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Energy-counscious urban planning and development -- lessons from a case-study

Antnio Gomes MartinsINESC - University of Coimbra, Portugal

Rua Antero e !uental, "##

$%%% Coimbra - P&R'UGA('el) $*" - $# - +$ +# . +$ + // 0a1 $*" - $# - + 2 # e-mail3 amartins4ines55)6t

Panel 2, 6a6er i) *)

Abstract7uring t8e last fifteen to t9enty years, 7SM -- 9it8 t8is or ot8er esignation -- 8as mae an invaluable

5ontribution to sustainable evelo6ment, allo9ing gro9t8 to be simultaneous 9it8 environment 6rote5tion)'8e t8eory an 6ra5ti5e be8in 7SM is a5tually funamental to t8e Mar:et 'ransformation 5on5e6t, 98i58relies on t8e a5tion of bot8 regulators, e5onomi5 agents an 5onsumers to a58ieve an energy effi5iente5onomy t8roug8 eu5ation, te58nology re6la5ements an ae;uate builing an energy management)

Utilities< attitues to9ars energy effi5ien5y 6romotion are aa6ting to mar:et liberalisation) '8is is t8ereason 98y t8e 9ell-:no9n 7SM esignation tens to be avoie by utilities< 6eo6le) Nevert8eless it isne5essary to :ee6 energy effi5ien5y as a :ey 5on5e6t for a5tion) '8e 6a6er uses t8e E=P&e5t in t8is ire5tion) Namely, it em68asises t8e im6ortan5e of lo5al aut8orities inenvironmentally sustainable evelo6ment)

'8e 6a6er tries to ma:e a four-fol 5ontribution3 give a brief vie9 of 6resent mar:et 5onitions t8atinfluen5e t8e attitues of governments an energy su66liers to9ars energy effi5ien5y -- at large an at t8eE=P&or brea:t8roug8 t8at le to a great eal of innovation, bot8 at business managementan at te58nologi5al evelo6ment, an also to 8uge environmental benefits) et, a great number of 7SMtools alreay e1iste 6reviously to t8e 5on5e6t, an 8a been in use by many utilities, namely t8ose tools

relate to remote loa 5ontrol, :no9n as loa management @(M) Dut (M aims 6reominantly atinfluen5ing 6o9er use - t8e amount of energy use by unit of time, at s6e5ifi5 times) Energy effi5ien5y 9asa5tually a ne95omer to t8e business, broug8t by 7SM to t8e 6ortfolio of utility management o6tions)

'8ere are si1 main ob>e5tives efine in t8e 5onte1t of 7SM, :no9n as3 6ea: 5li66ing, valley filling,loa s8ifting, fle1ible loa 5urve, strategi5 5onservation an strategi5 loa gro9t8)

A6art from strategi5 loa gro9t8 @S(G, all ot8er o6tions re;uire t8at t8e utility

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su66ly-sie an eman-sie resour5es be5ame t8e goal of t8e so-5alle integrate resour5e 6lanning @IRP,allegely leaing to a global least-5ost a66roa58) Several iffi5ulties 8a to be ta5:le 9it8 to solve t8e6roblem of 5ost-benefit evaluation of eman-sie o6tions) A stanar a66roa58 8as been esigne for t8e6ur6ose, 98i58 8as only re5ently been aa6te to t8e Euro6ean s6e5ifi5ities t8roug8 an initiative of t8eEuro6ean Commission, in "##)

7SM 8as been re5ognise as an ally to environment 5onservation as it leas normally to lo9er overall5onsum6tion gro9t8 an 5ontributes to using available resour5es in a more rational 9ay -- t8e 6ortfolio of7SM even in5lues fuel re6la5ement o6tions) Buge savings, bot8 finan5ial, energy an environmental 8avebeen 5laime, namely in t8e USA, as ue to t8e massive ao6tion of 7SM 6rograms by utilities, boune bystri5t regulatory 5onstraints)

