VISHLESHAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF · PDF fileDr. Tarun Kushwaha ... Dr. Ravindra Tiwari Head...

VOLUME 2 ISSUE 1 OCT- DEC 2016

VISHLESHAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

(VIJEM)

(AN OPEN ACCESS QUARTLY JOURNAL)

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

SUNITA RAMCHANDANI

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

DR. DEEPAK MOTWANI

PROMOTED BY

VISHLESHAN EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIETY

(VESWS) BHOPAL

CALL – 0755-4273272 (O)

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: www.vijem.com

ISSN (ONLINE):

2455-524X

V

I

J

E

M

Vishleshan International Journal of Engineering and Management

(VIJEM) Volume 2, Issue 1 (Oct-Dec, 2016) ISSN (Online): 2455 – 524X

Website: www.vijem.com Ph. (0755) 4273272 E-mail: [email protected]

Patron Prof. (Dr.) Anoop Swarup

Chairman, Global Knowledge Alliance, Melbourne, Australia

Vice Chancellor, Jagran Lakecity University, Bhopal

Advisors

Dr. Ashish Dongre

Director Technical Education, Government of M.P.

Chairman, Indian Society of Technical Education, M.P. & C.G.

Formerly Vice Chancellor, RKDF University, Bhopal

Dr. Justin Paul

Associate Professor, University of Puerto Rico

Ex. Prof. Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Indore

Editor-in-Chief

Ms. Sunita Ramchandani

Associate Editor Dr. Deepak Motwani




Editorial Board Members

Prof. (Dr.) C. M. Sadiwala

Principal, RKDF CTR, Bhopal

Ex. Prof. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT),

Bhopal

Prof. (Dr.) Atul Mehrotra

Director, School of Management (SoM)

Jagran Lakecity University, Bhopal

Prof. (Dr.) K. B. L. Shrivastava

Principal Vedica Institute of Technology,

Bhopal

Prof. (Dr.) Y. M. Dubey

Principal

Vindhya Institute of Technology &

Science, Jabalpur

Dr. Tarun Kushwaha

Associate Professor Prestige Institute of Management &

Research (PIMR), Indore Ex. Associate Professor, Symbiosis

Institute of Business & Management (SIBM), Pune

Dr. Shilpa Jain

Assistant Professor

Maulana Azad National Institute of

Technology (MANIT), Bhopal

Dr. Pooja Gupta

Assistant Professor School of Management (SoM)


Dr. Geetanjali Nilesh Bendale

Ex. Research Analyst, Nielsen India

Pvt. Ltd., Vikroli

Ex. Lectrurer Yadavrao Tasgaonkar

Institute of Management Studies &

Research, Mumbai

Dr. Shikha Bhargava

Head of the Department - MBA Oriental College of Management,

Bhopal

Dr. Priyanka Nema

Assistant Professor

School of Management (SoM)


Ex. Samsung C&T, Seoul South

Korea




Reviewer Committee Members

Dr. Ravindra Tiwari

Head of Department – MBA Patel Group of Institutions

Bhopal

Ms. Charu Modi

Lecturer, Bangalore International College

Bangalore

Mr. Lokesh Payasi Assistant Professor

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology – MBA

Bhopal

Mr. Bhuvanesh K. Sharma Assistant Professor

Balaji Institute of Modern

Management

Sri Balaji Society, Pune

Mrs. Sakshi Kamdar Lecturer, School of Management

(SoM) Jagran Lakecity University,

Bhopal

Ms. Komal Taneja Assistant Professor,

Jeev Sewa Sansthan Group of

Institutions for Women-

Faculty of Management, Bhopal

Mr. Amitesh Paul

Assistant Professor, RKDF University, Bhopal

Mr. Aditya Gupta

Assistant Professor,

Vedica Institute of Technology,

Bhopal

Mr. S. K. Tiwari

Assistant Professor, RKDF University, Bhopal

Mr. Ranjit Nikose

Assistant Professor,

Bhabha College of Engineering,

Bhopal




Message from Chief Editor’s Desk

Today, with emerging advancements in research & technology, entire world has

got connected through boundary-less networks of knowledge and information.

Vishleshan International Journal of Engineering and Management is an attempt

to document relevant and practical research work in wide range of areas from

various parts of the world in which any specific domain of these areas can be

taken into consideration for research paper. Practical applicability of research

and empirical findings are required to be the most important feature of each

article/research paper to be published in the journal. The basic intent of this

journal is to bring about revolutionary change in achieving professional and

academic excellence through action and applied research approach.

We have tried to carefully put together range of research areas for the first issue

and categorized specific articles/research papers in separate sections. I

acknowledge the involvement of number of people whose contribution made

this publication possible-Author who submitted articles/research papers,

Distinguished Promoters, Managing Editor, Patrons, Advisors, and Members of

Editorial Board, Members of Reviewer Committee.

We hope to be the first choice of top rated research work with high quality

submissions, strategic review and the most invigorated Advisory Board.

Sunita Ramchandani




Message from Associate Editor’s Desk

Welcome to VIJEM, 'Vishleshan International Journal of Engineering &

Management', a quarterly published, thoroughly reviewed scholarly journal.

VIJEM is a comprehensive channel for sharing the ideas & thoughts related to

science & management as it is concerned with the dynamic relations among

international academicians, students and practitioners regarding theories,

methods and applications with new developing perspective in the field of

science & management. We publish the journal in the electronic form over the

Internet. We hope that the journal would be of interest to researchers, engineers

and management practitioners over the world.

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to cordially thank all the

contributors of VIJEM, members of editorial board, the reviewers, the authors

and mentors of "VIJEM" , who helped to ensure that the goal of creating and

publishing the "VIJEM" journal would be realized.

Dr. Deepak Motwani




CONTENTS

S. No.

Title

Page No.

1 ICT Integration in Education for Sustainable Development

Arshi Gouhar & Dr. B.C. Mahapatra

1-11

2 Women – The Emerging Leaders in Hospitality Industry

Anant Kumar Verma

12-24

3 Internal marketing: A way to gain sustainable development of the

organization

Teena Mishra & Dr. Shalini Sinha

25-38

4 A Study on the Exploring Initiatives and Challenges for Make in India

Dr. Deepti Sharma & Dr. Vikas Misra

39-48

5 Women Education: Challenges and Prospects in Anantnag District of

Kashmir Valley

Abdul Bari Naik

49-70

Vishleshan-International Journal of Engineering and Management

(VIJEM) Volume 2, Issue 1 (Sept-Dec, 2016)

ISSN (Online): 2455 - 524X


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ICT Integration in Education for Sustainable Development

Arshi Gouhar

Research Scholar Shri JJTU, Rajasthan

Dr. B.C. Mahapatra

Abstract

Education is an essential part of human evolution and development. Since time immemorial man

is looking for various tools to learn new things and to incorporate them in their life. As the

human evolution progresses, the search for newer tools and technologies have also widened its

scope. ICT (Information Communication Technology) is one such tool that has revolutionised the

educational scenario of present times. As stated by (J.K. Gass) Educational technology can be

seen as part of persistent and complex endeavour of bringing pupils, teachers and technical

means together in an effective way. ICT is such tool that has brought the teachers and the

students closer as the teachers are not restricted to the specified content. They can use the

videos, pictures, audios etc to simplify the content and deliver it in a more effective way. They

can create their own lesson plans by utilising the different resources and as they have created

the content on their own, they will be more confident in presenting it as well as they can do

different types of positive experimentation and can be more flexible as it can be utilised

depending on individual differences of the children.

ICT has not only made the school and college education more interactive, instead it has opened

a number of new areas in the field of technology including distance education, virtual

classrooms, computer assisted learning (CAI), computer based learning (CBL), e-books etc.

ICT helps in retaining and recalling the things in a more effective way as it uses audio visual

tools which makes a positive impact on teaching learning process as it goes to the long term

memory.





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Introduction

ICT (Information Communication Technology) refers to the use of technology in imparting as

well as assisting instructions. The scope of ICT is really vast. It can include CAI (Computer

Assisted/Aided Instruction), smart class, interactive media etc. All these resources help in

teaching-learning processes by making them more impressive, interactive, interesting and

innovative. ICT is the need of the hour as the education is becoming more technical, competitive,

globalised and result oriented.

ICT can be wisely implemented and utilized only when we understand the true meaning of

education and also the significance of ICT in the teaching-learning process.

Meaning of Education

Education is derived from Latin words Educere which means to draw out or Educare which

means to bring up/to develop. The meaning and the scope of education is really vast. It is

basically a process of facilitating learning or acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and

habits.

Education is required by all the progressive societies of the world for an all round development

of its individuals. Education gives a proper direction to our life as it inculcates the power of

making decisions. It also taught us to adjust in different situations of life and to learn from our

experiences.

Educational Technology

Education can be made more effective by applying proper educational technology which

includes all the resources used to make the outcome of education fruitful and result oriented.

Educational technology can be defined as a tool as well as a medium for improving or enhancing

the level of education. It should be designed and implemented in such a way that it facilitate the

learning process and increase the performance of students in terms of grasping, recalling and





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using it in an effective way. It should be effective enough to address the basic issues of teaching-

learning process.

It is the use of technology to improve education. It is a systematic, iterative process for designing

instruction or training used to improve performance. Sometimes it is also known as instructional

or learning technology. (Wikipedia: Educational technology)

Development and Progress of Educational Technology

Education Commission (1964-66) has recommended to use programmed instruction in schools

and colleges for teaching various subjects.

In 1992, The National Policy on Education emphasized using educational technology to improve

the quality of education.

In 2004, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) launched EDUSAT, a communication

satellite providing access to educational materials that can reach more of the country’s

population at a greatly reduced cost.

OLPC foundation group, a group out of MIT Media Lab and supported by several major

corporations has a stated mission to develop a $100 Laptop for delivering educational software.

The laptops were widely available as of 2008.

In Africa NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) has launched an e-school

program to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning

materials and internet access within 10 years.

In 2012, modern use of educational technology had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional

learning.





