MODERN MIDDLE EASTRegents Question (2000 – 2013)

THE MIDDLE EASTBase your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which term is most closely associated with the main idea of this passage?1) Interdependence2) Pacifism3) Containment4) ETHNOCENTRISM

Which generalization can best be supported by the information on this 2003 map?1) Theocratic governments dominated the Middle East2) The governments of Southwest Asia were in transition3) MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT EXISTED IN THE MIDDLE EAST4) Military dictatorships were replaced by republics in northern Africa.

The political changes between the 1920s and the 1980s were most directly the result of the 1) increase in oil production to meet increased world demand2) increased role of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the region3) pressure applied by Zionists for the recognition of Israel as an Independent nation

4) EFFECT OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS AFTER WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II

Which pair of leaders are associated with the region shown in dark gray on this map?1) Zheng He and Deng Xiaoping2) Miguel Hidalgo and Augusto Pinochet3) HAMMURABI AND SADDAM HUSSEIN4) Catherine the Great and Vladimir PutinATATURK Which reform is most closely associated with Turkish leader Kemal Ataturk?1) Implementation of Sharia law2) Introduction of Arabic script3) Establishment of a communist government4) ADOPTION OF WESTERN CULTUREBetween 1923 and 1938, which leader instituted a modernization program in Turkey?1) Shah Reza Pahlavi2) Jawaharlal Nehru3) KEMAL ATATURK4) Ho Chi MinhOne way in which Kemal Ataturk of Turkey and Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran are similar is that both leaders1) IMPLEMENTED PROGRAMS TO MODERNIZE THEIR NATIONS2) Supported increased rights for ethnic minorities3) Adopted policies of nonalignment4) Established theocracies based on IslamWhich statement about Turkish leader Ataturk is an opinion rather than a fact?1) He promoted modernization2) His efforts led to the development of industries3) He encouraged people to wear western-style clothing4) HIS MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENT WAS THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATEOne way in which Emperor Meiji and Ataturk are similar is that they both promoted1) Isolation and nationalism2) Capitalism and democracy3) Revolution and absolutism4) REFORM AND MODERNIZATIONWhich reform was included in Ataturk’s efforts to modernize Turkey?1) Reintroducing strict Islamic law2) GRANTING WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE3) Adopting Arabic script4) Requiring men to wear a fez OIL & OPEC The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is best known for its efforts to 1) Develop workable alternatives to fossil fuels2) Bring Western oil technology to the Middle East

3) Stop the export of oil to non-Arab nations4) ESTABLISHED PRODUCTION QUOTAS TO CONTROL THE PRICE OF OIL

Which conclusion is best supported by the information provided on this graph? 1) The United States has adequate petroleum reserves to meet future needs2) Nations lacking major petroleum reserves cannot industrialize3) Overproduction of petroleum products has caused inflation in the Middle East4) MOST OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST PETROLEUM RESERVES ARE LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE EASTThe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed with the intent of 1) Stabilizing the supply of oil to Japan2) Cutting off the supply of oil to the United States and its allies3) Increasing the supply of oil available for use within Middle Eastern countries4) CONTROLLING THE SUPPLY OF OIL TO RAISE PRICES Which group of countries earns much of their revenue from the sale of oil?1) China, Korea, Japan2) Turkey, Brazil, Lebanon3) Argentina, Malaysia, Chile4) SAUDI ARABIA , NIGERIA, VENEZUELAWhich geographic region has the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?1) South America2) Sub-Saharan Africa3) Southeast Asia4) MIDDLE EAST The reason that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) greatly influences the world today is that it 1) Commands the loyalty of the worldwide Islamic community2) Develops and exports important technology3) Controls access to trade routes between the East and West4) MANAGE THE OIL SUPPLY THAT AFFECTS THE GLOBAL ECONOMYThe main reason that oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to1) Allow foreign ownership in oil fields2) Influence the price of oil and set production levels3) Improve diplomatic relations with the West4) Lift economic sanctions and established free tradeMost of the world’s known oil reserves are located near which geographic area?1) PERSIAN GULF2) North Sea3) Ural Mountains4) Gulf of MexicoWhich factor is most responsible for the international importance of the Middle East?1) Innovative political and social reforms2) Superior weapons technology3) VITAL NATURAL RESOURCES IN A STRATEGIC LOCATION

4) Advanced scientific and industrial developmentA major goal of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in world affairs is to 1) Encourage the development of alternative energy sources2) Promote international free trade3) Provide funds for the World Bank4) REGULATE OIL PRICESSince the 1970s, the wealth of many Middle Eastern nations was increased by the 1) Formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)2) Expansion of Islamic fundamentalism3) CREATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)4) Development of communes in IsraelSince the creation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), member nations have joined together to 1) DETERMINE THE SUPPLY OF OIL ON THE WORLD MARKET2) Establish a policy of independence in trade3) Maintain a low price of oil per barrel4) Isolate themselves from the rest of the world