'8e tren to9ars 8ig8ly regulate 7SM an IRP in t8e USA, a5tually for5ing utilities to ao6t 5ertaine5isions t8oug8 9it8 t8e guarantee of finan5ial 5om6ensation, s8o9s in itself t8at t8ese instruments 8avebeen 5onsiere of 8ig8 so5ietal value) 7SM 8as been ientifie sin5e t8e infan5y of t8e 5on5e6t as a6rivilege tool for utilities to 5ontribute to t8e so5ietal goal of environment 6rote5tion -- besies being6rofitable on its o9n in many 5ases) In vie9 of t8is avantage, in some 5ountries regulations 8ave beenissue an a55om6anying 6ro5eures im6lemente t8at soug8t to maintain e5onomi5 avantage for t8eutilities 98ile 6romoting energy effi5ien5y on t8e eman sie) (osses of revenues 8a to be 5om6ensate insome 9ay, 98i58 is not 6ossible, in stri5t e5onomi5 terms, in a 5om6etitive environment)

Dut it s8oul be note t8at 98en utilities use eman-sie o6tions, t8ey 5an not ta:e for grante t8at5osts are re5overe in t8e esire time s6an -- namely be5ause estimates may be 9rong, eit8er relative to

5ustomer 6arti5i6ation, o55urren5e of free-riers, une16e5te be8aviour of 6arti5i6ants, or 6rogrammese5tives an strategy

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Sin5e t8e very beginning, t8e urban 6ro>e5t of t8e "##+ orl E18ibition, E=P&e5t a set of ob>e5tives 8as been state, in t8e frame9or: of a Global Strategy forEnergy an t8e Environment, an t8e 5orres6oning strategi5 a5tions 8ave been elineate anim6lemente) '8e ob>e5tives may be briefly referre3

6lan t8e ne9 urban area in su58 a 9ay t8at it 9ill be 5omfortable, bot8 in interior an e1terior s6a5es?

5onsier t8is 5ity as a single energy system, managing su66ly o6tions an su66ly-eman intera5tionsin t8e most effi5ient 9ay 6ossible?

efine 7SM strategies in orer to influen5e bot8 urban an builing esign, avoiing 8ig8 6ea: energy

emans an unne5essarily 8ig8 5onsum6tion levels?

im6lement monitoring of t8e 98ole urban energy system as an essential su66ort to an ae;uate urban

management?

assess environmental benefits of t8e strategies ao6te bot8 lo5ally an from a 9ier 6ers6e5tive?

isseminate results at national an Euro6ean levels)

'8e a5tions su66orting t8is strategy may also be summarise in t8e follo9ing to6i5s3

6erform 5limati5 resear58 on t8e area?

6rovie esigners 9it8 a55urate ata on t8e e1istent natural 5onitions?

efine general guielines for urban 6lanning?

efine terms of referen5e for t8e t8ermal 58ara5teristi5s of builings an BHAC systems?

6rovie 5onsultan5y su66ort to builing esigners?

6ro6ose t8e im6lementation of a istri5t 8eating an 5ooling @7BC system for t8e 98ole urban area?

5reate an observatory of energy su66ly an eman)

Paraigm an 6ra5ti5e'8e first term of t8e above mentione 6araigm of effi5ien5y at t8e eman sie is very 9ell illustrate

at t8e E=P&

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% of t8ose generally a66li5able to a5tive systems @BHAC) Ben5e, esigners are 5om6elle to 5on5eivebuilings an asso5iate systems in a 9ay t8at t8e results are 9ell above t8e stanars)

0urt8er a5tions 8ave been 6ut for9ar trying to foster t8e a66li5ation of t8e terms of referen5e, t8roug8t8e 6rovision of su66ort to builing esigners) Consultan5y 8as 6laye an im6ortant role in t8e esign ofseveral main builings of t8e E=P&

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organisation is assume for t8e su66ly of ele5tri5ity, gas, 8ot an 58ille 9ater) '8is eliminates, for t8e timebeing, t8e iffi5ulties ientifie above, asso5iate to 5om6etition among su66liers of t8e same energy form)