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Teaching

It is a process of giving instructions or passing knowledge. The person who is at the giving end

i.e. providing the instructions or the knowledge is called a teacher and the person who is at the

receiving end or who is gaining knowledge is called taught. The medium which lies between the

teacher and taught is the Curriculum as the teaching can be decided according to the specified

curriculum. Various methodologies have been introduced and implemented by different

educationists from time to time and which can be implemented according to educational setup,

curriculum, level of the students, time constraint, economic constraint etc. A proper level of

compatibility in between the teacher and taught is always required in order to achieve the

required output of education.

As quoted by Smith. Teaching is a system of action to induce learning.

Instruction

It is the term used for different meanings in different situations. Generally it refers to a command

or order given to do some task. Instruction manuals are provided with many appliances which

facilitate easy working and application. In computer terminology, instruction is any command

given to solve some task. The collection of these instructions forms an instruction set which is

specifically used for different problems. In Education, it refers to the act or practice of

instructing or teaching.

Techniques of Giving Instruction

Education is always a tripolar process having teacher, taught and the instruction as the 3

important poles. Basically the teachers are directing instructional process or we can say that the

instruction is being directed at students. Different techniques of this direct instruction were used

by different educationists some of which are:

Lecture

Demonstration





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Group Activity

Discussion

Practical (Learning by doing)

Significance of Instructions

Instructions are always required for the proper and smooth working of the teaching-learning

process. Instructions delivered in an organized and effective way can do wonders and give

fruitful results. Various educationists have worked in this area and concluded that the

significance of instructions lies in following:

Deciding and following the learning objectives.

Making students understand the importance of learning objectives.

Felicitating the understanding and the achievement of academic goals.

Review of instructions for different activities.

Providing students clear view of concepts being taught.

Recapitulation to get an idea what students have grasped and can recall.

Instructional Technology

It is the field or the medium used to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the instruction.

Instructional Design teaches us how to plan, develop, evaluate and manage the instructional

process effectively and smoothly to ensure improved performance by learners.

Instructional Technology's goal is to understand how people learn and how to best design

instructional systems and instructional materials to facilitate that learning. We also use

appropriate technology to aid us in the design and delivery of the instruction.

Some of the areas covered by Instructional Technology are:





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Designing instructions.

Applying suitable methods to deliver these instructions.

Selecting appropriate techniques

Integrating instruction with other factors that influence human performance

Implementing delivery to reach learners.

Using technology in support of the development and delivery of instruction

Different views have been given in this regard by different educationists, some of which are as

follows:

“Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization,

management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.” (Seels & Richey)

Instructional Technologists are today's problem solvers. They look to understand performance

problems and design solutions to those problems. Sometimes the solution is instructional; other

times the situation requires a non-instructional solution. (Reiser & Dempsey)

“The Instructional design approach considers instruction from the perspective of the learner

rather than from the perspective of the content, the traditional education and training approach.”

(Morrison, Ross, Kemp)

Interactive Media

Interactive Media is an integration of digital media including combinations of electronic text,

graphics, moving images and sound into a structured digital computerized environment that

allows people to interact with the data for appropriate purposes. It is a method of communication

in which the output from the media comes from the input from the user. It allows 2 way

communications in contrast to 1 way communication of traditional Lecture method. Any form of

interface between end user and medium is interactive e.g. websites, videogames, social

networking etc.





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CAI (Computer Aided/Assisted Instruction)

It is a broad term in practice as it includes the application of computer in implementing

instructions. It involves the proper integration of hardware and software resources. It basically

uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video for the sake of enhancement in learning. It

can be also defined as a self learning technique that involves the direct interaction of the student

with the programmed instructional material. It is an interactive instructional technique where by

a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.

Smart Class

It is a concept of using technology for delivering the instructions in an effective way. It can have

a readymade subject content, lesson plans, tutorials, quizzes etc. It facilitate a 2 way interactive

and innovative teaching learning process that gives good results in terms of understanding

/grasping the concepts and recalling them. A number of companies like TATA, NIIT, HCL etc

are already dealing with this concept.

Students and instructors communicate via these technologies. (Kuebel, Karl, 2001)

Advantages of ICT

Content can be made more impressive by using tools.

Updation of content can be done easily and quickly.

There will be more flexibility in terms of exercises.

Teaching will be more interactive.

Content delivery can be made more interesting.

Evaluation is quick and justified.

Individual differences can be taken into consideration while designing the exercises.





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Disadvantages

Sometimes teacher act as a mere mediator.

Emotional connect is not there so it creates disinterest.

Class becomes monotonous if the delivery is not impressive.

Technological constraints are always there.

Conclusion

ICT is an important tool used in teaching-learning process but it totally depends on how it is

utilised and implemented. As the content is designed by the human beings, it is very important

that the content developer should have inbuilt knowledge and a clear idea of basic concepts. He

content should also be designed keeping in mind an average child and there should be proper

flexibility in it so that a user can do the necessary modifications depending upon his/her class

structure and the mental capability of the target group.

ICT can be used for the sustainable development of the children as it teaches them self discipline

and self reliance. It teaches them to utilise the available resources in a positive and constructive

way. When the concepts are learnt with your own pace and according to your interest, they are

having an effective and long lasting effect and can be retained for a longer period of time. They

can be recalled easily as it goes to the long term memory of human brain.

The concept of digitized classroom has not only made the education but it gave the students

power to enhance their performance (Jain, Ravi, 2012)

References

Alex, Koobang. "A Study of attitudes towards computers anxiety, confidence and

perceptions of usefulness", Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol.49, No.3, 1988.

Ambasht, N. K. (2000): A Critical Study of Primary Education, New Delhi, S. Chand &

Co., pp. 61-69.





9 | P a g e

Buch, M.B. (1991), Fourth Survey of Research in Education – Vol. I & II. New Delhi.

Publication Department, NCERT.

Buch, M.B. (Ed.) (1987). Third Survey of Research in Education (1978-83), NCERT,

New Delhi.

Buch, M.B. (Ed.) A Survey of Research in Education, CASE, M.S. University, Baroda,

1974.

Chauhan S.S. (1979) In Sharma, A.R. (1985). Educational Technology. Vinod Pustak

Mandir, Agra, P. 50.

Chauhan, S.S. (1979). Innovations in Teaching Learning Process. Vikas Publishing

House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Grewal, A. (1977). Scientific Attitude Scale. National Psychological Corporation, Agra.

Hammafin, M.J., & Peck, K.L. ''The design, development, and evaluation of instructional

software", Mc-millan, New York, 1988.

Jo, Langhome, Many Ed. "Teaching with Computers; A new Menu for the 90s", Oryx

Press, Kogan Page, London, 1989.

Johnson, T.R., Johnson, D.W., and Stanne, M.B. "Comparison of Computer-Assisted

Cooperative, Competitive, and individualistic learning", American Educational Research

Journal, Vol. 23, No.3, 1986.





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Joshi, A. & Mabapatra, B. "Development of computer aided instruction and its

effectiveness in terms of achievement", In the quest of Bharatiya Shikshan, Bombay,

July, 1993.

Keller, B.H. (1986). The Effect of Selected Presentation Forms Using Conceptual and

Procedural Content from Elementary Mathematics. Dissertation Abstracts International,

P. 1927-A, Vol. 47, No. 5, Nov.

Miller, K.W. "The effects of different computer based learning environments of fourth

grade students’ cognitive abilities". Dissertation Abstract International, Vol.48, No.

National Policy on Education, 1986, Problem of Action, Ministry of Human Resources

and Development, Department of Education, New Delhi, November, 1986.

NCERT (1988), National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education: A

Framework (Revised Version) New Delhi, NCERT.

NCERT (1992), Fifth All India Educational Survey Vol. I New Delhi, Publication

Department, NCERT.

NCERT. (1964), Internist in Teaching. NCERT, New Delhi.

NCERT.1978. Teacher Education Curriculum: A Framework: Guidance’s and Syllabi.

NCERT, New Delhi.

Vermette, P.J. (1984). The Identification and Evaluation of Exemplar Intensity in the

Classroom Teaching and Learning of Concepts. Dissertation Abstracts International,

P.273/A, Vol.44 No. 9 March.





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Watson, K. R. (1986). The Effects of Incentive Motivation and Informative feedback on

inclusive disjunctive concept learning. Dissertation Abstracts International, P. 3300 - A,

Vol. 46, No. 1, May.

Woodward, J„ Cannne, D. and Oersten, R. "Techniques, Problem Solving Throng

Computer Simulations", American Educational Research Journal, Vol.25, No. 1, 1988.

Woodworth, R.S. "Experimental Psychology", Oxford Publishing Company, New Delhi,

1976

Young, P. V. (1996): Scientific Social Surveys and Research, Prentice Hall Inc., 4th.

Edn, pp.350.





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Women – The Emerging Leaders in Hospitality Industry

Anant Kumar Verma

Lecturer, School of Hospitality & Tourism


Abstract

Even though the hospitality industry is booming, only a handful of women were found in high

managerial positions as compared to the men. The hospitality industry is women conquered with

an average of around 40% of the workforce, but is governed and managed by men, as women

are mostly found in positions which are particularly meant for their genders e.g. Director Sales,

Executive Housekeeper, manager marketing. Females and male managers of 5star hotels in

India were interviewed to explore their managing and leadership skills and designs, as well as

the challenges they face in their day today duties in hotel management. The result of this study

proved that the women are equally capable to the male colleagues and they have equal talent

that are considered to be perfect for our industry. At some areas they are considered to be more

effective than the male counterpart like communication, guest handling because they posses

supporting behaviors. This paper recommend that the hotel who have women in higher positions

are more successful in facing today cut throat competition and adapting to the new changes.

Keywords: Female Managers in Hotel Management, Leading, Success, Glass Ceiling

Introduction

Tourism is being considered to be a major contributor to the Indian economy and is considered

as major employer with more than 7 lacs jobs in 2003, representing 15% of the total employment

in the country. Nevertheless women were not having much participation rate in employment in

hospitality and tourism industry in India. There were not much of the researches done in this

field to explore the position of women in Hospitality Industry. In addition there is lack of





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empirical research on the position of women in corporate India. This paper projects at presenting

the status and leadership of women in Indian hospitality industry. The main purpose is to how

hotels in India may benefit from the women manages and use their skills and talents in facing

today’s world of competition, which is characterized by uncertainty and unpredictability

Women in Hospitality Industry

As the working atmosphere of the industry is changing day by day, the changes in the workforce

have become a must. Considering the other factors viz. geographical areas and the cultural

distances the number of women employed in the hotel industry has changed the entire scenario.