According to the map, which region of the world has the greatest number of nations belonging to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?1) THE MIDDLE EAST2) Southern Africa3) North America4) Southeast AsiaThe potential power of the member nations in OPEC lies in their 1) Political influence in tropical regions2) Control of access to important religious sites3) Military control over strategic waterways4) ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OVER INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS

Which conclusion is supported by the information provided on the map?1) Russia is very dependent on imported oil

2) THE UNITED STATES EXPORTS LITTLE OR NO OIL (BAD QUESTION, NOT A NET EXPORTER; NO LONGER TRUE)3) South America exports more oil than Africa does4) Most of the oil from the Middle East goes to JapanThis map best illustrates the concept of 1) Assimilation2) Protectionism3) INTERDEPENDENCE4) Imperialism

What is the main idea of this cartoon?1) Petroleum is being overproduced2) THE DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM EXCEEDS PRODUCTION3) Fossil fuels are unevenly distributed4) The demands of global environmental groups have increasedThe continued importance of the Middle East to the global economy is based on its 1) Research facilities2) Exports of manufactured goods3) Semiarid climate4) QUANTITY OF OIL RESERVESThe main reason oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to 1) Promote foreign ownership of oil fields2) Lift economic sanctions and establish free trade3) Improve trade relations with the West4) INFLUENCE THE PRICE OF OIL AND SET PRODUCTION LEVELSIRANIAN REVOLUTIONWhich statement about Shah Reza Pahlavi and the Iranian Revolution is an opinion rather than a fact?1) Shah Reza Pahlavi was supported by major Western Powers2) Members of the Islamic clergy opposed Shah Reza Pahlavi3) THE PRIMARY CAUSE FOR THE REVOLUTION WAS THE EXILE OF SHAH REZA PAHLAVI’S CRITICS4) Supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi One way in which Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini and Afghanistan’s Taliban were similar is that they each1) ESTABLISHED AN ISLAMIC STATE2) Sponsored a United Nations Conference on Women’s Rights3) Joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)4) Incorporated communist doctrine into their governmentThe Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in the establishment of 1) A secular Western-style democracy2) A constitutional monarchy3) A military dictatorship

4) AN ISLAMIC STATEWhich event can be considered a conflict brought about in part by a religious reform movement?1) World War I2) Cuban Revolution3) World War II4) IRANIAN REVOLUTIONIn Iran, both the Revolution of 1979 and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism have caused1) an increase in women’s rights2) TENSION BETWEEN TRADITIONALISM AND MODERNIZATION TO CONTINUE3) foreign control of natural resources to expand 4) the introduction of a communist form of government ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

Pamphlet on the philosophy of Zionism Balfour Declaration Oslo AccordsThese documents are most closely associated with the controversy over1) Efforts by the United Nations to restrict child slavery and indentured servitude2) Production of oil by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)3) Trade agreements established by the World Trade Organization (WTO)4) CONTROL OF LAND IN THE MIDDLE EAST BY PALESTINIANS AND JEWSWhich region is most closely associated with conflict in the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula?1) East Africa2) MIDDLE EAST 3) Western Europe4) Central Asia

What does this 2005 cartoon imply?1) THE INSTABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST HAS BEEN ONGOING2) The peace process in the Middle East is gaining ground3) The Middle East has greatly changed over thirty years4) The media shapes society’s perception of the Middle EastSince 1948, a major reason for the conflict between Arabs and Israelis is that each side 1) wants the huge oil reserves that lie under the disputed land2) believes the United States favors the other side of the conflict3) CLAIMS SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE SAME LAND 4) seeks to control trade on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea

Which conclusion can be drawn from this time line?1) Israel withdrew from the Camp David Accords2) The Palestinian army is superior to the Israeli army. 3) LONG-LASTING PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE4) Neighboring countries have not been involved in the Arab-Israeli ConflictThe desire of the Kurds and of the Palestinians for independent states is based on the principle of 1) Free trade 2) NATIONALISM3) Collective security4) Modernization “A Jewish State is Created”“Six-Day War Results in Major Arab Losses”“Withdrawal Begins from West Bank”Which situation is referred to in these headlines?1) Persian Gulf War2) Scramble for Africa3) CONFLICT BETWEEN ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS4) Collapse of the Ottoman EmpireWhich document is most closely associated with the Arab-Israeli conflict?1) BALFOUR DECLARATION 2) Kyoto Protocol3) Communist Manifesto4) Treaty of NanjingThe early 20th century Zionist movement calling for the establishment of a Jewish homeland was an example of1) imperialism2) NATIONALISM 3) capitalism4) isolationismThe movement started by journalist Theodor Herzl to promote an independent Jewish state in Palestine is referred to as1) the Reconquista2) the Diaspora3) Utopianism4) ZIONISM A long-term effect of the Balfour Declaration on the Middle East was the1) oppression of the Kurds by the government of Iraq2) CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PALESTINIANS AND THE ISRAELIS3) strengthening of parliamentary rule in Turkey4) establishment of a two-party system in Lebanon