Categories of DSM measures and impact on emissions'8e ob>e5tives of 7SM in its 5on5e6tual formulation 8ave been referre before as3 6ea: 5li66ing, valley

filling, loa s8ifting, fle1ible loa 5urve, strategi5 5onservation an strategi5 loa gro9t8) It s8oul beretaine t8at t8is list informs a efinition of 7SM 98ere t8e main ob>e5tive is moifying t8e s8a6e of t8eloa iagram seen by utilities) It is 6ossible to 5lassify t8e si1 so-5alle 7SM ob>e5tives in t9o broa5ategories)

'8e former four ob>e5tives are ire5te to9ars t8e moifi5ation of 5onsum6tion rates @6o9er values, int8e 5ase of ele5tri5ity, eit8er in am6litue or in time of o55urren5e, or bot8 - t8ey 5learly moify t8e s8a6eof loa 5urves an avoi 6ea: 5oin5ien5e among loas, es6e5ially uring t8e ay @on-6ea: 6erios)

'8e latter t9o ob>e5tives 8ave effe5t on t8e value of energy 5onsum6tion in general an not e16li5itly on5onsum6tion rates -- 8o9ever, as long as t8ey 8ave influen5e on en-use e;ui6ment, t8ey also en u6influen5ing 5onsum6tion rates inire5tly)

Any of t8e t9o as6e5ts -- 5onsum6tion an 5onsum6tion rate moifi5ation -- may 8ave t8e 5ontributionof lo5al energy 5onversion systems @lo5al to t8e en-users 6remises ei5ate to 6rovie energy servi5es)Ben5efort8 t8is ty6e of o6tion 9ill be referre to as is6erse generation, leaing to eit8er ele5tri5 ort8ermal energy 6rou5tion 5ou6le to en-uses)

'8us, t8ree main 5ategories of measures 9ill be use to organise t8e list3 measures influen5ing rate of

5onsum6tion, or 6o9er, measures influen5ing energy 5onsum6tion an measures 6romoting is6ersegeneration)

If t8e t9o latter 8ave obvious influen5e in t8e total amount of emissions ue to ele5tri5ity generation, t8efirst 8as an influen5e t8at e6ens on t8e 58ara5teristi5s of t8e generation system) As, in general,e1ternalities are not use as a 5riterion for s58euling generators for servi5ing t8e ele5tri5 systems loa,is6at58 e5isions are mostly base on stri5t e5onomi5 an reliability 5riteria) 7SM measures affe5ting rateof 5onsum6tion ten to raise loa fa5tor -- rise 6o9er eman uring t8e nig8t an lo9er it uring t8e ay)If, for instan5e, base loa generators are mainly 5oal-fire, C&emissions mig8t even rise, e6ening on t8egeneration mi1 t8at is usually in 6la5e uring t8e ay @it may or may not 6ollute more, on average, t8an5oal-fire 6lants alone) Ben5e, 7SM measures affe5ting rate of 5onsum6tion usually are benefi5ial be5auseenergy 5onversion effi5ien5y of base loa 6lants is 8ig8er, but a 5areful assessment of t8e 6ossible totalemissions variations must be 6erforme before laun58ing a5tions 9it8 6otential strong loa s8ifting effe5ts)

Measures influen5ing rate of 5onsum6tionUner t8is 5ategory of measures t9o main issues 5an be 6otentially 5onsiere3 remote 5ontrol of en-use e;ui6ment by utilities -- t8e so-5alle loa management @(M? tariff systems base on time-of-use@'&U rates) '8ey 5orres6on to t8e 5lassi5al t9o main forms of 7SM -- ire5t 5ontrol of e;ui6ment aninire5t influen5e on 5onsumers be8aviour t8roug8 6ri5es) Naturally, t8e latter s8oul be 5om6lemente9it8 ot8ers, one of t8em being ;uite obvious in general3 6romote energy storage at 5ustomers 6remises)

(M allo9s utilities an effe5tive 5ontrol of t8eir loa iagram) E;ui6ment normally uner 5ontrol5onsists of ele5tri5 9ater 8eaters an BHAC, 98i58 8ave 8ig8 time 5onstants) Ben5e, ;uality of servi5e isnot mu58 at sta:e be5ause of s8ort uration s8eing a5tions) In t8e 6arti5ular 5ase of t8e E=P&

