welfare, linguistics, performing arts (music, theatre & dance), religious studies, women studies and so on. It publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes, and book reviews. Special Issues devoted to important topics in humanities and social science will occasionally be published.

Prabodh is a refereed and registered journal with ISSN No 2349-0179. Editorial Advisory Board's decision on a typescript will be conveyed within two months from the date of receipt. Article not accepted for publication will be returned only if accompanied by a stamped self addressed envelope. Manuscripts of articles offered for publication should be about 4000 words and should be sent in hard copy as well as in soft copy to the under mentioned address, along with a certificate regarding the originality and the non-publication of the paper. They must conform to the latest M.L.A. style sheet (for Humanities) and APA Style sheet (for Social Sciences). They should be neatly typed in double space with a margin of at least one and half inches on one side of paper. The author's name and the institutional address should be mentioned on the title sheet of the article only. For review two copies of the manuscript-one for reference and one for the reviewer. Address for Postal Correspondence : For subscription / contribution / advertisement / book reviews contact or write to –

The Editors, Prabodh

University School of Education

Desh Bhagat University

Mandi Gobindgarh (Pb.)

Email : [email protected] : 9815202367, 9501625506, 7837229143

Editorial Board

Dr. Mejar Singh Dr. Kaptan Singh Dr. Ashwani Kumar

Review Editors

Prof. Nahar Singh, (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Dr. Gurminder Sokhey (Punjabi University, Patiala)

Prof. Sherry Sabbharwal (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Dr. Sumitra Kukretti (Rohailkhand University, Bareilly)

Dr. Satyapal Sehgal (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Dr. Renu Thakur (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Dr. R.S. Yadav (Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

Advisory Board

Dr. Neelam Rattan (California)

Dr. Y. Kaburagi (Osaka University of Commerce, Japan)

Dr. Genady Shlomper (Telaviv University, Israel)

Prof. Mann Singh Dhindsa (Punjabi University, Patiala)

Dr. Harpreet Kaur, (Punjabi University, Patiala)

Prof. Rajesh Gill, (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Prof. Laxman Thakur, (Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla)

Dr. Neeraj Jain, (Panjab University, Chandigarh)

Prof. S. Z. H. Abidi, (University of Lucknow)

Prof. I. S. Sethi, (Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh)

CONTENTS

1. The Implication of the Data in the Rabatak Inscription of Kanishka-I on the extent of the Kushana Empire - The Recent Findings .......................................................... 1.

- Dr. Ashwani Kumar

2. Paterns of Isolation in Indian Diasporic Writing .................................................. 8. - Dr. Kaptan Singh

3. Administrative Views of Manu and Kautilya: A Study of Their Contemporary Relevance ............................................................................................................ 13.

- Dr. Mohinder Kaur

th th4. Socio-Economic Status of Women in the 19 and 20 Century in Ladakh. ......... 21.� � � � � � � - Sameena Iqbal

5. Diminishing Cultural Identity of Displaced Kashmiris ....................................... 27. - Dr. Sangeeta

6. Adolescent Problem Behaviour: Role Of Family Cohesion ............................... 31. - Dr. Bikramjeet Singh

7. nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB s/ wkBt w[esh ..................................................................... 38.

- vkH w/io f;zx

8. Gkosh ;wki nzdo iks ns/ iwks dk nzso^;zpzX .................................................. 45.

- vkH uoBdhg f;zx

9. p M j ` b I k O m I E q d ` s M k l p ........................................................................................ 49.

- vkH BgvMq isMG

10. izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa esa cky euksfoKku % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ............................... 60.

- MkW0 uhjt tSu

11. ukfljk 'kekZ ds miU;klksa dk jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjjk"Vªh; ifjn`'; ....................................... 71.

- MkW0 iwtk

THE IMPLICATION OF THE DATA IN THE RABATAK INSCRIPTION OF KANISHKA-I ON THE EXTENT OF THE KUSHANA EMPIRE-

THE RECENT FINDINGS

*Dr. Ashwani Kumar

An inscription on a stone slab was discovered from Rabatak (Baghlan, Afghanistan) st

in 1993. It belongs to the I century CE and was issued by the Kushana king Kanishka-I.

The inscription has been edited by N. Sims-Williams of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Several scholars like Joe Cribb, B.N. Mukherjee and N. Simms Williams himself have interpreted the data contained in the inscription.

The inscription is in Bactrian language and contains the data regarding the genealogy of the Kushanas, names of Greek and Indian gods and goddesses and names of certain provinces, cities and regions under Kanishka-I and so on.

The present paper deals with the cities and regions mentioned in the inscription. Kanishka-I is referred to issuing orders to the governors or rulers of the provinces and the heads of the cities. The areas mentioned in the inscription are Koonadeano, Ozene, Kozambo, Zageda, palabotaro and Ziri-Tambo. These regions are nowhere mentioned by Kujula and V'ima Kadphises while Kanishka-I is mentioning them in the year one of his reign.

When we go through the data and analyze it, certain questions arise like whether Kanishka-I got these territories in inheritance or they were actually conquered by him? The question here is not of the conquest but is of the time as the inscription bears the date of the year one as mentioned earlier. Is it possible for a ruler to conquer the above mentioned regions situated in the different parts of the country within one year?

Before discussing the regions mentioned in the inscription let us discuss in brief about the empire which Kanishka-I got from his ancestors in inheritance. Starting with Kujula Kadaphises, we have the references in the Hou Han-shu that Ch'iu-Ch'iu- Ch'ueh or Kujula Kadphises made himself master of the rest of Ta-hia and invaded An-hsi, took away

1the country of Kao-fu and moreover destroyed P'u-ta and Chi-pin.” The statement of Hou Han-shu makes it clear that Kujula Kadphises conquered Kao-fu, identified with Kabul area from the An-hsi or the Arssacid Empire. If the information in the Hon Han-shu is correct, P'u-ta (identified in the Bactria) and Chi-pin (Kashmir region) were under Kujula Kadphises which clearly indicate the extent of his empire in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent, now in Afghanistan. He is said to have conquered Taxila around c. 45-

246 CE from the Parthians. This progress of Kujula Kadphises may also be verified by the 3

presence of his “seated male: Zeus standing with a scepter” type of coin in the region.

After Kujula Kadphises, V'ima Kadphises ascended to the throne. Regarding the extent of the empire of V'ima Kadphises we may take into consideration an inscription on the pedestal of the image of a king at Mat (near Mathura). We have found a sanctuary or a devakula at Mat which is said to have been founded during the reign of V'ima Takshuma as we find a reference regarding this in another inscription found at the same site in which the temple (devakula) is referred to as belonging to the grandfather of Huvishka. It is known

*Assistant Professor, Department of History, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh

1.

4that V'ima Kadphises was grandfather of Huvishka. Besides this the Hou Han-shu provides the information that Yen-kao-Chen conquered T'ien-chi or Shen-tu which made the Yueh-chih extremely rich. Yen- Kao- chen of the Hou Han-shu is identified with V'ima

5 6 Kadphises and Shen-tu as Sindhu or Sindh. The Periplous Tes Erythras Thalasses perhaps 7

mentions the same territory which was included in the regions of Scythia. It provides information regarding the struggle among the Parthian provinces of Scythia. These

8Parthians were probably the successors of Gondophares who were in the Lower Indus country at the time of the invasion of Kushanas most probably V'ima Kadphises.

Thus we may say that the extent of the empire of V'ima Kadphises should be at least up to Mathura in the Eastern India and the Sindhu region in the Western India if not beyond.

Till now we have discussed the Kushana Empire at the time of Kanishka's accession to the throne. Now we shall deal with the provinces and cities one by one which Kanishka-I boasts of having within his empire in the year one of his reign. For our convenience we may study it in two parts:

Cities or provinces in Eastern India

Cities or provinces in Western India

The cities in Eastern India as mentioned in the record are Kozambo, Zageda, Palabotaro and Ziri-Tambo. Kozambo may be identified with Kausambi which was the capital of Vatsa Mahajanapada and at present it is known as Kosam in the Allhabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Some inscriptions of the reign of Kanishka-I have been discovered from Kausambi.

An inscription of year 2 for example refers to Kanishka who may be identified with 9

Kanishka-I.

Besides this G.R. Sharma, while excavating Kausambi has found two more 10inscriptions. Common in both of them is the name of the nun (bhikhuni) Buddhamitra.

The first epigraph read:

Maharajasa Kan (i) ska……….5 (?)� Bodhisattvam part (i)

2 Yati bhikhuni Buddhamitra (trepitika Bhagava)

The inscription is same like that of the inscription of year 2 of Kanishka-I. It is engraved on the base of a Mathura (Karri) red sand-stone Bodhisattva image.

11The second record also shares the same feature of the religious act of Buddhamitra”.

It read:

1 Maharajasya………….6 He 3……….

2 Buddhamitraye trepitikaye

3 pito bhagavato Buddhasya ca (m) krame.

Kanishka'a name is clearly mentioned in the first epigraph but in the second epigraph it is missing but the style of sculpture and manner of dating and above all the mention of the nun Buddhamitra makes it almost clear that it should be during the time of

12Kanishka-I.

A sealing found from Kausambi is another valuable finding. It is rectangular in

2.

The Implication of ..........

shape and has the impression of the double threads in the lug which clearly indicates that it 13was affixed to some royal document. Its back bears the finger prints.

The legend read:

(M)aharajasya rajati

rajasya devaputrasya

Kaniskasya Prayo

ga

Besides these evidences the excavations have brought up a large number of 14

Kushana coins all of copper, struck in he name of Kanishka, Huvishka and Vasudeva.

All these evidences from Kausambi definitely make us to believe that Kausambi must be a territory of Kushanas during the reign of Kanishka-I

Zagedo has been identified with Saketa near Ayodhya in the Fyzabad district of Uttar Pradesh. The Tibetan work Li-yul-gyi lo-rgys states that “originally king Kanika, the king of Guzan and Li ruler, king Vijayakirti and others led an army into India and captured

15a city named So-ked.

The Hon Han-shu also has the reference to the conquest of the Yueh-Chi of a country 16

called Tung-li with its capital at Sha-Chi. Kanika may be identified as Kanishka-I, So-Ked and Sha-Chi as Saketa and Tung-Li with Kosala. Like Saketa, Sravasti was also within

17the boundaries of Kosala. An Inscription from Sahet-Mahet or Sravasti records an act of

18merit by a monk in the reign of Kanishka-I. In an excavation in a monastery at Sahet-19

Mahet the copper coins of Kanishka, Huvishka, Vasudeva-I and Vasudeva-II are found. In a record of copper coins found at Tilaurakot (Nepalese Terai) an Indo Greek coin, two coins of Agnimitra, 1804 coins of V'ima Kadphises , Kanishka-I and Huvishka and 379 pieces of

20Ayumitra and Satyamitra have been found.

Thus the evidences show that Zagedo or Saketa and the surrounding territories were under Kanishka-I.

Besides this we have the inscription of year 3 of Kanishka's reign from Sarnath which records the dedication made by Friar Bala. The inscription states that the image (of a Bodhisattva) and his umbrella with a post, gifted by Bala, were erected at Baranasi (Varanasi). This record further provides the information that Kshatrapa Vanaspara and Kharapallana were associated with the merit. The inscription on the image states that this gift of Bala was actually installed by Mahakshatrapa Kharapallana and Kshatrapa

21Vanaspara.

It may be noted that these Kshatrapas must be acting on the behalf of their ruler or sovereign who should be Kanishka-I. Hence Banaras (Varanasi) and Sarnath should be under his rule.

Palabotra that is Palibothra as also mentioned in the Greek writings may be identified with Patliputra, the capital of the Magadha Mahajanapadha. It is now known as Patna and is situated in south west Bihar.

Chinese sources provide the information regarding the activities of the Kushanas in the Eastern India beyond Kosala and Kasi. The Ta Chuang-yen-lun-ching, the Chinese translation of Kumarlata's Kalpanamandikta done by Kumarjiva states that “among the

3.


Chu-Sha (Kushana) race there was a king named Chen-tan Chia-ni-Cha who made a punitive campaign against Tung T'ien-Chu. When had been pacified his majestic power made (that territory) tremble and his success was complete, and he returned to his native

22country”. In this description Chen-tan Chia-ni-Cha may be identified with Kanishka-I and T'ien-Chu as eastern India.

Chinese pilgrim Yuan Chwang narrates the story that the king of Patliputra is attacked by the king of the Yueh-chih called Chen-tan Chia-ni-Cha (Identified with Kanishka-I) and as a ransom he offers the most valuable things of his kingdom; the sage

23Asvaghosa, the Buddha's alms bowl and luck bringing cock.

Another Chinese pilgrim Fa-hsien narrates the same story and claims that he had 24seen the Buddha's alms bowl.

On the basis of these evidences we may say that the king of Patliputra had accepted the sovereignty of the Kushana ruler Kanishka-I

Ziri-Tambo is identified by Professor B.N. Mukherjee with Champa or Sri Champa, in Baghalpur district of Bihar once the capital of Anga Mahajanapadha. But there is no reference of Kushana rule from this region. The only evidence is of a family having the title Meu-lun some where in north Bihar region and that too in the third centaury CE. If we

25assume the title of Kanishka-I a Muroda (Murunda) in the Zeda inscription as similar to that of Meu-lun still there is the problem of the date. Hence it is not clear that to which place Kanishka-I is mentioning as Ziri-Tambo.

After discussing the cities and provinces in eastern India now we shall discuss the regions of western India mentioned in the Rabatak inscription. These regions are Koonadeano and Ozene.

Koonadeano or Kaundinya has been identified with Kaundinyapura in the Amraoti 26

district of Vidarbha or Berar in Maharashtra and Ozene is identified with Ujjayini, the 27

capital of Avanti Mahajanapada or the modern Ujjain in western Madhya Pradesh

Taranatha in his work Rgya-gar-chos-hbyun states that Kanika was chosen as 28

sovereign in the land of Tili and Malwa. In the same way Sumpa Khan- Po mentions 29Kanika as a king of Palowa and Dili. Malawa may have been written as Palawa by

mistake. Sumpa states that Kanika and Asvaghosa were contemporaries.

Taranatha mentions that Kanika ruled Malava where diamond mines had been discovered. The word Akara literally means “mine”. These may be the same places or Akara may be a part of Malwa. Akara was first mentioned by Gautami Balshri in Nasik cave inscription where she describes Gautamiputra Satakarni as the lord of Akara.

30Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman-I also mentions Akaravanti as parts of his domains.

31Ptolmey also refers to the same place where diamonds are found, he names it kosa near the Oundian (Vindhyan) range on the bank of the Namados (Narmada) which should be in eastern Malwa.

Kushana rule in eastern Malwa may be traced through the inscription of Vas 32

Kushana (Vasishka) of year 22 and of year 28 in Sanchi. Since Kanishka-I ruled upto year 23 hence Sanchi should be in the empire of Kanishka –I.

The areas of Akara, Avanti and Vidarbha were under the western Kshatrapas who were the viceroys of the Kushanas. The relations of the kushanas with the Kshatrapas of

4.


western India can be studied in the light of the Hou Han-shu and the 'Kalkacharyakathanka. The Hou Han-shu records the conquests of Vima Kadphises of

Tien-chu or Shen-tu as discussed earlier and this is possibly recorded in the Kalkacharyakathanka as his conquest. But later the Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni claims the areas namely Asika, Asmaka, Mulaka, Saurastra, Kukura, Aparant, Anupa, Vidarbha, and Akaravanti, under his reign. In fact these areas are claimed under

33him by his mother Gautami Balsri in the Nasik prasasti. Gautamiputra Satakarni probably

thdefeated Nahapana in his 18 regnal year as his claims of regranting a land in the territory of Govardhana (including Nasik) which were under the control of Usvadata, the governer of Nahapana in a part of the western Deccan including Nasik.

If we take the date of accession of Gautamiputra Satakarni around c. 80-82 CE and th

he is doing all this in his 18 regnal year he must have conquered the territories of Nahapana around c. 98-100 CE he should have possessed these territories up to c. 106 CE as year 24 is his last known regnal year. Chashtana on the other side was the viceroy of the Kushanas in Kachchha (Nasik, Ujjain, and Broach) areas. Earlier he used the title Kshatrapa and later Mahakshatrapa. If Satavahanas were occupying their territories then the family of Chashtana particularly he himself and his grandson Rudradaman-I had to wait till c. 128-130 CE to declare themselves as Mahakshatrapas or the independent sovereign because after Gautamiputra Satakarni, his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi ruled for 22 years hence the date goes to 106 +22= 128 CE.

34 However in year 72 Rudradaman in his Junagarh inscription claims that he has attained the status of Mahakshatrapa himself (svayamadhigatamahakshatrapanamah) and claims the possession of the territories of Akara, Avanti, Sindhu and Sauvira, Malwa, Aparanta (north-western Deccan) and eastern Gujarat etc. Most of these areas were wrested by his family from the Satavahnas. Thus we may say that the Kshatrapas were

'earlier the viceroys of the Kushanas particularly Vima Kadphises and Kanishka-I. Later they became independent as Rudradaman claims. Besides the western Kshatrapas there are instances of several Kushana Kshatrapas and Mahakshatrapas like Kharaapallana and Vanaspara (mentioned in sarnath inscription), Liaka (in Zeda inscription), Vespasi (Manikiala), Kapisa Kshatrapa, the son of the Kshatrapa G(r)-anavhryaka (Manikiala

35Bronze Casket) etc.

Hence when we examine the statement of Kanishka-I regarding his extent of empire in the Rabatak inscription we come to the conclusion that there is no doubt that most of the provinces and regions were under Kanishka-I. The other sources which throw light on the Kushana history also contain almost same information regarding the empire of Kanishka-I as that in the Rabatak inscription. One thing is clear that the eastern Indian regions mentioned in the inscription were subdued by Kanishka-I himself because the empire of

'his predecessor Vima Kadphises was up to Mathura as discussed in the paper. Kausambi, Saketa, Sahet-Mahet, Sarnatha and Patliputra etc. cities or regions are the proof of Kanishka's achievements. When we examine the territories of western India , we come to

'the conclusion that these probably were conquered by yen-kao-chen or Vima Kadphises because we have never came across any definite evidence that Kanishka-I himself conquered the regions of western India mentioned in the Rabatak inscription. The possibility is that he may have got them in inheritance.

The second question still remains unanswered whether these territories were

5.


stconquered by Kanishka-I in his I regnal year or before that. Practically speaking it is not possible for any one to conquer such a vast area within one year and that too in the first regnal year. The possibility is that he might have won one or two territories and others might have accepted his sovereignty. The other possibility is that he might have ruled as a

'co-ruler of Vima Kadphises as it was not uncommon among the Kushanas as we have the references of the later rulers in the dynasty like Kanishka-Vasishka ruling jointly the example of which is the Sanchi inscription of Vaskushana of year 22. While ruling jointly

'with Vima Kadphises he might have won these regions sometimes during the last years of '

Vima Kadphises and slightly before he himself ascended to the throne.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. B.N.Mukherjee, 1988, Rise and Fall of The Kushana Empire, Calcutta, pp. 30-2

2. B.N.Mukherjee, 1969, An Agrippan Source-A Study in Indo-Parthian History, Calcutta, p. 185

3. Ibid. p, 170

4. H. Luders, 1961, Mathura Inscriptions, (edited by K.L.Janert), Gottingen, pp. 138-9

5. B.N.Mukherjee, 1970, The Economic Factors in Kushana History, Calcutta, pp. 11-3

6. Periplus, 39

7. B.N.Mukherjee, 1988, Op.Cit., p. 44� B.N.Mukherjee, 1970, Op. Cit., p. 13

8. Ibid, p. 45

9. G.R. Sharma, 1968, Kusana Studies, Allahabad, p. 44

10. Ibid

11. Ibid

12. Ibid, p. 45

13. Ibid

14. Ibid, pp. 49-52

15. B.N.Mukherjee, 1995, Indian Museum Bulletin, Calcutta, p. 31

16. B.N.Mukherjee, 1976, Disintegration of The Kushana Empire, Varanasi, p. 21

17. B.N.Mukherjee, 1968, The Kushanas and the Deccan, Calcutta, p. 41; H.C.Raychaudhury, 1996, Political History of Ancient India.Calcutta, pp. 88-9

18. Epigraphia Indica, VIII, pp. 179 ff.

19. B.N.Mukherjee, 1976, Op.Cit., pp. 22-3

20. G.R. Sharma, .Op.Cit. pp. 50-2


22. B.N.Mukherjee, 1988, Op. Cit., Calcutta, p. 290

23. Ibid

24. J. Legge, 1972, The Travels of Fa-Hien, Delhi, p.33

25. S.Konow, 1969, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. II, pt.1, Varanasi, pp. 142-5

26. H.C. Raychaudhury, Op.Cit., p. 78

27. Ibid, p. 129-30

28. B.N.Mukherjee, 1968, Op.Cit., P. 22

29. Ibid

6.



31. E.H.Warmington, 1928, Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India, Cambridge, p. 110

32. K.A.N.Sastri, 1987, (ed.) Comprehensive History of India. Vol. II, New Delhi, pp. 242-3

33. K.A.N.Sastri, 1995, A History of South India, Delhi, pp. 92- Epigraphia Indica, VIII, pp. 59-71

34. K.A.N.Sastri, 1987, Op.Cit., pp. 281-2; R.C.Majumdar, 1990, (ed.),The Age of Imperial Unity,Bombay, pp. 184-5

35. B.N. Puri, 1965, India Under The Kushanas. Bombay, p. 39

7.


PATTERNS OF ISOLATION IN DIASPORIC INDIAN WRITING

*Dr. Kaptan Singh

Diaspora is a loaded term deep rooted in the history. It is taken from a Greek word meaning to 'disperse' which signifies a “voluntary or forcible movement of people from their homeland into new regions”(Unial, Ranu). In present era of globalization migration has became a common phenomenon. People are very frequent to move from their home land to the land of opportunities, where they undergo through the process of different ideologies, languages and cultures. Their displacement from their homeland, on one hand, and the hostile social environment of alien land, on the other hand, deepen their sense of isolation. Diasporic literature, as the voice of displacement and dislocation, vocalized the painful dilemma of immigrants who as 'Trishanku' are sandwiched between two cultures; “born under one law, to another bound” (Unial, Ranu). Their deep rooted sense of isolation and displacement generate a sense of longingness which compel them to return back to their native land but the sanguine and enigmatic environment of the West attracts them to get settled in alien land. At last they reach at the fulfillment through the process of compromise and adjustment.

As well as Hindu scriptures are concerned crossing the seven seas was a biggest sin and the migration was strictly banned in ancient India so emigration was treated as “a source of inevitable ex-communication for the Brahmins.” (Unial, Ranu). Though there were always some vagabonds, who for the fulfillment of their curious spirit traveled a lot to the world. Indians were very keen to maintain their religious contacts with other civilizations. The exchange of thoughts and philosophies were common to Greece and Mesopotamian. Later on Buddhist monks have also started migrating to south and South East Asia to explore the Gospels of Buddhism. The prime focus of their migration was not for any business or political motif rather to exchange their religious and mythological belief.

In 1850 people of India have started crossing the seven seas; this time not for any religious motif but for the better livelihood. With the advent of the twentieth century a large number of populations from the country have migrated to different parts of the world. At present approximately twenty six million Indians are living abroad and creating a 'Global India' out there. Today communities like Bangalis, Gujratis, Punjabis, Parsis and Muslims, form a major immigrant group of the world.

When British parliament abolished slavery in 1834, the growing chances of employment and new law of immigration, on one hand, and their degrading living style due to uncertain agriculture economy, religions bigotry and their doubtful life in India, on other hand, compel them to migrate to alien land. Consequently from 1830 to 1917 a large number of indentured labor have migrated to the West. But after independence in 1947, a large number of skilled doctors, engineers, scholars and intellectuals and businessmen migrated to the developed counties, to establish themselves as successful professional and businessman.Such a journey of Indian diaspora from indentured labor to engineers, doctors and IT technocrats, has metaphorically exposed by Sudesh Mishra. He categorized

*Assistant Professor, Department of English, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab.

8.

it into two distinguish parts; 'Sugar and the Masala Diaspora'. He explains

The distinction is between, on one hand, the semi-voluntary flight of indentured peasants to non-metropolitan plantation colonies such as Feji, Trinidad, Mauritius, South Africa, Malaysia, Surinam, and Guyana, roughly between the years 1830 and 1917; and the other the late capital or post modern dispersal of new migrants of all classes to thriving metropolitan centers such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and Britian. (Sudesh Mishra 2003:276)

Isolation is a vitally connected emotion with the diasporic phenomenon. Indian diasporic writing, from the time of the first wave to the present time, has explored the isolation of the immigrants in one form or another. The critics have divided the Indian diaspora into three parts. These are known as the three waves of Indian diaspora. The theme of isolation is very dominated in the writings of the first wave immigrants. They work hard to build a good foundation for their children. In the process to build up good livelihood they were isolated from the country of their birth and the country where they were living. Anita Desai, Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, are address the first wave issue of diaspora.

The adventures and experiences of the children of the first wave immigrants constitute the second wave diaspora. They develop their life on the foundation of their parents and the memories of their culture ethics and values are fresh in their memories. Though they are not feeling nostalgic about the country of their parents but still they feel a resistance to assimilate in the hostile environment of the west.

'Journey motif' is prominent in diasporic Indian Writing. But this journey is not an easy one. This is not merely a physical journey but journey beyond this. During 'such a long journey', they neither can aloof themselves from homeland nor easily attach with alien land. The process of reconciliation and assimilation widen the feelings of their isolation and alienation. Time and again, through their writings, India diasporic writers have eloquently explicated the deep-rooted isolation of expatriates. Writing is a social practice through which “the writer has chosen to reveal the world and particularly to reveal man to other man, so that the latter may assume full responsibility before the object which has been thus laid bare” (Jean-Paul Sartre 2009: 15)

The pattern of isolation in Indian diasporic writing is undoubtedly its one of the most distinguished factors. Indian women diasporic writers exhibit a profound fascination with the implication of isolation. Migrant writers, non-resident writers and even gallivanting writers have depicted the various patterns of isolation of immigrants. The present paper is an attempt to explore a moving picture of immigrants' experiences. Isolation is a wide ranging phenomenon in deasporic writings. It is dealing with the experiences of the workers either indentured laborers or IT Technocrats, who are treated as alien, outsider or as 'other' by their colleagues, bosses as well as by their subordinates too. Next, in this respect, are women as wives and mothers, living within their private sphere as non working and traditional bound women who feel, nostalgic about their homeland. Last in the hierarchy comes the 'newly born generation', born on alien land from Indian parents. They neither assimilate with their parent's culture nor are accepted in the alien land. The quest of assimilation compels them to live an isolated life.

Indian Women diasporic writers, Anita Desai, Kamala Markandya, Chitra

9.

Patterns of Isolation ..........

Banerjee, Bharti Mukharjee and Jhumpa Lahri, are the leading voices of Indian diasporic writings. They have explored the various patterns of isolation of the expatriates, navigating between the tradition they have inherited and the new world which they encounter every day. Their experiences foreground the fact that being isolated and displaced from one's own country is a great calamity.

Anita Desai and Kamala Markandya are the earliest novelists who eloquently have depicted the isolation and alienation of immigrants. Desai in Bye Bye BlackBird and Kamala Markandya in The Nowhere Man depict the life of the immigrants of early 1960s in UK. They become the victim of racial discriminations where they pass through the process of isolation and identity crisis. Desai in her Bye Bye Blackbird depicts the poignant struggle and deep rooted isolation and alienation of the protagonists, Adit, Dev and Sarah. This is a story of two immigrant friends, Adit and Dev. In their opinions and ideologies regarding England, they were contradictory to each other. In the beginning of the novel Adit, a “spineless imperialist lover”, (Anita Desai 1985: 19), is deeply in love with English living style; he sees only the brighter side of the England and does not want to see the negative aspects. He accepts, “I'm so happy here, I hardly notice the few draw-backs”. (Anita Desai 1985: 17) But Dev , who comes to England for higher education, is determined to go back to India as an 'England returned teacher', rather to be alienated in a country where he is treated as an outsider. Dev, sharing his views with Adit, opens his heart, “I would not live in a country where I was insulted and unwanted” (Anita Desai 1985: 17).But the end the novel offers an interesting twist in the story. Dev who was firm to go back to the India, is attracted towards the immense job opportunities and decided to get settle in England. But quite at the same time the harsh and bitter experiences of Adit compel him to say good bye to the land of opportunities and the growing cult of isolation make him feel nostalgic about home land and finally he returns to India.

The dilemma of immigrants has been poignantly depicted by Anita Desai as she unveils their emotional attachments with the native country and practical reasons to settle in alien land. There are moments in life when human being feel lonely and bewildered and require the courage to take bold decision. Eventually Adit over comes those moments but the memory of the experiences remain, as this is not easy to wipe out the impression of these experiences, while Dev is entangled in the complex situation and at present finds it suitable to settle in England.

Despite Dev and Adit, Sarah is the most isolated character in the novel. She suffers from many indignities and humiliations merely because she marries with an Indian, an outsider. Sarah's predicament is more comprehensible than those of Adit and Dev because they both are assured that they shall be accepted in their native land but she feels disjointed and isolated in her homeland as well and not sure that either she will be accepted in India as a foreign wife of Adit or not.

Kamala Markandaya has constantly vocalized her experiences as an immigrant. Her No Where Man highlights the racial prejudices against Indians which isolate them from the outside world and aggravate their sense of displacement. Markandaya has tried to dig out the various dimensions of isolation through the sufferings of her protagonist as husband, wife and son. Isolation is a made of experience in which a man is out of touch with himself as well as of the world around. An isolated person, “like the others, is experienced as things are experienced; with the senses and with common sense, but at the same time

10.


without being related to oneself and the world outside productively” (Erich Fromm 1955: 111).

Chitra Banerjee and Bharti Mukharjee in their famous novels, Wife and Jasmine respectively exposed the challenges of Indians in US before and after globalization. Jhumpa Lahri's prize winning novel The Name Sake expressively depicts the life of the third generation diasporic challenges. Literature has ever been the voice of repressed, oppressed and suppressed people and diaspora as the outcome of colonialism is one of the most acclaimed themes of the modern literature. Bharti Mukherji, a purely diasporic writer, born in Kolkatta, shifted to Canada and then after marriage with an American Clark Blaise, permanently settled herself in America. In the very words of her husband, “Mukherjee is now an outsider, not because of her marriage and choice to live outside India, but also and especially because of her choice of English as an artistic language. This position is not only personal; it is also political, in the widest sense of the world. To survive she must invent an alternative world.” (Ranu Uniyal 2005: 45-54) Survival is a biggest challenge for diasporic writers. Psychologically they are bewildered between two worlds where neither they are celebrated in homeland nor are accepted in 'host culture'. They are 'un-homed' and their 'homing-desire' meets with a cold welcome. Mukherjee, as a critic of 'materialistic consciousness', emphasizes on material and social prestige. The protagonist of her novel Jasmine 'shuttled between identities'. Her journey from Jyoti to Jasmine, Jasmine to Jase and Jase to Jane spoils her individual identity, and marginalized her to be isolated.

Jhumpa Lehri's novel The Namesake pin points that colonialism is a land mark of diasporic writings. To be a diasporic is to be a colonized. Immigrants are colonized and are bound to suffer humiliation and negligence from the hands of colonizers. The Namesake explores the angst and anguish of Indian immigrants while living in the United States. On one side Lehri, apparently clears the nostalgia and alienation of elder generation (parents or grandparents) and on other side, she projects the younger generation, the American born children, Gogol, Sonia and Maushumi, who are neither connected to the environment which their parents have adhered nor are accepted among their American friends. Under the impression of advanced American life style they feel ashamed of their parents and their love for Indian culture. They feel inferiority and embarrassment in front of Native Americans. They dislike Pujas and show their enthusiasm for Christmas.

Gogol, Sonia and Maushumi do not hesitate to leave behind the inherited Bengali values and deeply craved for American ideology, language and culture. They tried to behave as an American with all their manners and personality but they are not accepted as American but rather treated as ABCDs (American Born Confused Desi). Consequently the fluxes of displacement and rootlessness sow the seeds of alienation which finally isolate them from their self and society.

Surjeet Kalsay, a Canada based poetess, in her poem “Migratory Birds” delineates the eternal dilemma of an immigrant, who sail his journey as a migratory bird to the alien land, for a temporary stay, and is determined to go back.

we

the migratory birds

are here this season

11.


thinking we will fly

back to our home

for sure

But finally the immigrant feels helpless and realizes;

No one knows

which invisible cage imprisons us?

and the flight begin to die slowly

in our wings.

some of us are drown with

the chain

some lag

in the swamp

no sun, no earth

when to look at, what to look for? (Surjeet Kalsey 1988: 40)� � �

Thus, to sum up, it is appropriate to say that isolation is a common phenomenon in diasporic Indian writing. Their journey from, 'roots to routs' and their 'in between syndrome,' their longings for belongingness, lead them to be 'No Where Man'. So, in their encounter with different languages, cultures and ideologies, they are sure to be isolated.

REFERENCES1. Ashcroft Bill, Garcth Grifiths and Helen Tiffin (eds.) 1988, Key Concepts in Post Colonial Studies.

London : Routledge.

2. Desai, Anita. Bye Bye Blackbird. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks 1985.

3. Fromm, Erich. The Sane Society. New York : Fawcett 1955

4. Kalsey, Surjeet “Migratory Birds” Foot Prints of Silence, 1988

5. Mishra, Sudesh. “From Sugar to Masala ; Writing by the Indian Diaspora,” from An Illustrated History of Indian Literature in English, Ed. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. New Delhi: Paperback. 2003.

6. Parameswaran, Uma Trishanku and other Writings. New Delhi : Prestige, 1998

7. Sartre,Jean-Paul.2009.What is Literature ? Routledge: India

8. Uniyal, Ranu “Associating Difference with Diversity: Writers from Indian Diaspora”. The SPIEL Journal of English Studies. Ed. S.Z.H. Abidi, Vol. 1, No 2, 2005

12.


ADMINISTRATIVE VIEWS OF MANU AND KAUTILYA : A STUDY OF THEIR CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE

*Dr. Mohinder Kaur

Nothing to defend belief better than reality. Two thousand four hundred years ago, Kautilya compiled the Arthashastra and with it he proved to be a kingmaker as he enabled the inception of the Gupta dynasty. The Arthashastra endured the test of time and it had since withstood the test of credibility. When a thinker demonstrated vision and foresights it was crucial and extremely useful to understand the elements of this thought that had present applicability. This had been the objective and the culmination of this effort was for all to see. Learning and grasping even a fraction of the wisdom that Kautilya and Manu embodied would enrich the society. These were treatises that encapsulates in many ways even the complexity of our current world. The problems that existed then persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world.

� Herein begins the relevance of studying the Arthashastra and Manusmriti. They demonstrated an extremely vital imperative: governance, polity, politics and progress had to be linked to the welfare of the people. Interestingly, closer to recent times, Abraham Lincoln said, “Democracy is for the people, by the people and of the people”. The Arthashastra's resonant theme holds even truer today and it was the upholding of this principle that stood at the core of attaining development.

� Manu and Kautilya's views on State, King and kingship had been discussed. Both Manu and Kautilya had conceived the state as a seven- limbed. According to Manu the seven elements of prakritis were the king, the ministers, the capital, the realm, the treasury, the army and the ally. Kautilya put the elements in this order: the king, the minister, the country, the fort, the treasury, the army, the friend and the enemy. Thus he changed the previous order of priority and added a new element, namely, the enemy. However, he agreed with Manu when he stated that excepting the enemy, these seven elements, possessed of their excellent characteristics, were said to be the limb like elements of the state. Both had defined the various qualifications an ideal king should posses, duties of the king in administrative, legal, financial, religious and military fields. They had dealt with minor issues like the education of princes, marriage, style of living, their safety and the like. Functions of the state had been elaborately discussed. Thus to them state was to serve a definite purpose with a specific end. The state was to protect the citizens from the tyranny of individuals and the state as well.

� According to Manusmriti to be a good ruler, the king should regulate his lifestyle in a proper way. Then only he would have the right and power to rule the country and apply the danda (the rod of punishment) to the miscreants. He should be intelligent, free from vices, cultured, upright, should have self-control, should respect the elders and the Brahmins, should have proper education (of the Vedas, politics, history, agriculture, and spiritual science), adhere to sacred texts and he should protect his subjects with zeal. There are few representative quotations which can be discussed and cited below:

� Danda ,the rod of punishment could not be rightly employed by a king who was without friends, foolish, avaricious, uncultured and addicted to sensuous objects.(7:30)

� Danda could be employed by a king who was pure in monetary matters, true to his

*Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab

13.

promise, intelligent, backed by friends and a follower of the Sâstrîya path.(7:31)

� In his own kingdom he was to be of upright conduct, to his enemies he was to be of rigorous punishment, to his natural friends he was to be sincere, and towards the Brahmins, he had to be forgiving.(7:32) Of a king of such a conduct, the fame spreaded in the world, like a drop of oil on water.(7:33)

� A good many kings, though provided with resources, had perished through want of self-control and a good many of them, though doomed to forest life [i.e., though without resources], had gained kingdoms through self-control.(7:40)

� Vena, Nahusha, Sudâh, son of Pijavana, Sumukha and Nimi - these kings perished through want of self-control.(7:41). On the other hand, Prithu got the kingdom through self-control, so also Manu. And through self-control did Kubera attain mastery over wealth, and Gâdhi's son Viúwamitra the state of a Brahmin.(7:42)

� He had to practice the three Vedas from those versed in the same and was to learn the eternal politics as well as logic, spiritual science and agriculture . . . from men versed in those subjects. (7:43)

� The highest duty of a Kshatriya was to protect his subjects.(7:144)

� According to Kautilya, to be competent enough to rule the country, the king had to go through adequate education and training. After tonsure at an early age the incumbent prince was to learn the alphabets and arithmetic. Thereafter he was to learn the three Vedas, philosophy, economics and politics. He was to observe celibacy till the age of sixteen and thereafter marry. Continuous study was essential as it enhanced intelligence and efficiency of the king making him capable of performing his duties in a better manner.