According to Labour department in India there are over 200 million people employed in the

Hotel and tourism industry, and the women represent around 30% among them. Amongst these

there were few women who were found in the high level management.

Women in India have lower earning than their male colleagues (not much of difference) and it

ranges around 80% of men’s salary. In addition other says that women are prone to stereotype

work which prevents them from attaining higher positions (Vakola & Apospori, 2007). The

regions may play a crucial role in gender attitudes. Take for example in States of Uttar Pradesh

and Bihar there are less women employed in hospitality sector as compared to the West Bengal,

Delhi and also southern part of India. In these states women are always in the position of being

outsiders. (Marshall 1984).

In addition, it has been always portrayed that women in certain scenario adopt suitable behaviors

and roles adjusted to the situation in which they operate (Biswas & Cassell, 1996). In other

situations they have the offer to express themselves and behave according to their traditional

roles.

According to Kinnaird and Hall (1994) and Jordan (1997), the Hospitality and the tourism

industry is influenced by the gender pigeonhole and thus there are various types of work that

women can perform. They say that women are mainly found in the seasonal jobs in this field.





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There are certain positions that are dominated by women. Still then women here are in positions

that are not allowing them to perform in the organization and become a member of senior level

management. Nevertheless, women has started gaining their power and nowadays even found in

high managerial positions in Hospitality administration.

Moreover hotel managers are specialist in certain characteristics. Hence the studies are

concentrated on the competencies required by the Managers. Lockyer and Scholaris (2004)

highlighted several personality traits in the hospitality industry that are very common with those

known in the hospitality industry and contained the characteristics such as Courtesy,

Tactfulness’, communications skills etc. When male and female managers were compared it was

found that women were very good at organizing works, showed good performance on

organizational and management knowledge. They were also very well mannered with the guests.

It was also found that women were good at spotting problems and even solving them quickly. As

we all know that in order to maintain good quality customers in a tourist place high standards of

services and professionalism are required. It has also been found that due to lack of time and

shattered work schedules, it becomes very difficult for a woman to focus on networking, training

and other activities, which are required for their career enhancement. Maxwell (1997, p.233)

states that the female hotel executives communicate better than their male counterparts,

especially in terms of long term achievement and even more apprehensive in their staff. Women

also possess the better management skills that are required by the hospitality industry e.g.

communication, adaptation to their surroundings. Hotel managers delegate, motivate staff and

present the information orally and in writing.

In view to the above, it is important to concentrate on the women employment in the hotel

management and analyze their role and status in order to protrude the female management and

the leadership style in Hotel Management, as well as any challenged which women confronts and

which should be addressed by the stakeholders.





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Methodology

Management and leadership are social happenings that depend on the subjective interpretations

of the team leader and his followers. Hence the density of the happenings demands methodology

that can provide access to the data that protrudes the views of both female and male managers in

the hospitality industry. The qualitative approach helps to discover the way managers understand

and make sense of their day to day situations. Hence the researcher seeks to discover the nature

of hotel management and leadership through the eyes of participants by penetrating to the frames

of meaning where these people operate in the organization.

Therefore the empirical data are gathered with semi – structured interviews with 10 male and 10

female executives of 3-5 star hotels in Bhopal, which are chosen with convenience sampling

techniques. The hotels includes city hotel, national and international chain, in order to have a

variety of participants and views based on different organizational structures. The semi-

structured interview had a conversational style so the researcher could comprehend how each of

the contributors gave meaning to their work experiences.

The participants in the study are all hoteliers. The majority of the participants in the study are

either single or do not have any children, which depicts that despite of their age factor and the

fact that they are either married or divorced, the participants spend maximum of their time on

their careers and at work. The female participants are more likely to remain single and not have

children in order to pursue their career. They are 3year diploma certificate holders. Only 1 of the

participants was having a Post Graduation diploma. All have the degrees and diplomas related to

the hotel industry only.

Analysis and Results

The participants conveyed their observation on the three main criteria’s as they appeared after

analyzing the data. They are the following:

1) The glass ceiling issues in Hotel Management





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2) The leadership style that managers adopt

3) The factors that lead to successful management in the hospitality industry in India

The female executives in the study stressed the difficulties they face and the factors responsible

for the glass ceiling phenomenon, where the male managers were worried with this phenomenon

but only in reference to female colleagues.

However, some issues on the glass ceilings are delivered in this paper in an effort to show how

the female managers deal, as the focal point of these papers is mainly on the leadership and the

management style that is adopted.

With reference to the glass ceiling, males managers have a common belief that it is most difficult

for women to work in the hospitality industry, as the demand is of long working hours and even

sacrificing their personal and family lives and even be ready for the relocations of their job in

order to rise up in their career. Exclusively one female manager confessed that she did not chose

the promotion to her next hierarchy as her desire was to spend time with her children.

However, one female executive said that ―if a lady can manage her time, then she can balance

her work life‖. This was also supported by similar studies such as Ng and Pine (2003) and

Knustan and Schmidgall (1999) who considered commitment and ones hard work are the major

contributors to their success. The female executives claim that they work for long hours even

more than their male colleagues, because they need to prove their skills, despite of difficulties in

balancing their work-life. For example one female front desk manager said that if you want your

guests and the management to be happy then you have to be there whenever they required. Even

she comes to the hotel when the hotel is busy even midnight when there are heavy check-ins and

check – outs. She even used to assist her all her front desk staffs like cashiers, reception and bell

desk.

Thus the hospitality managers have to develop capability across the various departments, offer

more career prospects and higher level of salary. Interestingly however, very few female

executives expressed their desire to become General Managers of their hotel. Sex and gender





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discrimination is still obvious in the hospitality sector, however the situation is getting better and

better day by day, and the women professionals are given more and more opportunities to follow

their executive cadre. This point was raised by both female and male executives, that although it

is difficult to infiltrate into the kitchen which is normally the male dominated, it is possible with

the proper attitude, behavior and the knowledge.

Further, the managers (both male and female) say that knowledge of the hospitality industry and

the experiences help them a lot in order to be a respectable person in the society. The women are

valued more than the male managers’ delegation and decision making. They say that this allows

them to spend more time with their staffs. A female manager said that she never felt that her

growth is disturbed being a women. The women are also a good decision maker.

In contrast to male managers, the females in study claim that to deal with the challenging

situations and circumstances patience, smile and humor may be of great help. Brownell (1994a)

put forward that interpersonal skills and determination are the main key factors to the successful

hotel management, and the women workers do possess these. Even female managers in the study

propose that they need to be as confident as their male colleagues.

Further female managers assert that they are trying their level best to change the style and culture

of management, thus providing a more fertile and accommodating atmosphere. Thus they hear

their staff, respect their opinions and discuss about the various troubles that arises during the

work. In this way they persuade a team-based management style that generates more advising

opportunities for the employees through the environment and the working atmosphere.

At last they all claimed that the traditions are changing and the women are given more and more

opportunities to explore and progress. It was noticed by Powell and Graves (2003) who said that

by adopting strategies for their career betterment or demoralizing them. Baum (2013) found that

women in the hotel industry are responding very well to the situations demanding attention.

There are some points which are fished out are the following:





18 | P a g e

It’s correct that females work very hard and they are not more in numbers on our

hospitality industry, but their numbers are continuously increasing. We may get many

female managers in the reputed hotels. Women are more effective, as they have excellent

communication skills that are required by the hospitality industry.

Evidently male and female managers agree on some competencies and skills that are

needed to grow in the hospitality industry. But these two genders identify the barriers

differently in their careers. E.g. female executives value the relationship with their

colleagues and superiors, whereas the male ones value their status and their positions.

Male managers believe that both female and male managers are equivalent and

identically treated. They have same way of perceiving life in professional and personal

way. When they are married, they both start caring for their families more as they think

that family comes first and thus becomes hard to balance their work-life.

The male participants feel that their female counterparts were as good as they are and

they have a bright future as they continue to do hard works, night shifts despite the sex

and gender stereotypes that persists in our Indian culture. Interestingly one Front Office

Manager said – “Make all the work suitable for women’s kind and see that all the

work blossom”.

Suggestions for Hotel Management

This provides the directions for the higher level management in the hotels as they suggest

that women make successful managers, despite of facing several challenges in their

careers. The hotel management should provide female staffs with adequate policies to

help and support them in their work life balance. The policies may include the leaves

during their marriages, maternity leaves and even when they seek the help of the doctor

for self or children.

The culture in Indian Hospitality organization has a great blow on female and male

executives. The challenging and demanding in the current market scenario forces the





19 | P a g e

women to think twice before starting a family life so as keep their performance and

productivity unaffected.

This study suggest that as the hotel industry faces the cut throat competition that threaten

its perfection and effectiveness, female executives and managers could be employed as

they are flexible and could help the hotel to adapt to the new market trends.

The findings says that the attitudes towards female as executives and managers have

changed and they are now ready to take any leadership roles, as the female mannerism

are significantly appreciated and respected in the Hospitality Industry.

Female executives have the skills and proficiency which is required to succeed in this

demanding industry.

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Internal marketing: A way to gain sustainable development of the

organization

Teena Mishra

Research Scholar, Barkatullah University,

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Dr. Shalini Sinha

Dean Academics, TIT group of Institutions,

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Abstract

Since the matter of organizational development originated, there is a gap in that process, that is

little attention towards internal marketing. Now development alone is not sufficient for any

organization, it is necessary to focus on sustainable development. Internal marketing is a tool to

implement marketing within the organization. Various activities of internal marketing are to

improve internal work environment, employee welfare measures, internal communication,

segmentation, reward, employee retention etc. to improve the exchange between organization

and employees for mutual benefits that led to sustainable development of the organization. The

importance of internal marketing is growing in the organization, but there is a lack of

understanding of its process of implementation. This research paper focuses on the role of

internal marketing to gain sustainable development of the organization and its process of

implementation.

