Volcanoes. Classification of Volcanoes Structure Tectonic Region Type of Eruptive Material Level of...
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Transcript of Volcanoes. Classification of Volcanoes Structure Tectonic Region Type of Eruptive Material Level of...
Volcanoes
Classification of Volcanoes Structure Tectonic Region Type of Eruptive Material Level of Activity Location Dangers Posed
Volcanoes Volcano: anywhere magma, ash, and gas
erupts onto the surface
Factors Affecting Eruptions
1. Magma Composition
2. Magma Temperature
3. Amount of Dissolved Gases
Magma Types Rate at which magma moves is determined by its
silica content
Felsic: High silica content, light colored, slow moving Bigger Eruptions
Mafic: Low silica content, dark colored, fast moving Calmer Eruptions
Volcanic Material Lava (magma that reaches the surface)
Gases: H20, CO2, Nitrogen, Sulfur…
Tephra: fragments of lava
1. Ash (less than 2mm)
2. Lapilli (2-64mm)
3. Bombs (larger than 64mm)
Lava Flows
Mafic Pahoehoe: Flow with smooth ropelike surface,
quick flowing basalt AA: Rough jagged surface Pillow Lava: Rounded pillow shaped
Felsic Pyroclastic Flow: Superheated flow of gas and rock
from the eruption
Eruption Types
Depending on the eruption type, different volcanoes are formed
Rift Eruptions Occur at long, narrow fractures in the crust
where lava flows out smoothly (mafic) In the ocean, it occurs at spreading centers
(mid-ocean ridges)
Hot Spots Areas of volcanic activity in the middle of a plate Caused by heat source in the mantle that makes
magma rise Creates a chain of volcanic islands overlying plate
moves over it.
Shield Cone Volcanoes Rift Eruptions & Hot Spots make Shield Cone
Volcanoes A broad base and gently sloping sides Usually low amounts of gas, mafic lava that
flows long distances before it cools
Shield Cone Volcanoes
Subduction Boundary Eruption Magma is thick and gas-rich. Plates are subducted, they melt, which floods
the mantle with silica, making it felsic Explosive eruptions of mainly tephra and
pyroclastic flows Form cinder cone volcanoes and
stratovolcanoes
Cinder Cone Volcano A volcanic, circular cone
with steep sides that is mainly made of tephra
Gas rich, felsic lava
Stratovolcano Tall with gentle slope near base and steep
slope near summit. Alternating layers of felsic lava and tephra
deposits. Usually gas rich, felsic lava Lots of pyroclastic flows
Anatomy of a Stratovolcano
Plutons and Volcanism Volcanoes and lava flows are the surface
activities of volcanism Magma below the crust, and its “behavior”
impacts the earth in a variety of ways Plutons: the rock masses that form when
magma cools inside other rocks
Dikes Sheets of igneous rock
that cut vertically through the rock layers they intrude
Sills Sheets of igneous
rocks that are parallel to the layers they intrude
Laccoliths When magmas bulge
upwards forming domelike masses
Volcanic Necks When an extinct
volcano is almost completely eroded, a volcanic neck may be left
Plugs of hardened magma
Batholiths Largest of the plutons
Form the core of many mountain ranges
Erosion of the mountain will expose them