� Kautilya, however, was of the opinion that general education and training were not enough to make a perfect king. Moral and ethical teachings were also necessary. He explained the importance and methods of moral training of a king with examples of the downfall of many past kings, who used to violate one or more of the essential ethical norms for an ideal king. To start with, Kautilya reiterated the importance of having control over the senses.

� Control over the senses, which was motivated by training in the sciences, was to be secured by giving up lust, anger, greed, pride, arrogance and fool-hardiness.(1.6.1)

� A contrary behaviour would bring about the ruin of a king, whatever his apparent power. In this regard Kautilya mentioned how various past kings ,historical and mythical, perished for lack of control over senses. So the king had to control over senses by conquering the six basic vices , namely, lust, anger, greed, pride and arrogance, and acquired wisdom from the elders to be fit for ruling the country.

� Therefore, by casting out the group of six enemies he was to acquire control over the senses, cultivated his intellect by association with the elders, kept a watchful eye by means of spies, brought about security and well-being by energetic activity, maintained the observance of their special duties (by the subjects) by carrying out his own duties, acquired discipline by receiving instruction in the sciences, attained popularity by association with what was of material advantage and maintain proper behaviour by doing what is beneficial. (1.7.1)

� While the ideal king had to posses perfect control over the senses, this did not imply

14.

Administrative Views of ..........

that the king was not indulge in material pleasures. In fact, Kautilya subscribed to the traditional Indian view that there should be a perfect balance of the trivarga - i.e., dharma (ethics), artha (material resources) and kâma (fulfillment of sexual and other desires) - in the life of the king, as was evident from the following Salokas:

� He could enjoy sensual pleasures without contravening his spiritual good and material well-being; he could not deprive himself of pleasures. (1.7.3)

� Or, he could devote himself equally to the three goals of life which were bound up with one another. (1.7.4)

� For, any one of the trivarga of spiritual good, material well-being and sensual pleasures, if excessively indulged in, did harm to itself as well as to the other two. (1.7.5)

� Now, the question arises who was to guide the king and kept him on the path of virtue, and to rectify him whenever he deviated from the path of virtue because of either his wrong judgment or temporary upsurge of evil intentions. Kautilya was wise enough to realise that even the most virtuous persons might at times be overpowered by the basic vices hidden in the subconscious mind or bad company. Kautilya prescribed for competent and honest ministers, along with the Brahmin chaplain, as safeguards to keep the king on the path of virtue and propriety :

� He could set the preceptors or ministers as the bounds of proper conduct for himself, who could restrain him from occasions of harm, or, when he was erring in private, could prick him with the goad in the form of the indication of time for the performance of his regular duties by means of the shadow of gnomon or the nâlikâ (water-clock). (1.7.8)

� Kautilya concerned himself with the ideal of a good king. He visualised a king (the Vijîgishu) who would bring about territorial unification of India and make it a strong and prosperous country. There were a number of exceptional kings, most notably Chandragupta Maurya, Vindusâra and Ashoka. Lack of ideal kings, however, was one of the basic causes of downfall of the Mauryan Empire. In the Gupta era and later Indian history until British rule, the success or otherwise of dynasties was mainly related to the presence or absence of ideal kings. In modern democratic India after Independence, the sub-optimal state of affairs was due mainly to the absence of honest and competent politicians, as discussed below.

� As regards the controlling power of the Vedic Brahmin (chaplain) over the king there was some difference between Manusmriti and the Arthasâstra of Kautilya. The latter assigned more power to the king than prescribed in the earlier texts. This might have become necessary to unify India under a strong king. Whatever the reason it appeared from the prescriptions of the power of the king in the Arthasâstra of Kautilya that the Vedic Brahmin appointed by the king himself was not likely to had the same controlling power over the king as his counterpart in Manusmriti. This might be apprehended from the power Kautilya bestowed on the king as he held the royal edict above existing laws, custom and prescriptions of the Sâstras. So far, the king was theoretically only the guardian of law and guidelines prescribed in the Sâstras. Now he became a maker of law through royal edicts. Under these circumstances, it was quite unlikely that the Brahmin possessed sufficient power to prevent the king from indulging in undesirable activities if the king was adamant to do so. But did the Vedic Brahmin even in Manusmriti possessed sufficient real power to control an adamant king? Notwithstanding the power endowed theoretically to the Vedic

15.


Brahmin in the Manusmriti, it was questionable how far the Brahmin could control an unethical king. In ancient texts, the king was considered as the wielder of danda (rod of punishment). While danda isnot directly relevant to the present circumstances, but the concept is likely to provide a deeper insight into the concept of kingship and the qualities of a perfect king as defined in the ancient Indian texts.

Relevance to Modern India

� Turning to the modern relevance of the essence of the prescriptions in the two ancient texts for making a competent and honest king, it might be observed that corruption and dishonesty of politicians have become important issues in recent years. The mass media are replete with news about charges as well as court cases against 'big' politicians. Surprisingly, these corrupt politicians could easily manage to get re-elected and go on pursuing their mischievous activities. Many even manage to mobilize overwhelming mass support in spite of their questionable reputation. India has been endangered because of the nefarious activities of these corrupt politicians.

� Guidelines and directions in Manusmriti and the Arthasâstra of Kautilya might be of considerable help in creating an honest politician. It is, however, argued by many that these texts devised guidelines for an all-powerful monarchy. Therefore, they had no relevance for democratic modern countries like India. However, on the basis of the guidelines prescribed in these texts for the king, can also adopt these guidelines for the politicians and political parties in a democratic system.

� Both Manu and Kautilya believed in the adage “Yatha Raja Thatha Prajah” (As the King is, so will be the people”). Therefore they laid down the condition that an ideal King was one who had the highest qualities of leadership, intellect, energy and personal attributes. According to Kautilya, the King had to thoroughly test the integrity of those whom he had appointed in the state for various administrative functions. Kautilya also cautioned the dangers inherent in King's service.

Contemporary Relevance

� The king was not exempt from being endowed with certain qualities of leadership if he was to be able to provide effective and productive governance. Thus the political leaders had to set an example by adhering to high standards of conduct and functioning. In contemporary times there have been frequent reminders that it is not positions which sustain an individual however powerful he/she maybe but the person concerned that has to sustain power conferred not by abusing it but by using it in a constructive manner for the people concerned

� Kautilya listed 34 heads of departments. Only those who had the specified qualifications were appointed to these high posts. Except in the case of Raj Purohita, the scribe (Brahmin) and army (Kshatriyas), there was no “caste” reservation for the post of high level officials.” Thus, upward mobility in the hierarchy was based on merit, suitability and fulfilling other qualifications laid down for these posts. In a conflict between meritocracy and the political economy of appointments, if the latter continues to be given precedence India's potential of becoming an economic superpower will remain untapped.

� Views of Manu and Kautilya on inter-state relations and diplomacy had also been discussed earlier. The maintenance of foreign relations formed a very important department of the public activity of every state, and, naturally foreign policy was regarded

16.


as an extremely useful art. The maintenance of a balance of power was one of the problems in foreign relations which engaged the attention of the diplomats in ancient days. Both Manu and Kautilya had offered wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy, including their wish to had their king become a world conqueror. They had analysed the methods of diplomacy, principles determining the foreign policy, role of the diplomats and spies. In foreign relations distrust of one nation by another prompted Kautilya to postulate his theory of Mandala. Their observations on the ally and the enemy, on ambassadors and spies were interesting and certainly not out of date. National interest had always been the guiding principle of all nations in determining their foreign policy. They worked out full implications of the policies of peace, war, neutrality, marching, seeking shelter and double policy.

� Kautilya's quality to manage war and diplomacy is greatly admired. His six diplomacy tools and mandala concept is still applicable albeit the nations are now separated by oceans and there intercontinental ballistic missiles shrinking geographic effects on diplomacy. His work can be directly applied during the De Gaulle times, when there was a fear of Russia attacking the Western Europe and the tactics De Gaulle played were quite similar as proposed by Kautilya. Kautilya's thinking has definitely shaped the future writings but it is to be wondered what happened to the Indian diplomacy and policies of the statesmen of India. The strategies adopted by Kautilya were seldom applied when the Mughals invaded from the middle-east and later the British conquered India.

� In our opinion art of war and diplomacy is still applicable but one needs to realize that the social structures are changing faster than they did in earlier times. Kautilya ultimately sought peace but his means were war and thus believed that unless there was a world order where his kingdom was at the center and most powerful one could not attain peace.

� Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires could last forever, and that conflict among smaller states was more common in history. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy—that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest—was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner—indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with one's self-interest—but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power, that one's neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. In other words, one would be betraying one's own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states was weak and, unless it could change rapidly, doomed to destruction.

� Kautilya was most famous for outlining the so-called Mandala theory of foreign policy, in which immediate neighbours were considered as enemies, but any state on the other side of a neighbouring state was regarded as an ally, or, the enemy of my enemy was my friend.

� Because foreign policy was just an extension of a nation's wars, the goal of foreign policy was not to end wars, but rather to ward off defeats and to make sure one was successful in subsequent warfare. For Kautilya, all ambassadors were potential spies with diplomatic immunity. Indeed, he had written about how to fight with the weapon of diplomacy.

� Unlike the modern practice of stationing representatives, as permanent agents in foreign states, in ancient India they were officers, appointed for and sent on a special mission. The functions of an ambassador were to deliver the message correctly as entrusted to him, to

17.


make or break alliances or treaties, to declare war or make peace, to study the geographical position, and strong points, military strength and financial condition of a foreign state and to gather the greatest possible information. He was thus primarily concerned with the vital issues of a foreign, policy of a state. As the ambassadors had to perform very important a well as delicate and dangerous duties, the Manusmriti and Kautilya 's Arthasastra more or less prescribe the same higher qualifications for them such as a noble family background, modesty, tactfulness, eloquency of speech, capacity to convey the message exactly as entrusted to him and a sharp and excellent memory. The Manusamriti was conspicuously silent about the different kinds of ambassadors, while Kautilya classified them under three heads, viz.

� Nihsrstartha, i.e., a plenipotentiary; Parimitartha or Mitartha, i.e., an envoy whose rights were limited. Sasanabara or Sasana-vahaka, i.e., an ambassador who was simply a “royal messenger”.

� Manu is silent about the means to be employed by the spies to create trouble in other states. Kautilya, on the other hand, permits any and every means for the spies, moral or immoral. He says that they should create dissensions in the foreign states, indulge the army chiefs in love-affairs with young ladies and after wards cause animosity among them. They should give poison to them by saying that it would make his beloved devoted to him. They should disguise themselves as palmists and arouse the ambition of becoming a king in the chief and high officers of the state and make them unloyal to the king. In war-time, they should, distribute wine or liquor, mixed with poison among the important military officers.

� As far as administration of justice was concerned (dandniti) the views of Manu and Kautilya had also been discussed in detail. The ethical code of a society and its cultural standards were inter-related. The cultural maturity and social amicability and even their deterioration was reflected in the law and order of that society. The concept that the people got the governance they deserved, was very much implied here. In the early Vedic period justice was administered by the tribe and clan assemblies, and the judicial procedure was very simple. But with the extension of the state and the growth of the royal powers, the king came gradually to be regarded as the fountain of justice, and a more or less elaborate system of judicial administration came into existence. Both Manu and Kautilya had shown expertise in giving directions regarding the maintenance of law and order and they appear to be clever advocates capable of managing the disputes of common man. They defined the legal suits like related to non-payment of debts, sale without ownership, partnership deeds, deposits and pledging, non-payment of wages, breach of agreements, disputes related to assault, defamation, robbery, violence, adultery, inheritance and so on. They desired that the King should preside over the court where justice was meted out to the subjects. He should be properly accompanied by the Brahamanas and ministers who were experts in counseling. They hold that the judge was to be a person learned in all branches of knowledge. In this chapter setting up of courts, procedures to be adopted, punishments to be awarded have been discussed in details.

� The exercise of the coercive power of danda with regard to law-enforcement was considered just in the highest sense, since particularistic legal codes were considered to be concrete and detailed embodiments of the more abstract and exalted principles of justice which were fundamental to the society.

� There was no distinction between civil and criminal courts. The law which these

18.


courts were told to administer was an amalgam of sacred law, customs and discretion.

� According to Manusmriti to be a good ruler, the king was supposed to regulate his lifestyle in a proper way. Then only he would have the right and power to rule the country and apply the danda (the rod of punishment) to the miscreants. He was to be intelligent, free from vices, cultured, upright, had self-control, and respect the elders and the Brahmins, had proper education (of the Vedas, politics, history, agriculture, and spiritual science), adhered to sacred texts and he who could protect his subjects with zeal. That could be understood from the quotations given in Manusmriti.

� Danda, the rod of punishment could not be rightly employed by a king who was without friends, foolish, avaricious, uncultured and addicted to sensuous objects.(7:30)

� Danda could be employed by a king who was pure in monetary matters, true to his promise, intelligent, backed by friends and a follower of the Sâstrîya path.(7:31)

REFERENCES

1.� In the Mahavamsa, Devanampiya Tissa is described as an “aly” of Asoka. There is no doubt that frequent communications took place between the two bangs. Vide Mahavamsa.

2.� Rapson, E.J., Ancient India, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1922,

3. � Arun Bhattacharjee; History of Ancient India (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers,1979),

� 143–48, 173; Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Chandragupta Maurya: A Gem of Indian History, 2d rev. ed. (New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 1996),

4. � Wolpert; A New History of India, 59; Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 2; Bhattacharjee, History of Ancient India,.

5. � Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund; A History of India (New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 1991),.

6. � Bhargava; Chandragupta Maurya,.

7. � M. V. Krishna Rao; Studies in Kautilya, 2d ed. (New Delhi: Munshi RamManohar Lal, 1958),

8. � V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar; The Mauryan Polity (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,1993 [1932]), 240–59; John W. Spellman, Political Theory of Ancient India(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 98; Julius Lipner, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London: Routledge, 1994),

9. � Romila Thapar; Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997),

10. � Sastri; Asoka and His Successors,

11. � Thapar; Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas,


13. � Thapar; Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas,

14. � Ibid.,

19.



16. � Dikshitar; The Mauryan Polity,

17. � Bhasker Anand Saletore; Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions, London: Asia Publishing House, 1963,

18. � Bhargava; Chandragupta Maurya,

19. � Heinrich Zimmer; Philosophies of India, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967,

20.


TH THSOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN IN 19 AND 20 CENTURY IN LADAKH

*Sameena Iqbal

Ladakh is a land of intense bareness. The bareness of the land did not permit the people to grow sufficient to feed an increased population. The communication and transportation system too was not feasible to import the food grains. Ladakh was isolated from the rest of the world and its resources were inelastic. Thus, they had to adapt to the prevalent harsh nature. From that there came about the curious custom that when the elder brother tied the matrimonial knot for himself, his wife became wife to all the brothers who had only to promise that they would remain united. This was the system of polyandry, which was practiced on economic ground. The mechanics of the system was simple. The customs of polyandry, prevalent in Ladakh for centuries envisaged only one mistress of the house except where the owner of the house married more than one wife or happened to be the joint husband of a number of sisters. Of a number of brothers, the eldest was accepted as the heir of the property and usually at least one of the other was dedicated to religion as a Lama. Any remaining brothers were free either to go and make their own way in the world or to remain in the family home, in which case there was a clear understanding that they occupied a position subservient to the eldest brother. If they wanted to marry on their own account, they had to leave and set up a separate home, without being entitled to a share in any part of the family property. Thus, it was impossible for the younger brothers to either marry and settle or to go out for their living. They naturally became husbands to the wife of the eldest brother and lived with him in the family. The meager natural resources and the absence of any industry in the land could not support the large population, the cultivable land in Ladakh was also very small and its further division was highly undesirable. Thus, polyandry was well adapted to the limited resources of this country and also it avoided the subdivisions of land. Polyandry also prevented family disputes arising from the division of the property. It further enabled the household to obtain sufficient labour in the form of male hands that it needed to cultivate its fields. As a result the Buddhist polyanders were better off than their neighbours, the Balti polygamists. Polyandry not only restricted population and made it possible for the poor to get a joint wife for the management of the household and prevented subdivision of holdings in an overpopulated country where land was difficult to cultivate but it also helped the solidarity of the family whereas separate wives led to disputes between brothers and resulted in the disintegration of the group. It is argued that any number of brothers can live jointly for number of years but it is not possible for their separate wives to do so for long. The sister in law is instrumental in making there husbands quarrel among themselves. This is what was prevented by polyandry. When the brothers possessed a common wife, she could not set one brother against another for in that case she could not remain the joint wife of all and every preferential treatment on her part might have thrown her and her favoured husband out of the family. The prevalence of system of polyandry in Ladakh was not due to the dearth of women. Infact, Ladakh was the only district in the state which had a preponderance of females, their proportion per

thousand males being 1002 in 1911 and 1011 in 1921. In a country where so little land was capable of being brought under cultivation, a large increase in population must either lead

*Assistant Professor, Deptartment of History , Women's College, Srinagar (J&K)

21.

to great poverty or emigration and emigration is ruled out of question by the fact that the people of Ladakh were quite incapable of living out of their land as change in climate may sicken them. This system was mainly practiced by the Buddhist of Ladakh to keep the population under control. The first inquisitive point to notice in polyandry system is that the eldest married son of a family was placed in a better position than his own father and was practically the head of the family. As soon as the eldest son married, he entered into possession of the family estate, a small portion only being retained by his parents for the support of themselves and their unmarried daughters that also became the property of the eldest son on the death of the parents and marriage of the daughters. The elder son was obliged to support his younger brothers financially who were sharing his wife.

Generally, however, if there were more than three brothers in a family, the younger ones became Lamas and entered a monastery or became coolies. The rest of the brothers who shared the wife of the eldest brother were not allowed to contract independent marriages. Thus, they become the minor husbands of that woman. The children of this strange union recognized all three husbands as father. However, in law the children were

regarded to be those of the eldest and addressed him as big father whereas the youngers were addressed as little fathers. When the eldest brother died, the wife was not under any obligation to remain with his brothers. If she chose to separate, she tied a thread to the finger of her dead husband and broke it. This procedure served her divorce. On the eldest brother's death, the family property passed on to the eldest son living with the family. However, he was held responsible for the maintenance of his other brothers, parents and the marriage of his sisters. In the absence of the male issue, the eldest daughter inherited the family property.

In traditional Ladakhi society there was prevalent the practice of keeping an additional husband. This husband used to be in addition to the husband or husbands recognized through marriage. Infact the additional husband not procured through marriage was admitted in the family at the will of the wife concerned. In this capacity, the man was known as Phorsak. A Phorsak was mostly rated at equal level with the other husband or husbands. In some cases the position of phorsak was even treated higher. He was brought in the family when the woman of the house felt the need of additional man for doing agricultural and other works. With the passage of time, there had been a decline in the polyandrous families. This was mainly due to the change in the authority and position of the eldest son. He was no longer the sole repository of family property and status. With the abolition of polyandry by law in Ladakh in 1941 and the Hindu Succession Act applying to the Buddhists, all brothers enjoyed equal right of inheritance. The frequency of polyandrous unions was reduced because under the new provision every brother could economically afford to maintain an individual wife. The family land also underwent segmentation and therefore, the produce was insufficient to feed the members under monogamous system. Under such circumstances, it was increasingly felt that one could afford to maintain independent family of one's own. With the new opportunities of labour, job and employment there was growing economic independence. The antithesis of polyandry viz. polygamy was not unknown in Ladakh.

According to the system of polyandry, when the eldest son had reached years of discretion and had married and produced an heir, the parents summoned their friends and relations and in their presence, formally made over the entire property to the eldest son and themselves shifted to a small house adjoining the main property, taking one or two animals

22.

Socio-Economic Status ..........

with them and retaining only as much land as they needed to support themselves. The separated family formed by the separated parents was called Khaon. All the responsibilities of managing the property devolved on the eldest son, who was now recognised as the legal owner, the parents had no more claim on it. If there were two fathers alive, or even more, they would all share their retirement in the little house or Khaon. This separation also proposed for sparing part of the family property to the unmarried girl or boy in the family. However, the major part of the property was still retained in the ancestral house which was called the Khangchen. With the decline of the polyandrous unions, the Khaon system had also been affected correspondingly. The monastery also granted more recognition to Khangchen than Khaon. Once a year, after the harvesting was over, every family gave a part of the agricultural produce to the monastery or the Gompa. The families in better position donated a head load each but no quantity was fixed for the Khaon. They gave it only if they could afford it while a specific quantity was fixed for the ancestral house which was to be given to the monastic organization. Actually, the monastic right on Khangchen was more because it had a worship room which was called Chotkhang and was created by the Lamas of the Monastery. The Chotkhang remained common for both the Khangchen and Khaon and their members made use of it as and when desired. Khaon pattern encouraged magpa practice. Magpa was the husband who joined his wives family and residence. Such an arrangement got substantial support from Khaon. An unmarried girl from Khaon inherited, in most of the cases, the property after the death of the parents. To manage and look after her property she was helped by her husband who joined after her marriage. The Ladakhis did not mind becoming magpa in Khaon. Magpa practice was restored to for Khangchen if needed.

Apart from those younger brothers who entered the monastic life or became coolies, if any one of them did not want to share the family wife he had to leave the estate and seek his fortune outside as Magpas. If there be no son, the eldest daughter inherited the land, the lady then selected some well favored younger brother of a large family, who had no inheritance in land of his family or share in his eldest brother's wife, and made this person her magpa. He enjoyed no rights over her property. His only role was to work for his wife's interest and to help her produce heirs. Her sisters were given the same rights in the magpa as were the younger brothers in a polyandrous marriage. He was the property of his wife and could not leave her except in the case of gross misconduct on her part. However, if she was displeased with him she could turn him out of doors and get rid of him without any excuse or form of divorce. This indicated that the women in Ladakh had a higher say in the family and enjoyed greater liberty than men. The adoption of polyandry by the whole Buddhist community is attributed mainly to the fact that it kept the family estates whole and intact and prevented inconvenient increase in population.

An important result with the fraternal polyandry produced was that female infanticide was not practiced. It is true that a paucity of marriageable woman made polyandry possible but that paucity was produced in different ways. We find the female infanticide had nothing to do with the scarcity of women in Ladakh nor was female infanticide as such practiced here and girl babies were not neglected. A woman was in great demand and was the mistress of the situation. She was loved at home by the parents and greatly valued by the husband. Her upbringing or marriage did not cost the parents much money. A few clothes of the cheapest and roughest texture sufficed for her and she might not be given any ornaments. The question for expenses of marriage or upbringing did not

23.


arise at all. The monasteries or Gompas also assisted in keeping the population within bounds as a large no of Buddhists entered the service of the monasteries and lead a life of celibacy. Later polyandry came to be looked at with disfavour at least by the higher classes. The women in Ladakh enjoyed unbridled power and liberty. To a native of India the complete social liberty of women of Ladakh seems very strange. This liberty according to Fredric Drew is as great as that of workmen's wives in England. Not only the Ladakhi women went about unveiled but also mixed where men frequented and entered with them into their pursuits of business or pleasure and got an equal share in their toil. Women were good weight carriers and in agriculture also they took their share of the work, when the seed was in, the lending of the fields,-the watering and so on was a great deal left to the women, the men perhaps having work abroad i.e. they were mostly occupied in their immemorial trade of carrying. Thus, the position of women was better in Ladakh than in other parts of India.

The Buddhist women of Ladakh virtually ruled the domestic life. This was the natural result of the practice of polyandry. The women freely attended fairs and festivals along with their men folk. The prevalence of polyandry in Ladakh is said to have led to a great relaxation in the relations between the sexes. It is also pointed out that many marriages in Ladakh turned out to be sterile. An unmarried girl who had given birth to a child was, therefore, much sought after for a marriage because the birth of one child gave the hope of the birth of more children. But there is also evidence to suggest that the Ladakhi women were, on the whole, not immoral in their character. Polyandry also had a bad effect on the nature of the women. Beyond the openness, which one admires, it makes them overbold, shameless, and causes them to be in a general way coarser than their other circumstances need make them. To the same custom is attributed the greater facileness as compared with neighboring countries with which those connections with foreigners were formed that have resulted in so many varieties of half – castes at Leh. In Ladakh, Buddhist family also had a custom to offer girl to concern monastery to become a nun or chomo if there were more girls and one or two boys in a family. All those girls who did not marry became nuns and adopted the male attire of red and yellow robe. The nuns however, seemed to be by no means kept in confinement. They worked in the fields and went wherever they pleased. The Buddhist women of Ladakh were free from legal, social or political restrictions. They were liberated from chains and their freedom had no parallels in the east. Dancing was an inseparable part of marriages and all other social function. The women were seen rejoicing with men maintaining moral etiquettes in traditional style. The women also had their social meets in different localities in the night in which unending rounds of dancing went on until early hours of the morning. The exclusive female meets were open to young male spectators who assist in the preparation of tea and serving other refreshment to the performers who took turns at dancing by groups. The women were physically tough and their stamina in no way was a less match than men. Their toughness owed to the harshness of the climate and the hard terrain of the lands. The incredible stamina of local female found the right expression in the words of Frederic Drew that, “I have had women employed to carry my baggage according to the custom of the country who have done 23 or 24 miles with 60 pounds on their backs and have come in at the end singing cheerfully.” The women worked in the fields and accompanied their men folk in the summer season. While in the winter months, they sat around the hearths spinning, weaving, knitting, telling their rosaries and turning their prayer wheels. The scarcity of the

24.


firewood in the area made people to look for alternatives and the best they could find was cow dung and droppings of other animals. The women were mostly seen doing the job of collection of cow dung and droppings of other animal in their basket Tzepo strapped to their backs. They were also seen carrying loads of grass, fodders and vegetables for their livestock and household purpose. The females were expert riders to be able to manage their mounts skillfully and did not hesitate embarking on long journeys on horseback for private business or pilgrimage to a distant shrine. A girl had full freedom to exercise her choice for a husband and if the proposal was one made by her parents, her approval to it was a prerequisite to the conclusion of a matrimonial alliance. Marriage among the Buddhists of Ladakh was a contract which could be dissolved when either party to it seek the divorce. It was the wife who seeks the divorce. She had to return to the husband the part of the dowry contributed by him as also double the amount he had spent on the presents made by him to her in connection with the marriage according to social customs. In the vent of the husband seeking the dissolution of the marriage, he had to lead the wife take away all her dowry including the part contributed by him. In this case, the penalty of paying for presents did not apply as premarital presents among the Buddhists of Ladakh were mostly given by the parents of the groom to the bride. All cases of divorce were referred to and decided by local leaders. Widows were free to remarry, if they so choose. The powers enjoyed by a girl under the polyandrous system was directly proportionate to the number of her husbands as she could bestow or withhold her favors according to her sweet will and was thus able to hold boundless sway over them. Even under the ancient law of inheritance, a girl could, in the absence of a male heir, inherit her father's property in her own right and in that case she would marry a man called magpa who would quit his own parental roof for good and live with her in her father's house founding a new family there. Under the Hindu's succession law which applies to the Buddhist of Ladakh also, a girl could inherit her father's property in similar circumstances.

Polyandry is one of the rare forms of human marriage and its practice has always attracted the attention of sociologists who have proposed many theories regarding its origin and continuity. This system was widely prevalent among the Buddhists of Ladakh. It did not extend to the Muslims, as we do not have any evidence of this system being practiced by the Muslims either in oral traditions or in any written records. Though both the groups were exposed to the same environmental conditions, still one of them was ignorant of the custom. This may be attributed to the fact that the Muslims did not have religious sanctions for the custom. Polyandry is now illegal in India and therefore also in Ladakh, but polyandrous marriages are still contracted in remote villages in the interior which is attributed to the interaction of biological, economic and psychological factors. These factors have helped keep this practice alive and without the change in economic life and social outlook, it is not easy to forecast whether it will lose its hold on the people.

REFERENCES1) Gervis, P. (1974) This is Kashmir, Delhi, p.200

2) Kapur, M. L. Social and Economic history of J&K state, Delhi, .p.141

3) Muhammad, K., 1908 ,Preliminary Report on Ladakh settlement, p. 9

4) Kapur, M. L., op.cit., p 142

5) Bower, H. (1894) Dairy of a journey across Tibet, Rivington, Percival and Co, p. 277

25.


6) Knight, E. F. (1905) (rept.) Where Three Empires Meet, New Delhi, London, p.138-39, original, London, 1893

7) Ibid.

8) Kapur, M. L., op.cit., p.141

9) Knight, E. F. op.cit., p.138-39

10) Kapur , M. L., op.cit., p.141

11) Gervis, P., op.cit., p. 200-01


13) Ibid.

14) Knight, E. F., op.cit. p.138-39

15) Ibid.

16) Drew, F. (1976) The Jammoo and Kashmir Territories, Cosmos Publication, p.250-51 Muhammad, K., op.cit., p. 4

17) Gervis, P., op.cit., p. 201

18) Drew, F., op.cit. p. 250

19) Ibid.


21) Ibid, p.148

22) Ibid.

23) Drew, F., op.cit. p. 252

24) Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series (1909), XVI, Jammu and Kashmir State, p. 99

25) Drew, F., op.cit., p. 248

26.


DIMINISHING CULTURAL IDENTITY OF

DISPLACED KASHMIRIS

*Dr. Sangeeta

Migration is one of the most important areas of social research. The term is used to denote a number of different meanings by various scholars. On the basis of those definitions it may be assumed that migration may mean either a temporary or permanent change of residence by one person or a group of people. But it is not to be identified with mere movement. It involves, at the very least, change of residence and breaking of home ties. In other words, a migrant may be a person who travels away from the confines of the area in which he previously resided, to a new life with a new social, economic and cultural milieu.

Various forms of migration have been put forth by different scholars. For instance, the most common categorization of migration given by scholars like Petersen (1966), George (1975), Issac (1947) and Davis (1981) is in terms of forced, free and mass migration. Roseman (1971) divided it into reciprocal and circulatory movements. Some other scholars like Prothero (1975), Zachariah (1961) and Golini (1987) have classified the migratory movements in terms of distance, time, legitimacy etc. However, the forms of migration that are of more relevance in the present paper i.e., internal and international migration and voluntary and involuntary ones. International migration involves shift from one nation to another, whereas, in the case of internal migration, migrants may shift from their native place to another area, but within the confines of a national boundary which is the case with Kashmiri migrants. Similarly, voluntary migrants may shift from one area to another by their own choice, but in case of involuntary migration they are forced to abandon their ancestral place and to seek shelter elsewhere against their wish which is also applicable to Kashmiri migrants.

A little probing is done into the fate of these people after they shifted to alien environs. Therefore, the present paper deals with the aftermath of displacement, i.e., the modes of adaptation of the Kashmiri migrants while living in a new setting. Kashmiri migrants had to shift to the plains in the late 1980s and early 1990s as mass-exodus took place in reaction to the terrorist activities in their native place in the form of kidnapping, bombings, assassinations, religious blandishments and press-censorship. As a result mass-migration of people from the valley to the other states in India started taking place. Forced migration of almost 3,00,000 persons comprising entirely of Hindu population of Kashmir valley took place. They went and settled in different parts of North India.

The specific objectives of this paper is to assess their modes of social adaptation in interactional terms i.e., to review how well do the migrants intermix socially with the host society as well as to reveal their modes of cultural adaptation, i.e., to study whether or not the migrants have learnt, accepted and adapted the host society's culture and on contrary threat to their identity when a person moves to a new place the whole life style undergoes a change and how he tries to keep up and adapt in a new environment. And lastly, cultural adaptation denotes a process whereby, a migrant group adapts itself according to the cultural demands of the new setting, i.e., whether it integrates fully into the host community's culture or does it retain its own culture.

*Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh

27.

The cultural adaptation of the Kashmiri Pandit migrants is not influenced by local culture rather the desire to maintain their own cultural identity is quite dominant in this community. The paper depicts that Kashmiri Pandits are not comfortable with the host culture as they are not accustomed with many of the traits of the same. Hence they seem to be less adapted culturally .Moreover, they are very particular to retain some of their peculiar cultural identities. Kashmiri migrants who are young in age are very particular to maintain their cultural identity even at the place of their migration. In other words, whether belonging to urban or rural background they tend to show low level of adaptation in cultural terms .Besides, those who are well educated are culturally more adapted than those who are not well qualified. Those who were not prepared for the shift are culturally less adapted. With regard to the family structure, it has been found that those in joint families are showing low degree of adaptation in cultural terms and those who are employed by others are culturally well adapted because they have faced fewer crises in comparison with the self-employed respondents. Similarly, those who are earning well are culturally more adapted as compared to those who are earning less.

The paper shows that Kashmiri Pandit migrants are very traditional in their outlook. They are proud of their culture and want to maintain their identity. They hold that they have left their homes primarily to save their culture and would naturally protect it from any 'outside' influence. They, therefore, disapprove of inter-marriages and their children learning any alien cultural traits and values and stick to participate in their own ethnic functions only. Therefore, it may be assumed that Kashmiri Pandits are very conservative and want to retain their ethnic ethos even at the place of their migration. They strictly observe their own traditions. Moreover, they believe firmly that their culture is strong enough to withstand the impact of any other culture.

Although the degree of adaptation is not high , yet against expectations, in relative terms the Kashmiris are found to be slightly better adapted socially rather than culturally. However, certain similarities were seen while analyzing the various factors. The level of adaptation is lower among those unprepared for expulsion as compared to those who expected their ejection. Those employed by others, especially in the public sector, were better adapted in all three i.e., economically, socially as well as culturally than those who were self-employed or worked in the private sector. Moreover, respondents with higher incomes displayed greater economic, social and cultural adjustment. In 'addition, their relatives were found to play an important role in the process of adaptation. The length of stay, however, did not show much impact in the adaptation level. Those who had come from rural areas could not adapt well as compared to those from urban areas. The latter seemed better adapted socially and culturally. The Kashmiris with higher education have shown better adaptation in social and cultural terms as 3333the respondents with low level of educational attainment. Also, those with additional source(s) of income showed higher degree of economic adaptation but ranked quite low in terms of social and cultural adaptation.

Finally, when we look at the overall adaptation pattern of displaced Kashmiris, the picture that emerges is that of dissatisfied and unhappy people who have been unable to adjust well, economically, socially and culturally.

Various approaches have been used to analyze the modes of adaptation of migrants. Scholars like Park (1920) and Berry (1976) have discussed the different responses adopted

28.

Diminishing Cultural Identity ..........

by migrants when they arrive in new community. Contact, competition, accommodation and assimilation were the responses mentioned by Park, while withdrawal, reaction and adjustment were described as the responses of newcomers to a new social set-up by Berry. Both approaches, however, are of limited relevance for the present research. It is the views of Joe R. Feagin (1989) and Milton Gordon (1968) which are of more interest in analyzing the findings. Both have tried to differentiate between material and non-material aspects of adaptation pattern. Feagin discussed ways in which a migrant community reacts to a new social milieu. Of these, his category of “Cultural Pluralism” of the economic and political type is the most crucial. As he mentions, in most cases the migrant group becomes part of the political and economic set-up of the host community, but stays aloof in terms of social interaction and cultural acculturation.

A similar category is provided by Gordon as well who holds that adaptation may be behavioural as well as structural, -the first implying cultural assimilation and the second, economic and political participation. His view is that structural assimilation or “integration” as he terms it, is one of the most significant modes of migrants adaptation, whereas, behavioural adaptation is more difficult to find'. However, the present investigation shows somewhat different results. We find that Kashmiri Pandit migrants may have entered into the instrumental affairs of the host community and still tend to lay stress on their ethnic identity and the preservation of their culture, But in Gordon's study the migrants have displayed high degree of adaptation in social and cultural sense as compared to economic adaptation. This finding is significant because in most cases of migrants' adaptation, it is easier for the newcomers to adapt economically than socially and culturally which is not the case with the Kashmiri Pandit migrants.

There may be two reasons to explain our findings. First, in case of forced migration like that of Kashmiri Pandits, it would naturally be more problematic for newcomers to become economically self-sufficient in the new setting, especially those persons who were totally unprepared for their eviction. Secondly, normally migrant groups shifting to places with entirely different cultures may find it difficult to adapt socially and culturally. However, in this case the migrant group has somewhat common cultural inheritance as the host group, i.e., its cultural background is somewhat similar and related to the host society. This itself facilitates their social and cultural adaptation.