Keywords: Internal marketing, sustainable development, Organization, internal social

marketing, competitive advantage





26 | P a g e

Introduction

Internal marketing evolved in many forms. Internal marketing emerged in (1981) as a new tool to

improve service quality of the organization. Later, internal marketing found beneficial for the

whole system of the organization i.e. to achieve competitive advantage, to retain employees, to

improve employee‟s performance, to implement changes, to motivate employees, to strengthen

employee power and to improve business performance. Due to various benefits of internal

marketing it works as to gain long-term success of the organization. In other words, it is the way

to develop organizational system for long term success of the organization. In today‟s

competitive and dynamic environment, it is necessary to gain competitive advantage to survive

and prosper. Human resource or intangible assets plays an important role to get success.

Aim of internal marketing is to gain long- term success of the organization. Internal marketing

leads to sustainable organizational development by improving whole organizational system and

increasing organizational efficiency. Sustainability should be the purpose of organizational

existence. Organization cannot only create sustainable value through money only. To create

value for stakeholder‟s organization need to make balance of ecological, social and economic

system. All people are connected with each other directly or indirectly thus to achieve

sustainability it is necessary to change the thinking of people. It reflects their behavior. It is

wrong to think that business is only to earn profit in money terms only. 1

According to Avery et al (2009) businesses that are using social ethical and governance factors

are left behind their competitors but they get success in long term and becoming more successful

than competitors. 2

1 Wong, L. and Avery, G.C., (2008). Creating sustainability in organisations: beyond being green. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(2), pp.68-74. 2 Ibid





27 | P a g e

Internal marketing improves service quality of the organization. By focusing on external as well

as internal customers equally organization develops the culture to gain sustainable competitive

advantage. Customer satisfaction becomes important for organization whether internal or

external customers. According to Christopher et al (1991) internal marketing objective is to

increase knowledge of internal as well as external customers that improves organizational

effectiveness. According to Lings (1999) in the market orientation and strategic management

literature main focus was on external factor but internal factors are equally important to gain

success in strategy implementation. Foreman and Money (1995) depicted that by satisfying

internal customer need and by improving internal chains of supply organization results into

better customer orientation.

According to Soltani (2008) et al service quality is the best means to gain customer loyalty and

satisfaction. Skills attitude and behavior of employee are important because they are delivering

service. According to Hitt et al (2007) core competency is the most important element in

strategic planning that leads to competitive advantage. Thus, Cahill (1995) depicted that in the

present scene human capital is the best means to gain sustainable competitive advantage.3

Research Methods

This research is to explore the relationship between internal marketing and sustainable

development. It is qualitative in nature. Secondary data is collected from various journals, books

and online articles.

3 Javadein Seyed S.R. et al 2011 “The role of Internal marketing in creation of sustainable

competitive advantages” Academic journals Inc 6 (4) pp364-374





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Literature review

Meaning of internal marketing

There are various definitions of internal marketing in the internal marketing literature. According

to Rafiq and Ahmed (2000) internal marketing is an approach of internal marketing activities that

helps to overcome organizational resistance to change, to align organizational activities,

improves inter-functional coordination in the organization, and integrate all the internal functions

to implement effective corporate and functional strategies and to attain internal and external

customer satisfaction. 4

Internal market is the first market of the organization where internal customers need to inform,

educate, about organizational mission, policy and benefits of its product and its services and also

customer requirement or expectations. 5 Internal marketing is to improve relationship between

employees and also make them customer oriented at all levels depicted by Gummesson et al

(1991). This means, employees making relationship to make them customer oriented. In the

TQM concept also importance of both customers is to improve customer service. In the internal

market there is an employee who makes relationship with each other because they are using

human element to perform job. Employees cannot perform job alone there is need to interact

with other employee. Organization is selling job products then employees start to utilize its

resources to perform that job. Marketing is not get end after selling the product. Now the

marketing is also focusing how the customers are using their product. Are they satisfied by using

it? Relationship develops in the internal market. Employees communicate with each other

formally and also informally. How they perform is also depend on the relationship between

employees. There is supply chain. If the job product is not satisfactory there is need to make

change in them and also convince the internal customer. 6 Internal marketing is a tool through

4 Yazdani, D.M.N.A., Internal Marketing & a Conceptual Model For Development of Employees as Brand.

5 Richard, „Internal marketing‟ Page 75-76 6 Richard „Internal marketing, googlebooks 75-76





29 | P a g e

which organization can gain sustainable development in the organization. Internal marketing

utilizes human power. 7

Internal marketing campaign

To improve internal relationship and to implement internal marketing campaign in the

organization Reynosa and Moores in (1996) suggested internal marketing campaign. Reynosa

and Moores in (1996) describes internal relation between internal customer and internal supplier

in six steps of internal marketing campaign which are given below:-

1) Building internal awareness. - First step is to create internal awareness in the internal

market.

2) Process of identifying internal customer and internal supplier. - Who are internal

customer and internal supplier are indentifying in the second step.

3) Identifying expectations of all internal customers.- To meet the need of internal

customers it is necessary to identify the expectations of them.

4) Communicating expectations of internal customers to internal suppliers in order to

discuss about how to meet these need and wants.- Communication of internal customer

need to internal supplier is the fourth step of internal marketing campaign.

After all above point‟s internal supplier find out changes required in the organization to deliver

service to internal customers. - In the organization internal supplier finds out the ways to

provide service to internal customers.

5) Measuring internal service quality and feedback.8.- In the last internal service quality is

measured and giving feedback of it.

7 Várnai, S. and FOJTIK, D.J., THE ROLE OF INTERNAL MARKETING IN CULTURAL CHANGE IN ORGANISATIONS

8 IAN Lings and Brooks, Roger F (1998), Implementing and measuring the effectiveness of internal marketing

journal of marketing management 14 4/5 p.325-351.





30 | P a g e

Internal marketing and sustainable development

Internal marketing is the best source to change and organizational development. Staff faces

resistance to change in the absence of internal marketing. In cultural change it is necessary to

implement strategies new values and objectives from upper management level.9 According to

Boddy and Buchana (2002) there are two levels of organizational change which are given

below:-

1) Macro level- it is a form of organizational transformation with the intention to rebuild

fundamental assumption.

2) Micro level- it is about the people belief, values, and norms in the organization.

Cultural change onion model includes different level are basic assumption, values, norms, and

artifacts. Basic assumption is the deepest level regarding the solution of organizations problem.

Values are the second level that explain organizational member what is important for them and

on what they have to pay attention. Norms is the third level shows how member of an

organization should behave in a given situation. It is closely related to ethical behavior. Artifacts

are the highest level. It includes structure, system, procedure rules, physical aspect and

observable behavior. Artifacts are built up on the previous three levels. Cummings and Worley

(2001) presented six step guidelines to find out the linkage between internal marketing

orientation and cultural change program.

1. Clarity in strategic vision- first step is to formulate clear vision strategy which consist of

necessary shared values and expected behavior.

2. Involvement of top management- for the cultural change top manager‟s involvement is

most important.

3. At the highest level model cultural change should be adopted first in the organization-top

management need to communicate values and norms linked with the new culture. They

are the initiator for change.

9 Vernaj, Opcit.





31 | P a g e

4. Modify the organization for corporate changes- for cultural change supporting

modifications are required in organizational structure, human resource system,

information, management style, communication, and operation.

5. Select members and also terminates retentive persons

Members should be according to new organizational culture. Select persons who fit with

new culture and give them induction program. Those who find difficulty in adapt changes

should be terminated specially at senior level.

6. Ethical and legal sensitivity should be developed- promoting employee integration, equal

opportunity and job security in the organization. Organization should be clear about

ethical and legal issues.10

Internal marketing is based on the satisfaction of employees based on the premise to achieve the

retention and attraction of top talent that will lead to organizational success. The most important

aspect of the sustainability is the employee engagement. According to Kahn (1990) employee

engagement is associated with three conditions (meaningfulness, safety and availability).

Organizational people make more effort if they feel that they will be protected and rewarded in

the organization. Sustainability is linked with people, profit and planet. Internal marketing

framework translates this into triple advantage of employee satisfaction, long-term sustainable

profit and durable planet with less pollution. Employee engagement and involvement in

sustainable and social responsibility programs can have positive impact on employees.11

Sustainable marketing is a marketing that aligns organizational process and also creates value for

stakeholder (owner, shareholders, employees, value chain partners) and also enhance external

natural and social environment. 12

10

Ibid

11

Luigi Lucian Blaga , ACHIEVING EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION BY PURSUING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICESDUMITRESCU University of Sibiu, Romania 12

Arnould, E. and Press, M., 2011. Marketing organizations and sustainable marketing. In Sustainable Business Practices. Prager Press.





32 | P a g e

Belz and Peattie (2009) viewed sustainable marketing as a macro marketing concept.

Macromarketing is concerned with the effects of marketing on whole systems, such as

institutions, value chains, or industries. According to Thompson (2010) there are many ways to

make approach towards sustainability for example, on including the costs of ecosystem services

into operations; some try to copy natural systems in new product development and operations; a

little strive to reduces the firm‟s overall carbon footprint; and, some try to modify technologies

they deploy in line to enhance rather than diminish natural resources.13

Sustainable marketing also entrusts a firm to reduce the discharge of wastes into the natural and

social environment that are dangerous to health or compromise future environmental,

community, or economic viability. Sustainable marketing is to create value for all stakeholders

and also considering economic and social impact of it.14

Romane stressed role of relationship marketing on implementation of sustainable development

and organization change. 15

According to Meunier (2005) sustainability is vital for human

survival and fulfilling current need of human without make compromise for future generation to

meet their needs is the basic concept of sustainability. 16

According to Martin and Schouten (2012) sustainable marketing means to create value to

customers by considering human capital and natural. 17

13

Ibid 14

Ibid

15

Al Pop, N., Roman, M., Saniuta, A. and Petrisoaia, C., 2012. Relationship marketing, engine of sustainable development and organisational change in the Romanian business environment. Amfiteatru Economic, 14(32), p.349. 16

Ibid 17

Ibid





33 | P a g e

Role of internal marketing in internal brand management

Branding not only makes impact on customer‟s perception but also employee‟s perception.

