Vertebral Column Lecturef

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1. BODY anterior, solid transmits weight2. VERTEBRAL ARCH posterior, surrounds vertebral canal, spinal

cord; consists of a) PEDICLES project from bodyb) LAMINAE unite to form arch posteriorly

BODY

VERTEBRALARCH

PEDICLE

TRANSVERSEPROCESS-LATERAL

LAMINA

3. TRANSVERSE AND SPINOUS PROCESSES - projectionsfrom arch for muscle, ligament attach

A. TYPICAL VERTEBRA by convention thoracic

SPINOUS PROCESS -POSTERIOR{

ant .NOSE


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LATERAL VIEW OF VERTEBRA

4. Spinal nerves leavevertebral canal viaINTERVERTEBRALFORAMINA - betweenvertebrae;bordered by Superior andInferior Vertebral Notches

Sup. Vertebral Notch

Inf. Vertebral Notch

5. SUPERIOR AND INFERIORARTICULAR PROCESSES -(zygapophyses) - Articularfacets form joints betweenadjacent vertebrae (Orientationof facets determinesmovement)

6. Bodies - joined by

intervertebraldiscs

NOSE


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Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)

Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sacral (pelvis) - 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5)Coccygeal (tail) - 3-5 vertebrae (Co1-Co3)

B. REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

- Structure of vertebrae differ indifferent regions- Some cervical vertebrae are uniquelyidentifiable (ex. C1, C2 and C7)


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body is small

Foramen Transversarium - intransverse process (C1-C7) forVertebral artery & veins

ARTICULAR FACETS- angled superiorly &medially

SPINOUS PROCESS bifid (divided) for Ligamentum nuchae

TRANSVERSEPROCESS

BODY

CERVICAL VERTEBRA

ant.

post.

lat.view


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1) has no body only ring of bone2) anterior & posterior arches andlateral mass3) bumps on arches- ant. & post.tubercles4) has foramina transversaria5) superior articular facets to occipitalbone of skull; permits Flex-Ext yesmove head

1) has peg-like odontoidprocess = Dens (may be fusedbody of C1)

2) joint between C1-C2 ispivot joint allowing rotation;Rotation = no move headimportant in hanging

Ant. tubercle

FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA = C1 (ATLAS)

SECOND CERVICAL VERTEBRA = C2 (AXIS)

ANTERIORARCH

POSTERIORARCH

DENS

LATERALMASS

Post.tubercle


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Small foramina transversaria- transmitonly Vertebral Veins (Vert. Artery

through C1-C6)

Spinous process- longand not bifid; can bepalpated externally to tellvertebral level

SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA = C7

(VERTEBRA PROMINENS)


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RIBS- have bumps for articulation with vertebra

Head Articulates

with facet on Body

Tubercle Articulateswith facet onTransverse process

Vertebrae

Ribs

Dorsal viewof skeleton


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CT OF THORACIC VERTEBRA


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3. Costal Facets for Ribs -Body - Facets for Heads of ribTransverse Process - Facets forTubercles of ribs

4. Spines of thoracic vertebrae-long and inclined posteriorly &inferiorly

5. Articular Processes incoronal plane

Spinesinclined

Inf.

Articularprocess

antpost

LATERAL VIEW OF THORACIC VERTEBRA

Note: Bodies increase insize from rostral to caudal


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Bodies - heftyPedicles - stoutLamina - thickSpinous Processes- broad

Articular processes

in sagittal plane

spinousprocess lamina

pedicle

body

LUMBAR VERTEBRA


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Lateral Mass = fusedtransverse processes

Anterior & posterior sacralforamina = IntervertebralForamina for sacral spinal

nervesMedial Crest = fused spinousprocesses

Sacro-Iliac Joint- transmitsweight from vertebrae topelvis (Innominate Bone)

Ant. View

Post. View

Sacro-

IliacJoint

SACRUM = 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE


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COCCYX = 3-5 FUSED VERTEBRAE

RUDIMENTARY TAIL BONES


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1) SAGITTAL PLANE -divides body in RIGHTand LEFT parts (Median

Sagittal Plane-dividesbody into right and lefthalves)

2) CORONAL PLANE -

divides body into FRONTand BACK parts

3) HORIZONTAL PLANEPlane = transverse plane -

cross section-dividesbody into TOP andBOTTOM partsperpendicular to long axisof body

ANATOMICAL PLANESSagittal

Coronal

Horizontal


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Adjacent vertebrae held tightlytogether (protect spinal cord)

1. ANTERIORLONGITUDINALLIGAMENT -Strong band joinsbodies on anteriorside

Anterior view

C. LIGAMENTS


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VIEW FROM INSIDE VERTEBRALCOLUMN

2. POSTERIORLONGITUDINALLIGAMENT- weaker,

narrower band

On post. Side of bodies

3. LIGAMENTA FLAVA -yellow elastic bandsconnecting laminae

LOOKANTERIOR

LOOKPOSTERIOR


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1. Joints between articular

processes - anatomically classed asplane joints (synovial joint permitsgliding or sliding movements)

2. Joints between bodies - formed

by intervertebral discs

Space for intervertebraldisc

ArticularProcess

D. JOINTS BETWEEN VERTEBRAE


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JOINTS BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

1. Joints betweenarticular processes -synovial plane jointspermit SlidingMovements

2. Intervertebral Disc-interposed betweenbodies


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Shockabsorbers inyoung quitestrongtrauma to

vertebraproducesfractures

STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OFINTERVERTEBRALDISC

a) Nucleuspulposus-innergelatinouscore

b) Anulus fibrosus -collagen fibers &fibrocartilage


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E. MOVEMENTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

d. Rotation = rotation aboutlong axis of spinal column

c. Lateralflexion -Bendlateral

a. Extension b. Flexion

- Bendposterior

- Bend

anterior


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MOVEMENTS OF VERTEBRAE IN DIFFERENT REGIONS-Determined by orientations of articular facets

permit considerable flexion-

extension, lateral flexion,rotation - useful-move head

permit some rotation - little orno flex-extend (also limited byribs); useful- no flex down onheart, lungs

Lumbar- facets in sagittal plane

Thoracic - facets in coronal plane

permit flex-extend, little or norotation; useful- help increaseabdominal pressure;dangerous- increase load,

pressure on vertebral discs

Cervical (C3-C7) - facets angledsuperiorly and medially

a. CERVICAL (C3-C7)-

b. THORACIC

c. LUMBAR


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F. SPINAL CURVATURES - some normal, someabnormal

1. Normal Primary curvature - fetal position -curved concave anteriorly

Primary

Remainsin adult

Thorax

Sacrum

concave

Secondary

Secondary

NOSE IS ANTERIOR


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3. ABNORMAL CURVATURES

a. KYPHOSIS - hump back,exaggerated curvature concaveanteriorly

Concave

anteriorly

Usually in thorax of

elderly


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b. SCOLIOSIS -abnormal lateralcurvature (kink inspine)


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SCOLIOSIS- canbe due to 'presenceof hemivertebra' - of vertebra fails todevelop

HEMI-VERTEBRA


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USEFUL WEB SITE: MEDLINEPLUS.GOV

- THROUGHNIHNATIONAL

LIBRARY OFMEDICINE;CAN DOSEARCHESFOR

DEFINITIONSOF TERMS,CLINICALCORRELATIONS,TREATMENTS,

ETC.


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Vertebral Column Lecturef

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