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5ommuni5ation fa5ilities) '8e main avantages of bi-ire5tional 5ommuni5ations, as ientifie by utilities,are t8e 5a6ability of 6erforming remote meter reaing, of a66lying multirate tariffs an of remotelymoifying 5ontra5tual 6arameters) Desies, in some 5ases ele5tri5 utilities are offering telemetering servi5esto ot8er utilities -- gas an 9ater istribution 5om6anies an istri5t 8eating 5om6anies) 'elemetering 5oulbe a very useful sour5e of information for t8e E=P&

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Combining energy storage 9it8 effi5ient e;ui6ment o6tions may lea to t8e use of reversible 8eat 6um6as t8e 8eat or 5ol sour5e to storage 5ontainers) '8e 6ossible 5ombination 9it8 solar a5tive systems 9ill bereferre later)

'8e avantages of ESS at en-users< 6remises for t8e ele5tri5 istribution utility in E=P&

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in5reasing t8e 6ossibility of avoiing 9aste ue to ill-informe esign, 8uman negligen5e or la5: ofa9areness) It allo9s energy servi5es to be 6rovie at ae;uate levels 9it8 minimum 5onsum6tion)

'9o ifferent as6e5ts must be ta:en into 5onsieration3 t8e esign, lo5ation an ease of use of manual5ontrols, an systems automation)

'8ere is a 8ig8 iversity of solutions to builing automation @in5luing 8ome automation nees) Anumber of system ty6es e1ists for t8e resiential mar:et, for e1am6le, t8at use ifferent 5ommuni5ationsmeia an 6rovie a great variety of fun5tions, from energy management to se5urity, fire ete5tion, remote5ontrol, et5)) Many available systems use ei5ate 5onu5tors for su66orting 5ommuni5ations, alt8oug8 anumber of t8em also may use t8e 6o9er lines for t8e same 6ur6ose, avoiing t8e e1isten5e of a s6e5ifi55ommuni5ations net9or:) Ben5e, any re5ommenation for builing esigners in t8is area must in5lue t8enee of a ei5ate net9or: of 5onu5tors in ne9 builings, to allo9 t8e future installation of energymanagement systems -- or builing, or 8ome automation systems at large -- if t8ey are not an integral 6artof t8e initial esign)

Some 8ome a66lian5e manufa5turers are in5luing or 5onsiering t8e in5lusion of energy 5onsum6tionself-metering 5a6abilities into a66lian5es, toget8er 9it8 5ommuni5ation 5a6abilities) '8is allo9s for t8e6ossible integration of su58 a66lian5es in t8e 5onte1t of sub-metering an automate energy managementfun5tions an.or systems) If t8e builing esign oes not ta:e t8is 6ossibility into a55ount a very effe5tive6otential for energy management may be 9aste)

Fluid movement loads

ater 6um6s an ventilation fans re6resent im6ortant loas in most builings, asso5iate to BHACsystems) '8ere are t8ree main as6e5ts t8at, on5e ae;uately 5onsiere, 5ontribute to a 8ig8 effi5ien5y ofenergy use in t8ese a66li5ations3 ty6e of motors use in 6um6s an fans, ty6e of motor rives an automati55ontrol)

Automati5 5ontrol -- 6rovie by energy management systems @EMS -- 5an restrain t8e use of 6um6san fans to t8e 6erios 98en t8ey are stri5tly ne5essary -- a small 6erio of running time avoie everyay,for t8e usual rate 6o9er values amounts to big savings on a yearly basis) Desies, t8e total number of6um6s in o6eration at a given time e6ens on t8e loaing of t8e Fone to be 5onitione, 98i58 5an beassesse by an EMS)