This statement is referring to the establishment of which nation?

1) Jordan2) Poland3) ISRAEL4) Ethiopia

Which region is directly associated with the events shown on this time line?1) Latin America2) MIDDLE EAST3) Central Africa4) Southeast Asia

Which historical movement is most directly related to Lord Balfour's statement?1) Pan Slavism2) Organization for African Unity3) Pan Africanism4) INTERNATIONAL ZIONISM

Which letter represents the location of a country created in part as a result of the Zionist movement?1) A2) B3) C4) D

Which conclusion is best supported by this passage?1) The British made no promise to either Arabs or the Jews2) THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT CAN BE TRACED IN PART TO BRITISH PROMISES3) The United Nations did not try to prevent conflict in the Middle East4) Only the Jews were promised an independent state in Palestine

What is the main idea of this 2003 cartoon?1) THERE ARE PROBLEMS TO RESOLVE ON THE ROAD TO PEACE2) Colin Powell has removed the stumbling blocks to peace3) Both groups have reached agreement on the road map for peace4) The road to peace has been carefully mappedThis 2003 cartoon illustrates the struggle between Palestinians and 1) Iraqis2) Hamas3) Egyptians4) ISRAELIS IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN & TERRORISM In 2003, the United States and Great Britain invaded Iraq. At the time, which two reasons did these allies give for this invasions? 1) Iraq was threatening war with Saudi Arabia / Iraq had not had free elections for a number of years.2) Iraq had oil needed by the United States and Great Britain / Iraq was threatening to cut off oil supplies to both countries3) IRAQ HAD WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION THAT THREATENED NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD / IRAQ SPONSORED WORLD TERRORISM4) Iraq’s leader was responsible for the deaths of thousands of Americans / Iraq’s army held Americans hostage for almost a year. One reason the Persian Gulf War (1990 – 1991) was fought was to protect

1) Agricultural interests of Southwest Asia2) DEPOSITS OF MUCH OF THE WORLD’S OIL SUPPLY3) Direct access to the Mediterranean Sea4) British control of Saudi ArabiaIn August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United Nations response led to the Persian Gulf War of 1991. This response is an example of 1) Détente2) Empire building3) Totalitarianism4) COLLECTIVE SECURITYThe statements below refer to changes in Afghanistan in the 1990s. The Taliban controls the government Women must clothe themselves from head to toe Men are required to grow beards Girls are not allowed to attend schoolThese changes in Afghanistan have resulted from a movement toward1) Marist Ideology2) Liberation theology3) Constitutional reforms4) ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM

Which country best completes this graphic organizer?1) Egypt2) IRAQ3) Sudan4) Bangladesh

What was a direct cause of the event illustrated in this photograph?1) THE DEFEAT OF THE TALIBAN-CONTROLLED GOVERNMENT2) Rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini3) Signing of the Camp David Accords4) Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan

What is the main idea of this 2001 cartoon? 1) the main task in fighting terrorism is to eliminate nuclear weapons2) THE BATTLE AGAINST TERRORISM WILL BE LONG AND DIFFICULT 3) new equipment is needed to eliminate terrorism 4) the methods of dealing with global terrorism have created consensus

Which issue is the focus of this 2004 cartoon?1) Global warming2) Global migration3) Ethnic tensions4) NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

The author of this 2006 passage concludes that terrorism1) Has failed to take root2) Requires a strong military response3) IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO DEFEAT4) Will be overcome through diplomacyIran and North Korea attracted worldwide attention in the early 21st century because they both have1) Experience widespread famine

2) Discovered oil reserves3) Strengthened humanitarian practices4) DEVELOPED NUCLEAR CAPABILITIES

Which generalization can best be supported using the information in these graphs?1) Conflicts between religious groups in Afghanistan have divided the country2) Western countries have had a major influence on the cultural makeup of Afghanistan3) The primary languages in Afghanistan are Turkic4) DIVERSITY IS EVIDENT IN AFGHANISTAN