Thus, the overall findings of the study depicts that Kashmiri Pandits do not seem to have adapted well in their new setting,either socially or culturally. They, in fact, present a picture of bitter and dissatisfied people. The reason for this is attributed by them to the negligence of the administration towards their plight. They say that they have not received any substantial help either from the state government of Jammu and Kashmir or from the Central Government. They hold a lot of grudges against other parties since they feel that they have been forsaken by them. They feel unwanted, not only in Kashmir but also in other parts of the country as well. However, the blame for this does not lie upon the host population but towards the attitude of the administration. They feel let down by the Government of India, as well as, the various political parties, especially where their economic adsaptation is concerned. A majority of these uprooted people have faced economic crisis since they have had to leave established business and trade in Kashmir and have had to start afresh. Their earnings have plummeted; they live in cramped quarters and have no additional source(s) of income. In short, their life styles have changed drastically due to economic deprivation. A majority of the Kashmiri Pundits claimed that had they did

29.


not receive financial assistance from the administration even during their initial stages of migration to plains in north India, Had they got initial help the process of their adaptation would have become quite easy. However, due to the absence of political support they could not adapt well in economic terms and consequently in social and cultural terms as well.

Keeping in view these points, some suggestions can be offered to make the adjustment easier for future migrants at the place of their destination. Efforts must be made to provide housing facilities for migrants and better health care must be made available to them. Educational and employment opportunities must be provided to them and their children, which may help them in standing on their own feet. In this task the coordinated efforts of the state, Non- Government Organization (NGOs), as well as, the people are very necessary. The NGOs and the people in general must force the administration to heed to and take action to remove and remedy the migrants, legitimate grievance and fulfill their just and rightful demands without delay. Only then can any migrant community adapt successfully at the place of migration where they can become productive members of the society contributing to its development

REFERENCES1. Berry, J.W. (1976) “Human Ecology and cognitive style”, London: Sage Publications pp 70.

2. (1992) “Acculturation and adaptation”. International Migration Review. Vol.XXX,

3. Bhattacharya, Ajit (1994) “Kashmir-The Wounded Valley”, New Delhi: UBSPD Publishers.

4. S, Singh (1999) “Kashmir-A Mirage” New Delhi: Har-Anand Publicatons Pvt. Ltd.

5. Birbal Nath (1998) “Kashmir — The Nuclear Flash Point”, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

6. Dhar, Satish, (1991) “Koshur Samachar” Vol. XXXVI No. September, 6: pp 17-25.

7. Grover, Varinder (1995) “The story of Kashmir-Yesterday and Today”, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publication

8. Haksar, P.N (1995) “Kashmir”, New Delhi: Indian Centre of Asian Studies.

9. Jagmohan (1991) “My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir”, New Delhi: Allied Publishers.

10. Kalla, Alok K. (1985) “Kashmir Pandits and their Diversity-A SocioDemogenetic Profile”, Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.

11. Kalla, K.L. (1997) “Kashrnir Panorama”, New Delhi: Raj Publications.

12. Khurshid, Salman (1994) “Beyond Terrorism-New Hope of Kashmir”, New Delhi: UBS Publishing Ltd.

13. Mattoo, Pradeep (1993) “Why homeland?” Panun Kashmir, Jammu Tawi: Press & Publicity Cell.

14. Raina, Dinanath (1990) “Unhappy Kashmir”, New Delhi: Reliance Publishing House

30.


ADOLESCENT PROBLEM BEHAVIOUR :

ROLE OF FAMILY COHESION

Dr. Bikramjit Singh

The present study was designed to study adolescent problem behavior (internalizing and externalizing problems) in relation to Family Cohesion. Adolescence is a critical period of development during which children experience crucial changes in the relationship with their parents and social world. Scientific endeavor is gradually elucidating the influences and pressures that shape a child's functioning, and it is clear that there is a wide range of these, from genetic to social environments. One of the most enduring of influences, especially in the earlier phase of life, is the family.

Family as a concept has been defined differently in terms of culture and other dimensions. It is defined as a group of individuals who are related to each other by quasi circular relationships based on marriage or blood relations. This general system has three subsystems, such as parents, children and siblings, and each sub-system has its own particular boundaries. Since the 1960s when work began in trying to understand the complexities of family functioning, many theories and approaches have been explored and family functioning has been perceived as a main matrix for developing adolescents skills in coping effectively with day to day stresses.

One of the more initially robust ways of conceptualizing families is to describe them using the dimensional constructs of cohesion and adaptability, which was termed the circumplex model by its authors (Olson et al., 1979). The circumplex model of marital and family systems (Olson, 2000; Olson, Russell, & Sprinkle, 1983) represents one of the most extensively used models of family functioning, both in clinical and academic settings. According to this model, families function in terms of cohesiveness, or the 'emotional bonding that family members have toward one another' (Olson, 2000, p. 145) and flexibility, which refers to the 'amount of change a family experience in term of its leadership, role relationships, and relationship rules' (Olson, 2000). The third and perhaps most important dimension in the model is communication as family communication is viewed as the dynamic component that aids or hinders family movement along the other two dimensions.

Within the circumplex model, some of the specific concepts or variables use to diagnose and measures the family cohesion dimensions are emotional bonding, boundaries, coalition, time, space, friends, decision making, interest and recreation. Cohesion focuses on how system balances separateness versus togetherness.

There are five levels of cohesion ranging from disengaged / disconnected (extremely low) to somewhat connected (low to moderate ), to connected (moderate), to very connected (moderate to high), to enmeshed/ overly connected (extremely high). Balanced couple and family system (somewhat connected, connected and very connected types) tend to be very functional across the life cycles.

Unbalanced levels of cohesion are at the extremes of being either extremely low (disengaged) or extremely high (enmeshed). A disengaged relationship often has extreme

*Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab.

31.

emotional separateness. There is little involvement among family members and a great deal of personal separateness and independence. Individuals often do their own things; separate time, space, and interest predominate; and members are unable to turn to one another for support and problem solving. On the other hand, in an enmeshed relationship there is an extreme amount of emotional closeness, and loyalty is demanded. Individual are very dependent on and reactive to one another; there is a lack of personal separateness, and little private space is permitted. The energy of the individuals is focused almost exclusively inside the family and there are few outside individuals friends or interests.

Research suggests that extremely high levels of cohesion (enmeshed) and extremely low levels of cohesion (disengaged) tend to be problematic for individuals and relationship development in the long run. It is also evident that in an enmeshed family there is no privacy for each individual member and at the same time there is a confrontation between the subsystems of family, such as the children's involvement in their parents' issues (Barhoom, 1987). Also there is no respect of the individual freedom so, they fight for trivial reasons and when they reconcile they do it easily (Dahir, 1987, c.f. Simadi et al., 2003). Lack of effective communication between family members, which creates a cognitive dissonance for the members increases the gaps between the family members. Norms and rules are confused and disorganized .Members rights may be respected or violated easily by others. In such a family, confusion persists and it produces individuals who try to fulfill their emotions outside their families. In others words, some of the family members, especially adolescents, tend to escape to another reality, seeking rights, security and respect. Although a member may leave home to ensure his/her independence, as in the case of a dissatisfied members leaving home, he/she may develop maladjusted behaviours, such as a school failure, steeling, aggression and hyperactive behaviour (Dahir, 1985, c.f. Simadi et al., 2003). Relevant study indicates that such members may develop psychosomatic symptoms, such as headache, stomach pain and so on (Haley, 1980). Members of enmeshed family demonstrates numerous antisocial behaviour in order to get attention from their family and to satisfy their psychological needs for love and security (Smadi & Alsmadi, 1995).

Behler and Barber (1996) have also reported that enmeshment has positive associations with youth problems and is more strongly related to internalizing problems. It is believed that families of adolescent drug abusers are rigidly enmeshed, with unclear generational boundaries, over involved mother-child relationship and strained father-child relationship (Levine, 1985).

Pathological level of cohesion among family members could also be linked to suicidal behaviours among adolescents (Diekstra, 1989). Excessive involvement of families in adolescent lives was found to be playing a major role in adolescent suicidal behaviour (Kerfoot, 1984). Equally problematic is the role of family disengagement. Chaplin and Vito (1988) found family disengagement in the family may also bode negatively for adolescent development and distinguished adolescents who appeared to be at risk for academic failure from those who were not at risk.

McKeown et al. (1997) have found that adolescents perceptions of low cohesion with their families are associated with heightened feelings of depression and reduced social acceptance. However, Wentzel and Feldman (1996) report that levels of cohesion reported by male and female adolescents have different implications for their personal and

32.

Family Cohesion ..........

social adjustment. Lower levels of family cohesion were associated with female reports of feeling excluded and depressed, while male reports were not associated with perceptions of family cohesion.

Fischer, Munsch and Greene (1996) report that although males report a desired of closeness with their parents, the level of desire closeness with parents does not approach the level of females', and they are less sensitive than females to disruption in family closeness. As a result disruption in closeness of parent adolescent relationship may be associated with higher levels of social and personal distress for females than for males, and this sensitivity may be associated with adolescents females' reports of depression and feelings of exclusion. For females, emotional bonding and the feeling of closeness in the family appears to be buffer against the development of internalizing disorders (McKeown et al., 1997).

As with cohesion, it is hypothesized that central or balanced levels of flexibility (somewhat flexible, flexible, and very flexible) are more conducive to good couple and family functioning, with the extremes (rigid and chaotic) being the most problematic for families as they move through their life cycle.

Basically, flexibility focuses on the change in a family's leadership, roles and rules. Families need both stability and change. The ability to change, when appropriate, is one of the characteristics that distinguish functional families from dysfunctional ones. A somewhat flexible relationship tends to have democratic leadership characteristics, with some negotiations including the children. Roles are stable, with some role sharing, and rules are firmly enforced, with few changes. A flexible relationship has an equalitarian leadership with democratic approach to decision making. Negotiations are open and actively include the children. Roles are shared and there is fluid change, when necessary. Rules can be changed and they are age appropriate.

Overall family functioning poses an important perspective for understanding adolescent problem behaviour, especially in Indian culture where collectivistic spirit still prevails in the families, and patriarchal system governs family functioning.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was designed to explore the role of family in adolescent problem behavior. Data were collected keeping in view the demand of the study.

SAMPLE

� The sample for the present study comprised 300 adolescent boys and 300 adolescent girls (age range 13-15 years). Mean age of the sample was 14.2 years. The school going adolescents belonging to middle class urban families were considered in the present investigation. Adolescents belonging to two- parent nuclear families were taken into consideration. The data were collected from various schools of District Patiala, Nabha, Malerkotla & Fatehgarh Sahib. The subjects were approached in their classrooms and 15-20 subjects from each classroom participated in the study. Fishbowl technique of random sampling was used to select the eligible participants from the classrooms.

33.


Youth Self Report : Youth Self Report was developed by Achenbach (1991), and measures behavioural and emotional functioning of adolescents (11-18 years) .In the present study, the scores on three subscales- anxious/depressed withdrawn/depressed, somatic complaints are referred to as 'internalizing problems'. Also Rule breaking behaviour and aggressive behaviours are referred to as 'externalizing problems'.

Family Environment Scale.

— Moos & Moos, 1986

The real Form (Form R) measures people's perceptions of their current family environment. It has 9 dimensions.

Relationship Dimension: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Conflict,

Personal Growth Dimension: Independence, Achievement orientation, Intellectual-cultural orientation, Active-recreational orientation, Moral-religious emphasize,

System maintenance Dimension: Organization, Control

In the present study only cohesion dimension was used.

The Cohesion subscale has 9 items which measures the degree of commitment, help, and support among family members.

To determine a person's raw score (R/S), number of Xs showing through the template in each column are and enter the total in the R/S box at the bottom.

The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha for N = 1,067) for this subscale is 0.78 (Moos, 1990). Further, 2-month test-retest reliability (N = 47) for this subscale, as evidenced by Moos, has been found to be 0.86; and 4-month subscale stability (N = 35) as 0.72.

FES Cohesion has also been found to be positively related to the Social Support Appraisals scale indices of perceived support from family members and friends (Vaux et al., 1986); the Social Support Questionnaire and indices such as the percentage of social network members who are confidants and satisfaction with the social network (Sarason et al., 1987); the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale (Waring et al., 1981); and the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Abbott & Brody, 1985). Also, FES cohesion has been found to be associated with more parental care and less parental overprotection as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (Sarason et al., 1987).

Result and Discussion

MEANS and S.D. (FES - Cohesion dimension)

Mean's and S.D.'s of the Family Environment Scales' Cohesion dimension. (Boys, N=300, Girls, N=300)

34.


Table shows the means, and S.D.'s of scores on Family Environment Scale's Cohesion dimension. The mean & S.D. for Cohesion for boys are 4.70, and 2.54. The mean & S.D. for Cohesion for girls are 4.84 and 2.76.

Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficients of Adolescent Problem Behaviour with the Cohesion dimension of Family Environment Scale (Boys, N=300)

** p< .01 = .15

Table shows that Cohesion dimension of Family Environment has significant inverse correlations with Internalizing Problem Behaviour (r=-0.17, p<0.01) and externalizing problem behaviour (r =-0.22, p<0.01) in adolescent boys. Seemingly adolescent boys show lesser problem behaviour when their families are more cohesive.

Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficients of Adolescent Problem Behaviour with the Cohesion Dimension of Family Environment Scale (Girls, N=300)

** p< .01 = .15

Table also shows that Cohesion dimension of Family Environment has significant inverse correlations with Internalizing problem behaviour (r =-0.19, p<0.01) and externalizing problem behaviour (r = -0.16, p<0.01) in adolescent girls.

Thus in both boys and girls sample, family cohesion accompanies lesser problem behaviour. Cohesion reflects the emotional bond that family members have with other members of the family and is an expression of belonging and acceptance within the family (McKeown et al., 1997). Low family cohesion has been associated with aggression, depression, and poor social adjustment (Cummings et al., 1994). High levels of cohesion were identified as protective of substance use and delinquency (Coohey, 2001). Research has suggested that family cohesion is negatively associated with internalizing symptoms (Wentzel, 1998). Rivera et al. (2008) also reported higher levels of family cohesion was associated with less psychological distress (i.e. depressive symptoms). Furthermore,

Sr. no. Variable Mean (Boys) S.D (Boys) Mean (Girls) S.D (Girls)

1 Cohesion 4.70 2.54 4.84 2.76

Sr. No. Family Environment

Scale

Internalizing Problem

Behaviour

Externalizing Problem

Behaviour 1 Cohesion -0.19** -0.16**

Sr. No.

Family Environment

Scale

Internalizing Problem

Behaviour

Externalizing Problem

Behaviour

1 Cohesion -0.17** -0.22**

35.


Henderson, Sayger, and Horne (2003) examined family cohesion and internalizing behavior problems in Caucasian and African American boys. They found a trend for families with less cohesion to report more internalizing behavior problems in both Caucasian and African American children. In a study by Varela, Sanchez-Sosa, Biggs, and Luis (2009), which consisted of a sample of Latin-American, European-American, and Mexican families, the results indicated that family cohesion was negatively associated with children's anxiety symptoms, regardless of their cultural group and even after controlling for socioeconomic status. Previous research appears to indicate that higher levels of family cohesion are generally associated with less internalizing symptoms in children (Varela et al., 2009). Furthermore, when other stressors are present in the children's lives (e.g. exposure to violence), having more cohesion may serve a protective function and reduce depressive and anxious symptoms in children, whereas having more negative family interactions may exacerbate these symptoms (Gutman & Eccles, 2007). Wentzel and Feldman (1996) and McKeown et al. (1997) have found that adolescents' perceptions of low cohesion within their families were associated with heightened feelings of depression and reduced social acceptance. However, Wentzel and Feldman report that levels of cohesion reported by male and female adolescents have different implications for their personal and social adjustment. Lower levels of family cohesion were associated with female reports of feeling excluded and depressed, whereas male reports were not associated with their perceptions of family cohesion. Collins and Laursen (1992) suggest that children's and adolescents' social behavioral styles resulting from exposure to disruptive family environments are associated with behaviors that make social interactions difficult (i.e., aggression and externalizing problems).

Overall, we can say that family cohesion is an important correlate of adolescent problem behaviour both in boys as well as girls. Problem behaviour in less prevalent in adolescents in cohesive families, as suggested by the present results.

REFERENCES Abbott, D., & Brody, G. H. (1985). The relation of child age, gender, and number of children to the marital

adjustment of wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47 (1), 77-84.

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the youth self-report. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Barhoom, M. (1987). The divorce in Jordan: Field study. Dirast, 3, 189.

Buehler,C., & Barber, B. K.(1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 433-441.

Chaplin, S. L., & Vito, R. (1988). Patterns of family Interaction style, Self-System Process and engagement with schoolwork: An investigation of adolescent related as at-risk or not at- risk for academic failure. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational research Association, New Orleans, L.A., April 5-9.

Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (1992). Conflict and the transition to adolescence. In C. U. Shantz & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Conflict in child and adolescent development (pp. 216–241). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coohey, C. (2001). The relationship between familism and child maltreatment in Latino and Anglo families. Child Maltreatment, 6, 130–142.

Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Simpson, K. S. (1994). Marital conflict, gender, and children's appraisals and coping efficacy as mediators of child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 141–149.

36.


Dahir, A. (1987). Arabic women. Irbid: Jordan.

Diekstra, R.F.W (1989).Suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults: The intentional picture. Crisis, 10, 16-35.

Fischer, J. L., Munsch, J., & Greene, S. M. (1996). Adolescence and intimacy. In G.R. Adams, R. Montemayor, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.)., Psychosocial development during adolescence (pp. 95-129). California: Sage Publications.

Gutman L. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2007). Stage-environment fit during adolescence: Trajectories of family relations and adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 43, 522-537.

Haley, J. C. (1980). Leaving home. New York: Mc Graw Hill.

Henderson, A., Sayger, T. V., & Horne, A. M. (2003). Mothers and Sons: A Look at the Relationship Between Child Behavior Problems, Marital Satisfaction, Maternal Depression, and Family Cohesion. Family Journal, 11 (1), 33-41.

Kerfoot, M. (1984). The family context of suicidal behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 3, 335-346.

Levine, B. L. (1985). Adolescent substance use: Toward an integration of family systems and individual adaptation theories. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 13(2), 3-16.

McKeown, R. E., Garrison, C. Z., Jackson, K. L., Cuffe, S. P., Addy, C. L., & Waller, J. L. (1997). Family structure and cohesion, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 7, 267-282.

ndMoos, H., & Moos, S. (1986). Family Environment Scale Manual (2 edition). California: Consulting Press Inc.

Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 2, 144-167.

Olson, D. H., Gorall, D. M., & Tiessel, J. W. (2007) FACES IV Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Life Innovations.

Olson, D. H., Russel, L. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex model VI: Theoretical update. Family Process, 22, 69-83.

Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18, 3-18.

Rivera, F. I., Guarnaccia, P. J., Mulvaney-Day, N., Lin, J. Y., Torres, M., & Alegría, M. (2008). Family cohesion and its relationship to psychological distress among Latino groups. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 357–378.

Sarason, B.R., Sarason, I.G., Shearin, E.N., & Pierce, G.R. (1987a): A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 497-510.

Smadi, A., & Alsmadi, F. (1995). The impact of social change on the Jordanian family. Family Perspective, 28,2, 107-112.

Smadi, A., & Alsmadi, F. (1995). The impact of social change on the Jordanian family. Family Perspective, 28,2, 107-112.

Varela, R. E., Sanchez-Sosa, J. J., Biggs, B. K., & Luis, T. M. (2009). Parenting strategies and socio-cultural influences in childhood anxiety: Mexican, Latin American descent, and European American families. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 609-616.

Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., William, D., & Stewart, D. (1986). The Social Support Appraisals (SS-A) Scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 195-219.

Waring, E. M., McElrath, D., Lefcoe, D., & Weisz, G. (1981). Dimensions of intimacy in marriage. Psychiatry, 44,169-175.

Wentzel, K. R. (1998). Social relationships and motivation in middle school: The role of parents, teachers, and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 202-209.

Wentzel, K. R., & Feldman, S. S. (1996). Relations of cohesion and power in family dyads to social and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2, 225-244.

Wentzel, K. R., & Feldman, S. S. (1996). Relations of cohesion and power in family dyads to social and

37.


EisstYNt poRPYsr, pMj`bI ivB`g, dyS Bgq wUnIvristI, mMfI goibMdgVH |

nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB s/ wkBt w[esh

*vkHw/io f;zx

nkfd ekb s'A jh wB[Zy nkgDh T[gk;Bk bJh fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu nfdy Pesh, gow

;sk dh ebgBk eodk nk fojk j?.fJ; ebgBk d/ pkti{d th fJZe j'o ebgBk ;w/A s/

;EkB d/ coe Bkb ftek; eodh ojh.fJ; dh ftek;Phbsk B/ jh ;w/A^;w/A f;o gow ;Zsk

d/ tZy^tZy o{gK Bz{ iBw fdZsk.fJ; bJh ;z;ko ftZu fe;/ irQk th pqjw d/ Bkw s/ ;o{g fJZe

;wkB j'D/ ;[Gkte BjhA jB fJ; pqjw d/ Bkw s/ ;o{g ;zpzXh XkoBktK s/ T[BK dhnK

T[gk;Bktk, ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu jh gfotosB tkgodk fojk j? ;wA/ ;w/A f;o wjK^g[oyK,

ghoK, g?rzpoK s/ fuzseK B/ nkgD/ nB[Gt s/ ftPtk; d/ PhP/ Bkb nkgDh GktBk d/ ozr ftZu

ozrh j'Jh fdqPNh Bkb ;ot ftnkgh gow^;Zsk Bz{ t/yD dk :sB ehsk.fJBQK fuzseK B/

nkgDh pZ[Xh s/ frnkB d[nkok nkfdqPN ;esh Bz{ tZy^tZy BktK Bkb g[ekfonk fi;d/

cb;o{g ;ot^ftnkgh gow/Po d/ tZy^tZy BK gquZfbs j' rJ/.fJ;/ soQK fJBQK fuzseK B/

T[; gow^;Zsk Bz{ fwbD bJh T[;d/ doPB eoB bJh s/ T[; Bkb nG/d j'D bJh nB/eK

gqeko dhnK ftXhnK bZGhnK.vkH osB f;zx iZrh nB[;koL

“t/dk s'A b? e/ ;zs ;kfjs sZe pqjw d/ nB/e o{gK s/ BktK dk ftt/uB jz[dk

fojk j?.@ 1

nfXnkswtkd Xkofwe s/ dkoPfBe ;zebg j? fi;dk ;pzX wB[Zyh fIzdrh d/ vz{x/

|b;c/ Bz{ ;wMD s/ ngDkT[D Bkb j?.wB[Zyh fIzdrh d/ ;ko/ ojZ;k Bz{ ;wMD bJh

fe;/ nfdZy Pesh ftu ftPtk; ns/ T[;dh nokXBk eoBh nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB dk

fJe' fJe ihtB T[d/P fojk j?.nfXnkswe fuzsB g[oksB ;w/A s'A jh Gkosh

;z;feosh ftu gqw[Zy fuzsB d/ s"o s/ gqtkBs j?.fJjBK fuzseK w[skpe nkfdqPN

gow;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; jh nfXnkswtkd dk e/Adoh X[ok j?.fJ; e[dosh :ehB B/ jh

T[Zu gZXo/ gq/w (fJPe jeheh) dk o{g Xko e/ T[Zu e'Nh d/ nkdoPwJh ;kfjs Bz{ iBw

fdZsk j?, fi; dk Nkeok j'o e'Jh ;kfjs Bjh eo ;edk.nfXnkswtkdh gqDkbhnK

fJ; nzso fdqPNh Bz{ jh nzsw gqwkD wzBdhnk jB, fJ;/ eoe/ gqkuhB Gkosh ;kfjs

dk ;dhth r[D fJ; fdqPNhe'D *s/ jh nXkfos j?.

� 'nfXnkswtkd bJh nzro/ih ftZu Ppd (SPIRITUALISM) tofsnk iKdk j?, go

eJh EktK s/ nfXnkswtkd bJh (Metaphysics) Ppd dh tos'A ehsh th fwbdh j?.fi;d/

;wkBKso gzikph Ppd gqkG""fse j?.gokG"fse nB[;ko nzsw :EkoE dh y'I e/tb u/sBK

d[nkok jh ehsh ik ;edh j?,wB[Zy ngDh u/sBk d[nkok jh fJ; :EkoE d/ x/o/ ftZu dkyb

j' ;edk j? PkfJd fJBQK ftukoK ekoB jh gqkG"fse Bz{ ftfrnkB dk doik th gqkgs j?.gqzs{

nfXnkswtkd ftZu ftukoK$;tkbK Bz{ nzso frnkB d[nkok ftukfonk iKdk j?.GkJh ekBQ

f;zx BkGk th nkgD/ wjkB e'P ftZu nfXnkswtkd d/ noEK Bz{ e[ZM fJ;/ gq;zr ftZu

do;kT[d/ jBL

38.

“nfXnksw dk e'wh noE, ;zfrnk^ nkswk, wB, ;[GkU, d/j, ;oho s/ nksw

ftfdnk.@ 2

“nfXnksw T[j' nB[G{sh* sEk gqshsh j? fijVh nkswk Bz{ T[; i'fs^ ;o{g gowkswk d/

do;^go; eoe/, B{o'^B{o j' ikD fgS'A jh jz[dh j?, nfijh nt;Ek ftZu g[Zi e/ nkswk

Ppd d/ nBjd Bkd Bz{ ;[Ddh s/ fJ;d/ 'B{oh^gqekP* Bz{ t/ydh j?.@ 3

fit/ fe r[opkDh ftZu fbfynk frnk j? wB sz{ i'fs ;o{g j? nkgDk w{b gSkD* fJj

gqwkswk Bkb nG/d j'D dk fJe' fJZe o;sk j?.nfXnkswtkd fJe T[j :sB j? i' wB[Zy

ngDh nzdobh ntki Gkt nkgDh nkswk tZb'A nkgD/ w{b ;'w/ gqwkswk Bz{ ;wMD bJh T[;

Bz{ fgnkoB bJh T[; gow ;Zsk ftZu nG/d j'D bJh , ;hws s'A n;hws j'D bJh eodk j?

Gkt wB[Zyh iht nkswk,gqwkswk Bz{ fwbD bJh i' :sB eodk iK T[gokbk eodk j? T[j

nfXnkswtkd j?L

“ nkfd ekb s'A jh wB[Zy fd;d/ irs d/ fgZS/ w"i{d Pesh ik ;Zsk ftu ftPtk; eodk nk

fojk j?, wkBt d/ frnks fJfsjk; s'A b? e/ nZi sZe doPB dk fJj o{g fBozso ufbnk nk

fojk j?.@ 4

nfXnkswtkd dhnK fuzsB gqDkbhnk fJ; ;w[Zu/ irs Bz{ fwfEnk, wkfJnk wzBdhnk

jB ns/ G"fse irs g;ko/ Bz{ Gow wzBdhnk jB.nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB nB[;ko ;ko/

;z;koh foPs/ wB[Zyh iht dhnK ghVK dk ekoB pDd/ jB fiBK d/ Gow ikb ftZu c;e/

wB[Zyh iht ngDk nw[Zbk wB[Zyk iBw \sw eo p?mdk j?.gqzs{ nkswk s/ gqwkswk dk ;pzX

;dhth s/ ;[ZywJh j?.fJ; bJh fJ; foPs/ ftZu d[ZyK bJh e'Jh ;EkB Bjh j?.fJ; oZph

foPs/ Bkb wB[Zy nwo^gd dh gqkgsh eo ;edk j?, i' fe nfXnkswtkd dk e/Adoh B[esk

f;ZX jz[dk j?L

“gqw/Po dh nfdqPN s/ gow;Zsk ftZu ftPtk;K d/ f;XKs Bz{ nfXnkswtkd fejk iKdk j?

;fji gqhs ik fJPe jeheh fJ; f;Xks ftZu fJZe ftXh j? fi; okjhA gow;Zsk Bz{ gqkgs

ehsk ik ;edk j?.@5

t?p;No Ppd^e'P nB[;koL

“nfXnkswtkd T[j dkoPfBe f;XKs j? fi; ftZu ;koh n;bhns sZsK ftZu ftdwkB wzBh

rJh j?.@6

nfXnkswkd fJZe nfdqPN gow ;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; dk BK j? feT[Afe fJj ftPtk; ;ko/

XowK dk X[ok wzfBnk frnk j?.fJ; bJh fJj T[j :ehB j? fi; B/ T[Zu gZXo/ gq/w (fJPe

jeheh) dk o{g Xko e/ T[Zu e'Nh d/ nkdoPwJh ;kfjs Bz{ iBw fdZsk.gqkuhB ;kfjs dk

;dhth r[D ns/ wjZst fJ; rZb ftZu jh j?.eosko f;zx b{Eo Pkj^j[;?B d/

nfXnkswtkd pko/ fbyd/ j'J/ nkyd/ jB feL

� “fJj fJZe :sB j? wB[Zyh nkswk tZb'A w{b ;'w/ gqwkswk Bz{ ;wMD dk, T[; Bz{ fgnkoB

dk T[; Bkb nG/d j'D dk ;hws s'A n;hws j'D dk fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe nkswk s/

39.

nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB s/ ..........

gqwkswk B[{z fwbD bJh i' :sB iK T[gokbk ehsk ikt/, T[j nfXnkswtkd j?.@7

� n;hA t/yd/ jK fe nfXnkswtkd fJ; fd;d/ ;z;ko s'A go/ fJe nb"fee s/ nfdqPN

;z;ko dh ebgBk eodk j?.T[j fJ; fd;d/ ;z;ko Bz{ fJZe ;[gB/ dh soQK M{mk wzBdk j?

nfXnkswtkd b"fee ;z;ko d/ wkfXnw d[nkok wB[Zyh iht nfdqPN s/ nb"fee ;z;ko Bkb

ngDk ;pzX i'V ;edk j?.fi; T[gozs wB[Zy fJ; iBw woB d/ uZeoK sA' w[es j' e/ T[;

gqwkswk ftZu bhB j' iKdk j?.wB[Zyh nkswk i' T[; gqwkswk s'A ftSVh j'Jh jz[dh j? nkgD/

n;bh xo gj[zu iKdh j?.nkswk ftZu ftPtkP oZyD d/ ekoB jh Gkosh doPB

nfXnkswtkd dh gqshfBXsk eodk j? feT[Afe nkswk s/ pqjw nfXnkswtkd d/ w[Zy X[o/

wzB/ rJ/ jB.nkswk dh pqjw ftZu nG/dsk Bkb jh w'eP$w[esh dh gqkgsh ;zGt j' ;edh

j?.fi;Bz{ nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB ftu ;ot T[u ;EkB gqkgs j? nfXnkswtkd ftu

d[fBnkth ihtB d/ d[ZyK Bz{ ;wZf;nk ns/ w'eP Bz{ fJewkso ;wkXkB wzfBnK iKdk

j?.nfXnkswtkdh frnkB ihtB d/ d[ZyK s'A d{o fe;/ PKsh dh Gkb tZb tXdk j? fJ;dk

T[d/; e/tb p"fXe fsqPBk s'A w[es j'Dk Bjh ;r'A ihtB d/ n;bh wkor Bz{ ikBDk j?.gq'L

d/th gq;kd uN'gfXnkfJ d/ eEB nB[;koL

“g{op dk ;w[Zuk doPB s/ ;fGnsk dk ftek; w{b o{g ftZu wB[Zy d/ o{jkBh ;o'ekoK *s/

fNfenk j'fJnk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fJB;kBh w'eP Bz{ ;gZPN o{g ftZu gqw[Zysk jk;b j?. @8

� Gkosh nfXnkswe fuzsB d/ fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzfXs gfjbk fbysh ;'wk t/d jB.t/dK

dh frDsh uko j?^ fort/d, :i[ot/d, ;kwt/d ns/ nEot/d, t/d e/tb Xkofwe d;skt/I

jh Bjh ;r'A fJj gqkuhB Gkosh fuzsB dk nXko jB.gqkuhB Gkosh nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB

nB[;ko ;w[Zuh gozgok nkswk s/ pqjw Bkwe d' gqwZ[y ;szGk *s/ yVh j? fJj wzfBnk iKdk j?

fe nkswk dk w[Zy beP wkfJnk o{gh pzXBk d/ irs s'A w[es j' e/ gqwkswk ftZu nG/d j'

ikDk j?, feT[fe w'eP$w[esh dh gqkgsh bJh nkswk s/ gqwkswk dh nG/dsk nfs io{oh

j?.Gkosh nfXnkswtkdh gozgok ftZu w[esh Bz{ jh ihtB dk gow g[oPkoE wzfBnk iKdk

j?.go wkfJnk d/ gqGkt B/ nkswk Bz{ nkgD/ g{ot nzPh gowkswk s'A ftS'V fdZsk j?.Gkt/

;ZukJh fJj th j? fe fdqPNwkB irs dh T[sgsh dk ekoB wkfJnk jh j?.go fJ; Bz{ wB[Zyh

wB s'A d{o oZyD bJh gq/fonk frnk j?.fi; d/ Gko{ j'D s'A wB[Zyh iht GNeD ftZu c; iKdk

j? ns/ ekw, eo'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko d/ uZeoK ftZu g? e/ wB[Zyh iht ngD/ n;bh o{g Bz[{ G[Zb

iKdk j?.fJ; jkbs ftZu ik e/ wB[Zy d[Bhnkth MziNK ftZu T[bM e/ gdkoEK B{z w'j eoB bZr

g?dk j? fi;Bz{ nfXnkswtkd B/ fBok M{m rodkfBnk j?.

� nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB pko/ ftuko uouk *u pj[ frDsh ftdtkBk d/ ftuko E'Vh pj[sh

tZyosk fdykT[d/ j'J/ brGr fJZe ;wkB jh fdykJh fdzd/ jB. vkL osB f;zx iZrh B/

nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB Bz{ uko GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?L

“pqjw dk fBo{gD, ihtkswk dk toDB, irs dk fusoD ns/ w[esh dk ;zp'X.@12�

nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB d/ jo ws B/ nkg'^nkgDh ftukoXkoe gjz[u okjhA wkBt dh

w[esh pko/ gq'Vsk ehsh j?.wkBt w[esh d/ noE wB[Zy dh nkikdh Bkb ik i[Vd/ jB.w[esh

40.


fJe GftZy wJh ;[gBk j?, fi;dk fJfsjk; wB[Zyh ;wki nzdo Xow fizBk jh g[okDk

j?.wB[Zyh iht dh n;b j'Ad B[{z y'iDk Xow dk wBo'E fojk j? fJj y'I wB[Zyh iht Bz{ nfij/

nD fd;d/ ;z;ko sZe b? ikdh j? fiE/ ik e/ fJ; wB[Zyh iht dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK dk

jZb j'Dk wzB fbnk iKdk j?.fJT[A nfXnkswe noEK tkbh w[esh ftu ihtB dhnK w{b

;wZf;nktK dh EK fJBQK s'A go/ ub/ ikD Bkb ik i[Vdh j?.;z;ko dk jo Xkofwe rqzE

nkg'^nkgD/ fdqPNh e'D w[skpe w[esh Bz{ gfoGkPs eodk j? ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/

tZy'^tZyo' o;s/ ;[MkT[Adk j?.

� fiE'A se nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB dk ;pzX j? fJ; nzdo ihtB d/ uko wB'oE bJ/ rJ/

jBL Xow, noE, ekw s/ w'eP$w[esh.‘Xow* ihtB dk B?fse w{b j? i' ;wki ftu

ftek;, eosZt, ;dr[D d/ o{g ftu gqrN jz[dk j?.‘noE* dk ;pzX nkofEe ftt;Ek ns/

nkofEe w{b Bkb j?.ekw ihtB dk ;[ydkJh w{b j? ns/ w[esh ihtB d/ pzXB s'A S[Neko/ dk

Bkw j?.fJBK uko nkdoPK ftu'A w[esh Bz{ ;G s'A finkdk gow^g[o;koE wzfBnk frnk j?,

fi; Bz{ Gkosh Xkofwe rqzEK ftu th pj[s finkdk wjZst fdZsh rJh j?.gzikph ;kfjs e'P

nB[;koL

� “;z;feqs Xks{ w[u s'A fBeb/ Ppd w[esh dk Pkpfde noE j? “S[Nekok@, SZv d/Dk,

w[es eo d/Dk, fojk eo d/Dk@ 10

w[esh Ppd d/ Xkofwe noE Xow wB's okjhA wB[Zyh efbnkD dk okj j?.w[esh Ppd bJh

nzro/Ih ftu (Liberation) fbpq/PB Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? nzro/Ih dk fbp/qPB Ppd

nkgD/ nki'e/ gq;zr ftu coK;h;h eqKsh d/ fszB gZyK^ nkIkdh, Goksohnsk, ns/ pokpoh

d/ noEK Bz{ ;w/Ndk j?.

