BARRIER ISLAND ROLLOVER evidence for rollover see pp. 24, 26.
VAP Prevention in Trauma: What Works?. Patient Presentation to ER 64yo male, passenger, MVC,...
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![Page 1: VAP Prevention in Trauma: What Works?. Patient Presentation to ER 64yo male, passenger, MVC, high-speed rollover, SBP 60 on arrival Blood transfusion.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649d095503460f949db12e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VAP Prevention in Trauma: What Works?
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Patient Presentation to ER• 64yo male, passenger, MVC, high-speed
rollover, SBP 60 on arrival
• Blood transfusion initiated for hypotension
• Emergent Endotracheal intubation in ED
• Severe Flail chest by physical exam– Bilateral hemo-pneumothorax– Bilateral closed tube thoracostomy
• FAST – Positive for hemoperitoneum
• Plan: To OR for emergent laparotomy
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Initial CXR
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In Operating Rooom• In OR
• Laparotomy, splenectomy, repair liver laceration, packs, abdominal VAC
• Blood pressure normalized after abdominal hemorrhage controlled
• To ICU postoperatively
• Severe hypoxemia
• Chest CT scan obtained postop to evaluate intra-thoracic injuries
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Imaging – Chest CT
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Hospital Course – PostInjury Day 5
• On Day 5 of mechanical ventilation
• Fever to 38.3°C
• Purulent sputum
• White blood cell (WBC) count of 15 x 109/L (15 000/µL) with 90% polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes
• Chest radiograph shows new bilateral patchy lower lobe infiltrates
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Further investigations
• Tracheal aspirate shows numerous PMN leukocytes, and Gram-positive cocci
• Laboratory results:– Respiratory: FiO2 0.6, tidal volume (VT) 500
mL, respiratory rate 16 breaths/min on SIMV, Pressure Support ventilation, PEEP 10
– Arterial blood gas: pH 7.42, PaCO2 44 mmHg,
PaO2 72 mmHg
• Presumptive diagnosis is VAP
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Definitions: The ATS/IDSA Guidelines
Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP)
– Includes HAP and VAP
– Pneumonia in patients
• Hospitalized for 2 days in an acute care facility within 90 days of infection
• Resided in a NH or LTC facility
• Attended a hospital or hemodialysis center
• Received IV antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy or wound care within 30 days of current infection
• Family member of patient with MDR pathogens
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
– Pneumonia occurring 48 hours post-hospital admission
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
– Pneumonia occurring 48-72 hours post-intubation
Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416
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Hospital Course
• Persistent need for mechanical ventilation
• Developed Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
• OR for removal abdominal packs, transgastric jejunostomy for enteral nutrition and abdominal wall closure
• Echo confirmed blunt myocardial injury
• Tracheostomy
• ICU LOS > 3 weeks
• Eventual full recovery
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Decline in VAP cases/1000 ventilator days in ICUs in U.S. (Note higher VAP rates in Surgical and Neurosurgical ICUs & Highest rates in
Burn/Trauma ICUs.)
Type of ICU2004 Pooled
mean 1
2006 Pooled mean 2
2007 Pooled mean 3
2008 Pooled mean 4
2009 Pooled mean 5
2010 Pooled mean/ 50% median 6
Burn 12.0 12.3 10.7 10.7 7.4 5.8 / 3.3
Medical-Major teaching 4.9 3.1 2.5 2.4 1.9 1.4 / 1.0
Medical-All other -- -- -- 2.2 1.4 1.0 / 0.0
Medical cardiac 4.4 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.5 1.3 / 0.0
Medical/Surgical-Major teaching 5.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.0 1.8 / 1.1
Medical/Surgical-All other, ≤ 15 beds
5.1 2.7 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.2 / 0.0
Medical/Surgical-All other, > 15 beds
-- -- -- 1.9 1.2 1.1 / 0.3
Neurologic -- -- 7.1 6.7 3.9 4.8 / 4.8
Neurosurgical 11.2 7.0 6.5 5.3 3.8 3.1 / 2.3
Pediatric cardiothoracic -- -- -- 0.6 0.7 0.7
Pediatric medical -- -- -- 2.3 0.9 1.1
Pediatric medical/surgical 2.9 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.1 1.2 / 0.0
Surgical-Major teaching 9.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 3.8 3.5 / 1.7
Surgical-All other -- -- -- -- -- 2.5 / 1.2
Surgical Cardiothoracic 7.2 5.7 4.7 3.9 2.1 1.6 / 0.4
Trauma 15.2 10.2 9.3 8.1 6.5 6.0 / 5.3
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CONGRATULATIONS!!!