According to Jacobs brand represents relationship between organization and its customers

whether they are internal or external. Internal brand management- Internal brand management is

also a rising idea for organizational success. It is the internal marketing through which internal

brand management can be improved. Employees get complete knowledge about the product or

services that creates value for customers before deliver it is known as internal branding.

According to OReilly and Pfeffer attraction and retention is not the key to success. The best

method is to create culture that utilizes employees in a best possible manner. Employee oriented

service culture makes positive impact on customers. It is the internal marketing that cares for

employees thus it creates employee orientation. It enforces employees or internal customers

towards internal brand management. 18

Employees deliver product /service to customers after

having complete knowledge about the value created to customers is internal branding.

Employees know about tangible and intangible aspects of product/services that are providing to

customers through branding. Organizations that are using employee oriented service culture

makes positive impact on customers. O'Reilly III and Pfeffer clarify that attraction and retention

are not the only way to success. According to them the best key of organizational success is to

create culture that fosters the best utilization of employee‟s talent. Internal market orientation

helps the development of employee brand knowledge. Thus motivating attracting and retaining

employees to deliver brand promise. According to literature economic wealth comes from

knowledge assets, intellectual capital, and its useful application. 19

18

King, C. and Grace, D., (2008). ‘Internal branding: Exploring the employee's perspective.’ Journal of Brand Management, 15(5), pp.358-372.

19 Ibid





34 | P a g e

Role of internal marketing in sustainable competitive advantage

Hitt et al (2007) it is not easy to copy strategies of organizations that are gaining competitive

advantage. There are two reasons of this first it is difficulty in imitating strategies 2) it may have

high cost to imitate. Skillful, motivated and flexible workforce is the means to gain sustainable

competitive advantage.20

According to Ahmed and Rafiq 2002 job product is not limited to task that performed by

employees. It also includes training needs, levels of responsibility, career opportunities, working

environment, and involvement in decision making. Internal products are created by managers to

engage employees in the organizations corporate responsibility and sustainability philosophy.

Good internal products results to engage employees in corporate responsibility to invest time and

effort in it. 21

According to Zeithaml & Bitner, 1996 (cited Yusoff & Baharun, 2008, p.6), internal customer

was defined as “any member (employee) of the organization receiving service and product from

other members of the organization to carry out his or her job”. This means that meeting the

requirements exactly as customers needs is the quality means for many organizations. Thus,

internal service is defined as the service provided between different organizational departments

(Kang et al, 2002).22

20 Javadein Seyed S.R. et al (2011) “The role of Internal marketing in creation of sustainable

competitive advantages” Academic journals Inc 6 (4) pp364-374.

21 Hernandez-Sanchenz Isabel and Grayson David, (2012) “Internal marketing for engaging employees on the

corporate responsibility journey”

22 ElSamen A.A. and Alshurideh (2012) The impact of internal service quality. A case in Jordian

pharmaceutical company international journal of business and management, 7 (19). P.84





35 | P a g e

According to Gummesson (1987) et al all employees of an organization are internal customers.

In the organization Groonroos (1981) et al suggests that there is internal exchange thus every

employee is both a customer and supplier to other employee. 23

Each individual of the organizational staff are internal customers and internal suppliers of each

other. Internal customers are different from internal customer service. Internal customer service-

it is defined by Finn et al. 1996 that it is a two way process between internal customers and

internal suppliers in which internal suppliers act a provider of service to internal customers.

Varey 1995 aim of internal customer service is to find out need of internal customer both as

individual & as service provider. 24

Internal marketing was originated as a solution to improve service quality. Thus, it helps to

compete in the market. To gain competitive advantage it works best. Alhariry Khaled et al

studied on impact of internal marketing to gain competitive advantage in Yeminis banking

industry. 25

Objective of their study is to find out the level of internal marketing, level of job

satisfaction and organizational commitment & level of customer orientation. They collected data

from service employees only. To get success in marketing, external marketing does not work

alone. Therefore, internal marketing and external marketing both are important for the success of

marketing. 26

According to various researchers internal marketing is a strategy to achieve organizational goal

for example Ezekiel studied internal marketing as a strategic tool for the survival of banking

industry. 27

23 Cai Shaohan (2010), Examining the relationship between internal service quality and its dimensions

and internal customer satisfaction’ vol 21, No.2. pp 205-223 24 Ibid 25 Alhakimi, W. and Alhariry, K., 2014. Internal Marketing as a Competitive Advantage in Banking Industry. Academic Journal of Management Sciences, 3(1), pp.15-22.

26

Ibid 27

Chin TA., the effects of internal marketing on customer orientation in Nigerian banking industry. Journal of business and management, 16 (1), issue 11, pp.34-38.





36 | P a g e

Sudhir (2010) et al. explained that internal marketing works as a strategy to achieve

organizational goal by attracting, motivating, developing, and retaining employees. To market

successfully the organization, internal marketing plays vital role. Organizations that are

selecting, motivating, and managing their employees for outstanding performance in business

gained competitive advantage in comparison to others.

According to Morlinear et al (2009) employees are the most important stakeholder of the

organization thus by maintaining relationship with them organization works well.28

Conclusion

Internal marketing plays an important role to gain financial and non-financial performance of the

organization. Due to increasing competition and dynamic environment it is not sufficient to

measure only financial performance with this non economic indicators are also important. Non-

economic indicators of performance are market share, product development, or production

efficiency. Pnaigyarakis et al (2009) examined internal marketing improves service quality,

building market share, customer loyalty and customer satisfaction as measures of non-financial

indicator. 29

Internal marketing plays an important role to gain sustainable development of the organization.

To gain sustainable development it is necessary to bring changes in the management thinking.

Business is to earn money but that is not an end in itself. There is also need to change to treat

employees in the organization. To treat them as customers is the best idea to motivate them.

Organization need to maintain relationship with all shareholders. It is necessary to respect and

value all people of the organization whether they are CEO, Director or workers. To overcome the

28

Zaman, K., Javaid, N., Arshad, A. and Bibi, S., (2012). Impact of internal marketing on market orientation and business performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(12). 29

Ibid.





37 | P a g e

problem of the organization it is necessary to view things interrelated and as a whole and not in

parts. Organization is facing the problem of system blindness. Departments and managers are

proving themselves who are right and focus on short term interest. Thus organizational people

competes each other in spite of cooperation that hinders its long term success.30

These challenges do approach for sustainability in corporate strategy, leadership and culture.

Thus, internal marketing is the best means to gain sustainable development of the organization.31

References

Jun, M., & Cai, S. (2010). Examining the relationships between internal service quality

and its dimensions, and internal customer satisfaction. Total Quality Management, 21(2),

205-223.

Chin TA.,‟ the effects of internal marketing on customer orientation in Nigerian banking

industry.‟ Journal of business and management, 16 (1), issue 11, pp.34-38.

Sanchez-Hernandez, I., & Grayson, D. (2012). Internal marketing for engaging

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30 Wong, L. and Avery, G.C., (2008). ‘Creating sustainability in organizations: beyond being green.’ International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(2), pp.68-74 31 Ibid.





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Javadein, S. S., Rayej, H., Estiri, M., & Ghorbani, H. (2011). The role of internal

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CULTURAL CHANGE IN ORGANISATIONS.

Wong, L., & Avery, G. C. (2008). Creating sustainability in organisations: beyond being

green. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(2), 68-74.

Yazdani, D. M. N. A. Internal Marketing & a Conceptual Model For Development of

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Zaman, K., Javaid, N., Arshad, A., & Bibi, S. (2012). Impact of internal marketing on

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39 | P a g e

A Study on the Exploring Initiatives and Challenges for Make in India

Dr. Deepti Sharma

Assistant Professor

Manyawar Kanshiram Institute of Tourism Management, Lucknow

Dr. Vikas Misra

Professor

Allenhouse Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Abstract

This paper has been analyzed from the perspective of the recent major initiatives “Make in

India” campaign taken up by the Government of India to transform India into a global

manufacturing hub. This paper examines the growth dynamics of the Indian manufacturing

sector, its performance and the potential it can achieve in the coming times. The aim of the study

is to assess the impact and bottlenecks in the implementation of initiatives undertaken to

facilitate the ease of doing business with reference to manufacturing sector in India. The paper

also highlight whether “Make in India” make high quality job creation in India. An attempt has

been made to analyse the growth prospects and the operational challenges faced by the

manufacturing sector with reference to Make in India.

Keywords: Make in India, Job Creation, and Manufacturing hub.

Introduction

Welcoming worldwide organizations to India, Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi propelled the

campaign ‗Make in India‘ on September 25, 2014 to ―change India into a worldwide

manufacturing hub‖ and in this way utilize manufacturing as a vehicle for employment

development. As indicated by the battle site, Make in India is ‗a latest major new national

campaign planned to upgrade skill development, encourage development, facilitate venture,





40 | P a g e

ensure protected innovation and construct best-in-class manufacturing framework. India must

become a manufacturing powerhouse so as to profitably utilize its demographic profit; there is no

option here. Fortunately, we have numerous normal points of interest including a major

workforce pool and an expansive domestic market. Moreover, with China‘s competitive

advantage in manufacturing disintegrating, India has the prospect to remove some share of

worldwide manufacturing from China. All we need to do to enhance the simplicity of working

together in India are these —enhance infrastructure, reform labour laws, put resources into

aptitudes advancement, make it easier to acquire land, implement Goods and Services Tax (GST)

and fast track approvals. The initiative has been taken to help the household manufacturing

industry and economy of the nation by welcoming worldwide nations to put resources into the

Indian market.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi laid out a dream of India manufacturing as opposed to

bringing in the goods she needs. The ―Make in India ―is devoted to Pandit Deendayal

Upadhyaya, the patriotic philosopher. This campaign plans to make India a pioneer in

manufacturing by 2020 by creating exports worth $990 billion.

The significant target behind the activity is to concentrate on 25 sectors of the economy for job

creation and skill development. It additionally goes for top notch guidelines and minimizing the

effect on the environment. It also focuses on new thoughts and initiatives as First Develop India

and Foreign Direct Investment, Highways and I-ways, Look- East on one side and Link- West on

the other. The initiative would like to draw in capital and technological investment in India.

