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![Page 1: Visualizing Evolution in Space and Time David M. Kidd National Evolutionary Synthesis Center 2024 West Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, NC27705 dk@nescent.org.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e565503460f94b4d92e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Visualizing Evolution in Space and Time
David M. KiddNational Evolutionary Synthesis Center
2024 West Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, [email protected]
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Scale
Space, Place and Time
Trees and Tree-ThinkingEvolution of evolutionary trees
Geophylogenies
3D VisualizationGoogle Earth
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
GeoPhyloBuilder - The Movie
Evolution & …
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The Scale of Evolution
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"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900 - 1975)
The American Biology Teacher, March 1973
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Kevin W. Boyack, Sandia National Labs
Richard Klavans, SciTech Strategies
MathematicsPhysics and ChemistryLife SciencesMedical SciencesSocial Sciences
Image created with the VxOrd graph layout routine from the citation patterns in 800,000 scientific papers published in 2002. A research group is a group of papers (9 on average) that are written on the same research topic. Over time, communities can be born, continue, split, merge, or die
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Connecting the Dots
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Space, Place & Time
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Goodeidae
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SpeciesEndemics Widespread
Pacific Vicariant
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Tribes
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Catchment History
Miocene 14.5 – 5 Mya Pliocene 2- 2.4 Mya
Modern
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A Complex and Incomplete HistoryChapencChapparAlloorobAmsplXenvarXeneisXenmelXenocaptZoogquitZoogteqGooatrAllotcatAllotdiaAllotdugAllotgosAllotmacAllotregAtaentowSkiffranSkifmultSkiflermSkifbilGirmultGirvivHubturAllodtamAllodzonAllodpolyAllodhubIlyfurIlywhiXenresCharaudCharlatEmplatProflab
PleistoceneMiocene Pliocene
Holocene
San Pedro
San Pedro
Pacific
Balsas Vicariant
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
U. Lerma & adj. closed
Mexico City
U. Lerma & U. Balsas
M. Lerma & closed
M. Lerma & Pacific
Pacific
U. Lerma & adj. closed
Panuco
14.9MY 5MY 2.4MY
Balsas (restricted)
Pacific
Pacific
Widespread
U. Balsas & adj. closed
Balsas (restricted)
Widespread
Pacific
Widespread
Panuco & adjacent
Pacific
Pacific
Widespread
Pacific
Widespread
Balsas (restricted)
M. Lerma & PacificLake
Tectonic Uplift
OR
MtDNA ultrametric tree
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Trees and Tree-Thinking
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Matthew chapter 1King James Version
1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; 3 And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; 4 And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;
5 And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; 6 And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; 7 And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; 8 And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; 9 And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias; 10 And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias; 11 And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:
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Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1809) Zoological Philosophy: An
Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals, H. Elliot, transl. (Macmillan, London,
1914), p. 179
Lamarck (1774 – 1829)
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Charles Darwin's 1837 sketch, First Notebook on Transmutation of Species.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)painted by George Richmond in the late 1830s.
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Charles Darwin 1859. Chapter IV, The Divergence of Character.On The Origin of Species by Natural Selection.
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Tree-Thinking
• Topology isomers• Proximity or left-to-right• Evolution only at nodes• Backward projection of living species
Baum, D.A. et al. 2005. The Tree-Thinking Challenge. Science 310: 979-980
(Fish,(Frog,(Lizard,(Mouse,Human))))
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Rooting
A
B C
D
Temporaldirection
Rooted
B
AC
D
Unrooted
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Branch Lengths
orderedtime
continuoustime
Unequal branch lengths Equal branch lengths
Additive Tree Ultrametric Tree
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Up or Down?
Deep-timeMirrors stratigraphy
Tree metaphor
Shallow-timeMirrors family tree
More suitable for map metaphor
‘When a "family tree" chart is used, I am used to seeing the passage of time, and successive generations, move down the page. In this chart, it moves upward. I found it easier to view when I inverted it, rotating the tree pattern to a root pattern’.
Ask T. E. (Tufte)
t
t
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Extinction
Stephen J. Gould1942-2002
Chapter 1. The Iconography of Expectation in Wonderful Life (1989)
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Gene Trees and the Species Tree
Reticulation
Bifurcation
Speciation
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Hewitt, G. M. (2001). Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography - or seeing genes in space and time. Molecular Ecology 10: 537-549.
IslandBiogeographyand Migration
Phylogeography:Genes in space
ReticulateNetworks
EntityAttributes
Coalescent:Gene trees
embedded inspecies trees
Simple Tree
Modern Synthesis
Molecular Revolution
Geospatial Revolution
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IslandBiogeographyand Migration
Phylogeography:Genes in space
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Entity Attributes Coalescent
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Hugall, A., C. Moritz, et al. (2003). Reconciling paleodistribution models and comparative phylogeography in the Wet Tropics rainforest land snail Gnarosophia bellendenkerensis (Brazier 1875). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 99(9): 6112-6117.
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Geophylogenies
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Phylogeographer 1.0
Buckler, Edward S., IV. 1999. Phylogeographer: Software for the analysis of phylogeographic hypotheses.http://www.maizegenetics.net/bioinformatics/phylogeographer/index.htm
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Mesquite Cartographer
David R. Maddison, University of ArizonaWayne P. Maddison, University of British Columbia
http://mesquiteproject.org/mesquite/mesquite.html
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Data Entities• One or more trees
– size– quasi-fractal– nodes
• Observed and inferred• Spatial footprint (point, line, polygon)• Attributes (SNPs, body size, colour, sounds)
– branches• Network topology between nodes• Spatial path• Attributes (time, depth, attribute change, geographical context)
• Biological context– ranges, attributes from other studies
• Geographical context– elevation, climate, drainage, places, land cover– present, past and future
• Uncertainty in all of above
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Visualization Issues• Media
– paper, screen, virtual reality• Audience and Message
– What organism am I looking at?– Where am I looking at?– What’s so interesting?
• Compression of dimensions– x, y, z, t to 2D or 3D
• Data fidelity verses cartographic license• Geographic projection
– equal area, equal distance, orthogonal• Furniture
– legend, scale bars, grid/graticule, orientation• Design
– symbols, colour, multiple phylogenies• Interaction
– zooming, 3D-rotation, selection, adding own data
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3D Geophylogeny
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3D Visualization
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Google Earth
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ArcGIS
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Cetartiodactyla
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Cetartiodactyla SupertreeB
ovi
dae
Cer
vid
ae
Mo
sch
idae
Gir
affi
dae
An
tilo
cap
rid
ae
Tra
gu
lidae
CE
TA
CE
A
Hip
po
po
tam
idae
Su
idae
Tay
assu
idae
Cam
elid
ae
35:2547:7
53:736:25
33:1531:9 10:11 30:13 10:1
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GeoPhyloBuilder - The Movie
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With Thanks…– NSF #EF-0423641– Xianhua Lui– Michael Lavantucksin
• Data– Constantino Marcias-Garcia (UNAM),
Michael Ritchie (St. Andrews), John Wiens & Sarah Smith (Stony Brook), Kyle Dexter (Duke), Sam Price (NESCent) & others.
• Google Maps– Bill Piel (Yale), Declan Butler
(Science), Daniel Janies, Andrew Hill (Univ. Colorado) & Eric Waltari (AMNH).
• GeoPhyloBuilder – The Movie– Rachel Brady– Zachary Pogue
• http://www.evoviz.org