Hariable s6ee rives @HS7 allo9 t8e 5ontinuous 5ontrol of 6um6 s6ee an t8en5e of flo9 rate 9it8mu58 less energy 5onsum6tion t8an if flo9 5ontrol is im6lemente t8roug8 t8rottle valves) Desies, HS7are easily integrate in EMS t8at 5an ta:e avantage of t8e smoot8ness of 5ontrol offere by HS7)&6erating 5ost of 6um6ing an ventilation systems 5an be minimise 9it8 a66ro6riate 5ombination of 6lant

loaing, s9it58-on time, 9ater tem6erature or air tem6erature an 9ater flo9 rate or air flo9 rate) Also,8ammer effe5ts in t8e 9ater systems an 6o9er surges on start-u6 are negative 68enomena 98i58 areavoie 9it8 HS7)

Big8 effi5ien5y motors 5an re6resent big savings for long running times, as is t8e 5ase for BHACa66li5ations) An t8ey 8ave also a better be8aviour 98en 5ontrolle t8roug8 HS7 t8an t8eir as usual5ounter6arts)

Other opportunities'9o furt8er ire5tions s8oul be seriously 5onsiere in 6romoting energy effi5ien5y, bot8 8aving to o

9it8 5onsumer eu5ation an trae-ally 5o-o6eration)A66lian5e labelling is 6resently manatory for some omesti5 e;ui6ment, an ot8er a66lian5es 9ill soon

follo9) &n one 8an, a5tive mar:eting of t8e avantages of 8ig8 effi5ien5y a66lian5es s8oul be targete to5onsumers at large) &n t8e ot8er 8an, in t8ose 5ases 98ere some a66lian5es are an integral 6art of t8e9ellings or a6artments for sale, anti5i6ate influen5e s8oul be e1erte on builers in orer to ensure t8e

a66lian5es to install are effi5ient enoug8 for t8em to use t8is fa5t as a mar:eting argument) Consierationmay be given to t8e efinition of lo9er bouns to effi5ien5y of t8ese a66lian5es as a etail of a 6ossiblebuiling e5o-labelling 6rogramme)

Systems must be maintaine by a great number of reasons) Essentially, be5ause t8e servi5e t8ey 6roviemay be at sta:e after some time of o6eration if t8ey are not ae;uately maintaine) Dut, as a general rule,even 98ile t8ey :ee6 on 6roviing t8e servi5e t8ey 8ave been esigne for, effi5ien5y 9ill ro6 in5reasingly9it8 time) '8is 8a66ens 9it8 6assive solar evi5es, 9it8 artifi5ial lig8ting systems, 9it8 ele5tri5 motors,9it8 BHAC systems, 9it8 a5tive solar systems, et5) It is not t8e 6ur6ose of t8is te1t to 6rovie a best6ra5ti5e manual for systems maintenan5e) Bo9ever, t8is issue is of su58 a great im6ortan5e t8at it s8oulalso be one of t8e manatory ones to 5onsier in 5am6aigns of 5onsumer eu5ation, s6e5ially ire5te atenergy managers of builings an organisations) Sustainability of investments in effi5ien5y e6en on it to alarge e1tent) It re;uires avi5e not only at te58ni5al level but also at organisational level, in5luingmaintenan5e management)

Dispersed generation

+

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7is6erse utilisation of t8ermal solar a5tive systems in builings at t8e E=P&uge by su66liers to bebenefi5ial in t8e mi-term be5ause it im6roves t8eir 6ubli5 image) '8e su55ess of t8e &bservatory forEnergy e6ens also on it)

A se5on as6e5t is also 6otentially benefi5ial from an environmental 6ers6e5tive3 5om6etition bet9eenis6erse an 5entralise generation.su66ly) 0rom 98at 8as been sai before, t8ere are o6tions ofe5entralise generation, namely solar a66li5ations, t8at are even more environmentally benign t8an t8e

alreay 8ig8 stanar 5entralise solutions available at t8e E=P&

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5o-generation systems suite for builings) '8is 6ossibility s8oul at least not be is5ourage) If t8e 6resentorientation of 6roviing 5onsultan5y to builing esigners :ee6s on being a66lie in t8e future, it s8oule1ten its s5o6e to all a66arently relevant a66li5ations, namely t8ose of integrating is6erse generationsystems into builings)