Make in India is an initiative of Government of India, to promote organizations to manufacture

their products in India.

Numerous financial specialists consider labour-intensive manufacturing to be a ineffectual

objective given India‘s internal obstacles and external competition. This paper helps to focus on

the impact and bottlenecks in the implementation of initiatives undertaken to employment

development and assessing the occupation development capability of the Indian economy.





41 | P a g e

The incremental way to deal with change taken up to this point by the Modi government has not

yet removed enough barriers to manufacturing growth to start such a most ideal situation. In

subsequent sections the paper reviews policy measures necessary—labor reforms, general

business climate, provision of public goods, and institutional reforms—to achieve meaningful

change. More ambitious reforms will be needed to overcome the significant barriers to

competitive labor intensive manufacturing in India.

Need for Make in India

The circumstances of the manufacturing sector in India are a reason for concern. During the last

2-3 years, the Indian business has seen a difficult time, decelerating extensively. Considering this

issue, it would be a great thing if modern creation, specifically labour-intensive manufacturing,

could blossom in India. The Prime Minister said it is very imperative to raise the purchasing

power of common man to increase, as this would facilitate to boost demand, and subsequently

promote development, in addition to profiting investors.

One of the most noteworthy needs of the Indian government is financial inclusion- bringing more

nation into the modern, productive economy. This appreciated accentuation in our outside

venture strategy on productive and aggressive local assembling will serve numerous destinations.

Above all else, it will upgrade openings for work inside the nation; second, it will minimize the

imports of such items into the nation, along these lines moderating the weight on our exchange

shortfall; third, over the long haul, if not in the close term, it will expand and differentiate our

fares from the assembling area; fourth, it will help in bringing most recent innovations into the

country and finally, such household assembling will minimize a portion of the exchange gratings

we have with different nations. The significance of local assembling with outside interest in

decreasing exchange gratings with different nations is at present overlooked or thought little of.

As a culmination, the emphasis on world-class local assembling may likewise be the most ideal

approach to adapt to globalization and to augment the conceivable advantages from it. The

measure of our residential market and the bounteous accessibility of talented and specialized





42 | P a g e

labor requiring little to no effort is an influence that we have to put to utilize intentionally to

incite remote financial specialists to make India as an assembling center point in their operations.

On the off chance that there is one lesson we can gain from the Chinese, it is the manner by

which the extent of the local market and the accessibility of talented and restrained labor could

be put to compelling use for the modern and innovative improvement of the nation with outside

investment. The best course to enhancing financial results is through formal part occupations,

which pay standard and for the most part higher wages. Therefore, he said , speculators from

abroad need to make employments.

In the most recent couple of years, moderate development of manufacturing sector, absence of

clarity on approach issues and a miserable state of mind among India's business group was felt.

Head administrator in his lady discourse said he had heard even Indian agents say that they

would leave India and set up business somewhere else. He included that no Indian business

ought to feel an impulse to leave the nation under any conditions. He said improvement and

development situated business is the administration's responsibility. With this prospects 'Make in

India' a late activity taken up to make more employments inside nation i.e. its opportunity to

make in India.

Approaches under ‘Make in India’ Initiative

Amid the most recent couple of months, the administration of India has attempted late activities

that have made degree for revival of India's development story. India's modern arrangement must

perceive where we have critical upper hands. India is very uncompetitive at low aptitude

fabricating. Then again, it is great at making complex things which require gifted work and

cheap designing. In spite of every one of its deficiencies, India remains an extremely focused

assembling area for advanced things, for example, development hardware, autos and car parts

and diesel motors. It is no mischance that organizations, for example, JCB, Cummins, Deere,

Volvo, Hyundai and Ford are utilizing India as a noteworthy fare hub. The center of the

administration has been on refueling development, subduing value weights, encouraging

mechanical and business environment and improving the strategies and systems.





43 | P a g e

Launch of ‗Make in India‘ to make India a manufacturing center.

Amendments to three labor laws-Factories Act 1948, Apprenticeship Act 1961 and Labor

Laws Act (Exemption from furnishing returns and keeping up of registers by certain

establishments 1988) approved.

Launch of labor inspection schemes, ‗Shram Suvidha‘ portal, Universal Account

Number(UAN) facility for Employees Provident Fund(EPFO) subscribers

Creation of a ‗Common National Market‘ for the whole nation to guarantee free

movement of goods across the state borders.

Significant Declarations

Start of Make in India

to increase expansion of manufacturing sector

to encourage venture

to make India a manufacturing hub

Improvement of FDI restrictions

Enhancement of FDI breaking points in protection and guard from 26% to 49%

100% FDI in transportation

Amendment to labor laws

Factories Act 1948

Apprenticeship Act 1961

Labor laws Act

Major Initiatives of Make in India

The activities incorporate an assortment of measures from facilitating the administrative weight

to setting up exceptional monetary zones to stir India's idle assembling power.





44 | P a g e

Ease of doing business is essential for development ; India has slipped low in the list of

nations as far as of doing business

Process of applying for Industrial License & Industrial Entrepreneur Memorandum have

been made on the web

It is the government‘s responsibility to encourage the creation of an environment

conducive to development

FDI is a responsibility for the people and an opportunity for the global investors

Private-public partnership must be the basis of skills development in the country

There are numerous opportunities in manufacturing and to develop this sector we will

require a whole new world of infrastructure – from highways to I(nformation) ways, gas,

water , pipelines, ports and a lot many more

Skilled manpower mapped to the natural potential and formation of sustainable growth

development will be the focus of ‗Make in India‘

The development far from neediness will originate from increment in work; business will

come just when we begin building up the manufacturing segment in India.

The world is looking to put resources into Asia, particularly in Asian democracies, and

in places with high demand – India fits the bill perfectly

Effective governance is a key factor in attracting investors ; the government needs to

reassure investors of its effectiveness in promoting business and industry

‗Make in India‘ is the responsibility of government of India ; may India acquire strength

with this undertaking.

Challenges and Bottlenecks to Make in India

For making India a worldwide manufacturing center, government needs to get out specific

bottlenecks. This paper contains critical difficulties and answers for the same. Make in India

battle has till early October 2015 pulled in INR 2000 crore worth venture proposition. The battle

has, notwithstanding this, found what's coming to it‘s of faultfinders. It has been felt that the

administration does not walk its discussion - Labor changes, Land procurement, Companies Act





45 | P a g e

2013 and Policy changes, which are essential for the accomplishment of the Make In India battle,

have not yet been actualized. Various cutbacks in organizations, for example, Nokia India cast

long shadows over the battle. Various innovation based organizations have not been enthused by

the crusade dispatch and have proclaimed to keep getting their segments produced by China.

The "Make in India" activity is a vital and aggressive exertion by the administration. However its

prosperity will rely on our capacity to viably take an interest really taking shape of India that is

based upon the detailing of laws, arrangements, standards and controls that are profoundly

installed in standards and estimations of edified administration.

As indicated by the overview taking after detours have been distinguished by the respondents

which may obstruct development and hamper the usage of Make in India activity.

Land Acquisition: Land has swelled into significant bit of discouraging power for India

Inc. The failed invasion by the Tata‘s to make Nano autos in West Bengal, the escalating

strain over land securing by SEZs (uncommon monetary zones) and so forth have

guaranteed that corporate India thinks many times over before wandering into any

Greenfield extend. 93% of the respondents have said that the present laws make securing

expensive and in addition repetitive. A vigorous Land Acquisition strategy which would

make procurement much simpler alongside an alluring R&R bundle is crucial for interest

in framework and assembling.

Labour Laws: After laws and land, work is an essential obstruct in the wheel. In an

undeniably globalized economy, employments tend to move towards one heading, that is,

the place the work is cheap. With an order structure, China could offer a 'cordial work

biological community' to abroad financial specialists. Being an equitable country, India is

diversely situated versus the work. 89% of the units have reacted that India's work laws

are unbending and resolute that should be tended to.

Multiple Taxation: 80% of the respondents opine that there is a requirement for

rearrangements of expense laws and most punctual usage of GST to expel various tax

assessments and to excuse the duty framework.





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Companies Act 2013: About 41% of the respondents said that the Companies

demonstration in its present frame is adverse for every one of the organizations. The Act

of 2013 should be scrapped as opposed to making any endeavor of altering it and a new

demonstration in soul of corporate administration ought to be drafted.

Poor Governance: 37% of the respondents said that poor administration may block

development in the economy. They trust that great administration is vital for assembling

division development and for the achievement of Make in India activity. The legislature

should quick track all pending instances of debasement.

Police Raj: 24% of the respondents additionally said that there is a pressing need to

definitely update the Police Raj to make it individuals cordial .Police is the most critical

arm of the Government which cooperates which the normal man straightforwardly and

we have to characterize a framework where police is seen as a companion of the

Common man in the city and ought to encourage the development of industry.

Conclusions and Suggestions

"Come, Make in India" offer presupposes snappier determination to issues identified with 'Three

L's(laws, land and labour). Besides highlighting the 'Three L's', there is a need to consider a

'Remain in India' bundle to hold ability. To raise the way of life, to make our nation a noteworthy

center point for ventures and to grasp advance deserting our against business leanings for good

this is the right stride ahead. There will be proficient preparing in critical parts, more work open

doors and the business houses will embrace a city to help in the formation of 100 keen urban

areas.

Make in India is an auspicious open door for Indian organizations to develop and add to the

advancement of the country. Transparent laws and industry-accommodating arrangements should

be encircled. The administration must work to evacuate variables influencing producing

aggressiveness. Make in India is the following development driver for India. Quality cost and

maintainability the three things that should be ensured. There is a need to accentuate on

straightforwardness of arrangements, foundation, aptitude advancement and need zones. It's





47 | P a g e

about time that India turns into a favored assembling hub. It‘s time to make a great many

employments to prop up our economy. India has all that is expected to make it a key assembling

goal aptitudes, crude material and entrepreneurship. Thus we can say 'Make in India' is about the

present and future, not about the past.