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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Serial X-rays (2 or more) with one of the following:
New or progressive & persistent Infiltrate / Consolidation / Cavitation
1 of the following Clinical Criteria:
• Fever (>38oC / 100.4oF) with no other cause
• Leukopenia (<4,000 /mm3) or Leukocytosis (>12,000 / mm3)
• Altered Mental Status with no other cause (in > 70 y.o.)
PNEU-1: CDC Clinical Definition of VAP
Initiated in January 2002
2 of the following Clinical Criteria:• New Purulent Sputum or change in character / resp. secretions / suction
requirement
• New onset or worsening Cough or Dyspnea / Tachypnea• Rales or bronchial Breath Sounds• Worsening Gas Exchange (Desaturations, PaO2/FiO2 < 240, FiO2 or PEEP
requirement)
• Hemoptysis or pleuritic Chest Pain (in immunocompromised patients)
I
II
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CDC / NNIS Definition of VAP: 2002
Pneumonia I: Clinically definedPos. serial X-ray finding andOne category I and two category II clinical signs
Pneumonia II: Common bacterial / fungal pneumoniaPos. serial X-Ray finding andOne category I and one category II clinical signs andOne category I or II laboratory finding
Pneumonia II: Atypical pneumonia Pos. serial X-Ray finding andOne category I and one category II clinical signs andOne category III laboratory finding
Pneumonia III: Immunocompromised patientPos. serial X-Ray finding andOne category I or II clinical sign andOne category I, II or III laboratory finding
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1 of the following Laboratory Criteria:
PNEU-2: CDC Laboratory Definition of VAP
+ Blood Culture not related to another infection
+ Pleural Fluid Culture
+ Quantitative Culture from BAL / PSB or >5% intracellular organisms in BAL cells
+ Histology- Abscess formation or consolidation w. intense PMN accumulation- Pos. quantitative culture
+ Culture of Resp. Secretions (Virus or Chlamydia)
+ Viral Ag / Ab in Secretions
+ 4-fold Rise of Viral IgG
+ PCR (Chlamydia or Mycoplasma)
+ Micro-IF test (Chlamydia)
• Legionella- Pos. culture or micro-IF test from
resp. secretions or tissue- Serogroup1 Ag in urine (RIA/EIA)- 4-fold rise to (> 1:128) of L. pneumophilia Ab (indirect IFA)
+ Matching CulturesBlood and sputum for Candida spp.
+ PSB / BAL for Pneumocystis or FungiDirect microscopic exam or culture
+ HistologyFungal invasion of parenchyma
I II III
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SCCM 2006
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VAP, HAP
• New VAP Definition– CDC NHSN and other organizations– Definition to be used for surveillance– Ventilator-associated Events:– Good news… patients on rescue mechanical
ventilation (HFOV, ECMO, Prone) excluded– Bad news…Ventilator-associated condition
and Infection-related Ventilator-associated condition will be used for public reporting.