� w[esh Bz{ nfXnkswe fuzsB d[ZyK d/ yksw/ T[gozs gowkswk ftu bhB j'D dh nt;Ek

nkydk j?.tZy^tZy Xkofwe rqzEK B/ nkg' nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D s/ nB[Gt nB[;ko fJ; nt;Ek

Bz{ w[esh, w'eP fBotkD, gow^gd, w'y, u'Ek gd, nwogd, wjK;[Zy ns/ pzd^ybk;h

nkfd BktK Bkb rodkfBnk j?.

nkfd ekb ftu d[ZyK s'A S[Nekok gkT[D Bz{ jh w[esh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.fJj ftPtk; ehsk

iKdk ;h fe d/th d/ts/ jh w[esh gqkgs eok ;ed/ jB.fJ; bJh T[BKQ Bz{ y[P eoB bJh eJh

soQK dhnK T[gk;BKtK th ehshnK iKdhnK ;B.wB[Zy s/ gP{nK dhnK pbhnK fdZshnK

iKdhnK ;h.d/tfsnK Bz{ y[P eoB bJh g[oksB b'e T[; ;w/A ftu nfij/ ezw nkw eod/

;B.T[gfBPdK ftu t/dK d/ eow ekvK dh EK frnkB B/ b? bJh ;h.

� T[gfBPd ;kBz{ ftfdnk s/ nftZfdnk, pqjw s/ iht, ;Zs s/ n;Zs, nkswk s/ nBksw,

g[oP s/ gqfeosh, wB s/ p[ZXh, gqkD s/ fJzdohnK, iBw s/ fwqs{, b'e s/ gqb'e, ;[Zy s/ d[Zy

nkfd pko/ ;ko/ ojZ; ;wMkT[D dk :sB eod/ jB.eow s/ Grsh Bkb'A fJj frnkB Bz{

finkdk wjZst fdzd/ jB.feTAfe frnkB s'A fpBK ;kvk ;kok eow ns/ ;koh Grsh w[esh

dk ;kXB Bjh pD ;edh T[gfB;dk nB[;ko fJj frnkB jh w[esh dk n;bh o;sk

j?.n;b ftu P[G eow jh ;kv/ fuZs Bz{ y[Ph fdzd/ jB.;Zuh Grsh ;kv/ wB ftu fJeZrosk

41.


fbnkT[Adh j? ns/ fJeZrosk s'A ;[Zy fuzs ftu jh frnkB dh I'fs gqrN jz[dh j?.t/d, g[okD

s'A b? e/ ;zs GrsK sZe w[esh gqkgsh bJh tZy^tZy ftXhnK dZ;hnK rJhnK jB.fiBQK dk

fIeo T[BK B/ nkg' nkgDh pkDh ftu p[[js jh ebkswe Yzr Bkb ehsk j?.

T[gfBPd t/dK Bz{ gqwkD wzBd/ j'J/ efjzd/ jB fe ;[Zy s/ ;tor io{o jB go BkPtkB jB

fJ; bJh wB[Zy Bz{ ;[Zu/ ;[Zy bJh e[M j'o eoBk ukjhdk j?.T[gfBPdk ftu w[esh bJh i'

;kXB wzfBnk frnk j? T[j pqjw frnkB j? Bk fe fJzdfonkth frnkB, T[BQK B/ fJe gk;/

eow eKv Bz{ pzd ehsk ns/ Bkb jh ;zfBnk; s/ th i'o fdZsk feT[ fe ;zfBnk; s'A fpBQK

;z;koe ekwBktK s'A w[es BjhA j'fJnk ik ;edk.

;qh Grts rhsk fjzd{ Xow dk gftZso rqzE j? fJj nkgD/ nkg ftu foPhnk d/tfsnK

d[nkok ofus wjKGkos dk fJe Gkr j?.rhsk ftu g{ot nksw^frnkB Bz{ w'eP wzfBnk

frnk j?.T[gfBPdK d/ nfXnksw frnkB Bz{ fJ; rqzE ftu ;wki ihtB s/ bkr{ ehsk

frnk.T[gfBPdk B/ t?okrh Bz{ sK w[esh dk ;kXB wzfBnk gqzs{ P{doK Bz{ w[esh gqkgs eoB

dk nfXeko Bjh fdZsk feT[aAfe T[j t/d s/ T[gfBPd BjhA gVQ ;ed/ ;B gqzs{ rhsk B/ w[esh

bJh ;wki d/ ;ko/ torK Bz{ pokpo doik fdZsk.

fJ;bkw Xow ftu w[esh Bz{ fBIks fejk frnk j? fi; dk w{b YKuk oZp dh J/esk

;zpzXh ftPtk; d/ p[fBnkdh n;{b T[Zs/ T[;kfonk frnk j? fJ; wZs nB[;ko wB[Zyh iht Bz{

PZskB d[nkok r[zwokj eoe/ pdh tZb gq/oBk, iht d/ pzXB dk ekoB pDdk j?.fJ;bkw

efjzdk j? fe wB[Zy ftu T[ZuhnK s/ BhthnK d't/A soQK dhnK tkPBktK ezw eodhnK

jB.BhthnK tkPBktK gqkD XkoB eoB bJh jB ns/ T[u tkPBktK nfXnkswe fposh

bJh ezw eodhnK jB.wB[Zy Bz{ jw/Pk pu e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.T[u tkPBktK wB[Zy Bz{ w[esh

d/ wkor tZb gq/odhnK jB.

pZ[X ws w[esh bJh fBotkD Ppd dh tos' eodk j?.fBotkD dk noE j? G[Zb ikDk,

ysw j' ikDk, Gkt d[ZyK s'A BPN j' ikDk.pZ[X d/t fBotkD dk noE ;wMkT[D bJh nrBh

ns/ dht/ dh T[gwk fdnk eod/ ;B.pZ[X B/ ;z;ko Bz{ dZ[yK dk xo rodkB e/ fJBQK d[ZyK s'A

S[Nekok gkT[D dk okj fBotkD dh gqkgsh Bz{ wzfBn j?.pZ[X nB[;ko fBotkD dh nt;Ek

ftu wB[Zyh iht w'j, okr dt?y nkfd fJSktk s'A w[es j' iKdk j? T[j g[Bo iBw d/ uZeo

ftu Bjh c;dk.fJ; soQK pZ[X gqsZy nB[wkB Bz{ gqwkD wzBdk j? i' uko ;ukJhnK T[go

fBoGo j?L ihtB ftu d[Zy j?, fJ; d[Zy dk e'Jh ekoB j?, fJ; ekoB dk jZb ;zGt j?, fJj

jZb dk fJe wkor j? fJj wkor jh fBowkD dh wzfib j?.

i?B Xow JhPto Bz{ fJ; fd;d/ irs dh T[sgsh dk eosk Bjh wzBd/, fJ;/ eoe/ i?B

JhPtotkdh BjhA ejkT[Ad/. I?Bh f;ZX g[oyK s/ sho EzeoK dh T[gk;Bk eod/ jB.fJ; ws

nB[;ko eow w[dokb wB[Zyh iht Bkb fuge iKd/ jB.w[dokb okjhA jh wB[Zyh iht nzdo

ekw, eo'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko tor/ pzXB T[gid/ jB, wB[Zyh iht dk fJBQK w[dokbK s'A

ftS'Vk jh w[esh$w'eP nytkT[Adk j?.

;{|hws fJe JhPtotkd ftu ftPtk; eod/ jB.T[j fJ; fdqPNwkB irs ftu

42.


ftnkgs nZbkj Bz{ jh nzfsw ;ukJh wzBd/ jB.;{chnK nB[;ko T[; gqwkswk dk B{o iht

izs{nK s/ ;koh f;qPNh ftZu w"i{d j?.fJj ;{|h ;z;ko s'A nbZr ofj e/ ;Zuk ;[Zuk ihtB

pshs eoe/ y[P ofjzd/ jB. ;{|hws nB[;ko wB[Zyh iht ;kXBK ;w/A T[; gqwkswk ftu

nG/d j' iKdk j?.fJj ws gqwkswk d/ Bkb nkswk d/ fwbkg Bz{ jh w[esh ;thekodk j?.

;Ky doPB nB[;ko g[oP P[ZX u/sB ;o{g j? ns/ gqfeosh s'A tZyoh j'Ad oZydk

j?.gqfeosh Bkb ;z:'r j'D s'A, T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqfeosh s'A tZy Bjh ;wMdk ns/ pzXB

ftu g? iKdk j?.fJ; soQK nG/d frnkB Bkb g[oP dk pzXB jz[dk j? ns/ G/d frnkB iK

ftt/e Bkb wB[Zyh iht Bz{ w'eP$w[esh gqkgs jz[dh j? fJ; nt;Ek ftu gjz[u g[oP nkgD/

P[ZX u/sB ;o{g Bz{ gfjukDdk j?, i' gqfeosh s'A tZy j?.

:'r ws th wkBt dh w[esh pko/ nkgD/ tZyo/ ftuko g/P eodk j? ‘:'r* Ppd :[I Xks{

s'A pfDnk j? fi; dk noE i'VBk jz[dk j?.:'rh :'r fefonk d[nkok GktK ns/ T[dt/rK Bz{

PKs ns/ wkP^g/PhnK, jZvhnK BkVhnK dhnK fefonktK Bz{ wB d/ nB[Pk;B ftu bkT[Ad/

jB.nzs ftu wB d/ BkP j'D Bkb :'r nkswk dh w[esh dk ekoB pDdk j?.fi; d/

cb;o{g fuZs nkswk dk ;z:'r BPN j' iKdk j? ns/ nkswk Bz{ nkgD/ gdkoE ;o{g dk

frnkB j' iKdk j? fJjh w[esh dh nt;Ek j?.

g{ot^whwK;k ftu ;tor dh gqkgsh jh ihtB dk Xow T[d/P wzfBnk frnk j? go pkd

d/ whwK;k B/ ;tor dh EK w[esh Bz{ jh nzfsw T[d/P wzfBnk j? fJBQK nB[;ko irs Bkb

nkswk d/ ;zpzX dk ftek; jh w[esh j?.

Pzeo ndt?s^t?dKs nB[;ko nftZfdnk d/ ekoB ihtkswK nkgD/ nkg Bz{ P[ZX nkswk

iK pqjw s'A tZyok ;wMdh j? s/ jw/Pk d[Zy G'rdh j?.go frnkB d[nkok fJ; nftZfdnk dk

Bk; j' iKdk j? ns/ iht nkswk dk ng{oD Gkt ;wkgs j' iKdk j? T[j nkgD/ fBZs,P[ZX,

ftnkge ;o{g Bz{ gfjukD b?Adh j?.nkswk dk n;bh o{g pqjw jh j? fijVk wB[Zyh iht dh

nzso^nkswk ftu w"i{d j? T[; Bz{ ngBkT[Dk jh w[esh j?.

� r[owfs ftu w[esh d/ ;zebg Bz{ ;XkoD s"o *s/ iBw woB d/ r/V s'A S[Nekok gqkgs

eoBk jh w[esh ;wfMnk iKdk j?.go ;w[[Zu/ r[owfs nXhB fJj gfoGkPk nX[oh j?.wB[Zyh

iht fizBk fuo tkfjr[o{ Bkb fJe^fwe j' e/ bhBsk BjhA gqkgs eodk T[Bh d/o w[esh Bjh

gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh, Gkt gqwkswk Bkb fJe^o; j'D dh nt;Ek jh w[esh wzBh rJh

j?.r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B/ fJ; nt;Ek Bz{ fJzi fpnkfBnk j?L

“BkBe bhB GfJU r'fpzd f;T[ fiT[ gkBh ;zfr gkBh @11

w[esh dh gqkgsh bJh f;Zy ws fJ; nt;Ek ftu gj[zuD dk wkor Bkw f;woB s/ d;K

B'jK dh feos dZ;dk j?.;Zuh^;Z[uh feos eoe/ ekw, eo'X,b'G, w'j, jzeko gzi eb/PK s'A

pu e/ wB[Zyh iht w[esh gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

� r[owfs ftuko w[esh dhnK d't/A nt;EktK^ ihtB w[esh ns/ ftd/j w[esh Bz{ ;theko

eofdnK ihtB w[esh T[s/ ftP/P pb fdzdk j?.r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ nkgDh pkDh ftu w[esh

;zpzXh pj[s ft;Eko g{otesk Bkb ftuko g/P ehs/ jB.fJ; ;z;koe pzXBK s'A w[esh

43.


gkT[D bJh bZrGr ;koh gozgkrs Ppdktbh dk gq:'r ehsk j? fit/ w[esh bJh

fBotkDgd, wjK ;[Zy, w'y, gowgd,u'Ekgd, nwogd s/ pzd y[bk;h nkfd BktK Bkb

ftnkfynk ehsh j?.

� ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu n;hA nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB� *s/ ftuko uouk eoB T[gozs fJ;

beP s/ gjz[ud/ jK fe nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB fJj ;theko eodk j? fe wB[Zy gqwkswK dk

jh fJZe nzP wkso j?.T[j wB[Zyh i{B ftu nkgD/ n;b/ Gkt gqwkswk s'A ftSfVnk j'fJnk

j? gqwkswk Bkb nG/dsk ekfJw eoBk T[;d/ ihtB wB'oE dk nXkoh sZs j? fJ;/ nkXkoh

sZs dh gqkgsh jh w[esh j?. ;ko/ XowK ftu gqwkswk Bkb nG/dsk d/ tZy^tZy wkor dZ;/

rJ/ jB.fJBQK wkorK s/ s[ofdnK j'fJnk wB[Zyh iht gqwkswk Bkb nG/d j'D d/ fBozso

:sB ;dek w[es j'D dhnK ;zGktBktK T[bhedk j?.n;b ftu wB[Zy, wB[Zyh ikw/ nzdo

nzsK dhnK d[PtkohnK dk fPeko j' n;fEosk dh nt;Ek ftu ftuoB bZrdk j?.fJ;

soQK dh n;fEosk dh nt;Ek ftu T[j ;fEo j'D dk :sB eodk j?.;fEo j'D d/ :sB *d'

gqw[Zy :sB gowkswk Bkb nG/d j'D dk j?.fJjh w[esh j?, i' wB[Zyh iht Bz{ ;z;koh pzXBK s'A

w[es eoB ftu ;jkfJe f;ZX jz[dh j?.;w[Zuk Gkosh nfXnkswtkdh fuzsB fJ;/ jh w{b

B[es/ s/ e/Afdqos j?.

jtkb/ s/ fNgZDhnK

1) vkH osB f;zx iZrh, r[o{ BkBe ftnkefsst, eofsst ns/ fuzsB, gzBk^ 43

2) gzikph ;kfjs e'P, Gkr gfjbk, gzBk^ 443

3) r[odhg f;zx Gzvkoh, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftu ojZ;tkdh gqftosh,y'I

gZfsqek, gzBk^157

4) Gkosh ;z;feqsh e'P, gzBk^32

5) gzikph ;kfjs e'P, gzBk^473

6) Webster's New world Dictionary, P. 1406

7) eosko f;zx b[Eo, gzikph d[BhnK, Pkj j[P?B nze, gzBk^49

8) gzikph fNqfpT{B, Gkosh fcbk;coK tZb'A gZSw dh nzBQh Beb fto[ZX fusktBh, 9

wJh, 1997, gzBk^3

9) vkH osB f;zx iZrh, r[o{ BkBe dh ftukoXkok, gzBk^113

10) ;kfjs e'P (gfoGkfPe Ppdktbh), gzBk^ 836

11) nkfd rzqE, gzBk^ 463

44.


*d/P Grs ekbi, povtkb, X{oh (;zro{o)

Gkosh ;wki nzdo iks ns/ iwks dk nzso^;zpzX

^ vkH uoBdhg f;zx

� Gkosh ;wkie ;zdoG ftZu iks ns/ iwks d/ nzso^;zpzXK dh uouk dk nkXko, J/E/ dh

T[; pj[^frDsh ekwk Pq/Dh dh ePNdkfJe ns/ fjod/^t/Xe ihtB ;fEsh j?, fi;B{z gqwkswk ftZu

nN[ZN PoXk oZyD tkbh ns/ wkBtsk B{z pqjw dh ;zskB s;Zto eoB tkbh pqkjwDh ftt;Ek B/

;w[Zuh Pq/Dh d/ s"o *s/ Xkofwe nkXko T[~go nS{s eoko d/ e/ ;dhnK s'A nwkBth fttjko dk

fPeko pDkfJnk j'fJnk j?. ;w[Zu/ o{g ftZu Gkosh ;wki B{z d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzvD bJh iK ;wMD

bJh dfbs (BhthnK Pq/DhnK) ns/ r?o^dfbs (T[gobhnK Pq/DhnK) PpdK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

� nkgD/ P[o{nksh ;w/A s'A jh Gkosh ftt;Ek, ;wkie^;fGnkukoe gZy s'A ;gZPN s"o *s/

T[gobh Pq/Dh d/ jZe ftZu ojh j? ns/ J/E'A dh pj[^;zfyne ekwk Pq/Dh B{z xNhnk dZ; e/ ;'PD dk

fPeko pDkT[Adh nk ojh j?. gozs{ nkoEe y/so nzdo fJj toB$iksh ftt;Ek ;wki ftu f;ZX

beho fyZuD dk nkXko BjhA pDh. Gkos dhnK gqkuhB eEktK dk *rkUA w/A J/e rohp pqkjwB ojs/

E/* s'A P[o{ j'Dk fJ; rZb dk rtkj j? fe toBK nzdo ;ot'sw EK gqkgs eoB tkbk pqkjwD nkoEe

gZy'A fgSfVnk jh fojk ;h. feqPB ns/ ;[dkw/ dh gqufbs eEk th fJ;/ sZE tZb fJPkok eodh j?.

Gkosh ftt;Ek toB^tzv *s/ nkXkfos ;h s/ fJ; *toB* dk *tor* Bkb e'Jh f;ZXk ;zpzX BjhA

i[Vdk. f;ZN/ ti'A J/E/ *tor^tzv* dk wkoe;tkdh wkvb T[; soQK fcZN BjhA ;h j' ;edk, fi; soQK

pkeh ftPt ftZu j[zdk ;h. fJj th fJfsjk;e ;ZukJh j? fe ;w[Zuh wkBtsk nzdo ;'fPs tor dh

GbkJh fJ; ftfrnkBe cb;c/ B{z nZy'A^go'y/ eoe/ BjhA fusth ik ;edh. go d{i/ gk;/, fit/A fe

n;hA T[~go fejk j?, toB^tzv ns/ iksh ftt;Ek d/ ubfdnK, fJ; B{z j{^p^j{ bkr{ th BjhA ;h

ehsk ik ;edk. ;', Gkosh ;zdoG ftZu fJE'A d/ ;'fPs tor (nkoEe ns/ ;wkie s"o *s/) dh

w[esh bJh *tor* ns/ *toB* iK *iks ns/ iwks* d/ ghv/ foPs/ B{z ;wMDk Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh

fJBQK d/ nzso^;zpzXK dh fBPkBd/jh eoBh bkIwh j't/rh.

� iks ns/ iwks d/ nkg;h foPs/ dh rZb ft;Eko Bkb eoB s'A gfjbK dfbs dh gfoGkPk

eoBk bkj/tzd j't/rk, feT[Afe fJj ;tkb fe dfbs fe;B{z wzfBnk ikt/ < fJ;dk nkXko nkoEe

j't/ iK ;wkie< nkgD/ nkg jh iks ns/ iwks d/ nzdo^;zpzXK dh pfj; B[z nkozG eo fdzd/ jB.

� Gkosh dfbs fuzsB gozgok nzdo dfbs dh gfoGkPk eoB d/ w[Zy d' nkXko jB. gfjbk

nkXko ;wkie j? ns/ d{;ok nkoEe Gkt e[ZM ftdtkB dfbs dh gfoGkPk ;wkie ;fEsh B{z

gfjb d/ e/ eod/ jB. *toB iK iks* nfijh gfoGkPk d/ e/Ado ftZu ofjzd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ e[M

ftdtkB nkoEe ;fEsh B{z ihtB dk X[ok wzBfdnK dfbs dh gfoGkPk eofdnK nwhoh^rohph

Gkt *tor* B{z gqw[Zysk fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK dfbs dh gfoGkPk eofdnK Gkosh ftdtkBK dk fJZe

;w{j *iksh fdqPNhe'D* ngBkT[Adk j? id' fe d{;ok *iwksh fdqPNhe'D* s'A dfbs dh gfoGkPk

eodk j?. fJBQK d'tK fe;wK dhnK gfoGkPktK d/ wZd/ BIo jh n;hA dfbs dh gfoGkPk eoB dk

:sB eoKr/.

� gfjbK n;hA T[BQK ftdtkBK dhnK gfoGkPktK d/yd/ jK, fiBQK B/ *iksh^BIohJ/* s'A dfbs B{z

gfoGkfPs ehsk.

� PzG{ BkE nB[;koL^

45.

dfbs dk noE j? P{do, fgzv'A pkjo ofjD bJh wip{o ehs/ b'e, dpkJhnK

j'JhnK iksK, M[ZrhnK, M"AgVhnK ftZu ofjD tkb/ b'e ns/ nS{s. (gb^gqshgb,

wkou^i{B, 1999, gzBk 134)

� oki feP'o nB[;koL^

dfbs Ppd T[BQK iksK d/ noEK ftu gqufbs j[zdk ik fojk j?, fizBQK B{z gfjbK

*nS{s* iK *johiB* fejk iKdk ;h. fJBQK bJh ekB{zBh Ppd *nB[;{fus iksh* j?.

(Xow:[Zr, wJh, 1995, gzBk 22)

� vkH uwB bkb nB[;koL^

dfbs Ppd T[BQK b'eK d/ bJh o{VQ j[zdk ik fojk j?, fizBQK dk ngwkB iK ;'PD eoB

dk nfXeko PeshPkbh tor B/ gqkgs eo fbnk. (toswkB ;kfjs:, i[bkJh,

1999, gzBk 74)

� vkH okisokDh whB{z nB[;koL^

jIkoK ;kb fiBQK b'eK *s/ nZfsnkuko j'fJnk T[BQK nS{sK B{z jh dfbs efjDk

ukjhdk j?. (Bt/A djke/ eh fjzdh dfbs eftsk, gzBk 9)

� fJj gfoGkPktK nkoEesk d/ B[es/ B{z w[ZY'A^;[ZY'A oZd eoB dh e[skjh eoB eoe/ fJZe gk;V

ns/ Gkt[e fe;w dhnK ikgdhnK jB. wB[Zyh ihtB dh ;w[Zusk nzdo nkoEesk d/ nfjw o'b B{z

BIo^nzdkI eoe/ ;'fPs tor dh gfoGkPk nX{oh ofj iKdh j?.

� j[D n;hA T[j gfoGkPktK d/yKr/, fiBQK ftZu iwks B{z nfjwhns fdZsh rJh j?, Gkt fiBQK

ftZu dfbs iwksh fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoGkf:s j'fJnk j?. fJj gfoGkPktK dfbs Ppd B{z ftnkge

noEK ftZu b?AdhnK j'JhnK jo soQK d/ ;'PD d/ fPeko ftnesh B{z dfbs wzBdhnK jB.

ofizdo bfjohnk B/ fejk j? feL^

dfbs T[;B{z wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk j? fijVk fe;/ th ;fEsh ftZu fe;/

gqeko BKb ;wki d[nkok dbB iK T[sghVB dk fPeko j't/. (toswkB

;kfjs:, i{B, 1999, gzBk 66)

;qh BkokfJD d{p/ dk ftuko j? feL^

dfbs Ppd dhnK pj[s ;kohnK obhnK fwbhnK gfoGkPktK jB. fJ;dk

noE e/tb fgSVhnK iksK jh BjhA, pbfe ;wki ftZu i' th ghfVs j?,

T[j dfbs j?. (jz;, nes{po, 1999, gzBk 93)

vkH okw uzdo towk nB[;koL^

dfbs Ppd dk Gkt w;fbnk j'fJnk, e[ufbnk j'fJnk ns/ dpkfJnk

j'fJnk nkfd j?. (;zy/g Ppd ;kro, gzBk 468)

i/wi w?;h nB[;koL^

dfbs e'Jh iks BjhA pbfe pdbkU ns/ fJBebkp dk fuzBQ j?. dfbs

wB[Zysk ftZu ftPtk; oydk j?. dfbs fJj' fij/ gow/Po, d[pkok iBw,

o{j ns/ gftZso rozEK B{z i' wB[Zy ftZu tzv g?dk eoe/, fe;ws ns/

46.

Gkosh ;wki nzdo/ ..........

nrbh d[BhnK pko/ ftPtk; g?dk eod/ jB, oZddk j?. feT[Afe fJj ;ko/

jh T[;dh r[bkwh d/ ;kXB jB. dfbs nkgD/ jh d/P ftZu e[ub/ ik u[Ze/

wB[ZyK dk gqshfBXh j?. (dfbs u/sBk ns/ ;kfjs, gzBk 14)

owkfJDk r[gsk nB[;koL^

dfbs ;wki d/ T[; ftnkge ;EkoE dk p'X eokT[Adk j? fi;d/ nzsors

wB[Zy nfBnK, x[NB, ;'PD ns/ G/d^Gkt dk fPeko j[zdk j?. n;b ftu

gfjbK th iK nZi th ;kwzsh T[sghVB j't/, g{zihtkdh iK ;kwokitkdh

;'PD j't/, T[;d/ fPeko ;ko/ ftnesh ns/ okPNo dfbs jB. (toswkB

;kfjs:, nr;s 2001, gzBk 62)

dfbs Ppd dh gfoGkPk eofdnK fJ; B{z ftnkge eoe/ okPNo Bkb i'VBk okwkfJD dh

T[; fwZE eEk B{z u/s/ eotkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu jB{zwkB ;zihtBh p{Nh dh gSkD Bk j'D eoe/ g{o/ dk

g{ok gops jh T[mk fbnkT[Adk j?. n;hA ;wMd/ jK fe dfbs Ppd B{z ftnkgesk d/Dh ukjhdh j?,

go J/Bh BjhA fe fJj Gkt[e T[vkoh dk o{g nyfsnko eo bt/.

GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk B/ *wjkB e'P* ftu dfbs dh gfoGkPk ;e[fus ns/ ftnkge d'tK

noEK ftu ehsh j?. gfjbk noEL^

dfbnk j'fJnk ns/ e[ufbnk j'fJnk j? ns/ d{ik noE jhDh iks tkbk j?

i' T[~uh iks s'A g?oK j/m dfbnk frnk j?. (wjkBe'P, gzBk 625)

;kvk ftuko j? fe jo wB[Zyh ;wki nzdo nkoEesk dh w[Zy G{fwek B{z fpbe[b

BIo^nzdkI eoe/, fe;/ th ;wkie ;wZf;nk iK fJ; Bkb ;pzfXs ;'fPs wB[Zy B{z gfoGkfPs

eoBk r?o^ftfrnkBe j?. go fJj th T[Bk jh tZvk ;Zu j? fe Gkosh gq;zr ftZu ;wkie T[sghVB

dk o'b th nfjw j?, i' fGZN (S{s^Sks) s'A P[o{ j' e/ ikshrs fwjD/ sZe ekoiPhb j? ns/ nfijk

eofdnK fJJ fe;/ fe;w d/ nkoEe gkV/ B{z BjhA d/ydk.

;', ;kvk ftuko j? fe Gkosh gq;zr ftZu dfbs dh ;zs[fbs gfoGkPk ;wkiesk ns/

nkoEesk, d'tK B{z pokpo dh nfjwhns d/ e/ jh ehsh ik ;edh j?. Gkt fe dfbs e/tb T[j jh

j' ;edk j? i' fJZe' ;w/A nkoEe ns/ ;wkie gZy s'A j/mb/ torK ftu Pkwb j't/ Gkt BhthnK iksK

Bkb ;pzfXs rohp nkdwh jh Gkosh gq;zr ftZu dfbs ;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

S'Nh iks tkbk nwho nkdwh ;kXB ;zgB j'D ekoB dfbs dh gfoGkPk s'A pkjo j' iKdk

j?, id fe T[~uh iksh dk rohp nkdwh *iksh d/ fwjD/* s'A w[es j'D eoe/ dfbs Ppd d/ x/o/ s'A

pkjo ufbnk iKdk j?.

n;hA ;wMd/ jK fe Gkosh ;wki d/ ftP/P ;zdoG ftu nkoEesk Bkb'A tZX gqGktekoh sZs

fJ;dh toB iK iksh nkXkfos gqEk j?. nkoEe gZy'A ;kXB^;zgzB ftnesh nkgDh BhthA iksh

eoe/ nksw^frbkBh G'rD bJh wip{o j[zdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ nkoEe gZy'A jhDk ftnesh th nkgDh

T[~u^iksh ;fEsh eoe/ nkgD/ ;wkie o[sp/ iK j?;hns eoe/ nksw^frbkBh dk ;zskg BjhA

G'rdk. ;', Gkosh ;zdoG ftu gqw[Zy sZE dfbs dh ;wkie ;fEsh j?. go fco th nkoEe sZs B{z

fpbe[b BIo^nzdkI BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

� ;wkie ns/ nkoEe d'tK jh gZXoK *s/ ;'fPs ns/ ghfVs Gkt ftt;Ek tZb'A d'tK gZXoK *s/

nfBnK d/ fPeko ftnesh B{z dfbs ti'A gfoGkfPs eoB s'A pknd *iks ns/ iwks* dh nkg;h

47.


;KM$n;KM *s/ uouk eoBk Io{oh j?.

� Gkosh ;zdoG ftu iks ns/ iwks d't/A jh gfo;fEsh (status) ;w{j jB. iks fJZe

iBwrs ;w{j j?, fijVk pkeh ;w{jK Bkb'A tZyoh ns/ fBPfus ohsh^fotkIK tkbh gozgok dk

XkoBh j'D eoe/ fJZe pzd ;wkie f;;Nw d/ s"o *s/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. idfe iwks T[sgkdB

;zpzXK T[~s/ nkXkfos nfijk ;w{j j?, fi;dk d{;o/ ;w{j Bkb nkoEe n;Kt/AgB ekoB, ;wkie

gq;fEshnK dh gZXo *s/ fBnK ;zrs ;pzX sK BjhA j[zdk, gozs{ J/E/ iksh tKr T{u^Bhu dh GktBk

tkbh r?o^wkBth ;fEsh th jkIo BjhA j[zdh.

� pzd ;wkie ftt;Ek j'D eoe/ fJZe iksh d/ d{;o/ iksh Bkb ;pzX npdb j[zd/ jB, id fe

T[sgkdB ;pzXK ftu spdhbh j'D dh ;{os ftu iwksh ;pzX pdb iKd/ jB. gq;fEsh ns/ ;wK

iksh ;pzXK ftu spdhbh dk ekoB iK sK pDdk jh BjhA ns/ i/ pDdk th j? sK fJ;dh o|sko J/Bh

Xhwh j[zdh j? fe fJ;dh ;gZPN ns/ c"oh gfjukD BjhA j' ;edh idfe iwksh gZXo *s/ T[sgkdB

gqDkbh ftu spdhbh j[zd/ ;ko jh iwksh ;pzXK ftu pdbkn nk iKdk j? ns/ fJj pdbkn ;gZPN

BIo nkT[Adk j?.

� Gkosh ;zdoG ftu iks ns/ iwks nzso^;zpzfXs tosko/ d/ s"o *s/ ekoiPhb jB. eJh

gq;fEshnK ftu fJZe iksh iwks d/ s"o *s/ th ;kjwD/ nk ;edh j?. T[dkjoB ti'A nkgDhnK

nkoEe wzrK wzBtkT[D bJh i/eo ;|kJh eowukoh jVskb *s/ ub/ ikD sK fJBQK dk nzd'bB

iwksh nzd'bB d/ o{g ftu ;kjwD/ nkt/rk, Gkt/A fJj ;G ikshrs s"o *s/ th fJZe jB. fJj B[esk

th fXnkB:'r j? fe iks ftP/P jkbs ftu iwks d/ o{g ftu ;kjwD/ sK nk ;edh j? go sK th

T[;d/ pkeh iksK Bkb ;pzX iwksh BjhA pD ikDr/. ftP/P jkbsK ftu iks sK iwks dk o{g XkoB

eo ;edh j? gozs{ iwks ed/ th iks dk o{g XkoB BjhA eo ;edh.

� iBwrs iksh ftt;Ek nzdo iksh dk fBoXkoB eoweKvh gqshwkBK T[~go nkXkfos j[zdk

j? id fe ;wkie f;;Nw nzdo iwks dk fBoXkoB nkoEe ns/ okiBhfse gq;fEshnK eodhnK

jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJZe iksh d/ ftnesh dk d{ih iksh nzdo gqt/P ;zGt BjhA j? id fe iwks

d/ wkwb/ ftu gqt/P o;s/ y[ZbQ/ j[zd/ jB.

� Gkosh okiBhsh nzdo iks fJZe *go?Po ro[Zg* d/ s"o *s/ ekoiPhb j? id fe iwksh gZXo

*s/ nfijh ;fEsh ;zGt BjhA j' ;edh, feT[Afe iwksh u/sBk okiBhfse Pesh d/ s"o *s/ jh

;kjwD/ nk ;edh j?, go?Po ro[Zg d/ s"o *s/ BjhA. id fe iks B{z okiBhfse Pesh d/ s"o *s/

T[GkoBk n;zGt j?.

48.


gzikph e"whns dk ;zebg

vkH Grtzs f;zx

� wB[Zy dh j'Ad nfijh j? fe fJZefbnK ofj ;eDk T[; bJh n;zGt j?. wB[Zy nkgDh

j'Ad d/ ftek; s/ nkgDhnK ;zGktBktK d/ ;[szso gqrNkt/ bJh T[j ;KM ns/ ;fj:'r (;wkfie

ftt;Ek) dk w[Eki j?. wB[Zy jw/Pk s'A fJj :sB eodk fojk j? fe nkgDhnK ;zGktBktK B{z

gqrN eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ wkfXnw bZG/ sK i' wB[Zyh j'Ad dk r"ot Gbh GKs ;gZPN j' ;e/.

wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?, e'Jh th wB[Zy ;wki Bkb'A N[ZN e/ fiT[Adk BjhA ofj ;edk. jo

wB[Zy ;wki ftZu nkgDh j'Ad ;Ekfgs eoBh ukj[zdk j?. id'A fe;/ fyZs/ d/ b'e ;[szso j'Ad

bJh ;zxoP eod/ jB sK T[j fJZe ;KMh ;'u B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. fe;/ y/so ftP/P ftZu Xosh

wK dh nfjw G{fwek j[zdh j?. iBw dksh Xosh gqsh T[E'A dh t;'A dk fgnko ;[Gkfte o{g ftZu

g?dk ns/ fte;s j[zdk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ Xosh B{z wK dh gdth fdZsh iKdh j?. iB^;kXkoB d/ wB

ftZu fJ; Gkt dk nB[Gt jh e"whns d/ ;zebg dk w{b fpzd{ j?. nkgD/ d/P dh Xosh,

pB;gsh, gjkVK, MofBnK ns/ gP{^gzShnK Bkb T[E/ t;D tkb/ wB[ZyK dk okrnkswe ;zpzX

j[zdk j?. fJj ;G e[M wB[Zy d/ wkBf;e, gdkofEe Xoksb �s/ tkgodk j?. ;zpzfXs y/so d/

b'eK d/ jktK^GktK dh soiwkBh jh j"bh^j"bh e"whns dk o{g n\fsnko eo iKdh j?. y/so

ftP/P dk ofjD^;fjD, ohsh^fotki, ;z;eko ns/ ;w[Zuh ihtB^P?bh jh iB^;w{j B{z nkgD/

nB[;ko Ykb e/ ftP/P gfjukD gqdkB eod/ jB. fJj gfjukD s/ ftbZyD j'Ad dh e"whns B{z

g?dk eoB dk nkXko j?.

� wB[Zy dh ;wkfie j'Ad s'A b? e/ nkX[fBe ;w/A sZe e"whns d/ ;zebg B/ nB/eK o{g tNkJ/

jB. P[o{ ftZu ephfbnK d/ o{g ftZu nkfJnk, gozs{ nkX[fBe ;w/A ftZu e'Jh fJZe ephbk iK

fe;/ fJZe B;b B{z fe;/ e"whns d/ fBowkD bJh nkXko BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk, gozs{ ephb/

iK (B;b) dh nzdobh ;KM B{z fe;/ e"whns d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJe gZy tZi'A ;theko ehsk

ik ;edk j?. ;kohnK e"wK dk fBowkD nB/eK ephfbnK ns/ B;bK d/ fwPoD s'A j'fJnk j?.

oki eoB tkbh iwks ftfGzB iksK, B;bK, iwksK ns/ ephfbnK dh nkg;h ;KM B{z nkgD/

fjs nB[;ko Bekokswe ns/ ;kekokswe o{g ftu tosdh j?.