References

Bal M. Make-in-India & Higher Education Policy: the Way Forward. Retrieved from,

2014.website:http://www.worldwidejournals.com/ijar/file.php?val=November_2014_141

6812538_173.pdf

Soundhariya S. Make in India – Scheme For Transforming India. Retrieved from, 2015

website:http://www.worldwidejournals.com/gra/articles.php?val=MzY3MQ==&b1=265

&k=67

Das S. Make in India- A Boost to the Manufacturing Sector. Retrieved from website:

http://employmentnews.gov.in/webmake.pdf

Datta, R.C., & Milly, S. (2007). Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India:

An Overview. Atlmri Discussion Paper. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

Retrievedfromhttp://skillingindia.com/pdf/Contemporary%20Issue%20on%20Labour%2

0Law %20Reform%20in%20India%20An%20overview.pdf

https://www.peoplematters.in/article/others/intangibles-make-india-11694

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07- 23/news/64772859_1_ a. m-

sipsmotherson-sumi-systems-investment-proposals





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http://www.oneindia.com/india/manufacturingentrepreneurship-crucial-make-

indiaexperts-1831762. : html

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141005095741-218620334--make-in-India-campaign

opportunities and-challenges

http://phdcci.in/file/thematic_pdf/Make%20in%20India%20Bolstering%20Manufacturin

g%20Sector.pdf

http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/economy/naren dra-modis-make-in-india

campaign-fivechallenges_109098.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_in_India

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10- 07/news/54735514_1_training-

china-senior-secondarylevel

http://inspire99.com/make-india-makes-sense/

http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hurdles-to-make-in-india/article6324344.ece





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Women Education: Challenges and Prospects in Anantnag District of

Kashmir Valley

Abdul Bari Naik

Department of Women Education

MANUU, Hyderabad

Abstract

This paper focuses on the women education: challenges and prospects in Anantnag district of

Kashmir Valley. Education is a discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching

and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various non-formals and

informal means of socialization. Women’s access to education has been recognized as a

fundamental right, and increasing girls’ education is a central policy aim of the international

development community and most developing country governments. Gender equality in

education is a critical element of the Millennium Development Goals. According to the census

2011 total population of the district Anantnag is 1.07 Million in which 0.55 are males while 0.51

are females. Out of this the total female population between age group above 14 years to 40

years are 0.16 million. This population was born in the Kashmir crises period (1975-2001) and

most affected people in the terms of socio economic, political as well as educational terms that is

why researcher have selected this criterion for samplings. Due to continuation of curfews,

hartals, unrests, make women inaccessible to education in particular and general masses in

general. The main objectives of the study are to find out the challenges impinging on the women

education secondly, to find out the major prospectus in women education in the study region. A

field based systematic survey was carried out on the basis of questionnaire in some selected

blocks and tehsils in district Anantnag to find out the challenges impinging on women education

and the data has been calculated on the basis of simple percentage methods. After finding the

problem related feminist theories superimposed on the results and various correlated results

have been achieved. And finally to synthesis all the findings and give feasible suggestions and

recommendations for further development of women education in this region.





50 | P a g e

Keywords: -curfews, hartals, challenges, women education

Introduction

Kashmir is also known as „Heaven of Earth‟ due to the attractive creations like rivers, mountains,

architecture, Mughal garden, wildlife and its cultural diversity. Kashmir is the World's highest

battle field and leading militarized zone. It has also the highest number of military bases in the

world. From 1989 -2016 more than 100000 people were brutally killed, thousands were made

half-widows, widows, hundreds of thousands were made orphans, thousands made blind by

pellets. Kashmiris were for pellets, bullets, mass graves, brutal killings, rapes, molestations,

detentions. Education (especially women‟s education) is one of the important sector which is

effected by such inhumanistic activities. The problem of women education in Jammu and

Kashmir in general and women education of Anantnag District in particular is one which attracts

attention immediately. In Jammu and Kashmir due to various aspects like geographical factors,

political insecurity, economic condition, socio-political issues women sufferer more as compared

with its counterparts.

Female education is a catch-all term for a complex of issues and debates surrounding education

(primary education, secondary education, tertiary education and health education in particular)

for females. It includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the

alleviation of poverty.

Women education in India has also been a major preoccupation of both the government and civil

society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country.

Although in the Vedic period women had access to education in India, they had gradually lost

this right. However, in the British period there was revival of interest in women‟s education in

India. During this period, various socio religious movements led by eminent persons like Raja

Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on women‟s education in India.

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar were leaders of the lower castes in

India who took various initiatives to make education available to the women of India. However,

women‟s education got a fillip after the country got independence in 1947 and the government





51 | P a g e

has taken various measures to provide education to all Indian women. As a result, women‟s

literacy rate has grown over the three decades and the growth of female literacy has in fact been

higher than that of male literacy rate.

While in 1971 only 22% of Indian women were literate, and in 2011, 65.46% female were

literate. In Kashmir the Figureures are 73.17 percent for males and 52.42 percent for females

while as in Jammu the Figureures are 79.42 percent and 56.86 percent respectively. The total

literacy rate of Anantnag district is 51.92 and female literacy rate is 44.36 in 2011.

The importance of women in matters of building the character of the citizens, economic

reconstruction of the state and social reforms is being realized. Under the fast changing

conditions in the state in the recent times increased attention is being paid to their education. The

problems which were faced by women during education in Anantnag district are categorized into

followings: -

Security Reasons/ Political turmoil

Socio-economic Problems

Geographical Reasons

Family Problems

Infrastructure and other facilities

Pseudo implemented Govt. policies.

Other Reasons

Objectives of the study

To find out the historical background behind Kashmir conflict 1989.





52 | P a g e

To assess the impact of Kashmir conflict on lives of women in general and particularly

on women education.

To correlate theories and compare various factors, impinging for erosion of educational

opportunities of women in Anantnag District.

Methodology

Hypothesis

Women Education get badly impacted due to Kashmir conflict than male counterpart in

Valley, particularly in Anantnag District.

Women face series of violence in conflict regions particularly in Kashmir Valley.

Women education has wider prospects in Anantnag District of Kashmir Valley.

Population

The population for the current study consists of respondents above 18 years old. The total simple

size for this study was 200 respondents among which 150 were rural and 50 were urban.

Sampling Technique:

The samples were taken from Anantnag Distract of Kashmir Valley. The sample was selected

using Stratified Random Sampling.

Assessment Tools

Primary data has been collected through questionnaire

Results and discussion

Type of family





53 | P a g e

Table 1 (a) Type of family

Type of Family

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban

Respondents % age total % age

Nuclear Family 60 40 44 88.0 110 55

Joint Family 90 60 06 12.0 90 45

Total 150 100 50 100 200 100

Source: Based on Field work done in 2013


Figure 1 (b)

0

50

100

150

200

250

No. of Rural

Respondents

% age No. of Urban

Respondents

% age total % age

Type of Family of Respondents

Nuclear Family Joint Family Total





54 | P a g e

The above table and graph reveals that still in rural areas the joint family system is dominant

while as in urban areas the nuclear families are dominant. In rural areas more than 60 %

population are still living in joint family system while less than 40% population are living in

nuclear families and in urban areas more than 85% population are living in nuclear families.

Sources of Income

Income plays a vital role in shaping the socio-economic conditions of a household and the

education levels of women.

Table 2 (a) Sources of Income

Source of

income

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban


Govt. employee 75 50 30 60 105 52.5

Agriculturalist 45 30 2 04 49 24.5

Business 20 13.33 10 20 30 15

others 10 6.66 8 16 18 09

Total 150 100 50 100 200 100

Source: - Based on Field work done in 2013





55 | P a g e


Figure 2 (b)

The above table 2 (a) and Figure 2 (b) reveals that in rural areas the respondents‟ main source of

income is from Employment as well as agriculture which is 80 % while in urban areas the

respondents‟ main source of income comes from employment and business which constitute 80

%. If we get the results combined together then majority of the source of income comes from

employment as well as agriculture.

Education profile of the Respondents

Education is one of the most important characteristics that might affect the person‟s attitudes and

the way of looking and understanding any particular social phenomena. Table 3 (a) and Figure 3

(b) reveal that more than 20% respondents‟ are illiterate in the study area. The illiteracy is

dominant in rural areas as compared to the urban areas. The urban respondents mostly fall in

SSC and Graduation which is 40% this is due to the availability of education institution as well

as accessibility reasons.

0

50

100

150

200

250

No. of Rural

Respondents

% age No. of Urban

Respondents

% age total % age

Source of Income

Govt. employee Agriculturalist Business others Total





56 | P a g e

Table 3 (a) Education Profile of the Respondents

Education

Qualification

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban

Respondents % age Total % age

Illiterate 45 30 4 8 49 24.5

Below 10th Standard 60 40 10 20 70 35

SSS and Graduation 30 20 20 40 50 25

Post-Graduation 11 7.33 10 20 21 10.5

Technical Education 2 1.33 2 4 4 2

Higher Education 2 1.33 4 8 6 3

Total 150 100 50 100 200 100


In rural regions the technical institution is lacking as well as infrastructural problems make a big

hindrance for education in general and women‟s education in particular. It can be concluded

from the table above that by and large the respondents were progressive in education but they

were still far away from the higher education which is so important today to create a knowledge

based society.





57 | P a g e


Figure 3 (b)

Reasons for illiteracy Rate of respondents

Table 4 (a) Reasons for illiteracy of respondents

Reasons

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban

Respondents % age Total % age

Security

Reason/political turmoil 27 60 2 50 29 59.18

Economic Reasons 2 4.44 1 25 3 6.12

0

50

100

150

200

250

Illiterate Below 10th

Standard

SSS and

Graduation

Post

Graduation

Technical

Education

Higher

Education

Total

Education Profile of Respondents

No. of Rural Respondents No. of Urban Respondents Total





58 | P a g e

Family Reasons 2 4.44 0 0 2 4.08

Geographical Reasons/

Distance 8 17.77 1 25 9 18.36

Infrastructure 1 2.22 0 0 1 2.04

Religion 0 0 0 0 0 00

others 5 11.11 0 0 5 10.20

Total 45 100 4 100 49 100


Table 4 (a) and Figure 4 (b) directly shows the security reasons and geographical reasons highly

influence people generally, particularly in the rural areas which brought a great hindrance for

women education. 50 percent women are influenced due to political instability in urban areas

while the ratio is higher in rural areas.