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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Pathogenesis of HAP and VAP
• Usually requires that two important processes take place:
1. Bacterial colonization of the aerodigestive tract
2. Aspiration of contaminated secretions into the lower airway
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Host Factors Prior Antibiotic Rx InvasiveDevices
Medication alteringGastric emptying + pH
Colonization of Aerodigestive tract
Contaminated water,Medication, solutions,Resp therapy equipment
AspirationInhalation
BronchiolitisTransthoracic InfectionPrimary BacteremiaPossible GI Translocation Focal or Multifocal
Bronchopneumonia
Confluent Bronchopneumonia
Lung Abscess
Host SystemicAnd LowerRespiratoryTract DefenseMechanisms
Secondary BacteremiaSIRSNonpulmonary organ dysfunction
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Endotracheal Tube (ETT)
Subglottic Secretions
Endotracheal Tube Cuff
Pooled Secretions in Airway
Biofilm on ETT
Dispersal of Biofilm With Ventilation
Pathway of colonization: 1. Oral/nasal colonization 2. External migration 3. Microleakage past cuff 4. Colonization of bronchi and lungs 5. Tracheal suctioning care and colonizing internal surface 6. Inoculation of lungs with mucus-biofilm encased bacteria
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ETT – Transoral – 3 days duration
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Prevention of VAP
•The strategies aimed at preventing VAP:
– Decreasing aspiration incidence
• Positioning, HOB elevated
• CASS – aspiration of subglottic secretions
– Reducing bacterial colonization
• Ventilator weaning protocols (SAT/SBT)
• Chlorhexidine for posterior pharynx
• Silver-coated ETTs
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Dodek P et al. J Crit Care. 2008;23:126-137.
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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• Four tertiary care hospitals
– St. Thomas, Nashville, TN
– University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
– Hospital of Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
– Penn Presbyterian Med Ctr, Philadelphia, PA
• 336 patients requiring mechanical ventilation
• Daily SAT/SBT (intervention group, n=168)
• Sedation, usual care, daily SBT (control, n=168)
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SAT / SBT
•Spontaneous
Awakening
Trial
•Spontaneous
Breathing
Trial
Awakening and Breathing Controlled (ABC) trial
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VAP: TIME COURSE
Cumulative Incidence ICU VAP
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
5 10 15 20 25 30Days
Garrard et al Chest 1995; 108: 17SVAP increases 1-3% with each day of MVRisk of death increases 2 to 10-fold
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PREVENT INFECTION1. Vaccinate2. Get the catheters out
PREVENT INFECTION1. Vaccinate2. Get the catheters out
DIAGNOSE AND TREAT INFECTION EFFECTIVELY 3. Target the pathogen4. Access the experts
DIAGNOSE AND TREAT INFECTION EFFECTIVELY 3. Target the pathogen4. Access the experts
USE ANTIMICROBIALS WISELY5. Practice antimicrobial control6. Use local data7. Treat infection, not contamination8. Treat infection, not colonization9. Know when to say “no” to vanco10. Stop treatment when infection is cured or unlikely
USE ANTIMICROBIALS WISELY5. Practice antimicrobial control6. Use local data7. Treat infection, not contamination8. Treat infection, not colonization9. Know when to say “no” to vanco10. Stop treatment when infection is cured or unlikely
PREVENT TRANSMISSION11. Isolate the pathogen12. Break the chain of contagion
PREVENT TRANSMISSION11. Isolate the pathogen12. Break the chain of contagion
12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Adults
CDC. Available at: www.cdc.gov/drugresistance /healthcare. December 2001.
3. Get the ETT out
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Patient awake / able to follow one step commands No shock / vasopressors (except Dopamine 3/kg/min)
“Respiratory load” not excessive / adequate cough / CXR PaO2 > 60 mm HG on FiO2 0.5 and PEEP 5
Wean to CPAP 5, PS 10 Reevaluate in one hour
RVR (f/Vt) 100 ? Cont. full vent support
Cont. CPAP 5, PS 10 for 30 min
RVR 100HR increment < 20/min
BP increment < 20 mm HgEntry Criteria fulfilled
Consider Extubation
Identify and treat potential causes of failure
Problems resolved
No
No
Wean to CPAP 5, PSV 10
No
No
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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Semirecumbent position
•86 intubated, mechanically ventilated pts
•Randomized to semirecumbent (45º) or supine (0º) body position, study stopped early at interim analysis – VAP dx: clinical criteria, nonquant cx
•VAP rates lower in semirecumbent position
– Semirecumbent 3/39 (8%)
– Supine 16 of 47 (34%), p = 0.003
• Independent risk factors for VAP:
– Supine position, OR 6.8, p = 0.006
– Mechanical ventilation ≥ 7 days, OR 10.9, p = 0.001
Drakulovic MB et al. Lancet 1999 Nov 27;354:1851-8
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Semirecumbent position
•221 intubated, mechanically ventilated pts
•Randomized to semirecumbent (45º) or supine (10º) body position
•Target position not achieved in 85% of study time in the intervention group
•VAP diagnosis by quantitative BAL cultures
•No difference in VAP rates
– Semirecumbent 10.7%
– Supine 6.5%
Van Nieuwenhoven et al. Crit Care Med 2006 Feb;34(2):396-402
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• Odds ratio incidence of clinically diagnosed VAP (45º less than supine)
• Odds ratio of death incidence – no significant difference
Zlexiou V et al. J Crit Care 2009;24:515.