� nkozfGe ekb s'A jh wB[Zy izrbK ftZu fJZe ;w[{j d/ o{g ftZu ofjzd/ ;B. ;wK phsD d/

Bkb^Bkb fJjBK ;w{jK dk gfjbk o{g e[Zb s/ ephb/ d/ o{g ftZu T[sgzB j'fJnk. P[o{ P[o{ ftZu

wB[Zy id'A nkgD/ izrbh o{g ftZu'A pkjo nkfJnk sK wB[Zyh fJfsjk; d/ nkozfGe d"o ftZu

wB[Zy B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z ;G s'A gfjbk y{B d/ foPfsnK ftZu fJew[Zm ehsk. ;w/A d/ d"o Bkb

fJ; y{B dh ;KM dk x/ok ftPkb j[zdk frnk. fiT[A fiT[A x/ok ftPkb j[zdk frnk, wZ[y ;w{j

gfotko ftu'A Bt/A gfotko nbZr j[zd/ rJ/. fJBQK nbZr j'J/ gfotkoK ftZu nkofEe ns/ y{B

dh ;KM nZi th ekfJw j?. fJBQK ;KMK Bkb ephfbnK d/ tZv/ tZv/ rZmpzXB ekfJw j' rJ/.

fJj ephb/ nkgD/ fJZe ftP/P fyZs/ ftZu ofjzd/ ns/ nkgDhnK ;hwktK ftZu ofj e/ fPeko

eod/ ;B. ephb/ d/ b'eK dh p'bh ;KMh j[zdh ;h. fJBQK d/ o;w'A^fotki ns/ eow eKv s/

Xkofwe ftukoXkok fJZe ;h. ephb/ dk ;w[Zuk ihtB ephb/ d/ pDkJ/ B/wK ftZu ofj e/

gqPk;B ubkT[Adk ;h. j"bh j"bh ephfbnK B/ nkgDhnK foPs/dkohnK d/ tXD Bkb tZv/

rZmpzXBK dk o{g XkoB eo fbnk. fJ; soQK y{B d/ foPfsnK dh EK fJbkekJh foPfsnK B/ b?

49.

bJh s/ nkofEe T[ZBsh j'D Bkb ikshnK dh ouBk j'JhL

fJj w[ZYbhnK ikshnK e"wK d/ o{g ftZu T[d'A gkfJdko j'JhnK id'A

gz{ihtkdh ;zpzX fte;s j'J/. g{zihtkd B/ ;EkBe jZdK pzB/ s'V

fdZs/. okPNoh wzvhnK B{z iBw fdZsk ns/ iksh iK ikshnK d/

;w{j B/ T[jBK dh ;KMh nkofEesk d/ f;ZN/ ti'A fJZe e"w nzdo

1

fJZe d{i/ d/ B/V/ fbnKdk.

� e"wh iIpk fJfsjk; d/ fJZe \k; gVQk �s/ ik e/ g?dk j'fJnk. wZX :[r d/ w[ZYb/ d"o

ftZu Xkofwe nkr{nK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb goik nzdo oki/ ns/ okikPkjh bJh t|kdkoh dh

GktBk fte;s ehsh iKdh ;h. oki dhnK jZdK nkgD/ r[nKYh okfinK dh skes nB[;ko

pdbdhnK, ;[zrVdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. j"bh j"bh b'eK nzdo nkgDh I[pkB, Xosh, ftok;s,

GkJhuko/ s/ ;fGnkuko ftZu tZvhnK spdhbhnK tkgohnK. bzp/ ;w/A s'A fJZe ;KM/ fyZs/ nzdo

ofj oj/ b'eK dh GkPk ns/ ;fGnkuko dh ;KMk B/ fyZs/ d/ t;BheK nzdo fgnko dhnK ;KMhnK

szdK g?dk eo fdZshnK. fJBQK ;KMhnK szdK Bkb T[j fJZe e"wh GkJhuko/ d/ o{g ftZu fte;s

j'D bZr g?Adh j?. j"bh j"bh fJBQK e"wh GkJhukfonK dhnK nbZr nbZr j;shnK T[ZGo

nkJhnK. fJBQK GkJhukfonK d/ b'eK nzdo ;w{je e"wh GktBk B/ fJBQK b'eK nzdo'A fJeg[oyh

oki dk ykswk ehsk. S'N/ S'N/ epkfJbh Pk;eK dk ykswk eo e/ e"wK d/ tX/o/ o{g f;oiB bJh

okj gZXok ehsk. e"whnsK dk ftek; ftfGzB y/soK d/ nkofEe ns/ okiBhse ftek; Bkb

i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. oki eoB tkbhnK Pq/DhnK nkgD/ okiBhse ns/ nkofEe fjsK nB[;ko

oki dhnK ;hwktK dk gk;ko eoB d/ :sB ftZu ofjzdhnK jB. fiT[A fiT[A okiK dk gk;ko

j[zdk j? fsT[A fsT[A jh wzvh dk gk;ko j[zdk j?. fJ; gk;ko d/ ;wftZE jh ;fGnkukoe o{gKsoD

dh gqfeqnk th ubdh ofjzdh j?. oki eoB tkbhnK P/qDhnK nfij/ ;fGnkuko B{z T[;koB d/

:sB ftZu ofjzdhnK jB i' fyZs/ d/ t;BheK B{z nkg; ftZu i'VB dk Gow f;oidhnK jB.

Pk;e P/qDhnK dk fJj Gow ;fGnkuko Pk;e P/qDhnK d/ fjZsK B{z gqw[Zysk d/Adk j?, Gkt/A brdk

fJzi ofjzdk j? fe fJj' iB ;kXkoB d/ th fjZs ftZu th j?. ;wkfie ftek;, wzvh dk gk;ko,

;fGnkukoe edoK ehwsK dh ;EkgBk jh e"whns B{z g?dk eodh j? ns/ fJ; d/ ;o{g B{z

fBozso gfotofss eodh ofjzdh j?. e"whnsk d/ ;zebg dh ftfGzB gVQktK ftZu T[giD ns/

ftr;D dh fJj gqfeqnk nkozGe wB[Zyh ;wki s'A b? e/ ;z;koheoB sZe brksko ikoh j?L

fJ; s'A fgZS'A fiT[A^fiT[A gfotko ;Ekgs j'J/, fBZih ;zgsh dh

wkbeh dk b'G g?dk j'fJnk. ;wki ftZu nwho s/ rohp dh tzv

g?dk j' rJh. fBZe/ oitkV/ ;Ekgs j'J/l fsT[A^fsT[A rD s/ ephb/

dhnK S'NhnK fJekJhnK fJZe d{i/ B{z T[bzx e/ e"whns ftZu Yb

2

rJhnK.

� fJBQK tZv/ okiK d/ T[EkB d/ f;ZN/ tZi'A jh ephbk ns/ irhodkoh ;wki d/ S'N/^S'N/ okiK

dk ykswk j'fJnk. fJZe' p'bh p'bD tkb/ fJZe e"w ftZu i[V/ b'eK dh tZ;'A d/ fJbkfenK dh

okiBhfse fJZei[ZNsk j'Jh ns/ w[be d/ tZy^tZy fjZf;nK ftueko nkofEe ;zpzX gfogZe

j'J/ ns/ ;EkBe wzvhnK fJZe e"wh wzvh ftZu x[b rJhnK. fJ; d/ f;ZN/ tZi'A ;KM/ sZs Gkt,

�fJbkek ns/ nkofEe ihtB i' fJZe ;KMh p'bh, wB'ftfrnkBe ;[Gkn dh p[fBnkd pD/ ns/

fJZe e"wh ufoZso d/ e[M yk; o[MkB fiBQK dk gqrNkn fJZe e"w d/ ;fGnkuko d/ yk; r[DK s'A

50.

gzikph e"whns dk ..........

3

j[zdk ;h, j'Ad ftZu nkJ/.�

� fit/A^fit/A ;wkfie ;zpzX ftek; eod/ jBl fst/A^fst/A wB[Zy y[Zd pdbdk iKdk j?. T[;

dh ihtB^iKu T[; d/ ftuko, nkdoP, B?fse fwnko ns/ tos'A^ftjko ftZu spdhbh

nkT[Adh j?. ;wkfie j'Ad T[; dh ;wkfie u/szBsk fBPfus eodh j?. ;wkfie u/szBsk w[V

gdkoEe pDso B{z gqGkts eodh j?. fijVh gdkoEe d"bs wB[Zy f;oid/ jB T[; d/ wkbe

pD/ pr?o BjhA ofj ;ed/. fJ; soQK fJBQK d/ nkg; ftZu wkbeh ;zpzX g?dk j' iKd/ jB.

wkbeh ns/ nkofEe ;zpzX ;Ekgs j'D Bkb ;?fBe nB[Pk;B dh wzr g?dk j[zdh j?. fJBQK b'eK

ftZu j"bh j"bh nkofEe, okiBhfse, ;dkukoe, ekB{zBh s/ j'o ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' iKd/ jB.

fJBQK ;zpzXK Bkb e"whns dk iBw j[zdk j?. ;z;ko d/ tZy tZy fyZfsnK nzdo t;/ j'J/ iB

;w{jK, tZy tZy GkPktK ns/ ;ZfGnkukoK dk ftek; j'fJnk ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJBQK b'eK

ftZu id'A ;KMh ;wkfie ns/ okiBhse u/sBk g?dk j'Jh sK fJj GkPkJh s/ ;ZfGnkukoe ;w{j

tZy^tZy e"whnsK dk o{g b? rJ/. e"whns eh j?< fJ; pko/ bkov pokfJ; (Brayce) fbydk

j?L

e"whns s'A Gkt wB[Zysk dk T[j ;w[dkfJ fi; B{z e[M yk; iIpks

fwbe/ i'Vd/ jB fJBQK ftZu'A skesto iIp/ d' jB, fJZe B;b iK

tsB dk iIpk d{ik wIQp dk. fJBQK s'A fpBK ;KMh p'bh, o;w'A

fotki, fJfsjk;, ;KM, nkdoP s/ fJokd/ e"whns Bz{ pDkT[Ad/

4

jB.

�bkov pokfJ; nB[;ko e"whns d/ noE fJfsjk;e G{r"fbe fgV T[Zs/ T[;oh nfijh

iB^;w{j dh fJekJh s'A j? fi; fJekJh d/ pj[s ;ko/ iIpks fto;/ ftZu ghVQh do ghVQh s[o/

nkT[Ad/ jB fit/A p'bh, nkdsK, o;w'A^fotki, edoK ehwsK, j[Bo ns/ ;wkfie, nkofEe

ns/ oki;h ekoB nkfd. T[j fJjBK iIpksK s'A tZX e"whns dh wIp{s eVh B;b, tsB ns/

wIQp B{z wzBdk j?. pj[s ;ko/ fuzse wIQp B{z e"whns dk Io{oh bZSD BjhA wzBd/. fuzseK

nB[;ko pj[s ;kohnK e"whnsK eJh XowK d/ ;KM/ ;zrmB s'A T[;odhnK jB. pj[s ;kohnK

e"whnsK B/ fJZe Xow s'A iBw fbnk j?. �fJfsjk;e siop/ B/ do;kfJnk j? fe e"w dh

ouBk ftZu B;bh, bZSD e'Jh tZvk o'b ndk BjhA eodh T[dkjoD bJh feT[pk ftZu fszB

B;bK d/ gqshfBXK ftu'A e"w B/ o{g Xkfonk j?. ekb/ ns/ fuZN/ b'e fwb e/ T[Zsoh nwoheh e"w

5

dk o{g Xkod/ jB.� fJ; s'A f;ZX j[zdk j? fe fJZe e"whns nzdo fJZe s'A tZX B;bK d/ b'eK

dh Pw{bhns j' ;edh j?. Gkos nzdobhnK e"whnsK ns/ Gkosh e"w nzdo tZy^tZy XowK

dh P{w{bhns ns/ w[;bwkB Xow d/ b'eK dh tZy tZy e"whnsK nzdo Pw{bhns B{z t/yfdnK

wIQp B{z th e"whns dk Io{oh bZSD BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. fJjBK bZSDK B{z fe;/ fe;/

e"whns d/ gSkD fuzB ti'A ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;fEsh okjhA tkfunk ik ;edk j?.

� e"whns dh gfoGkPk sK jw/Pk jh nzsookPNoh gq;fEshnK d/ c/o pdb d/ Bkb Bkb

nkgDh o[{g^o/yk pdbdh ojh j?. ;w/A dh ukb d/ Bkb^Bkb fit/A^fit/A ;wkfie s/ f;nk;h

gfotosB nkT[Ad/ rJ/, fst/A^fst/A fJ; d/ Ppd dk ne; s/ nkeko th xNdk, tXdk ns/

r[zMbdko j[zdk fojk j?. ;kXkoB PpdK ftZu fejk ik ;edk j? fe e"whns fJZe :[Zr ;kg/y

toskok j?L

51.


;NkfbB nkgD/ g?AcfbN wkoe;tkd ns/ e"wh gqPB (1913) ftZu

e"w ns/ e"whns B{z fBy/Vdk j?. T[; nB[;ko e"whns T[j b'e

jB, i' fJZe fBozso, ;EkJh ;zrs jB. T[jBK e'b ;KMh GkPk,

ftbZyD fJbkek, nkofEe Bkskdkoh ns/ ;w{fje ufoZso jB.

fJj e"whns id'A okiBhfse nkIkdh iK gqG{sk jk;b eo e/

nkgDk oki ;Ekgs eodh j? sK e"w pD iKdh j?. jo e"whns dk

6

e"w pDBk Io{oh BjhA.

� ;NkfbB e"whns ns/ e"w dk fBy/Vk eodk j?. T[j ftP/P G{^yzv ns/ GkPk B{z fe;/

e"whns dk ;G s'A tZvk bZSD wzBdk j?. fe;/ ftP/P G{^yzv nzdo t;s/ iB^;w{j d/ iIpks,

nkofEe^;fGnkukoe gqpzX fwb e/ fe;/ e"whns dh gSkD pDkT[Ad/ jB. okiBhfse ;Zsk B{z

T[j e"whns dk Io{oh bZSD BjhA wzBdk T[; nB[;ko id'A e'Jh e"whns okiBhse ;Zsk jkf;b

eo b?Adh j? sK T[j e"whns Bk ofj e/ e"w pD iKdh j?. T[; d/ fJjBK ftukoK nB[;ko

gzikphns B{z e"whns wzfBnk ik ;edk j? e"w BjhA. Pk;e Pq/DhnK d/ fjZsK s'A g?dk j'D tkb/

;ZfGnkuko ns/ GkPk Bhsh i' nZr'A Gqwe e'whns B{z g?dk eodh j?. d{ih e"whns dh ;fji

;kekokswe GktBk y/so, GkPk ;KM/ nkofEe fjZs, ;wkB ibtk:{, gozgoktK dh ;KM nkfd

s'A g?dk j[zdh j?. e"whns dhnK fJBQK d'tK XkoBktK ftZu dtzdkswe ;pzX jB. d'tK ftZu

brksko fJe^d{i/ B{z nkgD/ nB[;ko YkbD bJh ;zxoP ubdk ofjzdk j?.

�� thjthA ;dh ftZu fByVt/A bZSDK eoe/ v{zxhnK fJBebkph spdhbhnK nkJhnK. fJBQK

spdhbhnK d/ nzsors wB[Zy e"whns pko/ fInkdk u/szB j'fJnk. thjthA ;dh ftZu

p;shtkd d/ fto[ZX bfjo T[Zmh, fi; B/ e"whns d/ iIp/ dh u/sBk J/Phnk, ncohek ns/ j'o

T[g^wjKdhgK ftZu g?dk eo fdZsh fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A wB[Zy iksh ftZu nwB, feos, nkIkdh,

pokpoh dh GktBk g?dk j'Jh. fJ; ;w/A ;z;ko dh ftfGzB y/soK ftu irhodkoh gqpzX s'A

g{zihtkdh b'eszso ns/ ;'Pfb;Ne gqpzX ftu spdhbh tkgoh. fJ; spdhbh d/ w[Zy ekoB

;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gqpzX ftZu tkgo/ gfotosB ;B. j"bh j"bh fJBQK B/ nkgDhnK

g?dktkoh PeshnK, feos dh tzv ns/ nzdo{Bh w/b i'b fte;s eo fbnkL

w[edh rZb fJj j? fe e"wK dh ekfJwh ekoB ;wkfie g?dktko dk

ftek; th ;h. fi; B/ b'eK ftueko nkofEe ;zpzX wIp{s ehs/,

t;'A d/ ;zxD/gD ftZu tkXk eo e/ T[BQK ;wkfie GkJhukfonK d/

tv//o/ o{gK ftZu fJZe w[Zm j'D d/ ekfpb pDkfJnk. ;wkfie

ftek; d/ w[ZYb/ gVQktK �s/ nkfd pokdoh$eT{wBheb gzukfJsh

gqDkbh dh j'Ad d"okB S'N/ s/ fyzv/ j'J/ ykBdkB (ephb/) ;B ns/ c/o

T[BQK ykBdkBK d/ rmi'V. fJ; d"okB fJZe iwksh ;wki B/ tX/o/

tZvh frDsh tkbhnK e"whnsK B{z nkgD/ x/o/ ftZu fbnk ns/

Bt^T[rw/ ;owkJ/dkoh fBIkw dhnK gq;fEshnK nXhB b'eK d/

7

ekch tv/o/ GkJhuko/ fiBQK B{z e"wK fejk iKdk ;h, j'Ad ftZu nkJ/.

� e"w Ppd B{z Pkpfde gZXo �s/ t/fynK fJ; d/ ftfGzB o{g T[xVd/ jBL �e"w L e"w Ppd

52.


8

d/ noE jB ^ iB ;w[dkfJ, iks, tzP.� 1968 ftZu fco'I ;BI fbfwL bkj"o tkfbnK

d[nkok Skgh fvePBoh ftZu e"w Ppd B{z cko;h GkPk dk Ppd w/b e/ fJ; d/ noE jB^

9

fcoek, ykBdkB B;b, iks, r's. nke;c'v :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; tZb'A 1930 ftZu gqekfPs j'J/

T[od{, ebk;heb, fjzdh ns/ nzro/Ih e'P e"w Ppd B{z noph GkPk dk Ppd wzB e/ fJ; d/

noE jB^ fJZe tor, fJZe B/PB, fJZe ephbk, fJZe B;b, fJZe e[NzG, fJZe iksh, fJZe

10

fcoek. noph ftZu uzrh B;b iK uzr/ ykBdkB Bkb ;zpzX oZyD B{z e"wdko fejk iKdk j?.

e"w Ppd dh gfoGkPk Gkt/A tZy^tZy o{gK ftZu fdZsh iKdh j?, gozs{ fJ; dk w[Zy Gkt j? Xow,

GkPk, iksh, ;ZfGnkuko, nkofEesk, ;kfjs, ohsh^fotki, fJfsjk; d/ ;KMk fyZsk. g{oph

nkswk nB[;ko sK e"w gd d/ noE ;ze[fus jB s/ fJj gd eJh tko fe;/ nbZr iksh iK b'e

;w{j bJh tos fbnk iKdk j?. b/feB gZSwh nkswk nB[;ko, �e"w� gd d/ nzro/Ih

gfonktkuh �B/PB� d/ noE jB �oki� �;N/N� Bkb i[Vd/ jB. �fJZe e"w T[jBK b'eK dk

fJZe ;fEo GkJhukok j? fijV/ nkofEe, fJbkekJh GkPkJh ns/ ;ZfGnkuko ;zzpzXK d[nkok

11

fJZe w[Zm jB ns/ ;KM/ wB'ftfrnkBe r[D fizBQK dk ftP/P bZSD j?.�

� fe;/ e"whns ftZu fuzseK tZb'A ;KMK G{r'fbe fyZsk, ;KMh GkPk, nkofEe ;KM,

fJfsjk;e fto;k, ufoZso ns/ ;ZfGnkuko nkfd ;EkJh r[D wzB/ iKd/ jB. fJjBK r[DK Bkb

fe;/ ftP/P fyZs/ nzdo t;d/ iB^;w{j d/ iIpks i[V/ jz[d/ jB. e'Jh th iB ;w{j G{r'fbe,

fJfsjk;e, nkofEe ns/ ;fGnkukoe go;fEshnK nB[;ko nkgD/ nkdoP ;Ekgs eo

b?Adk j?. i' fe;/ e"whns d/ gSkD bZSD pD iKd/ jB. �fJZe e"w dh gqhGkPk b'eK d/ fJZe

nfij/ ;w{j tZi'A ehsh ik ;edh j?, i' d{i/ b'eK ftZu gqG{sk ;zgzB j'Dk ukj[zdk j? ns/ fJ; bJh

12

nkgD/ oki (;N/N) dh ukj oZydk j?.�

� tkbNo ;{bItky d/ ftuko jB fe id'A e'Jh e"whns tZyoh gSkD oZydh j'Jh

nkofEe, ;wkfie, ;ZfGnkuko ns/ okiBhse go;fEshnK ftu'A r[Iodh j'Jh oki (;N/N)

dh ukj oZydh j?, sK T[j fe;/ e"w j'D dh soiwkBh eo ojh j[zdh j?. �fJZe e"w B{z T[; d/

nksfwe ihtB d/ yk; bZSDK, yk; e"wh ftbZyDskJhnK fJZe' GkPk iK p'bh ns/ e"wh u/sBsk

13

okjhA th fpnkfBnk ik ;edk j?.� ih rb'iow?B fe;/ e"w dh gSkD dk w[Zy bZSD p'bh ns/

GkPk B{z wzBdk j?. p'bh GkPk fe;/ e"w bJh nfjw ;EkB oZydh j? fi; okjhA T[; d/ fJfsjk;e

fto;/ ;ZfGnkuko T[; e"w d/ ftukoK nk;K, T[wzrK B{z gSkfDnk ik ;edk j?L �noe?;N

r?bBo B/ nkgDh g[;se �B?PBb n?Av B?PBkfbiw� ftZu fJj rZb ;gZPN ehsh j? fe e"w

14

oki;h ;Zsk Bkb pDdh j? go fJ; dk nkozG ;ZfGnkuko gqkfeqshnK ti'A j[zdk j?.� noB?;N

rb?Bo nB[;ko fe;/ e"w dk iBw T[;d/ ;ZfGnkuko s'A j[zdk j? T[j nkgDhnK GkPkJh

fJbekJh, nkofEe gof;EshnK okjhA oki;h ;Zsk jkf;b eoB s'A pknd e"w pDdh j?.

� e"whns ns/ okiszso okiBhsh ftfrnkB d/ w[Zy f;XKs jB. fJjBK dhnK

;ot^gqwkfDs gfoGkPktK nZi sZe T[bhehnK BjhA ik ;ehnK. b'eszso tKr e"w dhnK eJh

gfoGkPktK nkg' nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D s'A xV bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJZe g[oyh ns/ fJZe gkoNh

oki th ns/ pj[^g[oyh ns/ pj[^gkoNh oki th b'eszso j'D dk dkntk eod/ jB. fJ;

fwbr'G/ B/ b'eszso d/ ;o{g s/ f;XKs B{z ekch jZd sZe X[zdbk ns/ rz[Mbdko eo fdZsk j?.

fJ;/ soQK e"whns dhnK tZyohnK tZyohnK gfoGkPktK B/ fty/Vk yVk ehsk j'fJnk j?.

e"whns dh ni/ sZe e'Jh m'; gfoGkPk BjhA fwbh i' ;ot gqwkfDs j't/. e"whns d/ ;zebg B{z

53.


fJfsjk; d/ nZv nZv d"o ftZu nbZr nbZr fyZfsnK ftZu nbZr^nbZr b'eK tZb'A

tZyo/^tZyo/ s"o �s/ ftukfonk frnk L

fJj fJfsjk;e gZy'A T[;oh fJZe nfijh iB ;w{j fJekJh j?

fijVh fJbkekJh, GkPkJh, nkofEe ns/ ;ZfGnkuko gZy'A tZyoh

gSkD oZydh j't/. nfij/ iB^;w{j B/ ni/ fe;/ okPNo dk o{g

XkoB BjhA ehsk j[zdk noEks fJj ftek; okPNo d/ fBowkD ftZu

15

okPNo s'A gfjbk gVQk j?.

� ;z;ko gZXo T[Zs/ e"whns d/ ftek; ftu nB/e ekoB ;jkJh j'J/ jB fit/A S'NhnK

S'NhnK fonk;sK dh EK ftPkb ;bsBsK dh ;EkgBk. ftZfdnk B{z Xow Bkb'A fBy/VBk,

g{zihtkd d/ ftek; ;dek b'eK ftZu go;go fBoGosk dk nfj;k; T[giDk ns/ g{zihtkd d/

g;ko ns/ wZX P/qDh d/ T[EkB bJh Y[ZethnK gq;fEshnK T[;koBk nkfd e"whns u/sBk

fte;s eoB d/ okj ftubhnK wjZstg{oB gqkgshnK ;B, fiBQK ;dek e"whns d/ ftuko

;fji/ jh I'o cV rJ/.

� gzikph GkPk p'bD tkfbnK dk dkfJok ftPkb j? fi; nzdo fJZe s'A tZX y/soK, Xow

ns/ iksK d/ b'e nk iKd/ jB. gzikph iB ;w{j dhnK gfjbhnK B;bK gzikp d/ y/so Bkb

;pzXs ojhnK jB. fJjBK dh ;KMh gSkD iks iK Xow s'A T[Zgo e"whns d/ ftfGzB sZsK d/

nkXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?. e"whns d/ ;zebg B{z fuzseK tZb'A tZy tZy ;fwnK s/ tZy' tZyo/ s"o

�s/ gqGkfPs ehsk frnk j?. G{s g{ot ;'thns ;zx d/ efwT{fB;N nkr{ i';c ;NkfbB B/ e"w

dh gfoGkPk fBPus eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. T[; nB[;ko e"w fJfsjk;e ftek; okjhA pfDnk

;EkJh GkJhukok j? fi; nkXko s/ ;KMh GkPk, ;KMk fJbkek, ;KMh nkofEe fIzdrh ns/

;fGnkuko �u gqrN j[zdh ;KMh wkBf;e pDso j?. fJ; soQK fInkdkso fuzseK tZb'A e"whns

d/ fe;/ fyZs/ ftP/P nzdo t;d/ iB ;w{j d/ fJfsjk;e ftek; d[nkok fte;s ;w{fje

ftbZyD wkBf;esk B{z wzfBnk iKdk j?. e"whns ftu bzw/ ;w/A s'A ftP/P G{r'fbe y/so ftu

;EkJh s"o s/ t;/ iB ;w{j dh ftfGzB sZsK s'A fBows ;w{fje ftbZyD ihtB gZXsh j[zdh j?.

fuzse fJjBK ;KMK B{z fe;/ e"whns d/ ftP/P bZSD wzBd/ jB. fJjBK bZSDK ftZu'A fe;/ fJZe

dh r?o w"I{drh ekoB fe;/ B{z e"whns BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. id'A fJj e"whnsK nkgD/

fJfsjk;e ftek; okjhA oki ;Zsk jkf;b eo b?AdhnK jB sK T[j fe;/ e"w (okPNo) j'D dh

soIwkBh eo ojhnK j[zdhnK jB. fuzseK tZb'A gqwkDe gfoGkPktK nB[;ko fe;/ Xow iK

B;b B{z fe;/ e"whns dk Io{oh bZSD BjhA wzfBnk iKdk. fuzseK tZb'A wzfBnk iKdk j? fe

fJZe e"whns nzdo fJZe s'A tZX XowK dh Pw{bhns j' ;edh j? ns/ fJe Xow nzdo fJZe s'A

tZX e"whns dh Pw{bhns j' ;edh j?. fJ;/ soQQK ;z;ko dhnK eJh e"whnsK fJZe s'A tZX

B;bK s'A pDhnK jB fit/A nwoheh e"whns r'o/ s/ ekb/ B;b d/ pfPzfdnK dk fwbr'Gk j?.

fJ; bJh fuzseK tZb'A Xow ns/ B;b B{z fe;/ e"whns dk ;EkJh bZSD BjhA wzfBnk ik

;edk. fJjBK bZSDK dh nfjwhns B{z fe;/ e"whns d/ ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;fEsh nB[;ko

tkfunk ik ;edk j?.

� gzikphns B{z id'A n;hA fuzseK d[nkok gqwkfDe gfoGkPktK d/ nkXko s/ tkud/ jK sK

fJj fJZe e"whns j'D dh rtkjh Godh j?. gzikph e"whns d/ ;tkb B{z m'; fJfsjk;e gq;zr

�u oZye/ ftukoB dh b'V j?. gzikp e'b nkgDk ftP/P G{r'fbe fyZsk, GkPk, ;fGnkuko,

54.


wkBf;e pDso s' g?dk j'JhnK ;KMhnK edoK ehwsK jB. fijVhnK gzikphns e"whns dk

fBowkD eodhnK jB. gozs{ ni"e/ ;w/A ftu fJ; e'b ;[szso oki ;Zsk Bk j'D ekoB Bz{ e"w

dh gdth d/Dh ;zGt BjhA ikgdh. gzikphnK dh wkBf;esk nzdo jw/Pk jh tZyoh e"w dh

neKfynk ;wkJh ojh j?. w[rb jkewK Bkb NeokT[D s'A pknd f;Zy oki dh ;Ekgsh ;w/A

gzikphnK B/ fJe e"w j'D dhnK ;zGktBktK B[{z ekch jZd sZe jk;b ehsk fi; ekoB gzikph

wkBf;esk nzdo nZi th tZyoh e"w j'D dk nfj;k; poeoko j?. gzikph wkBf;esk nzdo

t;/ fJ; tZyoh e"w dh neKfynK ekoB id'A th fJjBK B{z bZfrnk fe T[jBK B{z GkPk s/ B;bh

gZXo s/ ;oeko/ dopko/ :'r ;EkB BjhA fwfbnk sK fJ; B/ tZytkdh ftuko, BhshnK d/ okj g?

e/ nzd'bB ns/ bfjoK S/VhnK. eJh tkoh fJjBK B/ ftdo'j dk o{g nyfsnko eo tZyo/

;[szso oki dh wzr th oZyh j?.

� gzikph e"whns d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJZe p[fBnkdh rZb fJj th T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j?

fe ;w[Zu/ Gkos dh okPNoh u/sBk ed/ th gzikph ;fGnkuko d/ gq;zr ftZu tsB dh u/sBk BjhA

pDh, p/PZe nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu gzikp Gkos dk fJZe nzr pfDnk j'fJnk j?, Gkos dhnK pkeh

e"whnsK dh ;fEsh th E'V/ pj[s nzso Bkb fJj' fijh jh ikgdh j?. gzikph ;kfjs nzdo Mks

wkoB s'A gsk ubdk j? fe fJ; ftu'A gzikp gq;sh d/ Bkb Bkb ;w[Zu/ wB[Zyh ;o'eko th

PeshPkbh o{g ftu gqrN j'J/ jB. fJ; bJh id'A n;hA fJfsjk;e gq;zr ftZu oZy e/ gzikph

e"whns d/ ;tkb B{z ftukod/ jK sK fJj' f;ZNk fBebdk j? fe gzikph wkBf;esk nzdo jw/Pk

gzikp tZyoh j'Ad d/ o{g ftZu T[Godk fojk j? feT[Afe Gkosh okiszso ns/ b'eszso nzdo

Gkosh e"whnsK d/ w;b/ B{z fBnkfJ g{ote Yzr Bkb BfiZfmnk BjhA frnk. Gkosh gzikp

nzdo GkPk ns/ y/soK d/ w;b/ ni/ sZe th nD;[bM/ gJ/ jB. gzikphnK nzdo ;[szso oki dh

nekfynk fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu ;dk jh poeoko ojh j?.

� gzikp dk nkgDk fJfsjk; j?. gzikp dh Xosh s/ t/dK, T[gfBPdK ns/ pj[s ;ko/

gftZso rzqEK dh ouBk j'Jh j?. gzikp dh IwhB s/ nB/eK r[o{nK ghoK, GrsK, fuzseK,

wjKg[oPK B/ iBw fbnk. fJfsjk;e gof;EshnK ftu'A r[IofdnK fJ; fyZs/ nzdo

okiBhse, ;wkfie, ;fGnkukoe ns/ nkofEe gZXo s/ c/o pdb j[zdh ojh j?. fJ;/ fys/ d/

eJh tko BK ftZu spdhbh th nkJh j?. gzikph iB ;w{j B/ fJjBK go;fEshnK ftZu'A

bzxfdnK ns/ pkjo'A nkT[Ad/ XkVthnK dk w[ekpbk eofdnK ftP/P G{r'fbe jkbksK ftu

;dhnK dh e[Zy ftu'A ftbZyD gzikph ;fGnkuko dh T[;koh ehsh j?.

� gzikp dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh jh fJE'A dh fBt/ebh ;z;feqsh bJh fIzw/tko j?. Gkos T[Zs/

id'A th dok \?po okjhA jwb/ j'J/ fJjBK jwbktoK dk ;G s'A gfjbK Nkeok gzikphnK B{z eoBk

fgnk. gzikp okjhA Gkos T[Zs/ seohpB jo B;b d/ b'eK B/ jwb/ ehs/. fJokBh, j[B,

f;EhnB, gkoEhnB, Pe, s[oe, wzr'b, gmkD nkfd nB/eK B;b d/ b'eK B/ gzikp okjhA Gkos

s/ jwb/ ehs/. fJjBK :[ZX^rodhnK d/ uZbfdnK gzikphnK B{z ;K;feqse, ftukoXkoe,

nkofEe, Xkofwe, gZy'A fJZe nihp s/ nD;[ykthA ;fEsh jzYkT[Dh gJh. gZSw s'A nkJ/ fJBQK

jwbktoK B/ gzikph ihtB, ;ZfGnkuko ns/ GkPk B{z eJh o{gK ftZu gqGkts ehsk. fJjBK

jwbktoK dhnK b[ZNK wkoK ;dek gzikph ;fGnkuko dh B[jko Bt/ebh s/ ykD jzYkT[D tkbh

pD rJh. �ykXk ghsk bkj/ dk pkeh nfjwd Pkj/ dk� torhnK ejktsK gzikph iB ihtB dh

ihtB iKu pD rJhnK. gzikph iB ihtB dhnK edoK ehwsK ftZu gzikphnK dk XzB ;pzXh

55.


BIohnK �ykJ/ you i/ i[V/, sK i'VhJ/ eo'VK� tkbk fojk j?. fJjBK iotkfDnK dhnK :[ZX

rodhnK B/ fiE/ gzikphnK Bz{ ezw SZv feogkB cVBh f;ykJh T[ZE/ fJE'A d/ G{r'fbe fyZs/ nzdo

gZXo/ w?dkB dfonktK ekoB ;\s fwjBs fJjBK d/ ihtB dk w[Zy nzr ojh j?. feos d/

ubfdnK s/ y[ZbQk ykD jzYkT[D ns/ jZv GzBth fwjBs B/ fJjBK d/ i[Z;/ B{z ;v'bsk pyPh. ykD

jzYkT[D d/ ;dhnK s'A pD/ ;[Gkn ekoB jh ikgdk j? fe ni"e/ ftPtheoB d/ d"o ftu gzikph

T[gG'rsktkd tZb tX/o/ T[bko ikgd/ jB.

� gzikph GkPk ns/ ;kfjZs dh T[sgsh fuzseK tZb'A nZmthA B"thA ;dh d"okB BkE i'rhnK

d/ fNZfbnK s'A wzBh iKdh j?. fJj p'bh |ehoK dhnK ykBrkjK s'A gqc[bs j[zdh j'Jh r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ jZEK ftZu itkB j'Jh wzBh iKdh j?. gzikph GkPk f;ZXK, BkEK dhnK X{DhnK dh nZr

;/edh j'Jh ftek; eodh j?. ;{|h |ehoK dh pkDh okjhA gzikph GkPk fJ;bkwe ;o'sK B{z

nksw;ks eodh j?. id'A fJZe gk;/ ftd/Ph jkewK dh p'bh cko;h b'e GkPk B{z fbskVD s/

bZrh j'Jh ;h d{i/ gk;/ ;z;feqs B{z d/t GkPk wzBD tkb/ ;zBskbh pqjwD b'e GkPk B{z rtko{

nkyd/ j'J/ fBekod/ ;B sK T[; ;w/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ nkgD/ gqtuB dk wkfXnw b'e GkPk

gzikph B{z pDkfJnk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ b'e GkPk gqsh iBwkB; ftu r"ot g?dk ehsk.

fJjBK r[o{nK, ghoK, |ehoK, GrsK B/ nkgD/ pkDh o{gh ;zd/P okjhA gzikphns d/

nkdoPtkdh o{g dh T[;koh ehsh. fJjBK r[o{nK, ghoK, cehoK ns/ GrsK d/ o{jkBh ;zd/P

ns/ eqKshekoh gqtuBK d/ o{g ftZu okiBhse, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek ghVs gzikph

b'ekJh nzdo ;t?wkB d/ ;dhth gqo/Bk ;o'sK B{z irkT[Ad/ jB. fJjBK wjKg[oPK d/ gqtuB

gzikph iB;w{j B{z jT{w?AXkoh ihtB iku dhnK szr tbrDK ftZu'A eZY e/ jo fe;w d/ w;B[{Jh

ns/ dzGh ftsefonK s'A fBob/g j' e/ ftuoB bJh gq/od/ jB. fJjBK d/ gqtuB gzikphns B{z

w{b wkBttkdh fdqPNh s/ nkdoP gqdkB eod/ jB. fJjBK B/ b'e GkPk B{z ngDk e/ wZXekbhB

gzikp ftZu dZp/ e[ub/ b'eK nzdo g[Bo ikfrqsh dh bfjo s''oB dk T[dw ehsk. fJj gqtuB

Xkofwe iK dkoPfBe fBog/ysk BjhA ;r'A gzikphns dh fBZro, fBZxh fIzdrh d/ o"An Bkb

bpo/I jB. fJjBK d[nkok fdZs/ ;zd/P fe;/ iks, Xow, ;w[dkfJ ik fcoe/ bJh Bk j' e/ ;w{j

gzikph iB ;w{j nzdo t;dh nkw b'ekJh bJh jB. fJjBK r[o{nK, ghoK, |ehoK s/ GrsK B/

T[Zu tor d/ ;kfjs^;fGnkuko ns/ nfsnkuko d/ fybkc ntkI p[bzd ehsh fi; Bkb j/mb/

ns/ ftuekob/ b'eK B{z BthA Bo'Jh ihtB ;/X gqkgs j'Jh. fJjBK B/ nkgD/ ;zd/PK okjhA gzikph

b'ekJh nzdo gqrshPhb, ;KMhtkbsk, feos ns/ ftjkotkdh fdqPNh g?dk ehsh.