59 | P a g e


Figure 4 (b)

Out of total 200 respondents 49 were illiterate and among more than 59% highlighted political

instability/ security reasons are responsible for their high level illiteracy rate. Geographical and

economic reasons placed 2nd

and 3rd

cause of illiteracy in Anantnag district.

Dropouts rates of women education in Anantnag District

A school leaver or pass-out is a dropout if she/he does not pursue studies in another school

during the following academic session. Information about such students has been collected by

visiting child‟s home or from other reliable source such as child‟s neighbor or from another

school in the area.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Reasons of illiteracy

No. of Rural Respondents No. of Urban Respondents Total





60 | P a g e

Table 5 (a) Showing the Rural Urban dropouts in Anantnag District

Dropout

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban


Yes 30 20 06 12 36 18

No 120 80 44 88 164 82

Total 150 100 50 100 200 100



Figure 5 (b)

Above table 5 (a) and Figure 5 (b) depicts that out of total 200 respondents, 36 respondents were

the dropout cases. This shows that total survey shows 18% dropout cases in general while in

rural areas more cases are found than urban regions. Various researches and survey by various

0

50

100

150

200

250

No. of Rural

Respondents

% age No. of

Urban

Respondents

% age total % age

Rural Urban dropouts in Anantnag District

yes no Total





61 | P a g e

NGO‟S in Kashmir Valley shows 25 to 30 % dropout cases. If we go in the contrast analyses

between urban and rural regions we find that in rural areas the dropout cases are more as

compared to the urban areas.

Reasons / Causes/ Factors of women dropout in Anantnag District.

Dropout depends upon various factors such as poverty level, distance of school from home,

transport facilities, quality of teachers, social environment and many other factors. But in this

researcher has delineated the causes of dropout into social problems, political issues, economic

factors, geographical factors, lack of infrastructure and many more as shown in the table.

Table 6 (a) Showing the Factors/ reasons behind dropouts

Reasons/ Factors

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban


Social Problems 0 0 0 0 0 0

Security Problems 18 60 4 66.6 22 61.11

Economic Problems 2 6.6 1 16.6 3 8.33

Health problems 2 6.6 0 0 2 5.55

Lack of College/ school in

Vicinity 4 13.3 1 16.6 5 13.88

Lack of infrastructure 1 3.3 0 0 1 2.77





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Failure 3 10 0 0 3 8.33

Total 30 100 06 100 36 100



Figure 6 (b)

Above table 6 (a) and Figure 6 (b) Shows the reasons behind the female dropouts in Anantnag

District. There is number of reasons but the main seven reason/ factors are given in the table. The

study reveals that security problems are the main reasons in rural as well urban areas but in rural

areas the impact is more as compared with urban areas. Out of total 30 respondents in rural areas,

18 respondents which constitute more than 60% of the respondents pointed out security reasons

are the main reason behind dropout cases.

020406080

100120

Factors/ reasons behind dropouts

No. of Rural Respondents % age

No. of Urban Respondents % age

total % age





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Besides this, lack of college in vicinity is second most important reason for high level dropout

ratio. Failure and economic conditions are the other important reasons on which the respondents‟

dropout is high. The second important reason behind the high level female dropouts in both the

regions rural as well as urban is due to failure results. After students fails, she doesn‟t want to

continue the studies so there needs a grade system rather fail and pass system. Besides this,

health problem is another problem for both in rural areas as well as in urban areas.

More than 6% of respondents in rural areas are facing health problems while in urban areas more

than 5% respondents in urban areas are facing health problems. The psychiatrists believe that

young Kashmiri boys and girls have to experience a direct change in their personalities, identities

and behaviors everyday on account of gunshots, painful screams, banging of window panes and

doors, night protests, police and paramilitary raids, wild scenes of violence. Kashmiris have been

suffering from frequent bomb- blasts, curfews and property damages –all leading to high levels

of stress, endless fear and insecurity.

Table 7 (a) Discontinue educations

Discontinuation

of education

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban


Yes 30 20 8 16 38 19

No 120 80 42 84 162 81

Total 150 100 50 100 200 100






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Table 5.6 (b) directly depicts that out of total 200 respondents, 38 respondents discontinue

education at any stage in their life. 20 percent of respondents in urban areas discontinue

education while only 16 percent respondents in rural areas discontinue education due to various

reasons which are given below in tabular form.

As from the above tables regarding illiteracy reasons, dropout reasons and discontinuation of

education, in every aspect picture shows security/ political turmoil are the main reason behind

suffrages of women‟s education in Anantnag district. Security reasons also include hartals,

curfews, tensions and strikes in educational institutions. Violence against women is endemic

which a major cause of dropouts in Kashmir Valley is. On 30 May 2009, two young women

were found dead in a stream close to a village in the Valley‟s Shopian district, allegedly raped

and murdered by Indian security personnel.

Table 8 (a) Reasons for discontinue education

Reasons

No. of Rural

Respondents % age

No. of Urban


Family pressure to

marry 0 0 0 0 0 0

Security reasons 15 50 5 55.55 20 51.28

Poverty 5 16.6 1 11.11 6 15.38

Religion 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lack of college/ 5 16.6 1 11.11 6 15.38





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school in vicinity

No separate women

college/ school 2 6.6 1 11.11 3 7.69

Lack of infrastructure

facilities 0 0 0 0 0 0

Others 3 10 1 11.11 4 10.25

Total 30 100 9 100 39 100


Several hundred cases happened in Valley which leads to the high dropout rate among females in

District Anantnag. The valley was paralyzed by hartals or curfews having a great impact on the

education sector in general but particular women education in Valley. After 1989 the Kashmir

region comes under political instability and under army siege. This all resulted in frequent

curfews, crackdowns, search operations, arrest, torture, custodial killings, and disappearances of

youth, firing, shelling and the implementation of draconian laws like Armed Forces Special

Powers Act (AFSPA), Prevention of Terrorist Activities (POTA) and Public Safety Act (PSA)

which in turn gave birth to various kinds of human rights violations in Kashmir.

Different types of violence faced by women during conflict period.

Rapes (Asiya& Nilofar (2008), Konan-poshpora (1991))

Brutal killing, killing of parents, siblings (Aneesa Nabi, 2011, Genewa Human rights

summit)





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Arrests, detentions of father, brother, husband, son cousin.

Molestations (Handawara in 2016)

Eve teasing

Fear of violence in women. (Jeremy Bentham panopticon theory)

Jeremy Bentham, social theorist and English philosopher in 18th

century give Panopticon

theory, panopticon is a type of institutional building in which single watchman observe the entire

situation going inside and without the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being

watched. Both Gaze as well as Panopticon theory is applicable to the situation generated in

Kashmir Valley. The security persons are gazing continuously, that even when people reached at

their rooms they feel that panopticon view. On roads women were gazed, when reached at home

she listens the news that her father has been arrested on suspicious basis, next day she was

informed that her brother is no more because he was brutally cold murdered by security forces.

From gazing until the death of close ones, it is the women who get suffered more than anyone in

the region and it is only happening in Kashmir …. in Kashmir …. in Kashmir ….,





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One of the respondents namely Ishrat says:

“Women and girls who come out for colleges and schools were gazed by security agencies on

roads. So we feel ashamed of the way they navigate” (Interview 2016)

Like Ishrat, Aunisa narrated the same situation,

“In an environment of stratagem, the burqa (enveloping outer garment worn by females),

becomes functional necessity because it gives me a protection from the gaze eyes of security

persons rooming around school premises”.





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Another respondent (Bisma) said,

“Sometimes the gazing crosses the limits and which force us to grab guns and shoot the gazed

eyes of men in uniform but Islam does not allow us”.

Fozia another interviewer mentioned,

“I don‟t want to highlight the matter regarding insecurity on roads, may be next day security

agencies will do same with me what they have done with Asiya and Niloofar in Shopian”

Another respondent (Hafeeza), quoted,

“I have two sons and three daughters, both are studying outside (means other parts of India), but

how could I send daughters there for education, I have seen the cruelty of Indians through the

oppression of Indian Army”.

Fatimah says,

“All my three daughters have quite education because Kashmir University have less intake seats

at P.G level and I could not send them outside because not safe for girls”

Suggestions and Conclusion

Revocation of draconian laws Armed Forces (Special Powers) Acts (AFSPA)

Displacement of Army camps and bankers near education institutions.

Treat Kashmiris as human beings and don't make fun of the terms Jamhuriat, Kashmiriat

and Insaniyat.

After going through a discussion in this research paper, it may be concluded that women facing

various challenges and hurdles during the Kashmir Crisis period. During crisis period the basics

infrastructure of education as well as roads, bridges, building were destroyed as well as

occupied. Women suffer more than male counterparts because thousand rape cases, innocent





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killing, disappearance cases etc. have been taken place in Jammu and Kashmir. Women

education is important for the empowerment and development of women in general and

sustainable development of society in particular.

References

Angel S. Recto (2005), “Foundations of education Vol. II, Historical, philosophical, legal

& theological”, Pub. Rex Philippine

Anna Julia Cooper (1892), The Higher Education of Women

Bazaz, P. N. (1959). Daughters of the Vitasta: A History of Kashmiri Women from Early

Times to the Present Day, Pamposh Publications, New Delhi, pp.211 and .219.

Census of India 2011,

Fayaz Ahmad Bhat & Fouzia Khurshid, “Gender Disparity and Policies of Inclusion: A

Case Study of Women‟s Education in Jammu and Kashmir” International Refereed

Research Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce. Vol. – II, Issue –3, July 2011

GOJK (2008). Jammu and Kashmir State Report, January 21 – February 5, Sarva Shiksha

Abhiyan, Seventh Joint Review Mission, Retrieved June 12 2010

Habibullah (2008) “My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace” Pub.

United States Institute of Peace Press,

http://www.jkeducation.gov.in/(Retrieved on Aug 2015).

M. Ali & S.W. A. Ashraf (2014), Kashmir Crisis: Resource Mobilization and Prospects

of Peace, Concept Pub. New Delhi.

VISHLESHAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

(VIJEM), ISSN (ONLINE): 2455-524X

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