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Dodek P et al. J Crit Care. 2008;23:126-137.
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• The ventilator care bundle has been an effective strategy to reduce VAP and consists of 5 evidence-based therapies:
• Semirecumbent positioning • Stress ulcer prophylaxis • DVT prophylaxis • Adjustment of sedation until patient follows commands• Daily assessment of readiness to extubate
Berenholtz SM et al.
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112 ICUs; 3228 ICU-months; 550,800 ventilator days
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Quarterly VAP Rates - Keystone
P < 0.001 for pre-implementation vs. 16-18 and 28-30 month data
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Quarterly VAP Rates - Keystone
Compliance increased from 32% at baseline to 75% and 84%.P < 0.001 for baseline compliance value vs. 16-18 and 28-30 month data
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VAP – Keystone ICU Project
• CONCLUSIONS:
• A multifaceted intervention was associated with an increased use of evidence-based therapies
• and a substantial (up to 71%)
• and sustained (up to 2.5 years)
• decrease in VAP rates.
Berenholtz SM et al.
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
• Chlorhexidine 2% q6h (UMich standard)• ? Add Colistin for GNR
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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Chlorhexidine and VAP Prevention
DeRiso et al., Chest 1996;109(6):1556-61
• Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% oral rinse reduces the incidence of total nosocomial respiratory infection and nonprophylactic systemic antibiotic use in patients undergoing heart surgery.
• N=353, PRCT
• CHX 0.12% oral rinse vs. Placebo
• 65% reduction in NI rate, (24/180 vs. 8/173; p<0.01)
• 69% reduction in Resp Inf (17/180 vs. 5/173; p<0.05)
• Mortality reduction in the CHX-treated group was also noted (1.16% vs 5.56%).
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Chlorhexidine Decreases the Incidence of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)
in Surgical ICU Patients
Genuit T, Bochicchio G, Napolitano L, Roghman MC
Surgical Infections, Volume 2(1):5-18, Spring 2001
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OutcomesPneumonia (Incidence / 1000 Ventilator days)
2629
21
0
10
20
30
40
Control WP WP + CH
= NNIS 10 – 90 %ile for nosocomial pneumonia
Patients requiring MV for > 48 hours, n = 134
*
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Ris
k o
f P
neu
mo
nia
Follow- up (Days)
0 10 20 30 40
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Control
Weaning Protocol
Weaning Protocol + CHX
Outcomes: VAP Risk over Time
*
* p < 0.05
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12
2119
0
10
20
30
Control WP WP + CH
*
Mortality(% mortality rate)
Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% was applied twice daily to the posterior pharynx after routine mouthcare and thorough suctioning.
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Conclusions
Protocol driven weaning from mechanical ventilation
in combination with
Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse
is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP and resource utilization in surgical ICU patients.
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Chlebicki M et al. Crit Care Med 2007;35:596-602.
Chlorhexidine for VAP Prevention
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Tantipong H et al. ICHE 2008;29:131-136.
•Randomized controlled trial, n=207
•2% Chlorhexidine vs. NS 4 times per day
•Outcome measure: VAP, CDC criteria
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Chlorhexidine
gluconate
0.12% solution
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Dodek P et al. J Crit Care. 2008;23:126-137.
The use of the oral antiseptic chlorhexidine should be considered.