"onclusion'8e E=P&

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In t8e follo9ing table, a limite list of builing 5ategories is 6resente, ea58 5orres6oning to a 6o9erensity in att.m) Duiling esigners 5an t8us ma:e 58oi5es about lig8ting systems esign, most 6robably8aving to 5onsier aylig8t as a :ey fa5tor, as 9ell as t8e best effi5ien5y lig8ting system 5om6onentsavailable, as t8e figures in t8e table are some98at 5onservative) Ben5e, a li:ely result, on average, 9ill tento 5onsist of e1tensive use of fluores5ent lam6s for general lig8ting, 6referably 9it8 ele5troni5 ballasts, an5om6a5t fluores5ent lam6s @C0( for tas: lig8ting)

Re5ommene 6o9er ensities for lig8ting in builings

&ype of use 'att(m)

General 5ommer5ial an inustrial 9or: builings #

Inustrial an 5ommer5ial storage builings

Bos6itals, mei5al builings an 5lini5s "%

&ffi5e builings ""

Auitorium an 5onvention 5entres, religious 9ors8i6 "2

Restaurants "%

Retail an 98olesale stores "2

S58ools ""

'8eatres "

Botels "%

All ot8ers @in5luing resiential #

MaintenanceStri5t observation of 5ertain maintenan5e rules is a ire5t 5onse;uen5e of 5onservative lig8ting esign,

an s8oul be formally aresse as one of t8e :ey-issues of 5ustomer eu5ation on systems maintenan5e)As 5a6a5ity is ne5essarily efine 9it8 some egree of toleran5e -- using t8e so-5alle maintenan5e fa5tor --to a55ount for out6ut e6re5iation of lam6s 9it8 age, lig8ting systems are usually o6erate above stanarlevels of illuminan5e for t8e entire useful life-s6an of lam6s)

Conservative esign emans t8at e6re5iation of out6ut is 5om6ensate by 6erioi5 5orre5tive a5tionsaressing t8e fa5tors res6onsible for t8e e6re5iation, namely irt a55umulate on surfa5es of lam6s anfi1tures) Ben5e, 6erioi5 5leaning o6erations are re5ommene)

Aitionally, 6erioi5 grou6 relam6ing is a must) In fa5t, t8e usual 6ra5ti5e of iniviual lam6

re6la5ement on outage is too 5ostly, leaing to situations 98ere re6la5ements o55ur only after a 5ertainnumber of lam6s burns out) Conservatively esigne systems 9ill not 6rovie ae;uate illuminan5e unert8ese 5ir5umstan5es) '8e re5ommene 6ra5ti5e is to re6la5e all t8e lam6s after /%-+% of rate life) '8isis immeiately before massive burn-out 9ill o55ur) '8e 6erio of time 5orres6oning to t8e 6er5entagereferre e6ens on t8e 6attern of use of t8e lig8ting system, 98i58 must be assesse a55oring to t8eo55u6an5y 6erio of t8e builing or s6a5e an t8e lig8ting re;uirements) '8e follo9ing 9ell :no9n figuree6i5ts t8e effe5ts of 6erioi5 maintenan5e on t8e amount of artifi5ial lig8t available)

Effe5ts of 6erioi5 maintenan5e on t8e amount of useful lig8t

Control strategies(ig8ting 5ontrol strategies may be 5lassifie a55oring to t8ree main variables3 5ontrol moe, trigger

sour5e an te58nology)

'8e 5ontrol moe may be manual or automati5) 8en a s6a5e or builing is automati5ally 5ontrolle,5ontrol a5tions may be triggere by time, assuming a fi1e s58eule for t8e 6resen5e of 6eo6le, or t8roug8

""

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ete5tion of 6eo6lee5tion in t8e 5ooling season, bot8 situations 5orres6oning to savings in BHAC loas? on t8e ot8er 8an,5onve5tion air flo9 im6roves lam6 an fi1ture o6eration -- it reu5es lam6 tem6erature, in5reasing

"

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effi5ien5y, an reu5es t8e rate of irt e6osition on t8e fi1ture an lam6s surfa5es, e1tening t8e 6eriosbet9een maintenan5e 5leaning o6erations)

"$