� r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ fJjBK r[o{nK ghoK, cehoK, GrsK, GZNK, ;kX{nK d/ pkDh o{g

;zd/P B{z 1604 JhL B{z r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk B{z ;KMhtkbsk d/ ;zebg Bkb fBtkfink.

gzikph GkPk d/ ;w[Zu/ fJfsjk; dk ;ot/yD eoB T[gozs fuzseK tZb'A r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp B{z gzikph

GkPk bJh ;G s'A tZvh gqkgsh wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; nzdo gzikphns dk fJZe wjkB fto;k

ns/ gzikph GkPk dk T[Zu gZXoh ;kfjse ;o{g nzfes j?. fJ; ftZu gfjbh tko gzikph GkPk

;{yw fuzsB, v[{zx/ ftPb/PD ns/ dhox toDB d/ gq"Y ;eshPkbh wkfXnw d/ o{g ftZu g/P j[zdh

j?. gzikph GkPk d/ fJ; wjkB rqzE okjhA gzikphnK dh ihtB iKu, gzikph ;fGnkuko,gzikph

fto;/ ns/ gzikph b'e wkB; d/ fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B ehsk ik ;edk j?.

� T[Bh ;" ;zskbh dh G{r'fbe, okiBhfse tzv gzikphnK dhnK ;wkfie ns/ B?fse edoK

ehwsK Bz{ Mzi'Vdh j?. tzv s'A gfjbK ;w[Zuk gzikph iB;XkoB ;dhnK s'A GkJhukoe ;KM ns/

56.


;dGktBk Bkb ihtB ihn oj/ ;B. nkfd ns/ wZXekb ftZu ftfGzB XowK T[s/ nkXkos oki

eoB tkb/ sK pdbd/ oj/ jB. gozs{ nkw iB;XkoB B/ GkJhukoe ns/ ;dGktBk B{z poeoko

oZfynk j?. poskBth ;woki dh �c[ZN gkU� BhshnK d/ pkti{d gzikph GkJhuko/ d/ ;w{j

XowK T[s/ nkXkos b'ekJh B/ fJZe w[Zm j' e/ poskBhnk ;kwoki d/ fybkc nkIkdh bJh

;zxoP ehsk. gozs{ fJ; ;zxoP d/ pkti{d poskBth ;kwoki ns/ Gkosh Pk;e P/qDhnK

Gkosh T[g wjKdhg dh tzv eoB ftu ekw:kp j' rJ/. T[Bh ;" ;zskbh dh ;Zsk pdbh T[gozs

Gkosh jkew iwksK tZb'A ngDkJh rJh ;"Vh okiBfse ;'u, gkV' s/ oki eo' dhnK BhshnK B/

fJ; nwb B{z fJZe j'o g[Zmk r/V d/ fdZsk.

� ;[szso Gkos ftu Gkosh Pk;e P/qDhnK B/ nkgD/ ;"V/ okiBhse fjZsK ekoB gzikph

GkPk d/ nkXko s/ Gkosh gzikp d/ fJZe tko c/o N'N/ eo fdZs/ rJ/. ;zBskbh dh tzv Bkb ns/

fJ; s'A pknd gzikp ns/ gzikph GkPk Bkb tkgo/ xNBkeqw B/ gzikph iB ;w{j Bz{ tZy tZy

Xkofwe fcofenK ftZu tzvD d/ PkPe iwksK B/ fBozso :sB ikoh oZy/. oki eoB tkbhnK

P/qDhnK dh wB[Zy fto'Xh okiBhsh B/ gzikph GkPk B{z Xkofwe ns/ ;zgodkfJe bhjK d/ tzvD dk

:sB ikoh oZfynk. id'A fe;/ GkPk B{z wiQp, Xow Bkb i'V fdZsk iKdk j? sK T[; bJh xkse

f;ZX j[zdk j? fJj' fijk jh e[M gzikph GkPk Bkb tkgfonK. gzikph GkPk dk ;pzX tX/o/ f;ZyK

Bkb i[VB ekoB fJ; d/ d' tZv/ GkJhtkb fJ; s'A d{o j' rJ/, w[;bwkBK B/ T[od{ ns/ fjzd{nK B/

fjzdh Bkb Bksk i'V fbnk. ftP/P fJfsjk;e ekoBK eoe/ gzikph GkPk, Xow, ;fGnkuko,

Gr'fbe ns/ okiBhsh B{z nB/e fto'XsktK ns/ T[bMDk dk fPeko j'Dk fgnk. ;[szso Gkos

dh fJ; ;fEsh B/ gzikph e"whns d/ ;zebg ns/ ;o{g T[Zs/ v{zxh ;ZN wkoh. ;dhnK s'A

GkJhukoe ;KM ftu ihn fojk gzikph GkJhukok poskBth Pk;eK ns/ Gkosh Pk;e tor

dhnK wB[Zy fto'Xh BhshnK B/ fjzd{, f;Zy w[;bwkBK ftZu tzv fdZsk. gzikphns d/ d'

GkJhtkb fjzd{ ns/ f;Zy nzdo GkPk B{z b? e/ so/V g? rJh. fjzd{ Xow Bkb ;zpzXs tZvh frDsh

B/ gzikph GkPk Bkb'A Bksk s'V e/ nkgDh GkPk fjzdh fbytk fdZsh. fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A Gkosh

gzikp dh fszB ;{fpnK ftZu tzY j' rJh. fiE/ gzikphns d/ fszB w[Zy XowK B/ ;KMhnK

gozgoktK, b'e ebktK, b'e ;kfjs, b'e f;nkDgK, edoK^ehwsK, ;KM/ fto;/, ;fGnkuko dk

u/szB nzr pD ;KMh gzikphns dh T[;koh eoBh ;h. gqzs{ oki eoB tkbhnK Pq/DhnK tb'A

fJBQK B{z r[zwokj eo e/ Xkowe eZNVsk tZb w'VB d/ :sB ikoh oj/ jB ns/ e[M jZd sZe T[j

ekw:kp th j[zd/ oj/ jB. fJ; T[;koh B{z Gkt/A ftfGzB ;w/A T[s/ ftfGzB b'e gZyh bfjoK B/

T[;koB dk :sB th ehsk gozs{ Pk;e P/qDhnK d/ okiBhse fjsK B/ gzikph e"whns d/ ;zebg

B{z fte;s BjhA j'D fdZsk. fJ; dk tZvk ekoB fJj j? fe gzikphns dk ;zebg b'egZyh j? i'

gzikph b'ekJh B{z fJe i[ZN eodk j?. gzikph b'eK dh fJe i[ZNsk Pk;e P/qDhnK dh oki;Zsk

bJh ;dk jh yso/ dh xzNh ojh j?.

� gzikphns dh sqk;dh fJj ojh j? fe Xow B{z ;"V/ okiBhse fjZsK bJh gzikph e"whns

d/ fto'X ftZu yVk eoB d/ brksko :sB j[zd/ oj/ jB. gzikp nzdo pj[ frDsh f;Zy Xow B/

Pk;e P/qDhnK d/ okiBhfse g?AsfVnK d/ XZe/ uVQ eJh tko gzikphns d/ xZN frDsh XowK

nzdo jbub g?dk ehsh j?. fJ; ftZu e'Jh PZe BjhA fe gzikph e"whns d/ T[;oB dh

gqfefonk d/ nzdo Gkt/A fJ; Xow d/ g?o'ekoK B/ tZvh s/ nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh j?, gozs{ f;Zy

Xow B{z jh gzikph e"whns f;ZX eoB d/ :sBK B/ gzikph GkPk ns/ ;fGnkuko s'A ftr;D

57.


tkbh gzikphns dh GktBk B{z fe;/ jZd sZe ftr;D s'A o'fenk th j?. gzikph ;fGnkuko fJ;

dhnK edoK^ehwsK Bz{ T[;koB fjZs i'rhnK, ;{|h |ehoK ns/ GrsK d/ gkJ/ :'rdkB B{z

G[bkfJnk BjhA iK ;edk. fJ; eoe/ gzikph e"whns tZy tZy XowK d[nkok ;KM/ fyZs/ nzdo

;KMh GkPk, ;fGnkuko ns/ edoK ehwsK Bkb T[;oh fJZe fJekJh j?.

� ;wekbh gzikp dh nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftPb/PD eoB T[gozs gsk

ubdk j? fe Gkos ftZu nfjw ;EkB oZyD tkbh gzikp dh Xosh s/ f;nk;sdkBK s/

nc;oPkjh dh wkBf;esk fJ; edo fBZro u[Zeh j? fe fJj tor gzikphns dh wB[Zysktkdh

fdqPNh B{z fBxko tb b? ikD bJh :sBPhb jB. n;bhns fJj j? fe gzikp d/ Pk;e tor dh

f;nk;s s/ nc;oPkjh gzikp B{z GkPk ns/ ;fGnkuko dh fdqPNh s'A fcoe{ bhjK T[s/ tzvD

bJh :sBPhb j?. nkgD/ rzXb/ ns/ vokT[D/ GftZy s'A p/\po ns/ p/w[Zy fJj f;nk;sdkB s/

nc;oPkjh uzd fSZbVK ns/ c'eh Xke dh ykso nkgD/ ;ZfGnkuko, p'bh ns/ B?fse edoK

ehwsK B{z fSZe/ Nzr e/ wkfJnk ns/ nj[fdnK dh bkb;k ykso gzikphns d/ ysoBke GftZy

dh fBPkBd/jh eod/ jB. ;w{j gzikph wkBt iksh nkgkXkgh d/ fJ; d"o ftZu G[Zy^Bzr d/

g;ko/, ozr^B;b d/ g[nkV/, T{u^Bhu ns/ nwho rohp d/ ftsefonK ns/ nfijhnK eJh

j'o ;[nkoEh o[uhnK ns/ nfBnkJh eos{sK dk fPeko pDdh ik ojh j?. nfij/ n;[Zy ns/

nPKsh s/ d"o ftZu r[o{nK, ghoK, cehoK ns/ GrsK d[nkok do;kJ/ wkor jh gzikphns B{z

;[Zy^PKsh, ;opZs d/ Gb/ s/ fB;sko/ bJh ;KMh ns/ go^;[nkoEh nktkI pDB bJh gq/oDk

;o's pDdh j?. fJjBK r[o{nK, ghoK, cehoK, GrsK dhnK f;ZfynktK toswkB ;w/A s/ ;fEsh

bJh gfjbK Bkb'A th gq;zfre ns/ wjZstg{oB j?. j[D id'A Xkofwe, ;dkukoe, ;dGkte,

ehwsK fdB'A^fdB y[o ojhnK jB L wB[Zyh fjodk fdB'A^fdB tX/o/ nPKs, fuzsks[o j' fojk j?

i' nkdoP o{g gzikph e"whns dk fJjBK r[o{nK, ghoK, cehoK ns/ ;zsK dhnK f;ZfynktK B/

f;ofink ;h T[; B{z fiT[Adk oZyD bJh fJjBK f;ZfynktK �s/ nwb Io{oh j?.

� fJfsjk; ftZu gJ/ o'b^xu'fbnK ns/ nZi d/ d"o ftZu f;nk;sdkBK d/ Xkofwe

tZyo/ftnK dhnK e'fPPK d/ pkti{d gzikph b'eK dk fJfsjk; ;KMk, p'bh ;KMh, gozgok ;KMh,

fyZsk ;KMk, ;ZfGnkuko ;KMk, toswkB ;KMk, GftZy ;KMk, nkfd s/ nzs ;KMk , GktBktK

;KMhnK, skb s/ Bku ;KMk, ihtB^i[rsK ;KMhnK, tbtb/ ;KM/, sozrK ;KMhnK nk;K

;KMhnK, gqkgshnK ;KMhnK, y[Ph^}w ;KM/, g[PkeK ;KMhnK, ukb^Ykb ;KMh, ;'u^fynkb

;KM/, ;[gB/ ns/ wzst ;KM/ jB. fJj ;KMhnK szdK jB i' gzikph e"whns dk ;o{g f;oidhnK

jB. �

�

jtkb/ fNZgDhnK

1H� p{b/tko, i'p't;eh, (nB[H), �;wki ftfrnkB�, gzBk 110

2H� Fansneev, A, 'V.G., marxist Philoaphy' p. 265

3H� Glzaerman, G., 'Punjabi Translation of classes and Nations', p 13�

4H� T[Zgb, �joh f;zx, f;Zy e"D jB<�, gzBk 49

5H� p[{b/tko, i[p't;eh, (nB[H), T[jh, gzBk 110

58.


6H� r[oGrs f;zx, �e"wh nkIkdh tZb gzikp, gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk GftZy�, gzBk 93

7H� Glzaerman, G., 'Punjabi Translation of classes and Nations', p 12

8H� BkGk, ekBQ f;zx, �wjkB e'P�, gzBk 353

9H� fco'I ;zBi fbfwH d[nkok bkj"o fvePBoh, gzBk 518

10H� �nzro/Ih e'P�, gzBk 796

11H� p[b/tko, i{p't;eh (nB[tkd), T[jh, gzBk 110

12H� tkbNo, ;{bItky, �e"wh u/sBsk�, gzBk 66

13H� Glozerman, G., 'Punjabi Transalation of classes and National', p.15

14H� wkbh, wkbftzdo f;zx (;zgkH), �gzikp dk e"wh w;bk�, gzBk 18^19

15H� eg{o, Bfozdo f;zx, �gzikph ekftsk ftu okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk�, gzBk 2

59.


izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa esa cky euksfoKku %

,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

MkW0 uhjt tSu

izsepUn Lo;a esa ,d vuqHko iqqat FksA lkfgR;dkj dh laosnuk o vuqHko dh vkap esa ixk gqvk mudk lkfgR;

dgha Bgjrk ugha vfirq fujUrj izxfr djrk jgrk gSA izsepUn }kjk fojfpr dgkfu;ksa esa ckyeuksfoKku dh ygjksa

dks cVksjus dk iz;kl djus ls iwoZ ;g tkuuk visf{kr gS fd ckyeuksfoKku D;k gS \ ckyd ds eu o foKku ls

tqM+k gqvk ckyeuksfoKku euksoSKkfudksa dh lksp ,oa fopkj ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ckyeuksfoKku fo"k; dks vk/kkj cuk

dj fy[kh viuh iqLrd esa ,e0,0 'kkg us ckyeuksfoKku dk ifjp; nsrs gq, fy[kk gS] ̂^fodkl ,d fujarj izfØ;k

gSA euq"; ds tUe ysus ds iwoZ ls e`R;qi;ZUr gksrh jgrh gSA cky euksfoKku ekuo ds blh fodkl dk oSKkfud

v/;;u gSA fodkl dk vFkZ gS O;fDr esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ds ifjorZu gksuk ftudk ,d fo'ks"k mn~ns';] 'kklu o

uhfr gksrh gS rFkk bldh fujh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA fodkl dks ¼v½ nSfgd ¼c½ 'kkjhfjd rFkk ¼l½ O;kogkfjd

Hkkxksa esa ekik tk ldrk gSA^^1 izLrqr ifjHkk"kk ckyeuksfoKku ls lEcfU/kr gS fdUrq ckydksa dh fLFkfr blesa

ux.; gS vFkkZr~ blesa cPpksa dh ppkZ gh ugha feyrhA nwljk mDr ifjHkk"kk ckyeuksfoKku dh vis{kk fodklkRed

euksfoKku ds vf/kd djhc gS vr% blesa ckyeuksfoKku dk lgh Lo:i mHkj dj lkeus ugha vkrkA

b0 ch0 gjykWd ds vuqlkj& ̂ ^ vktdy cky&fodkl esa eq[;r% ckyd ds :i] O;ogkj] #fp;ksa vkSj

y{;ksa esa gksus okys mu fo'ks"k ifjorZuksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] tks mlds ,d fodklkRed voLFkk esa nwljh

fodklkRed voLFkk esa vkrs le; gksrs gSaA^^2 jkeckys'oj flag us fodklkRed cky euksfoKku fo"k; ij fy[krs

gq, dgk gS fd igys izR;sd ekrk&firk vius cPps dks ,d lk/ku&ek= le>rs Fks] ftlds ek/;e ls os vius thou

o [kkunku dks lq[kh o Å¡pk cukuk pkgrs FksA /khjs&/khjs euksfoKku dk fodkl gqvk vkSj yksxksa ds fopkj esa

ifjorZu gqvkA cPpksa dk ,d lk/ku ds :i esa ugha cfYd ,d LorU= izk.kh ds :i esa v/;;u djus dh izo`fÙk

tkxus yxh vkSj ;gha ls ckyeuksfoKku dk ,d LorU= foKku ds :i esa izknqHkkZo gqvkA cPpksa dks ,d fu/kkZfjr

Lrj ¼Approves standard of social behaviour½ rd fuekZ.k ¼Education½ djus dh vis{kk muds LoHkko] cqf)] O;ogkj]

O;fDrRo&fodkl bR;kfn fo"k;ksa ds v/;;u djus dk iz;Ru gksus yxkA3 bl izdkj ckyeuksfoKku oLrqr%

euksfoKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa cPpksa ds LoHkko mudh fØ;kvksa] fodkl ,oa O;ogkj dks ,d fof'k"V izdkj ls

tkapk ij[kk tk jgk gSA lkfgR; ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh ckyeuksfoKku loZFkk vNwrk fo"k; ugha gSA ;gk¡ rd fd vkt rks

cky lkfgR; dk LorU= :i ls v/;;u Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA cPps gekjh /kjksgj gS ;g rks lfn;ksa ls lqurs vk jgs gSaA

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-Mh-vkj-lh-] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] p.Mhx<+

60.

budks lq/kkjus ds fy, uSfrd dFkk,a ,oa n.M bR;kfn dk fo/kku Hkh feyrk gS fdUrq cPpksa ds fodkl dks LorU=

:i ls tkapuk vkt dh ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ppkZ dk fo"k; gSA lHkh ckyd :i] jax] vkdkj] LoHkko] O;ogkj

o fopkj esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA dfri; ckyd cfgjeq[kh izo`fÙk ds gksrs gSa rks dfri; vUrjeq[kh izo`fÙk okys( dfri;

cPps lkdkjkRed izo`fÙk okys gksrs gSa rks dfri; ukdkjkRed izo`fÙk okys( dqN vk'kkoknh gksrs gSa rks dqN

fujk'kkoknhA ckyeuksfoKku esa ckydksa dh bUgha fof'k"Vrkvksa dk v/;;u oSKkfud ifjizs{; esa fd;k tkrk gSA

izLrqr v/;;u esa izsepUn }kjk fojfpr ̂bZnxkg^] ̂ek¡^] ̂cM+s HkkbZ lkgc^] ̂u'kk^] ̂xqYyh M.Mk^] ̂jkeyhyk^] ̂pksjh^]

^dt+kdh^] ̂ rsarj^] ̂ vyX;ks>k^] ̂ izsj.kk^] ̂ lPpkbZ dk migkj^ dgkfu;ksa dks e/; eas j[krs gq, ckyeuksfoKku dh

blh jgL; ls Hkjh gqbZ nqfu;k dks tkapus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

^bZnxkg^ dgkuh esa ckyeuksfoKku dk cgqr lgt ,oa lVhd o.kZu feyrk gSA izkjfEHkd vuqPNsn esa yM+ds

lcls T+;knk izlUu gSaA fdlh us ,d jkst+k j[kk gS] og Hkh nksigj rd] fdlh us og Hkh ugha ysfdu bZnxkg tkus dh

[kq'kh muds fgLls dh pht+ gSA jkst+s cM+s&cw<+ksa ds fy, gksaxsA muds fy, rks bZn gSA jkst+ bZn dk uke jVrs FksA vkt og

vk x;hA vc tYnh iM+h gS fd yksx bZnxkg D;ksa ugha pyrsA ̂ ^bUgsa x`gLFkh dh fpUrkvksa ls D;k iz;kstuA lsoS;ksa ds

fy, nw/k vkSj 'kDdj ?kj esa gS ;k ugha] budh cyk ls] ;s rks lsoS;k¡ [kk;saxsA^^4 ckyd dks lekt ;k ifjokj dh

leL;kvksa dh dksbZ ijokg ugha gksrhA og rks bu lHkh ckrksa ls vufHkK gksrk gSA izks0 jkeckys'oj flag us viuh

iqLrd esa cPpksa ds euksfoKku ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd ̂ ^cPps dk vf/kdka'k fpUru Lodh; jgrk gSA og dsoy

vius fo"k; esa lksprk gSA^^5 ;gh ckr ge bZnxkg dgkuh ds cky ik=ksa ds fo"k; esa tkurs gSaA izsepUn fy[krs gSa &

^^mudh viuh tscksa esa rks dqcsj dk /ku Hkjk gqvk gS] ckj&ckj tsc ls viuk [ktkuk fudkydj fxurs gSa vkSj [kq'k

gksdj fQj j[k ysrs gSaA egewn fxurk gS] ,d&nks] nl ckjgA mlds ikl ckjg iSls gSaA eksgflu ds ikl ,d] nks

rhu] vkB] ukS iUnzg iSls gSaA bUgha vufxurh iSlksa esa vufxurh phtsa yk;saxs& f[kykSus] feBkb;k¡] fcxqy] xsan vkSj

u tkus D;k&D;kA^^6

ukStoku o ckyd esa ;g vUrj gksrk gS fd cky dh lksp lk/kkj.k gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh ckr ml rd ftl :i

esa igq¡prh gS og mls oSlk gh Lohdkj dj ysrk gSA dgkuh esa gkfen ds ekrk&firk dh e`R;q gks pqdh gSA og viuh

nknh ds lkFk jgrk gS ysfdu lPpkbZ ls vufHkK gksus ds dkj.k og ;g lksprk gS fd ,d fnu mlds vCcktku o

vEehtku vYykg fe;k¡ ds ?kj ls cgqr lkjh phtsa ysdj vk,axsA cPpksa ds fy, lkekftd izfr"Bk dk vFkZ mudk

viuk cPpksa dk lalkj gksrk gSA ̂ ^vk'kk rks cM+h pht+ gS] vkSj fQj cPpksa dh vk'kk ! mldh dYiuk rks jkbZ dk ioZr

cuk ysrh gSA gkfen ds ik¡o esa twrs ugha gSa] flj ij ,d iqjkuh /qkjkuh Vksih gS] ftldk xksV dkyk iM+ x;k gS] fQj

Hkh og izlUu gSA^^7 mls ;g vk'kk gS fd tc mlds cCcktku o vEehtku vk,axs rks og vius fny ds lkjs vjeku

fudky ysxkA cPpksa dh rdZ'kfDr cM+ksa dh vis{kk vifjiDo gksrh gSA mlesa vuqHko dh deh gksrh gSA og viuh

dYiuk dh Å¡ph Nykaxksa }kjk vkuUn ds fy, ifj;ksa dh l`f"V dj ysrs gSa rks Hk; ds fy, Hkwrksa&izsrksa dh dgkfu;k¡

61.

izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa ---------

x<+ ysrs gSaA mUgsa muds cM+ksa }kjk tks dqN Hkh le>k fn;k tkrk gS og mu ij gkoh gks tkrk gSA mudh /kkj.kh mlh

izdkj cu tkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS ge ikrs gSa fd vxj ekrk&firk cPpksa dks lR; cryk nsa rks os mruh gh tYnh gh

tYnh le> Hkh ysrs gSaA vxj lPpkbZ ij ijnk Mky nsa rks cPps mlh izdkj ls lkspus yxrs gSaA

eksgflu ds ;g dgus ij fd ̂ ^vCck dgrs Fks fd vk/kh jkr dks ,d vkneh gj nqdku ij tkrk gS vkSj

ftruk eky cpk gksrk gS] og rqyok ysrk gS vkSj lpeqp ds #i, nsrk gS ----^^8 ysfdu gkfen dks bl ckr ij fo'okl

ugha gksrkA og iwNrk gS fd ftUugkr dks #i, dSls fey tk,saxsA bl iz'u dk mÙkj eksgflu dh cky lqyHk

ekufldrk ;g nsrh gS fd ̂ ^ftUukr dks #i, dh D;k deh \ ftl [ktkus esa pkgsa] pys tk,A --- vHkh ;gha cSBs gSa]

ikap feuV esa dgks dydÙkk igq¡p tk,¡A^^9 gkfen ;g lkspus yxrk gS fd vxj dksbZ mls og eUrj cryk ns ftlls

ftUu dks [kq'k fd;k tk lds rks og cgqr gh /kuoku o izfrf"Br gks ldrk gSA dgkuh vkxs c<+rh gSA ckyd esys esa

igq¡p tkrs gSaA f[kykSuksa dk ckY;dky esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Msoh us fy[kk gS fd ̂ ^[ksy gh cPpksa dk thou gSA

blhfy, os [ksyrs gSaA [ksy dh fØ;k LokHkkfod o fu#n~ns'; gksrh gSA^^10 vUuk Ýk;M us [ksy ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS

fd ̂ ^cPps ekufld la?k"kZ] laosxkRed mÙkstuk vkSj vr`e bPNkvksa dh otgksa ls [ksyrs gSaA^^11 ;gh lc ckrsa ge

gkfen o mlds lkfFk;ksa esa ns[krs gSaA cPps f[kykSus [kjhnrs le; vius f[kykSus dh mi;ksfxrk crykrs gSaA ̂ ^egewn

flikgh ysrk gSa] --- eksgflu dks fHk'rh ilUn vk;k --- uwjs dks odhy ls izse gSA^^12 lHkh fe= f[kykSus [kjhnrs gSa

ysfdu gkfen ds ikl iSls de gksus ds dkj.k og f[kykSus ugha [kjhn ikrkA ;gha ls gesa gkfen esa cky&izkS<+rk ds

fpg~u fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSaA og f[kykSuksa dks gkFk yxkus ds fy, epyrk gS fdUrq tc mls mlds fe= [ksyus ds fy,

f[kykSus ugha nsrs rks og vius vki ls le>kSrk dj ysrk gSA ̂ ^f[kykSuk dgha gkFk ls NwV iM+s] rks pwj&pwj gks tk,A

tjk ikuh iM+s rks lkjk jax /kqy tk,A --- feV~Vh ds gh rks gSa] fxjs rks pdukpwj gks tk,A^^13 gkfen dh ;g lksp mls

viuh mez ls cgqr vkxs ys tkrh gSA O;ogkfjdrk esa Hkh ;g ckr cPpksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA f[kykSuksa ds ckn feBkb;ksa

dh vkSj feBkb;ksa ds ckn yksgs dh nqdkus vkrh gSaA lHkh cPps mu nqdkuksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs gSa fdUrq gkfen ogk¡

ij iM+s gq, fpeVksa dks ns[kdj fopkj djrk gS& ̂ ^---- nknh ds ikl fpeVk ugha gSA ros ls jksfV;k¡ mrkjrh gS rks gkFk

ty tkrk gS] vxj og fpeVk ys tkdj nknh dks ns ns rks og fdruh izlUu gksaaxh ] fQj mudh m¡xfy;k¡ dHkh u

tysaxh ---- gt+kjksa nqvk,a nsaxhA fQj iM+ksl dh vkSjrksa dks fn[kk,axhA lkjs xk¡o esa pjpk gksus yxsxh] gkfen fpeVk

yk;k gSA^^14

cPpksa esa Lusg vkSj izse dk fodkl ifjiDork ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA cPpk T;ksa&T;ksa c<+rk gS] mldk

lEcU/k vius okrkoj.k ds O;fDr;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa ls c<+us yxrk gSA tks O;fDr mldks pkgrs gSa mldh

vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSa] og mudks I;kj djrk gSA15 ;gh ckr ge gkfen esa ns[krs gSaA og ckyd gS ysfdu

viuh bPNkvksa dks nckdj og viuh nknh ds nnZ ds ckjs esa lksprk gSA mls viuh nknh ls lgkuqHkwfr gSA ;g mlds

62.


O;fDrRo dk ldkjkRed i{k gSA jksVh lsadrs gq, nknh ds gkFkksa dk tyuk vkSj ckyd dk ml ckjs esa lkspuk

dgkuhdkj dh ckyeuksfoKku dh iSB dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA bl dgkuh esa nks izdkj ds cky ik= gSaA ,d tks

lkekU; :i ls O;ogkj djrs gSaA g¡lrs] [ksyrs] yM+rs] >xM+rs gq, csijokg jgrs gSaA eksgflu] egewn] uwjs blh oxZ

ds gSaA gkfen nwljs izdkj dk ckyd gSA og vius ?kj o ifjokj ls izse djrk gSA mlesa ifjiDork gSA 'kk;n

ifjfLFkfr;ksa us mlls mldh cpiu Nhu fy;k gS rHkh rks og u rks >wys ysrk gS u gh f[kykSus o feBkb;k¡ [kjhnrk

gSA og viuh nknh ds ckjs esa lksprk gS ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd jksfV;k¡ lsadrs gq, tks ihM+k nknh dks gqbZ gkfen Hkh

mlls cpk ughaA dgkuh ds izR;sd pje esa izsepUn us cPpksa ds O;ogkj dk cgqr lqUnj o.kZu fd;k gSA gkfen vkSj

mlds fe=ksa dh uksd&>ksad ns[krs gh curh gSA gkfen vius fpeVs dks #Lres&fgUn cuk nsrk gSA16 mldh lksp

mlds R;kx vkSj okd~&iVqrk dks js[kkafdr djrh gSA cPpksa esa tks vkReLFkkiu dh izo`fÙk gksrh gS ftlesa cPps ftn~n

djrs gq, Hkh viuh ckr euok ysrs gSa ;gk¡ ,d u, :i esa feyrh gSA gkfen viuh ifjiDork dk ifjp; nsrk gqvk

vius fe=ksa ij viuh o vius fpeVs dh /kkd~ tek ysrk gSA mlds ikl U;k; dk cy gS vksj uhfr dh 'kfDrA gkfen

us rhu iSlksa esa viuk jax tek fy;kA fpeVk ckjh&ckjh ls lcls gkFk esa x;k] vkSj muds f[kykSus ckjh ckjh ls

gkfen ds gkFk esa vk,A ogh cPps tks esys esa tkrs le; mls fp<+k jgs Fks vc mldh ljkguk djus yxrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd

fd egewn dk firk tc mls [kkus ds fy, dsys nsrk gS rks og flQZ gkfen dks gh viuk lka>h cukrk gSA vehuk

fpeVs dks ns[kdj lksprh gS ̂ ^cPps esa fdruk R;kx] fdruk ln~Hkko vkSj fdruk foosd gSA nwljksa dks f[kykSus ysrs

vkSj feBkbZ [kkrs ns[kdj mldk eu fdruk yypk;k gksxkA bruk tCr blls gqvk dSls \^^17

blh dFkk laxzg dh ,d vU; dgkuh gS ̂ ek¡Â dgkuhdkj ckyd dk fp= [khaprs gq, fy[krk gS ̂ ^ckyd

izdk'k vc ml lky dk :ioku] cfy"B] izlUueq[k dqekj Fkk] cyk dk rst] lkglh vkSj euLohA Hk; rks mls Nw

Hkh ugha x;k FkkA^^ bl vk;q ds ckydksa esa tks ukle>h ;k mPNa[kyrk gksrh gS ogh uV[kViu gesa izdk'k esa Hkh

feyrk gSA og }kj ij Hkh[k ek¡xus vkbZ fHk[kkfju dh >ksyh esa vukt ds LFkku ij Hkwlk Mky nsrk gS vkSj tksj&tksj

ls rkfy;k¡ ctk dj ogk¡ ls Hkkxrk gSA ogh izdk'k tc jkr dks viuh ekrk dks jksrs gq, ns[krk gS rks vius vijk/k

ds fy, {kek ek¡xrk gSA ̂ êSaus vkt cqf<+;k ds lkFk cM+h uV[kVh dhA eq>s {kek djksA fQj dHkh ,slh 'kjkjr u

d:¡xk --- eq>s fny ls vQ+lksl gks jgk gSA vc dh og cqf<+;k vk;sxh] rks eSa mls cgqr ls iSls ns¡wxkA^^18 ;gh rks gS

ckyeu ftlesa vius vijk/k ds fy, {kek ek¡xus ds fy, iy Hkj Hkh ugha yxkrkA cM+k gksus ij O;fDr ftl vge~

dks vius vUnj ikyrk jgrk gS ogh vge~ cPpksa ls dkslksa nwj gksrk gSA ckyd ,d {k.k uV[kViu djrk gS rks ogha

nwljs gh {k.k ml ij {kek Hkh ek¡x ldrk gS blds fy, og fdlh nqfo/kk esa ugha iM+rkA ;gh rks cpiu gSA

ckyeu dh ijrksa dks m/ksM+rh ,d vU; dgkuh gS ̂cM+s HkkbZ lkgcÂ blesa nks ,sls HkkbZ;ksa dk o.kZu gS ftlesa

cM+k HkkbZ vius NksVs HkkbZ dks mins'k nsus dk ,d Hkh volj ugha NksM+rkA cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ,sls Fks fd og LoHkko ls cM+s

63.


v/;;u'khy FksA gjne fdrkc [kksys cSBs jgrs vkSj 'kk;n fnekx dks vkjke nsus ds fy, dHkh dkih ij] dHkh

fdrkcksa ds gkf'k;ksa ij fpfM+;k¡] dqÙkksa] fcfYy;ksa dh rLohjsa cuk;k djrs FksA19 izks0 jkeckys'oj flag fy[krs gSa fd

dqN cPps Øks/kh LoHkko ds gksrs gSaA muesa vkØkedrk cgqr ik;h tkrh gSA os nwljksa dks nckuk pkgrs gSaA Mjk&/kedk

dj viuk usr`Ro j[kuk pkgrs gSaA dqN cPps fou;'khy gksrs gSaA os nwljksa dh ckr ekuuk] mldh vkKk ds vuqlkj

pyuk pkgrs gSaA20 cM+s HkkbZ lkgc esa cM+s HkkbZ dk O;fDrRo vkØked vkSj usr`Ro okyk gS tcfd NksVs HkkbZ dk

O;fDrRo fou;'khy gSA cM+s HkkbZ dgrs gSa ̂ ^eSa dgrk gw¡] rqe fdrus ?kksa/kk gks fd eq>s ns[kdj Hkh lcd ugha ysrsA eSa

fdruh esgur djrk gw¡] ;g rqe viuh vka[kksa ls ns[krs gh brus esy&rek'ks gksrs gSa] eq>s rqeus dHkh ns[kus tkrs

ns[kk gS \ jkst gh fØdsV vkSj gkdh eSp gksrs gSaA eSa ikl ugha QVdrkA ges'kk i<+rk jgrk gw¡A ml ij Hkh ,d ,d

njts esa nks&nks rhu&rhu lky iM+k jgrk gw¡] fQj Hkh rqe dSls vk'kk djrs gks----A^^ NksVs HkkbZ lkgc fou;'khy FksA og

Hkh ̂ ^pViV ,d Vkbe&Vsfcy cuk MkyrkA^^21 NksVk HkkbZ fou;'khy gksus ds lkFk&lkFk uV[kV Hkh gSA og vius cM+s