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•Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center trial
•N = 385
•Patients requiring MV for 48 hrs or more
•3 groups:
– Placebo
– CHX 2% - q6h
– CHX 2% - Colistin 2% - q6h
•Clinical criteria for diagnosis of VAP with CPIS
Koeman M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1348–1355.
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Koeman M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1348–1355.
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Koeman M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1348–1355.
Hazard ratio (HR) for oral colonization
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Koeman M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1348–1355.
Hazard ratio (HR) for oral colonization
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Koeman M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1348–1355.
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•Four studies, n=828 (Further large RCTs are needed)
•Toothbrushing does not decrease VAP [RR 0.77 (0.5-1.21)] or ICU mortality [RR 0.88 (0.70-1.10)
Gu WJ et al. Crit Care 2012;16:R190
Does Toothbrushing decrease VAP?
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
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CASS Endotracheal tube
•Helps decrease the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) Shown to delay the early onset of VAP. Potential to reduce hospital-related costs associated with development of VAP
•Convenient and safe method for suctioning accumulated secretions in the subglottic space
•Large elliptical evacuation port located on dorsal side proximal to cuff provides effective evacuation
•Integral suction lumen allows continuous suctioning without risking trauma to the vocal cords as with manual catheter suctioning
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•The CASS tube, with its integral suction lumen and evacuation port, provides a safe, convenient way to continuously suction the subglottic area.
•A large, elliptical evacuation port is located proximal to the cuff to allow effective suctioning of pooled secretions.
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Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions (CASS) for Prevention of VAP: Meta-analysis
Dezfulian C et al. Am J Med 2005 Jan;118(1):11-18
• 5 studies
• N = 896
• Reduced VAP by nearly half (RR = 0.51)
• Delayed onset of VAP by 6.8 days
• In patients expected to require > 72 hrs MV
• No impact on mortality
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CASS Tubes – New Modifications
• Endotracheal tubes with dorsal lumen for subglottic secretion drainage.
• The dorsal lumen opens above the endotracheal cuff.• In the current version this hole is closer to the cuff and the lumen
is larger.
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Management of CASS Tubes
•Continuous soft aspiration with suction of 20-30cm H20
•Monitor intracuff pressure every 4 hours and maintain at 25-30cm H2O
•Check system every 4 hours with 2mL of air to assure that the suction lumen is patent
•Check the system if no secretions are recovered from the suction lumen
Rello J et al. Respir Care 2005;50(7):900–906.
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Dodek P et al. J Crit Care. 2008;23:126-137.
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• Randomized trial – 2 year period, n=714 (359 CASS)
• Patient requiring tracheostomy were distributed according to initial randomization (Shiley cuffed vs. Tracheosost Evac)
• Cuff pressure maintained between 20-30mm Hg
• CASS, continuous negative pressure 100-150mm Hg
• All patients received SUP with pantoprazoleBouza E et al. Chest 2008;134:938-946.
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Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions (CASS)
Outcomes Control n= 331
CASS
n=359p
Incidence of VAP 5.3% 3.6% .2
Hospital antibiotic use, DDD 1,932 1,213 <.001
MV > 48 hours
VAP 19 (47.5%) 12 (26.7%) .04
VAP per 1,000 vent days 51.6 31.5 .03
ICU LOS, days 16.5 7.0 .01
Hospital Antibiotic use, DDD 1,877 1,206 <.001
Mortality 52.5 44.4 .3
Bouza E, et al. Chest. 2008;134:938-946.
RCT -n=714 – CASS (n=359) vs. Control (n=331) (cardiac surg, Madrid)– Antibiotic use in Daily Defined Doses - DDD
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Silver-coated Endotracheal Tube
• Silver has interesting medical properties:
• Prevents biofilm formation
• Delays airway colonization
• Has bactericidal activity
• Reduces bacterial burden
• Reduces inflammation•Bardex I.C. and LubriSil I.C. catheters are made with Bacti-Guard® silver technology and Bacti-Guard® silver technology is licensed from Adhesive Technology (International) Licensing, B.V.•Bacti-Guard® * silver and hydrogel
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Pathogenesis of VAPCommon Sources of VAP Pathogens: Aspiration Intubation Procedure Biofilm Formation Contaminated Secretions Contaminated respiratory equipment
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Mechanism of Action: Silver-Coated ETT
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• PR Single-blind, Multicenter Phase III study
• 54 centers in North America
• 2003 pts expected to require MV > 24 hours
• Primary outcome VAP, BAL > 104 CFU/ml
• VAP 4.8% vs. 7.5% (Relative Risk reduction 36%)
• Silver-coated ETT associated with delay in VAP
• Conclusion: Patients receiving a silver-coated ETT had a statistically significant reduction in VAP and delayed time to VAP occurrence compared with those receiving a similar uncoated ETT.
Kollef M et al. JAMA. 2008;300(7):805-813.
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Kollef M et al. JAMA. 2008;300(7):805-813.
Silver ETT
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The NASCENT Study ResultsMicrobiologically-confirmed VAP
7.50%
4.80%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
For all patients
Control Silver-Coated ETT
36%(p=0.03)
Mi c
r ob
iol o
gic
al l
y co
nfi
rmed
V
AP
Rat
e
Kollef, M. H. et al. JAMA 2008;300:805-813.
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Kollef M et al. JAMA. 2008;300(7):805-813.
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Covidien SealGuard ETT
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ETT Ultrathin Polyurethane + SSDRCT, n=280, 1 Medical ICU, Spain
%
Control
Seal-GuardEvac
P=.02P=.001 P=.01
Lorente L, et al. AJRCCM. 2007:176:1079-1083.
HR 3.395%CI 1.7-6.7
HR 3.395%CI 1.2-9.1
HR 3.395%CI 1.3-9.0
62% Risk Reduction
n=140
n=140
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Tracheostomy vs. Prolonged Intubation
Crit Care Med 2004 Vol. 32, No. 8:1689
•Adult pts projected to need MV for 14 days
•N = 120
•Early tracheostomy – within 48 hrs
•Late tracheostomy – within 14-16 days
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Survival post-intubation
Kaplan-Meier curve. The time to death is displayed. There is a significantly better mortality rate in the early tracheotomy group than the prolonged translaryngeal group
at 30 days (p .005).
Mortality 31.7% vs. 61.7%
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Tracheotomy vs. Prolonged IntubationOutcome Measures
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Tracheotomy vs. Prolonged Intubation
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• RCT, n = 209
– Early trach, 145 (6-8 days)
– Late trach, 119 (13-15 days)
• 12 Italian ICUs, 6/2004-2008
• Primary endpoint was VAP
– 30 (14%) Early trach
– 44 (21%) Late trach
– P = 0.07 (VAP defined by CPIS)
• Largest study to date
• Completed TracMan trial, n=900, 4 vs. 10 days
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30 day Survival
Early Trach (ICU day 1-4) vs. Late Trach (on or after ICU day 10)
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Ventilator Bundle Elements
• HOB elevated > 30 degrees
• Scheduled readiness to wean assessment
• Sedation vacation/appropriate sedation
• DVT prophylaxis
• Stress ulcer prophylaxis
• Chlorhexidine 2% q6h (UMich standard)• ? Add Colistin for GNR
***If patient condition prohibits intervention it is NOT counted against the bundle compliance
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Commandments of VAP Prevention
1. Use the correct definitions
2. Understand VAP pathophysiology
3. Use a “bundled” approach
4. Monitor compliance/efficacy
5. Use new technologies when needed
(high-risk patients)
6. Zero VAP is not achievable
![Page 101: VAP Prevention in Trauma: What Works?. Patient Presentation to ER 64yo male, passenger, MVC, high-speed rollover, SBP 60 on arrival Blood transfusion.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649d095503460f949db12e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
VAP – Final Thoughts• Most common nosocomial infection in ICU patients
• Associated mortality rates and increased ICU resource utilization
• PREVENTION IS THE KEY!• Ventilator weaning protocols• Wake up and breathe (SAT/SBT)• Mouth / pharyngeal care• Chlorhexidine• Hand hygiene