HkkbZ dh vk¡[k cpkrs gh [ksyus py iM+rk gSa ut+j cpkdj dudkS, mM+krk gSA

iraxckth djrs gq, cPps fdl izdkj ls Hkkxrs gSa vkSj bl nkSM+ esa mudk eu vkdk'k esa irax ds

lkFk&lkFk dSls ?kwerk gS bldk o.kZu izsepUn us cgqr vuwBk fd;k gS] ̂ ^,d fnu la/;k le;] gksLVy ls nwj eSa ,d

dudkSvk ywVus csrgk'kk nkSM+k tk jgk FkkA vk¡[ksa vkleku dh vksj Fkha vkSj eu ml vkdk'kkxkeh ifFkd dhs vksj]

tks eUn xfr ls >werk iru dh vksj pyk tk jgk Fkk] ekuks dksbZ vkRek LoxZ ls fudy dj fojDr eu ls u,

laLdkj xzg.k djus vk jgh gksA ckydksa dh iwjh lsuk yXxs vkSj >kM+nkj ck¡l fy, bldk Lokxr djus dks nkSM+h

vk jgh FkhA fdlh dks vius vkxs&ihNs dh [kcj u FkhA lHkh ekuksa ml irax ds lkFk gh vkd'k esa mM+ jgs Fks] tgk¡

lc dqN lery gS] u eksVj dkjsa gSa] Vªke] u xkfM+;k¡A^^ cPpksa dk lalkj cM+ksa ds lalkj ls vyx gksrk gSA irax

ywVus dk vkuUn irax mM+kus ls fdruk vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk tc dVh gqbZ irax /kjrh ij fxjrh gS rks og dSlh

yxrh gS bldk o.kZu ikBd dks Hkh mlh vkuUn esa 'kkfey dj nsrk gSA dbZ ckj tc pksjh ls dksbZ [ksy [ksyk tkrk

gS vkSj fQj pksjh idM+h tkrh gS rks pksj dh D;k n'kk gksrh gS mlh dk o.kZu cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ls NksVs lkgc dh

vpkud gks xbZ HksaV esa ns[kus curk gS igys rks cM+k HkkbZ ,d yEck lk Hkk"k.k vkSj ulhgrsa nsrk gS vkSj vUr esa og

dgrk gS ̂ ^rks HkkbZtku] ;g x#j fny ls fudky Mkyks fd rqe esjs lehi vk x, gks vkSj vc LorU= gksA esjs ns[krs

rqe csjkg u pyus ikvksxsA vxj rqe ;ksa u ekuksxs rks eSa ¼FkIiM+ fn[kkdj½ bldk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrk gw¡A22 ;g

iz;ksx cM+k eeZLi'khZ ,oa ckyiu dh ijrksa dks [kksyus okyk gSA cM+s cPps vius NksVs HkkbZ cguksa ij viuk vf/kdkj

tekuk viuk dÙkZO; le>rs gSaA nwljs gh iy ge ns[krs gSa ̂ ^HkkbZ lkgc us eq>s xys ls yxk fn;k vkSj cksys& eSa

dudkS, mM+kus dks euk ugha djrkA esjk Hkh yypkrk gS] ysfdu d:¡ D;k] [kqn csjkg pywa rks rqEgkjh j{kk dSls d:a¡

\ ;g dÙkZO; Hkh rks esjs flj gSA^^23 bruk gh ugha ,d dVh gqbZ irax mu HkkbZ;ksa ds ikl ls xqtjrh gS vkSj ̂ ^HkkbZ

lkgc yEcs gSa ghA mNydj Mksj idM+ yh vkSj csrgk'kk gksLVy dh rjQ nkSM+sA eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA^^24

64.


izsepUn dh dgkuh ̂u'kk^ esa nks ckydksa dk o.kZu gS ftudh lkekftd fLFkfr ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSA ,d

dk lEcU/k tehankj ifjokj ls gS vkSj nwljs ds firk ,d lk/kkj.k DydZ gSA nksuksa esa cglsa gksrh jgrh gSaA ,d

tehankjksa dk i{k ysrk rks nwljk mUgsa fgald i'kq o [kwu pwlus okyh tksasd dgrkA ifjos'k dk izHkko cPpksa ds O;ogkj

dks fdl izdkj ls ifjofrZr dj nsrk gS bldk o.kZu bl dgkuh esa feyrk gSA tehankj fe= bZ'ojh ds lkFk tc

mlds ?kj tkrk gS ml le; og Hkh bZ'ojh dh rjg O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd og bZ'ojh ls Hkh T;knk

uktqd fetkt cu tkrk gSa ,d fnu bZ'ojh ,d nkor ij x;k gqvk FkkA ̂ ^'kke gks xbZ] ij ySEi u tykA ySEi est

ij j[kk gqvk FkkA fn;klykbZ Hkh ogha Fkha] ysfdu bZ'ojh [kqn dHkh ySEi ugha tykrkA fQj dq¡vj lkgc dSls tyk;s

\ --- lekpkj&i= vk;k j[kk gqvk FkkA th m/kj yxk gqvk Fkk] ij ySEi unkjrA^^25

ckyiu dh ehBh ;knksa dks laLi'kZ djrh gqbZ izsepUn dh ,d vU; dgkuh gS ̂ xqYyh M.Mk^A dgkuh dk

izkjEHk okD; gS ^^gekjs vaxzsthnka nksLr ekusa ;k u ekusa] eSa rks ;gh dgwaxk fd xqYyh&M.Mk lc [ksyksa dk jktk

gSA^^26 dgkuhdkj dks vius cpiu esa [ksys gq, bl [ksy dh ;kn vkrh gSA eqU'kh izsepUn dh thou dFkk ls

lEcfU/kr iqLrd esa enu xksiky fy[krs gSa fd iraxckth o xqYyh M.Mk xksj[kiqj esa izsepUn ds fiz; [ksy FksA27

,sls yxrk gS fd izsepUn vius cpiu ds fiz; [ksy xqYyh M.Mk ds vkuUn dks lHkh ls ckaVuk pkgrs gSaA ̂ ^xqYyh gS

rks tjk lh( ij mlesa nqfu;k Hkj dh feBkb;ksa dh feBkl vkSj rek'kksa dk vkuUn Hkjk gqvkA^^28 dgkuh esa bl [ksy

ls tqM+h gqbZ nks fo'ks"k izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu gSA ,d gS ckyiu dh Le`fr ftlesa csijokgh] ekSteLrh] vkuUn

o feBkl gS] ^^og izkr% dky ?kj ls fudyuk og isM+ ij p<+dj Vgfu;k¡ dkVuk vkSj xqYyh&M.Ms cukuk] og

mRlkg] otg yxu] og f[kykfM+;ksa ds te?kVs] og i<+uk vkSj i<+kuk] og yM+kbZ&>xM+ksa] og ljy LoHkko ftlesa

vehjkuk pksapyksa dks] izn'kZu dh vfHkeku dh xqatkb'k gh u FkhA^^29 vkSj nwljh esa ckydksa dk cM+s gks tkuk o mudh

iksth'ku esa vUrj vk tkuk bldk o.kZu gSA ogh ̂x;k^ tks cpiu esa vius fe= ls viuh nk¡o ysus ds fy, fnu Hkj

mls i<krk jgrk Fkk] cM+k gks tkus ij mldk O;ogkj gh cny tkrk gSA cpiu easa ftl x;k ij ls fi.M NqMk+kuk

eqf'dy gks tkrk FkkA ckyiu dh lqUnj >yd nsf[k,A

igyk % ^^rqe fnu Hkj inkvks rks eSa fnu inrk jgw¡ \^^

nwljk % ̂gk¡] rqEgsa fnu Hkj inuk iM+sxkA^

igyk % ^ u [kkus tkÅ¡ u ihus tkÅ¡ \^

nwljk % ^ gk¡] esjk nk¡o fn, cuk dgha ugha tk ldrsA^

igyk % ̂eSa rqEgkjk xqyke gw¡A^

nwljk % ̂gk¡ esjs xqyke gksA^

65.


---------------------------------------

^vPNk] dy eSaus rqEgsa ve:n f[kyk;k FkkA og ykSVk nksA^

^og rks isV esa pyk x;kA^

^fudkyks isV lsA rqeus D;ksa [kk;k esjk ve:n \^30

ysfdu cM+s gksus ij ,d fe= bUthfu;j cu dj tc xkao vkrk gS rks ckyiu esa ml ij #vkc >kM+us

okyk] vf/kdkj ls viuh ckr euokus okyk ftn~nh x;k vius mlh fe= dks >qd dj lyke djrk gS cM+h gh

eqf'dy ls [ksyus ds fy;s ekurk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd vc ml [ksy esa Hkh og eLrh ugha gS\ nks ckj xqYyh M.Ms esa

yxrh gS ysfdu bUthfu;j lkgc cpiu dks nksgjkus dh ps"Vk djrs gq, lkQ cp fudyrs gSaA og >wB cksyrs gSa

ysfdu lkeus okyk fe= ¼x;k½ vius gh fe= dh orZeku lkekftd fLFkfr ls bruk vkarfdr gS fd lc dqN lp

eku ysrk gSA ̂^cpiu esa etky Fkk] fd eSa ,slk ?kiyk djds cp tkrkA ;gh x;k xjnu ij p<+ cSBrk( ysfdu vkt

eSa mls fdruh vklkuh ls /kks[kk fn, pyk tkrk FkkA x/kk gSA lkjh ckrsa Hkwy x;kA^^31 ;gk¡ rd fd og x;k tks

cpiu esa viuk nk¡o fy, cxSj vius fe= dks [ksy ds eSnku ls fgyus Hkh u nsrk Fkk cM+s gksus ij vius nk¡o ds izfr

dksbZ yxko ugha fn[kkrkA cspkjk ?k.Vk Hkj ink( ij ,d feuV gh esa viuk nk¡o [kks cSBkA

^,d nk¡o vkSj [ksy tksA rqe igys gh gkFk ls gqp x;sA^

^^ugha HkS;k] vc va/ksjk gks x;kA^^32 dgkuh ds vUr esa x;k tc ogh [ksy vius iqjkus lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk

[ksyrk gS ¼ftlesa bUthfu;j fe= ugha gS½ rks ml le; x;k mldk [ksy uSiq.; bruk foy{k.k gS fd mlds M.Ms dh

pksV [kkdj xqYyh nks lkS xt dh [kcj ykrhA ;gk¡ rd fd foi{k dh /kka/kyh x;k ,d iy ds fy, Hkh lgu ugha

djrkA33 ;gk¡ vQljh fe= dks ;g vuqHko gksrk gS fd x;k us dy mlds lkFk [ksy ugha [ksyk vfirq [ksyus dk

cgkuk ek= fd;k FkkA mlus eq>s n;k dk ik= le>kA ^ og inkdj esjk dpwej ugha fudkyuk pkgrk FkkA eSa

vQlj gw¡A ;g vQljh esjs vkSj mlds chp esa nhokj cu xbZ gSA34 ckyiu esa tks lkgp;Z gksrk gS ftlesa u

[kkus&ihus dh lq/k gksrh gS rFkk u gh nwljh lkFkh dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk Mj gksrk gS rFkk [ksy dks ek= [ksy le>

dj [ksyk tkrk gSA ogh cM+k gksus ij fdruk ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS bldk cgqr gh lqUnj o.kZu izLrqr dgkuh esa

feyrk gSA ckyd [ksy dks [ksy dh Hkkouk ls [ksyrk gS vkSj cM+s gks tkus ij [ksy Hkh ,d iziap ek= cu tkrk gS

bldk o.kZu dgkuh esa izk.k Qwad nsrk gSA

^jkeyhyk^ dgkuh esa ge ns[krs gSa fd ek¡&cki ds O;ogkj dk cPpksa ds dksey eu ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA

Ýk;M ds vuqlkj eu ds xR;kRed i{k ds rhu Hkkx gSa& bne] vga vkSj ijkge~A ijkge~ dk o.kZu djrs gq,

Ýk;M dgrs gSa fd ̂^ckyd vius vkjfEHkd vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij lekt ds ewY;ksa vkSj ekudksa dks viukus yxrk

66.


gSA og le>us yxrk gS] ̂vPNk D;k gS vkSj cqjk D;k gS^ iki D;k gS vkSj iq.; D;k gSA ijkge~ dks ekrk&firk dk

vUr%{ksfir :i dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd os ckyd ds O;ogkj ij ewY;kRed fu;a=.k djrs gSaA35 ckyd vius

ekrk&firk ds vkns'kksa dks vUr%{ksfir djrk gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs bUgsa vius O;ogkj ds ekud le>us yxrk gSA

ysfdu tc ckyd vius gh ekrk&firk dks mu ekudksa ds foijhr dk;Z djrk gqvk ikrk gS rks og dbZ ckj ,sls

O;ogkj djus yxrk gS ftls lekt vuqfpr dgrk gSA jkeyhyk dk ik= tc vius firk dks vkcknhtku ij iSls

yqVkrk ns[krk gS rks ml le; mlds eu esa ;g fopkj vkrk gS ̂;g firk th gSa] ftUgksaus eq>s vkjrh esa ,d #i;k

Mkyrs ns[kdj esjh vksj bl rjg ls ns[kk Fkk] ekuks eq>s QkM+ gh [kk,¡xsA esjs ml ijeksfpr O;ogkj ls muds jksc esa

Q+dZ vkrk Fkk vkSj ml le; bl ?k`f.kr] dqfRlr vkSj fuafnr O;kikj ij vkuUn vksj xoZ ls Qwys u lekrs FksA36

cPps ek¡&cki ds O;ogkj vFkok nqj&O;ogkj dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>rs gSaA ̂jkeyhyk^ dgkuh esa jkepUnz ik= dk o.kZu

ikBdh; laosnuk dks mHkkjrk gSA cPps dks ;g tkudj cgqr vk?kkr igq¡prk gS] ̂ ^os';kvksa ds fy, #i;s] lokfj;k¡]

lc dqN] ij cspkjs jkepUnz vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds fy, dqN Hkh ughaA^^37 cPpksa ds eu ij ekrk&firk ds

ln~O;ogkj dk ftruk vlj iM+rk gS mruk gh nqj&O;ogkj dk Hkh iM+rk gSA vius firk ds O;ogkj dks ns[kdj

^jkeyhyk^ dk ckyik= izfrdwy O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA ̂ ^ml fnu ls firk th ij ls esjh J)k mB x;hA eSaus fQj

dHkh mudh MkaV&MiV dh ijokg ugha dhA esjk fny dgrk vkidks eq>dks mins'k nsus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA

eq>s mudh lwjr ls fp<+ gks xbZA og tks dgrs gSa] eSa Bhd mldk myVk djrkA ;|fi blls esjh gkfu gqbZ] ysfdu

esjk var%dj.k ml le; foIyodkjh fopkjksa ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA^^38

cPpksa dh udkjkRed izo`fÙk;ksa dk fp=.k djus okyh dgkuh ̂ pksjh^ esa ckydksa ds HkxksM+siu] vkokjxnhZ]

pksjh] >wB cksyuk bR;kfn dk o.kZu feyrk gSA gy/kj vkSj mldk NksVk HkkbZ ekSyoh ds ;gk¡ i<+us tkus ds LFkku ij

vkokjkxnhZ djrs gSa] idM+s tkus ij rjg&rjg ds cgkus cukrs gSa] gy/kj ?kj ls ,d #i;k pksjh djrk gS vkSj

idM+k tkrk gSA le; iM+us ij ;s cPps ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksa rjQ >wB cksyrs gSaA dsnkjukFk jkeukFk us viuh iqLrd

esa fy[kk gS ̂ ^fd'kksj vijk/k esa Ldwy ls Hkkx tkuk] pksfj;k¡ rFkk ;kSu vijk/k lcls eq[; Fks& fofy;elu us Ldwy

ls Hkkxus dk eq[; dkj.k ekrk&firk dh mis{kk] v/;kid }kjk n.M fo"k; esa det+ksjh rFkk f'k{kk Lrj ;ksX;rk ls

vf/kd gksuk ik;k gSA^^39 bl izdkj izsepUn us cM+h gh lqUnjrk ls cPpksa ds vUnj ik, tkus okys dqlek;kstu dk

o.kZu fd;k gSA dgkuh esa ckyiu dk o.kZu ml le; pje ijf.krh esa igq¡p tkrk gS tc ge ns[krs gSa fd nksuksa

ckydksa dh MkaV&MiV] nks"k vkjksiu ds FkksM+s gh le; i'pkr~ nksuksa ckyd lkFk&lkFk ckgj vk;s vkSj viuh viuh

chrh lqukus yxsA dgkuhdkj fy[krk gS ̂^esjh dFkk lq[ke; Fkh] gy/kj dh nq%[ke;] ij var nksuksa dk ,d Fkk& xqM+

vkSj pcsukA^^40 ;gh og fLFkfr gS tks cPpksa dks cM+ksa ls vyx djrh gSA

^dt+kdh^ dgkuh esa Hkh izsepUn us cpiu dk iqu% Lej.k fd;k gSA enu xksiky us jkseu fyfi esa fy[kh

67.


viuh iqLrd ̂izsepUn^41 esa izsepUn ds cpiu dk o.kZu djrs gq, ftl dt+kdh ds izlax dk o.kZu fd;k gS mlh

dk o.kZu ̂ dt+kdh^ dgkuh esa feyrk gSA dt+kdh tks Mkd dk FkSyk ysdj vkrk] jkr Hkj jgrk vkSj losjs Mkd

ysdj pyk tkrk gSA42 bl dgkuh dk dsUnzh; ik= gSA dt+kdh dk NksVs cPps ds lkFk [ksyuk] dgkfu;k¡ lqukuk]

mlds fy, fgj.k idM+uk] viuh ukSdjh ls gkFk /kks cSBuk rFkk cPps dk dt+kdh dk bUrtkj djuk] mldh laxfr

esa izlUu jguk] mlds ¼dt+kdh½ nq[k esa nq[kh gksuk ysfdu iy Hkj esa gh Hkwy viuh ubZ nqfu;k esa eXu gks tkuk ;g

lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ka cM+h jkspd gSaA ys[kd dh ckyiu esa iSB fuEu iafDr;ksa esa O;aftr gSA dt+kdh dks ukSdjh ls

fudky fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ckyd dt+kdh ls fey migkj ds lsok&lRdkj esa O;Lr gks tkrk gSA ^îgys mldk

ukedj.k laLdkj gqvkA êqUuq^ uke j[kk x;k fnu gh Hkj esa og eq>ls bruk fgy x;k fd esjs ihNs nkSM+us

yxkA^^43 dt+kdh ds tkus ds ckn dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu ̂[kkuk rks eSaus [kk fy;k & cPps 'kksd esa [kkuk ugha NksM+rs]

[kkldj tc jcM+h lkeus gks] esjs ikl #i, gksrs rks ,d yk[k dt+kdh dks nsrk vkSj dgrk& ckcw th ls dHkh er

cksyukA^44 cPps vdlj migkj feyus ij brus O;xz gks mBrs gSa fd mUgsa bruk Hkh /;ku ugha jgrk fd mUgsa migkj

nsus okys ds lkeus mls ugha [kksyuk pkfg,A dgkuh esa dt+kdh dh iRuh tc ckyd ds fy, migkj ysdj vkrh gS

ml le; ̂êSaus iksVyh ls dey xV~Vs fudky fy, FksA vkSj ets ls p[k jgk FkkA vEek¡ us cgqr vk¡[ksa fn[kkbZ] exj

bruk lcz dgk¡A^^45 ;gh rks og LoHkkfodrk gS tks izsepUn dh ckyiu esa vuks[kh iSB dks yf{kr djrh gSA

izsepUn Lo;a rsarj Fks vkSj ̂ rsarj^ dgkuh esa mUgksaus ml vU/kfo'okl dks o.kZu fd;k gS ftlesa ;g ekuk

tkrk gS fd rhu yM+dksa ;k yM+fd;ksa ds ckn tUe ysus okyk ckyd v'kqHk gksrk gSA og viuh ekrk&firk dh e`R;q

dk dkj.k curk gSA rsarj dgkuh esa rhu iq=ksa ds i'pkr~ dU;k dk tUe gksrk gSA ml ckfydk dks vi'kxquh ekuk

tkrk gSA ̂o`)k ekrk yxh uotkr dU;k dks ikuh&ih&ihdj dkslus] dyeqagh gS dqyeqagh ! u tkus D;k djus vk;h

gSaA ;ks gh fdlh cka> ds ?kj tkrh rks mlds fnu fQj tkrsA^46 ysfdu cPpksa dk bu vU/kfo'oklksa dh dksbZ fpUrk

ugha gksrhA ckyd dks tc irk pyrk gS mldh cgu dk tUe gqvk gS rks og ̂^[kq'kh ls mNydj cksyk& vks&gks&gks]

iStkfu;k¡ igu&igudj] Nqu&Nqu] pysxh] tjk eq>s fn[kk nks nknh thA^^47 nkeksnj nÙk dk viuh ckfydk dks

f[kykuk mls cdjh dk nw/k fiykuk ;g lHkh fØ;k,a fl)w o mlds HkkbZ;ksa dks cM+h jksekapd yxrh gSaA ;g lR; gS

fd cPpksa esa vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA og cM+ksa ds dk;Z dh udy dj vkuafnr gksrs gSa ;gh o.kZu gesa izLrqr

dgkuh esa feyrk gSA izsepUn] ckyiu dh mFky&iqFky dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd ̂ fl)w dks euksjatu dk

u;k fo"k; fey x;kA ckydksa dks cPpksa ls cgqr izse gksrk gSA vxj fdlh ?kksalys esa fpfM+;k dk cPpk ns[kk tk, rks

ckj ckj ogk¡ tk,axsA ns[ksaxs fd ekrk cPps dks dSls nkuk pqxkrh gSA cPpk dSls pksap [kksyrk gS] dSls nkuk ysrs le;

ijksa dks QM+QM+kdj psa&psa djrk gSA48 ckydksa dh ;g mRlqdrk LokHkkfod gSA cM+ksa dk O;ogkj mudh le> ls nwj

gksrk gS fdUrq ml O;ogkj dks djus ds fy, os lnSo mRlqd jgrs gSaA lk/kkj.kr;k ge ?kjksa esa Hkh ns[krs gSa fd

yM+fd;k¡ lkM+h igu dj ;k nqiV~Vk ysdj ek¡ dk vfHku; djuk ilUn djrh gSa vkSj yM+ds firk dkA nwljk ftl

68.


ckr dks djus ds fy, euk fd;k tkrk gS cPps mlh ckr dks djuk vf/kd ilUn djrs gSaA ̂rsarj^ esa ?kj okyksa dk

O;ogkj uUgha ckfydk ds izfr udkjkRed gS ;gk¡ rd fd mldh ekrk Hkh pkgrh gS fd og ej tk,A og uUgha

cPph dks nw/k ds LFkku ij vÝhe nsrh gSA dgkuh esa fl)w dk ckylqyHk O;ogkj ftlesa og ek¡ ds ugkus tkus ;k

Hkkstu cukus tkus ij pksjh ls cgu dks nw/k fiykrk gS ckydksa ds okRlY; izse ,oa vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk fn[kkrk gSA

blh izdkj ̂vyX;ks>k^ dgkuh dh fo"k; oLrq ,d fHkUu i`"BHkwfe dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, Hkh ckyeu dh

foafpr fgykSjh dk Li'kkZ gesa ns tkrh gSaA ckydksa dk lalkj o;Ld lalkj dk ,d Hkkx gksrs gq, Hkh dfri; ckrksa esa

fof'k"V gksrk gSA izkS<+ lalkj dh fpUrk,a bUgsa izHkkfor vo'; djrh gS fdUrq ml lhek ;k xgjkbZ rd ijs'kku ugha

djrh tSls cM+ksa dks djrh gSaA dkj.k Li"V gS fd lgtrk] Li"Vrk ,oa futh lq[k nq%[k ls Hkjh bu cPpksa dh nqfu;k

dh viuh Hkk"kk] vius vuqHko vius rdZ gksrs gSaA os gYdk lk >ksadk vkrs gh ;s lc dqN Hkwy tkrs gSaA lkSrsyh ek¡

iUuk ds fy, jX?kw o vius cPpksa esa t+ehu vleku dk vUrj gSA og ml ij ukuk izdkj ds vR;kpkj djrh gS

fdUrq esgrks dh e`R;q ds mijkUr tc jX?kw dsnkj] yNeu] >qfu;k] [kUuw dks xkfM+;ka cukdj nsrk gS rks cPps cgqr

izlUu gksrs gSaA iUuk tc xkfM+;ksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls iwNrh gS ml le; dsnkj vkReh;rk ls Hkjs Loj esa mÙkj nsrk gS]

^^jX?kw nknk us cuk;h gS vkSj fdlusA Hkxr ds ?kj ls clwyk vkSj #[kkuh ekax yk;s vkSj >ViV cuk nhaA [kwc nkSM+rh

gS dkdhA cSB [kUuw] eSa [khapkA^^49 xkfM+;ksa esa lSj djus ds mijkUr cPps tc ?kj igq¡prs gSa ml le; muds vkuUn

dk dksbZ fBdkuk ugha gksrk&

^^[kUuw us dgk& dkdh lp] isM+ nkSM+ jgs FksA

yNeu& vkSj cfN;k dSls Hkkxh] lc dh lc nkSM+hA

dsnkj&dkdh] jX?kw nknk nksuksa xkfM+;ka ,d lkFk [khap ys tkrs gSaA^^50

mijksDr izlax esa ckylqyHk eukso`fÙk dk lqUnj mnkgj.k feyrk gSA NksVh&NksVh pht+sa cPpksa dh nqfu;k esa

fof'k"V gks tkrh gaSA ckylqyHk O;atuk 'kfDr dk ifjp; nsrh gqbZ ;s iafDr;ka gekjk ifjp; ml cky lalkj ls djkrh

gSa ftlesa ØhM+k] dkSrqd o vk'p;Z Hkjk gqvk gSA cPps vius vf/kdkj gh ugha nkf;Ro ds izfr Hkh dbZ ckj o;Ldksa dh

vis{kk vf/kd ltx o lpsr gksrs gSaA jX?kw dh e`R;q ds mijkUr eqfy;k [ksrksa ij dke ds fy, tkrh gSA eqfy;k dke

dj jgh gS vkSj mldk NksVk cPpk ikl gh iM+k gS og jks jgk gS mlh le; tc ̂^,dk,d NksVs cPps dk jksuk lqudj

mlus m/kj rkdk] rks cM+k yM+dk mls pqedkj dj dg jgk Fkk& cS;k] rqi jgk] rqi jgksA /khjs&/khjs mlds eq¡g ij

gkFk Qsjrk Fkk vkSj pqi djkus ds fy, foQy FkkA tc cPpk fdlh rjg pqi u gqvk rks og [kqn mlds ikl ysV x;k

vkSj mls Nkrh ls yxkdj I;kj djus yxk( exj tc ;g iz;Ru Hkh lQy u gqvk] rks og jksus yxkA51 bu iafDr;ksa

esa cPpksa dh vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk dk ifjp; feyrk gSA cPpksa esa cM+ksa dk vuqdj.k djus dh izo`fÙk vR;Ur izcy

69.


gksrh gSA rqrykrh Hkk"kk esa ,d cPps dk nwljs cPps dks pqi djuk] gkFk Qsjuk fQj mlds ikl ysV dj mlds

,dkdhiu dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djuk ckyiu esa fNih izkS<+rk dk ifjp; nsrs gSa ysfdu lkFk gh vius iz;kl dks

vlQy gksrs gq, ns[kdj mldk Lo;a dk jksus yx tkuk mlds cky O;ogkj dk ifjpk;d gSA

fxyQksMZ us izsj.kk ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS] ̂^,d izsj.kk ,d dksbZ fo'ks"k vkUrfjd dkjd vFkok O;oLFkk gS tks

fØ;k dks izkjEHk djus vFkok tkjh j[kus dks izo`Ùk gksrh gSA^^52 izsj.kk mn~nhiu ls fHkUu gksrh gS] D;ksafd og

mÙkstuk ds izdV gksus ls iwoZ gh gekjs vUnj fo|eku gksrh gSA vkUrfjd izsj.kk ds 'kwU; gksus ij cká mn~nhiu

'kfDr'kkyh gksus ij Hkh viuk izHkko ugha MkyrkA blh izdkj eSdMqxy us Hkh izsj.kk ds fy, ewy izo`fÙk dks eq[;

ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj izkf.k;ksa esa pkSng ewy izo`fÙk;ka gksrh gSa vkSj mu pkSng ewy izo`fÙk;ksa ds lkFk pkSng laosx gksrs

gSaA ijUrq vktdy euksoSKkfud bu ewy izo`fÙk;ksa dks izkf.k;ksa ds dk;ks± dk dkj.k ugha ekursA53 muds vuqlkj

ewy izo`fÙk uke dh dksbZ Hkh pht+ izk.kh esa ugha ikbZ tkrhA^^ izsj.kk og 'kfDr] vko';drk] >qdko o #fp gS tks

izkf.k;ksa dks dk;Z djus gsrq ck/; djrh gSA ;g og 'kfDr gS rks O;ogkj dh vksj izsfjr djrh gSA^^54 ̂izsj.kk^ 'kh"kZd

ls fy[kh xbZ izsepUn dh dgkuh esa lw;Zizdk'k tSls ØhM+kfiz;] mn.M] euekSth Li"Vrkfiz;] mxz] ncax o foie

izd`fr ds ckyd ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu blh izsj.kk dk izHkko gSA lw;Zizdk'k dh mn.Mrk bruh rhoz gS fd lkjk

Ldwy mlds vkrad ls vkrafdr gSA ;gk¡ rd fd izk/;kidksa dks Hkh gjne ;gh [kVdk yxk jgrk gS fd ns[ksa vkt

dk fnu dkSu lh ubZ eqlhcr ysdj vkrk gSA i<+kbZ esa grizHk djus okyk fdUrq 'kjkjrksa esa lHkh dh ukd esa ne

djus okyk lw;Zizdk'k vius eesjs HkkbZ eksgu ds vkxeu ij ,dne ls fHkUu O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA eksgu tks

vk; esa mlls NksVk gS ysfdu mldh mifLFkfr fdlh nSoh; fo/kku ls de ugha gSA lw;Zizdk'k dk vkRedFku gS]

^^esjk ukS cts lks dj mBuk] ckjg cts rd eVjx'rh djuk] ubZ&ubZ 'kjkjrksa ds eulwcs cka/kuk vkSj v/;kidksa ls

vk¡[k cpkdj Ldwy ls mM+ tkuk] lc vki gh vki tkrk jgkA LokLF; vkSj pfj=&ikyu ds fl)kUrksa dk eSa 'k=q Fkk]

ij vc eq>ls c<+dj mu fu;eksa dk j{kd nwljk u FkkA^^55 lw;Zizdk'k ds O;ogkj esa vk, bl ifjorZu ds dkj.k

cPps vc ̂cw<+h nkbZ^ dg dj iqdkjrs gSa ijUrq og galh esa Vky tkrk gSA

^lPpkbZ dk migkj^ dgkuh esa Hkh ckyeuksfoKku dk ltho o.kZu feyrk gSA blesa ,d rjQ pkj&ikap

tehankj ds dqN ,sls yM+ds gSa tks izd`fr ls mn.M] vfoosdh ,oa mxz izo`fÙk ds gSa ogha nwljk oxZ cktcgknqj tSls

yM+dksa dk gS tks lPpkbZ esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA Hkokuhlgk; us NksVh&NksVh D;kfj;ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds Qy

mxk j[ks FksA blds fy, og i<+us ds fy, vk, Nk=ksa ls enn ysrsA vf/kdka'k ckyd bl dke dks #fpiwoZd djrs

fdUrq dqN yM+dksa ds fy, ;g dk;Z csxkj ds vfrfjDr dqN u FkkA muds dke djus dk le; vkrk gS rks os dksbZ

u dksbZ cgkuk cukdj fudy tkrsA bl voKk ds fy, mUgsa n.M feyrk fdUrq mudk }s"k vkSj Hkh c<+rk tkrkA

70.


ukfljk 'kekZ ds miU;klksa dk jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; ifjn`';

MkWŒ iwtk

mŸkj'krh dh efgyk dFkkdkjksa esa ukfljk 'kekZ ,d l'kDr gLrk{kj gSa ftudh n`f"V esa ifjiDork vkSj ys[ku esa

O;kidrk gSA nSfud thou dh ?kVukvksa] ?kj&ifjokj dh foMEcukvksa vkSj ukjh thou dh ihM+k ds lkFk&lkFk vius

le; esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa vkSj dq:irkvksa dks jpukdkj us ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk vkadk vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= esa ca/kdj

ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ fo'o dks dsUnz esa j[kdj vfHkO;fDr iznku dhA

miU;kldkj ds :Ik esa ukfljk 'kekZ us fgUnh lkfgR; txr~ dks vkB miU;kl fn;s gSaA o"kZ 1984 esa ̂ lkr

ufn;ka ,d leanj* ls izkjEHk mudh vkSiU;kfld ;k=k vuojr fodkl djrh rFkk vusd jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjjk"Vªh;

fo"k;ksa dks lesVrh gqbZ lu~ 2011 esa ikfjtkr rd foLr`r gSA ukfljk 'kekZ us miU;klksa esa vfHkO;Dr fo"k; dh

O;kidrk dks Lor% Li"V djrs gq, dgk fd&^^,d ds ckn ,d rhu miU;kl bykgkckn ds ifjos'k ij vk;s ojuk

fiNys pkj miU;klksa dk ifjos'k rks bZjku] iSfjl] fnYyh] nqcbZ] ;wŒ ihŒ dk dLck&cLrh vkSj QSt+kckn ykgkSj jgkA -

---esjh jpuk,¡ fgUnqLrku ds ckgj fofHkUu ns'kksa o 'kgjksa ij fy[kh xbZA**1

bZjkuh Økafr dks vk/kkj cukdj fy[kk x;k ukfljk 'kekZ dk igyk miU;kl ̂lkr ufn;ka ,d leanj* lu~ 1984 esa

izdkf'kr gqvkA miU;kl dh dFkkoLrq esa ysf[kdk us bZjku dh Økafr] ukxfjdksa ds fonzksg] fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkvksa

rFkk fl;klh erksa] lÙkk }kjk vke O;fDr ds 'kks"k.k o vR;kpkj] ;qok ih<+h dk dkjkoklksa esa ;kruk,¡ lguk vkfn

n`';ksa dks 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k gS fd rn~;qxhu ifjos'k ikBdksa ds le{k ltho gks mBk gSA

Økafr dh bu ?kVukvksa dks rsgjku fo'ofo|ky; esa i<+usokyh lkr lgsfy;ksa&egukt+] lwlu] ijh] eyhgk] r¸;ck]

v[+rj] lukscj ds ekè;e ls mHkkjk x;k gS tks lkr ufn;ksa dh rjg Lora= :Ik ls dFkk dks vkxs c<+krh gSa vkSj

varr% lHkh blh Økafr dk fgLlk cu tkrh gSaA ukfljk 'kekZ us bZjku dh ftl [kwuh Økafr ds fooj.k ds ekè;e ls

miU;kl dh dFkkoLrq dks vkxs c<+k;k gS mlds dFkkrUrq 'kkg jt+k igyoh dks lÙkkP;qr djds mUgsa ns'k NksM+us ij

etcwj djus vkSj v¸;krqYyk [kqeSuh ds lÙkk:<+ gksus ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ̂ bUdykc&,&lQsn* ds uke ls pfpZr ;g

Økafr bZjku esa if'pehdj.k ds c<+rs lSykc ij ck¡/k ck¡/kus ds fy, izHkko esa vkbZ Fkh ̂ ^ftldk ewd lans'k /kkfeZd 2,drk vkSj ekWMukZbts'ku ds fo:) izfrjks/k** FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bZjku dh fL=;k¡ Hkh 'kkg fojks/kh vkanksyu esa

lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dj jgha Fkh&^^e'kgn esa yxHkx lkB gtkj vkSjrksa dk tqywl fudykA ---vkSj og glhu xqfM+;k tks 3ltuk vkSj laojuk tkurh Fkha] mlus gkFk esa canwd mBkuh lh[k yh FkhA** brus fojks/k ds mijkar varr% lÙkk

ifjofrZr gqbZ vkSj lÙkk ij yksxksa ds /kkfeZd usrk v¸;krqYyk [kqeSuh dk 'kklu LFkkfir gks x;kA [kqeSuh ds lÙkk esa

vkrs gh bZjku esa /keZ loZ'kfDreku gks x;k FkkA ftl /keZ dh j{kk gsrq ;g Økafr otwn esa vk;h Fkh ogh /keZ vc

fujadq'k rkuk'kkg esa ifjofrZr gks pqdk FkkA miU;kl esa vkbZ lkr lgsfy;ksa esa r¸;ck ,d ,slh l'kDr ik=k gS tks

71.

*Lkgk;d izk/;kid] fganh&foHkkx] ns'k “xr fo'ofo|ky;] eaaaMh x¨fcanx<+

,d Lora= O;fDrRo dh Lokfeuh gSA og is'ks ls i=dkj gS rFkk dye dk lgkjk ysdj tulkekU; dks tkx:d

djrh ;g dgrh gS ̂ ^ekSyfo;ksa dk gekjs izfr >qdko flQZ ,d pky gS] og Hkh gesa tkuus dh] igpkuus dh] gesa

Q¡lkus dh blfy, ekSyfo;ksa ds gkFkksa esa udsy Fkekuk mfpr ugha D;ksafd /keZ vkSj dE;wfuT+e rdZ ds Lrj ij dHkh 4,d E;ku esa ugha j[ks tk ldrs vkSj u gh ,d lkFk py ldrs gSaA** lÙkk/kfj;ksa dks r¸;ck ds fopkjksa ij vkifÙk

gksus ds dkj.k mls tsy esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA r¸;ck tsy ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vR;kpkj lgu djrh gS fdarq u

fopfyr gksrh gS vkSj u gh ihNs gVrh gSA miU;kldkj us bZjkuh dkjkoklksa esa efgykvksa dh ftl =kln fLFkfr dk

o.kZu fd;k gS og fuf'pr :Ik ls 'kkspuh; gSA ftl O;oLFkk ds ifjorZu ds fy, ̂ ^vkjaHk esa vkSjrsa gh viuh c¡/kh 5eqV~Bh ysdj lM+dksa ij vkbZ Fkh** rFkk vkt ̂^vkSjrsa gh vkxs c<+saxh ---c<+ jgh gSa ---jkst+ 'kghn gksusokyksa esa vk/kh toku

6yM+fd;ka gh gksrh gSaA** ijarq fQj Hkh ysf[kdk L=h dh bl Hkwfedk ij iz'ufpg~u yxkrh vR;ar fuHkhZdrk ls mlh 7lekt ls ;g iwNrh gSa fd ̂^lekt ds gj cnyko dh ekj vkSjr dh ihB ij gh D;ksa iM+rh gS\**

Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ij vk/k`r ^'kkYeyh*¼1987½ vkSj ^Bhdjs dh eaxuh*¼1989½ ukjh thou ls lEc) ,sls miU;kl gSa

ftuesa nks fofHkUu lektksa esa ukjh ds la?k"kZ dks fyfic) fd;k x;k gSA 'kkYeyh Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ds fgUnw lekt esa

nkEiR; laca/kksa esa vk, ruko ds lkFk lkFk L=h vfLrRo ij iz'ufpg~u yxk;k x;k gS fd ̂ ^L=h vkf[kj gS D;k\

;qxksa&;qxksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h pyh vk jgh ekU;rk,a rFkk laLdkj vkSjr dks xhyh feV~Vh ls vf/kd laKk ugha nsrsA

igys firk dh N=Nk;k esa muds vuq:Ik og <yrh gS] ckn esa ifr mls viuh bPNkuqlkj <kyrk gS vkSj mlds ckn 8iq=( L=h dk viuk dksbZ vfLrRo gS gh ughaA** ,slh gh fLFkfr 'kkYeyh dh gS tks dk;Z{ks= esa rks lEeku dh

vf/kdkfj.kh cu pqdh gS ysfdu ?kj esa fo'ks"kdj ifr ¼ujs'k½ dh n`f"V esa mldk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA og mls ek=

HkksX;k le> fujarj mldk frjLdkj djrk gSA 'kkYeyh] ujs'k ds nqO;Zogkj ls dqafBr gksrh fdarq mls {kek Hkh

djrh gS D;ksafd ̂ ^ge vkSjrsa laca/kksa ds fy, thrh gSaA mUgsa cka/krs gq, f{kfrt ds ml ikj rd tkus dk ladYi ys 9cSBrh gSaA gekjh xgjkbZ vkSj dkseyrk gekjh detksjh dgykrh gSA** ujs'k Hkh 'kkYeyh ds ekSu dks mldh detksjh

le>rk gSA ysfdu 'kkYeyh vk/kqfud vkSj LokoyEch gksrs gq, Hkh iRuh /keZ dk ikyu djrh gSA mlesa Hkkjrh; ukjh

ds laLdkj] fookg laLFkk ds izfr fu"Bk rFkk ifr ds izfr vxk/k izse o lRdkj Hkkouk gS ftlds dkj.k og vius

laca/kksa dks cuk, j[kus dk izR;sd iz;Ru djrh gSA O;fDrxr Lora=rk ds fy, ?kj dh cfy nsuk mls rfud Hkh

Lohdk;Z ughaA ,slh gh Hkkjrh; ukjh dh izrhd gS 'kkYeyh ftldk ̂ ^fo'okl u ?kj NksM+us ij gS] u rksM+us ij] u

vkRegR;k ij gS] u vius dks fdlh ,d ds fy, Lokgk djus ijA eSa rks ?kj ds lkFk&lkFk vkSjr ds vf/kdkj dh

dYiuk Hkh djrh gw¡ vkSj fo'okl HkhA vf/kdkj ikuk ;kuh ̂?kj fudkyk* ugha vkSj ?kj cuk, j[kus dk vFkZ ̂lEeku* 10dks dqpy Qsaduk ugha gSA** blh lkdkjkRed izo`fŸk ds dkj.k og rykd ugha ysrh vkSj u gh iqufoZokg dh

leFkZd gS D;ksafd mldh ekU;rk gS fd&^^bruk cM+k lalkj rks ;gh] tc mlesa [kqf'k;k¡ izkIr u gks ldha] rks 11}kj&}kj HkVdus ls Hkh[k feysxh] izse vkSj vknj ughaA**

'kkYeyh esa tgk¡ jpukdkj us L=h vkf[kj gS D;k\ dgrs gq, ukjh ds vfLrRo ij iz'ufpUg yxk;k gS ogha ̂Bhdjs dh

72.

ukfljk 'kekZ ds ---------

eaxuh* esa bldk mŸkj nsrs gq, ̂ ukjh* dks l`f"V dk vk/kkj Lohdkjk gSA ̂ Bhdjs dh eaxuh* dk dFkkud Hkkjrh;

eqfLye ifjos'k esa viuh igpku cukrh rFkk Lora= vfLrRo gsrq la?k"kZjr L=h dh nkLrku ls lEc) gSA Lokra«;ksŸkj

ifjos'k esa f'k{kk us ukjh dks ,d uohu iFk iznku fd;k ftlls og vkRefuHkZj gksdj ukjh 'kks"k.k o tM+ :f<+;ksa dk

fojks/k djus esa l{ke gks ikbZA miU;kl dh ukf;dk eg#[+k dks Hkh eqfLye tM+ :f<+;ksa dk fojks/k djus dk lkgl]

f'k{kk vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk us gh fn;kA mldh lksp dk nk;jk vc foLr`r gks pqdk gS vkSj og ekurh gS fd ̂ ^lgh

xyr dh dlkSVh vkSjr gksrh gS] et+gc vkSj jhfr&fjokt+ksa dh ft+Eesnkjh Hkh vkSjr gksrh gS] jktuhfrd cnyko dks 12n'kkZus okyh Hkh vkSjr gksrh gSA dqy feykdj bl nqfu;k dks ft+ank j[kusokyh 'kS Hkh vkSjr gksrh gSA** vkSj

lkFk&gh&lkFk ;g iz'u Hkh djrh gS fd tc ukjh bruh egŸoiw.kZ gS rks ̂^fQj vkSjr dks bruh fgdkjr dh ut+j ls 13D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\** bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le> eg#[+k Lo;a dks lqn`<+ cukrh gS vkSj eaxsrj jQr ds ij&L=h ls

laca/kksa ds fo"k; esa Hkku gksrs gh og mlds izfr vuklDr gks tkrh gSA jQr }kjk fookg dk vkxzg djrs jgus ij Hkh

eg#[+k mlds vkpj.k dks ns[k izLrko Bqdjkrh gSA bldk rfud Hkh vfHkizk; ;g ugha gS fd og iq:"k fojks/kh gS 14vfirq og ekurh gS fd ̂ ênZ u gekjk nq'eu gS u gjhQA og gekjh rjg bUlku gSA** ysfdu iq:"k dk ukjh ds

15izfr ifjofrZr O;ogkj dk lcls cM+k dkj.k ̂^vkt dh cnyrh vkSjr gS ftls og le> ugha ik jgk gS**] dks ekurh

gSA ysf[kdk uj&ukjh esa lekurk LFkkfir djus dh i{k/kj gS blhfy, laiw.kZ ukjh lalkj ds le{k eg#[+k ds

ek/;e ls vkxzg djrh gS fd ̂ênksZa dks ge ¼ukfj;ka½ tT+ckrh ut+j ls u ns[kdj mUgsa O;kogkfjd rkSj ij ns[ksa rks

'kk;n mudh dqaBkvksa dh fxjgsa [kksy lds vkSj mUgsa cgqr dqN le>k ldsa ----D;ksafd ̂ êka dh xksn ls cgqr dqN 16lh[k dj cM+s gksus okys ;g enZ&fdlh gn rd gekjh gh ft+Eesnkjh gSaA** blds }kjk jpukdkj dh lkdkjkRed

n`f"V mtkxj gksrh gS fd u rks gesa ¼fL=;ksa½ iq:"k cuuk gS vkSj u gh iq:"kksa dks fL=;kaA vfirq vius&vius dŸkZO;ksa

dk HkyhHkkafr fuokZg djuk gSA ;gh lc le>kdj eg#[+k jQr dh dqaBkvksa dk fuokj.k djrh gqbZ vU;= fookg

gsrq ijke'kZ nsrh gSA eg#[+k dk jQr ds izfr izse o leiZ.k mnkjhd`r gksdj lekt ds izfr izse o leiZ.k esa

ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA lkekftd leL;kvksa dh tfVyrk vkSj mUgsa lqy>kus dh deZBrk esa izse dh vlQyrk vkSj

eaxsrj jQr ds vkpj.k ls mRiUu gqbZ [kh> iw.kZr% foxfyr gks tkrh gS rFkk og dqaBkfoghu ukjh ds :Ik esa ikBdksa

ds le> vkrh gSA dsoy bruk gh ugha vfirq og Hkkjrh; ijEijkxr lekt esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa fo'ks"kdj ̂ L=h dh

,dek= /kqjh iq:"k gS*] ̂ ukjh iq:"k ij voyfEcr gS*] ̂ ukjh vfLrRo iq:"k ds dkj.k gS*] dh Hkh fojksf/kuh gSA og

Lo;a dks fdlh ij vkfJr u ekurs gq, vius Lora= vfLrRo dh ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, dgrh gS&^^,d ?kj vkSjr dk 17viuk Hkh rks gks ldrk gS mlds cki ;k ifr ls vyx] mldh esgur vkSj igpku dkA**

Ukkfljk 'kekZ dk miU;kl ̂ ftank eqgkojs*¼1994½ Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds lekt fo'ks"kr% eqfLye lekt dks dsanz esa

j[kdj fy[kk x;k gS ftlesa eq[;r% caVokjs dk le; vkSj ckcjh efLtn ds <kgus ds igys dk le; fy;k x;k gS

rFkk miU;kl esa ewyr% ̂^foHkktu dh ihM+k] naxs] vlqj{kk] egkftj dh foMEcuk] lEcU/kksa esa lekbZ izrh{kk] ;knksa ds 18rg[kkus] LokFkhZ jktuhfrd vfLerk dk la?k"kZ] /keZ] f'k{kk] laLd`fr] vFkZ** tSls ToyUr iz'u mBk, x, gSaA miU;kl

dk izkjaHk bekeqn~nhu o muds ifjokj ls gksrk gS tgk¡ mudk NksVk csVk futke caVokjs ds Ik'pkr~ ikfdLrku dks 73.


viuk ns'k eku djkph pyk tkrk gSA le;ksijkar izfrf"Br O;kikjh cuus ij Hkh lEeku u feyus ij mldk vareZu

O;fFkr gksrk gSA D;ksafd&^^nksuksa rjQ ,d bYt+ke dVh irax cu QM+QM+krk gS fd rqe ;gk¡ ds ugha gks] ijnslh gks]

xkSj gksA blfy, nksuksa rjQ ds ckf'kUnksa ds nnZ dh t+ehu ,d gSA [kwu dk jax ogh bUlkuh gS] cl t+jk&lk QdZ

;g gS fd b/kjokys tkus okyksa ds xqukg dh lyhc ij Vkax fn, tkrs gSa vkSj m/kjokys ;knksa ds rg[+kkus ls xqt+j jgs 19gSaA** ;g rtqZck fdruk rdyhQnsg gksrk gS fd tgk¡ vki iSnk gksa] ftl tehu dks vki viuk oru le>sa mls

ckdh yksx vkidk xyr dCtk crk,¡A dne&dne ij vglkl fnyk,¡ fd rqe ;gk¡ ds ugha ckgj ds gksA ,slk gksus

ij futke dks viuk ns'k] ifjokj o lEcfU/k;ksa dk Lej.k gqvk vkSj og buls feyus dks O;kdqy gks mBkA vR;f/kd

iz;Ru djus ds mijkar tc og Hkkjr igq¡pk vkSj lEcfU/k;ksa ls feyk rks ;g lR; mlds le{k vk;k fd ̂ ^fj'rs rks

VwV pqds gSa] fe;ka-----fj'rksa dks vc dksbZ ugha igpkurkA ,d pus dh nky nks nj[rksa esa cny pqds gSa] gekjk ekgkSy] 20gekjh lksp] gekjh pqukSfr;ka lc ,d&nwljs ls tqnk gSaA** izLrqr dFku Li"V djrk gS fd Hkkjr foHkktu ds izgkj

ls ek= bfrgkl gh ?kk;y ugha gqvk] mlds lkFk&lkFk euq"; dk g`n; Hkh ?kk;y gqvk gS ysfdu fQj Hkh euq"; Lo;a

dks ladh.kZrk ds nk;js ls ugha fudky ik;k gSA ,slk ugha gS fd ukfljk 'kekZ us foHkktuksijkar eqlyekuksa dh

n;uh; n'kk dk fu:i.k gh ugha fd;k gS vfirq fujarj gksrs fganw&eqfLye Qlknksa ds ckotwn miU;kl esa beke ds

iq= x;klqn~nhu xksyw ds ek/;e ls ;g lR; Hkh izdV fd;k gS fd ̂ ^,d eqlyeku vQlj ds uhps gtkjksa ekrgr

fganw Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj -------naxs&Qlkn-----vlfy;r og ugha] tks crkbZ tkrh gS] cfYd lPpkbZ og gS] tks ut+j vk 21jgh gSA** vFkkZr~ eqlyeku csgrj fLFkfr esa Hkh gSaA bu lHkh rF;ksa ls voxr gks futke fujarj Ik'pkrki dh vfXu

esa tyrk jgrk gS vkSj viuh foo'krk ij dsoy vk¡lw cgkus dk etcwj gSA ;g dsoy foHkktu vkSj mlds Ik'pkr~

dh leL;k ugha gS vfirq bfrgkl esa gq, vekuoh; vR;kpkj ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik lelkef;d ifjos'k esa Hkh euq";

tkfr] /keZ] lEiznk; vkfn ds uke ij VqdM+ksa esa caVk gS vkSj mldh lksp bUgha nk;jksa esa fleVdj jg xbZ gSA blh

lksp ls mckjus ds fy, ukfljk vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks lans'k nsrh gS fd ̂ ^fo'okl gS fd os ekuoh; ihM+k vkSj igys

vuqHkoksa ls lcd ysaxha vkSj ,slh jktuhfr ls gkFk [khapsaxh tks vfHk'kki cu fnyksa dks dkVrh] tehu dks ck¡Vrh] ?kjksa 22dks mtkM+rh] ck:n ds <sj ij cSBs bUlku dks :gkuh rkSj ij yxkrkj detksj cukrh tk jgh gSaA**

^v{k;oV*¼2003½ vkSj ̂dqb;katku*¼2005½ dh dFkkoLrq dk xBu bykgkckn dks vk/kkj cukdj fd;k x;k gS ysfdu

nksuksa ds ljksdkj oSf'od gSaA ̂ v{k;oV* dh i`"BHkwfe bykgkckn gS ftlesa ukfljk 'kekZ us ̂ ^fofHkUu ?kVukØeksa ds

ekè;e ls fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ls tw>rs] Mwcrs&mrjkrs euq"; vkSj ttZfjr thou ls =Lr fdadÙkZO;ew<+

lekt dk [kkdk [khapk gSA iqfyl vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dh lk¡Bxk¡B] pksjh] MdSrh] tscdrjh] ywVekj] vigj.k] gR;k,¡]

cykRdkj] fQjkSrh] voS/k dCt+s] tehu ds ?kiys] rLdjh] ekfQ;k] 'kjkc dh HkV~Vh ds dkjukeksa dk lqlaxr rjhds

ls inkZQ+k'k fd;k gSA ljdkjh vLirkyksa] nQrjksa] egkikfydk] dpgjh vkSj 'kafdr U;k;ikfydk ij rh[kh ut+j

Mkyh gSA ul&ul esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekgkSy esa iy jgs ukStokuksa] csjkst+xkjksa dh ihM+k dks xgjkbZ ls fo'ysf"kr 23fd;k gSA** ;fn dg fn;k tk, fd blds ek/;e ls ysf[kdk us dsoy bykgkckn ds gh ugha vfirq oSf'od Lrj ij

gks jgs Hkz"Vkpkj dks n'kkZ;k gS rks vfr';ksfDr u gksxhA bu lHkh dks mn~?kkfVr djus esa miU;kl dk eq[; ik= t+ghj 74.


o mlds vU; lkFkh jes'k] tqxuq] eqjyh] clar] lqqjsanz] lrh'k ekstenkj] v'kksd feJk o ';keyky f=ikBh egŸoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA t+ghj dk lEcU/k ,sls ifjokj ls gS tgk¡ iq:"kksa us yxkrkj pkj ihf<+;ksa rd vYik;q esa gh viuk

thou ns'k o ekuoh; vkn'kksZa ds fy, cfynku dj fn;k vkSj fL=;ksa us oS/kO; ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ds

fy, la?k"kZ fd;k gSA t+ghj dh nknh fQjksttgka vkSj ek¡ flirqu ,slh gh la?k"kZjr ukfj;ksa ds :Ik esa mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA

os Lo;a rks la?k"kZ'khy gSa gh] tghj esa Hkh ,sls gh xq.kksa dk izlkj djrh gSa ftlls fd og foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh

/kS;ZiwoZd lkeuk dj ldsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tc Lukrd ds f}rh; o"kZ ds ipsZ ds nkSjku t+ghj ij udy dk >wBk

vkjksi yxkdj mls fo'ofo|ky; ls nks o"kZ ds fy, fu"dkflr dj fn;k tkrk gS rc og ,d ckj rks Lo;a dks

detksj vuqHko djrk gS fdarq dqN le;ksijkar iqu% ubZ ÅtkZ ds lkFk viuh o vius ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k dk

dÙkZO; fuHkkus gsrq fclkr[kkus dh nqdku [kksyrk gSA blh le; t+ghj dk ifjp; eqjyh] lyeku] clar] jes'k]

txUukFk feJk ls gksrk gS ftuds LoIu foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k iwjs u gks ldsA ;s lHkh ?kfu"B fe=rk ds lw=

esa c¡/kdj u dsoy lekt esa gks jgs vukpkj o nqjkpkj ds fo:) vkokt mBkrs gSa vfirq 'kksf"kr tuksa dh lgk;rk

dks rRij jgrs gSaA muds }kjk fd, tkus okys vU;k; o Hkz"Vkpkj ds fojks/k ds dkj.k gh Hkz"V iz'kklu dk

izfrfuf/kRo djusokyk baaLisDVj ';keyky f=ikBh mudk nq'eu cu tkrk gSA

baLisDVj f=ikBh miU;kl esa [kyuk;d dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrk gSA Lo;a ij gq, vR;kpkjksa dk cnyk ysus ds

fy, bykgkckn esa gh iqfyl baLisDVj dk in izkIr djrk gS rFkk vR;kpkj] tkylkt+] Hkz"V vkSj f?kukSuh gjdrksa dk

izrhd cu tkrk gSA ̂ ^,slk dksbZ Hkh vijk/k ugha Fkk tks mlus u fd;k gksA gR;k] vigj.k] dRy] dCt+k] cykRdkj

u tkus D;k&D;k dj Mkyk gSA bruk cMk+ fØfeuy iqfyl fMikVZeSaV esa] iqfyl dh onhZ igus cSBk gS] ;g cgqr 24vk'p;Z dh ckr gSA** bu lc dk;ksZa esa og vdsyk ugha Fkk cfYd jktuhfrK nsoh'kadj] fo'odekZ] jkelsod]

odhy tehy valkjh bldk lkFk nsrs gSaA vius in o 'kfDr dk nq#Ik;ksx djrs gq, ';keyky tghj ds fe= eqjyh

dh gR;k djok nsrk gS ftlls lHkh fe=ksa dks Bsl igq¡prh gSA ysfdu dgk tkrk gS fd ̂lR;eso t;rs* vFkkZr~ lR;

dh ges'kk thr gksrh gSA blhfy, ';keyky o mlds vR;kpkjksa dk var gksuk vfuok;Z FkkA ,lŒ ,lŒ ihŒ lrh'k

ekstenkj] xkSjo nÙkk o v'kksd feJk }kjk ';keyky dks idM+us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa os lQy Hkh gksrs

gSa vkSj og bu lcls cpus ds fy, vkRegR;k dj viuh thou yhyk lekIr dj ysrk gSA bl LFkkuh; la?k"kZ ds

i'pkr~ tghj vkSj mlds fe=ksa dh euksn'kk Hkh ifjofrZr gks pqdh FkhA muds vUnj dk vkØks'k vc rdZlaxr lksp esa

cny pqdk FkkA tgk¡ yydkj] iqdkj] pqukSrh dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg x;k Fkk cfYd ml ifjlaokn dh mUgsa ryk'k Fkh

ftlls og viuk vkSj nwljksa dk thou lq/kkj ldsaA exj mUgsa xyr le>kSrk vc Hkh eatwj u Fkk vr% vc mudk

,dek= earO; ;gh gS fd ̂ ^tgk¡ vU;k; gks jgk gks] ogk¡ U;k; fnyk ldsaA tgk¡ vR;kpkj gks jgk gS] mlds fo:) 25vkokt mBk ldsaA tgk¡ dksbZ fdlh dks lrk jgk gks mldks eqfDr fnyk ldsa rks fnyk,aA** bl lksp ds ek/;e ls

miU;kldkj lekt dks ldkjkRed lksp viukus dk lans'k Hkh nsrh gaSA

ty /kjrh ij ik, tkus okys inkFkksZa esa lcls lk/kkj.k ysfdu xq.kksa esa fof'k"V ,oa vlk/kkj.k gSA blds bUgha xq.kksa ds

75.


dkj.k i`Foh ij thou u dsoy vfLrRo esa vk;k vkSj fodflr gqvk vfirq vkt Hkh i`Foh ij cjdjkj gSA ysfdu

orZeku le; esa ty dk fxjrk Lrj dsoy Hkkjr ds fy, gh ugha vfirq laiw.kZ fo'o ds fy, ,d xaHkhj leL;k cu

pqdk gS ftlds fy, lHkh fpafrr gSaA bUgha ty leL;kvksa dks dsanz esa j[kdj ^dqb;katku*¼2005½ dh dFkk dk

rkuk&ckuk cquk x;k gS vkSj fxjrs ty&Lrj dh oSf'od fodjkyrk ls lk{kkRdkj djokrh ysf[kdk dgrh

gSa&^^vkt fo'o ds vk¡dM+ksa }kjk Kkr gksrk gS fd yxHkx ,d vjc ls T;knk yksxksa dks lkQ ikuh ihus ds fy,

miyC/k ugha gSA nks vjc yksxksa dks ugkus&/kksus ds fy, ikuh ugha fey ikrk] ftlls yksx vusd rjg ds jksxksa dk

f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA e`R;q&nj fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh pyh tk jgh gSA Hkkjr esa xk¡oksa] dLcksa] 'kgjksa esa yksx dqvk¡] rkykcksa

vkSj ufn;ksa ls ikuh ysrs gSa tks vf/kdrj xank vkSj dhVk.kq;qDr gksrk gSA mlesa izkd`frd :Ik ls ik, tkusokys 26laf[k;k dh feykoV gksrh gSA---** blhfy, jktLFkku esa yksx dgha lw[ksiu ls O;kdqy gSa rks dgha xans ikuh ls ogk¡

,slh chekfj;k¡ QSy jgh gSa fd ^^iSjksa ls irys&irys dspq,uqek yacs&yacs dhM+s ckgj fudyrs Fks tks iSjksa dh 27ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks f'kfFky cuk nsrs FksA** ukfljk 'kekZ us miU;kl esa bl rF; dh vksj Hkh bafxr fd;k gS fd ;fn ,slk

gh pyrk jgk rks ̂ ^,slk nkSj tYn gh vk tk,xk tc ghjs ds ekSy ikuh feysxk vkSj iw¡thifr mldks viuh frtksjh esa

can dj j[ksaxsA rc MdSfr;k¡ ikuh dh cksry ds fy, iM+saxhaA cSad ykWdj ywVs feysaxs dsoy [kkfyl ikuh ds fy,

ftldh dher varjjk"Vªh; ckt+kj esa djksM+ksa gksxhA ;g QSaVlh ugha] cfYd vkus okys le; esa ikuh dh nqyZHkrk dh 28iwoZ?kks"k.kk gSA ;g et+kd ugha] cfYd ikuh ds c<+rs egŸo dk lp gSA** bl izdkj jpukdkj us Hkfo"; ds ;FkkFkZ

dk fp=kadu dj viuh lw{e n`f"V dk ifjp; fn;k gSA ,slk ugha gS fd ysf[kdk us dsoy leL;k dks gh mHkkjk gS

vfirq mlds lek/kku ds :Ik esa tgk¡ ,d vksj ̂dqb;katku* esa cjlkr ds ikuh dks ,df=r djus ds lkFk jktLFkku

dh izkphu ty&lap; ijEijk ̂ okst* vkSj ̂dqb;ka* ds }kjk vf/kdkf/kd ty lap; dk rFkk ̂t+hjks jksM* miU;kl esa 29^^xans ikuh dks fjlk;fdy dj dkQh gn rd leL;k dks gy djus** dk lans'k fn;k gSA ikuh dh Hkh"k.k o Toyar

leL;k ds lkFk&lkFk eè;oxhZ; thou dh nkLrku dks Hkh miU;kl esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa izse] NsM+NkM+

rFkk fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikfjokfjd&lkekftd curs&fcxM+rs laca/kksa dk izdVhdj.k fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh

fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k izfl) vkykspd MkWŒ ukeoj flag us ̂dqb;katku* dks lu~ 2005 dk loZJs"B miU;kl ?kksf"kr

fd;k vkSj blh miU;kl ds fy, lu~ 2008 esa gkÅl vkWQ ykWMZl¼yanu½ esa ukfljk 'kekZ dks 14osa varjjk"Vªh; ̂ banw

dFkk lEeku* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

ysf[kdk us vius nks vafre miU;klksa ̂t+hjks jksM* ¼2008½ o ̂ikfjtkr* ¼2011½ esa euq"; dh laosnuk&'kwU; ekufldrk

,oa ifjofrZr laca/kksa dh dgkuh dks dgk gSA ^t+hjks jksM* ds dFkkrarq bykgkckn ls nqcbZ rd foLr`r gSa ftlesa

jpukdkj us u dsoy fuEu e/;oxhZ; Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd raxh dks mHkkjk gS vfirq izoklh ekufldrk]

cM+s 'kgjksa dk vdsykiu] lkEiznkf;drk vkSj vkradokn ls tw>rh iwjh nqfu;k dks ,dlw= esa xwaFkdj miU;kl ds

ek/;e ls ikBd ds le{k izLrqr fd;k gSA fl)kFkZ o mlds fe=ksa&dsjyoklh jkepanzu] bathfu;j Jhfuoklu]

bZjkuh fQjkst+ eh[kph] tkt+Q lmn] ikfdLrkuh cjdr mleku] caXykns'kh lqn'kZu] lwjr ds MkWŒ 'kkgvkye]

bjkdh vln [ktwjh] yrhQ Qjeku] fQfyLrhu lQhj] tkj;kc] xqyQke vkfn lfEefyr gSaA ;s lHkh fdlh u 76.


fdlh dkj.ko'k vius ns'k ls m[kM+] vius ifjokjksa dks NksM+ nqcbZ esa jgrs gSaA xqqyQke ce laLd`fr ds izfr nq%[k dks

izdV djrk gqvk dgrk gS&^êsjs [kkunku ds rhl cPps ,d lkFk ,d jkr ejsA iwjk dchyk gh ce ls [kRe dj

fn;k x;k&rkyhckuksa dks [kRe djus ds uke ijA ---tc NksVk Fkk rks eqtkgnhuksa dks ysdj j.k{ks= [kqyk FkkA ge

lcdqN NksM+ HkkxsA mlls igys dksbZ vkSj Fkk] mlls Hkh igys dksbZ vkSj FkkA tkfyeksa ds psgjs cnyrs x;s exj 30gkykr ugha cnysA** lHkh dh O;Fkk dqN blh izdkj dh gSA izR;sd 'kke bdV~Bs gksdj vius nq%[kksa o vdsysiu dks

ckaVus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA bu cSBdksa esa vk/kqfud leL;kvksa ls tqM+h fofHkUu izdkj dh okrkZ,¡ gksrhaA budh ckrphr

ds ekè;e ls gh ukfljk 'kekZ us fo'o esa gks jgh fgalk dks O;Dr fd;k gSA tSls&xks/kjk dkaM] fuBkjh dkaM esa cPpksa

ij gq, vekuoh; vR;kpkj] jketUeHkwfe&ckcjh&efLtn fookn esa fganw&eqfLye erHksn] eqEcbZ esa ce&foLQksV]

vesfjdk ds oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ij geyk] vesfjdk dk dqoSr ij vkØe.k] bZjku&bjkd ;q) vkfnA Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa

^^vkt Hkz"Vkpkj] nqYgu dks tykuk] ckcjh&efLtn o jketUe Hkwfe leL;k] Hkw[k ls ne rksM+rs yksx] vkRegR;k 31djrs fdlku** vkfn leL;k,¡ izeq[k :i ls ns'k ds fodkl dks vo:) djrh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ekuo&ekuo

dk rks 'k=q curk gh tk jgk gSA fuBkjh dkaM dh ?kVuk bldk Toyar mnkgj.k gSA cPpksa ds izfr euq"; dh bl

vekuoh;rk dh vksj bafxr djrs gq, ysf[kdk dgrh gS&^^cPpksa ds ekal dks fÝt esa j[k mudk lsou dksbZ

ekufld jksxh djrk ;k fQj mUgsa viax cuk Hkh[k eaxokrk ;k fQj mudk vigj.k dj fQjkSrh ekaxrk ;k fQj 32mudh vka[kksa ds lkeus mudh eka] cqvk ls cykRdkj dj iwjs ifjokj dks Hkwu MkyrkA** blds vfrfjDr ̂ ^cxnkn

ds fdlh ;rhe[kkus dh [kcj Fkh tgk¡ cPps gfM~M;ksa ds <kaps cus t+ehu ij iM+s FksA muesa ls ,d cPps ds lkjs cnu

ij efD[k;ksa ds >qaM Fks tks vk¡[k] ukd] dku] eq¡g esa yxs ?kko dks [kk jgs FksA mls eqnk le>k x;k exj mls ?kwrs 33nhnksa ls yxk fd og ft+ank gSA** vFkkZr~ vkt ds ifjofrZr ;qx esa euq"; bruk laosnughu curk tk jgk gS fd muds

cPpksa ds izfr Hkh] tks eklwe o nqfu;k ds Ny&diV ls nwj gSa] oSeuL; j[krk gSA Li"V gS fd ̂t+hjks jksM* miU;kl esa

;qxhu ifjos'k dh ;FkkFkZrk o mlls tw>rs ekuo dh n'kk dks izdV fd;k gSA muds 'kCnksa esa ̂ ^;g le;] ftlesa ge

th jgs gSa] okLro esa luluh vkSj lneksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA ?kVuk,¡ gj fnu u;s <ax ls bUlku ds fo'okl dks rksM+us

dk "kM~;a= jprh gSA ---yk[k volkn ls Hkkxus] cpus dh dksf'k'k djks exj og vkidk ihNk yxkrkj djrk jgrk

gSA ,d Hk; dh lajpuk yxkrkj vkidh dksf'kdk,¡ jprh jgrh gSa tks vkidks fujarj fucZy cukrh gSa] yk[k vki 34vkRek dks etcwr j[kus dh dksf'k'k djsa exj 'kjhj bu lneksa ls det+ksj iM+rk gSA**

îkfjtkr* miU;kl dh dFkk bykgkckn] y[kuÅ] yanu] jkse] lmnh vjc vkSj xkao dksVjk ds cgknqjxat esa vFkkZr~

jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; ifjn`'; dks vius esa lekfgr fd, gS ftls jksgu] :gh] izgykn nÙk] fQjnkSl tgka] jksgu ds

cPps Vslw ds lkFk Qjkj mldh iRuh ,sfylu vkSj cgqr lkjs NksVs&cM+s pfj=ksa ds ekè;e ls izdV fd;k x;k gSA

miU;kl dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko gS ftldk izdVhdj.k rhu fe=ksa ds ekè;e fd;k gSA ̂îzg~ykn 35nÙk] c'kkjr gqlSu] tqfYQd+kj vyh u dsoy lgikBh Fks] cfYd muds ifjokj cjlksa ls ,d&nwljs dks tkurs FksA**

bUgha izseiw.kZ laca/kksa ds dkj.k gh izg~ykn nÙk] uqljrtgka o tqfYQdkj ds iq= dh e`R;q ds mijkar ̂ ^vius ,d lky 36ds csVs jksgu dks nwljs fnu uqljrtgka dh xksn esa Mkydj dgk Fkk] ̂ HkkHkh] vki bldks ikysaA** bl izdkj og /keZ

77.


dh vis{kk ekuork dks Js"B ekurk gSA ysf[kdk us foHkktu ds le; Hkh fganw&eqlyekuksa ds eè; ln~Hkko dh chŒ

,uŒ ckyh ds oDrO; }kjk crk;k gS ftlds izR;{k mnkgj.k og Lo;a FksA mudk dFku gS&^^c¡Vokjk vkQr dh rjg

gekjs fljksa ij VwVk FkkA tku&eky cpkdj ge Hkkx jgs FksA vthc vQjk&rQjh dk ekgkSy FkkA nksLr&nq'eu

igpku esa ugha vk jgs FksA jkoyfiaMh ds ikl isj;kajk;tknk xk¡o FkkA gekjs firk jk;t+knk x.ks'knkl ckyh ckdh

lkfduksa ds lkFk ikl ds xk¡o dh rjQ HkkxsA og bÙksQkd ls l¸;nksa dk xk¡o FkkA ---fiaM l¸;nk ds yksxksa us gesa

gkFkksagkFk fy;k] iukg nh] I;kj fn;k vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd ,d dqvk¡ [kkl rkSj ls gekjs fy, vyx ls egQwt+ 37dj fn;k] rkfd ge fcuk fdlh jksd&Vksd ds ml dq,¡ dk ikuh bLrseky dj ldsaA** ;g lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko dk

gh lwpd gS fd foHkktu ds ohHkRl ifjos'k esa Hkh eqfLye /keZ ds leFkZdksa }kjk fganqvksa dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k

vr% Li"V gS fd ukfljk 'kekZ us fdlh ,d /keZ dks fo'ks"k egÙo u nsdj lHkh /keksaZ dks leku ekuk gS D;ksafd ̂^/keZ

dsoy ;kstukc) rjhds ls thou thus dk ,d jkLrk gSA vkt /keZ dks le>uk csgn t:jh gks tkrk gS D;ksafd 38mldk xyr iz;ksx balkuksa dh ftanxh dks csgn nq'okj cuk jgk gSA** bldk ukedj.k ̂ ikfjtkr* Hkh 'kk;n blh

vk/kkj ij j[kk x;k gSA tc ;g isM+ Qwyrk gS rks cjkcj blds Qwy >jrs jgrs gSa vkSj ;g fQj Hkh Qwyksa ls ynk

jgrk gS ;k blfy, fd ;g nksjaxh Qwy gSa ftlesa QdZ dj ikuk eqf'dy gS fd ,d jax dgka [kRe gksrk gS vkSj

nwljk dgk¡ ls 'kq:A tSls Hkkjr ds nks /keksZa dk ,d&nwljs esa jpk&clk gksuk ;k fQj bl Qwy dh ;g [kwch fd lw[k

tkus ds ckn Hkh viuh [kq'kcw vkSj jax nksuksa dk;e jgrs gSa tSls bl ns'k esa fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dk fj'rk] tks

yk[k vyxkookn ds ckn Hkh nksLrh vkSj eksgCcr ls egdrk gSA

fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukfljk 'kekZ dk vkSiU;kfld lkfgR; jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; ifjn`'; dks

vius esa lekfgr fd;s gq, gSA Hkw&e.Myhdj.k dh ftl izo`fŸk us fo'o dks ,d lw= esa cka/k fn;k og izo`fŸk ukfljk

'kekZ ds lkfgR; esa Lor% mn?kkfVr gks mBrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls ysf[kdk us lEiw.kZ fo'o dh Toyar leL;kvksa dks

ok.kh iznku dh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ukfljk 'kekZ lelkef;d ;qx dh igpku cu ldhA

lanHkZ lwph

1 johanz dkfy;k¼laiknd½&u;k Kkuksn;] ¼ukfljk 'kekZ ls tkfcj gqlSu dh ckrphr½] vad&twu 2007] i`Œ

62-

2 Ukkfljk 'kekZ &lkr ufn;ka ,d leanj] ubZ fnYyh % lkef;d izdk'ku] i``å 54-

3 ;Fkkor~] i``å 48-

4 ;Fkkor~] i``å 84-

5 ;Fkkor~] i``å 289-

78.


ISSN No. 2349-0179 Prabodh

Documents

Transcript of ISSN No. 2349-0179 Prabodh