FLUID FLUID VALVESVALVES

ANSI – American National Standards InstituteAPI – American Petroleum InstituteASME – American Society of MechanicalEngineersAWWA – American Water Works AssociationMSS-SP – Manufacturers Standardization Societyof the Valves and Fittings IndustryBSI – British Standards Institute

STANDARDS INSTITUTESTANDARDS INSTITUTE

STANDARDS CODESTANDARDS CODEAPI 600 Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends

API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves- Flanged, Threaded, Welding and Extended-Body Ends

API 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate Valves

API 608 Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends

API 609 Butterfly Valves, Lug-Type and Wafer Type

API 598 Valve Inspection & Testing

API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball and Check Valves)

ANSI B16.34 Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends

ANSI B16.10 Face-to-Face Dimensions of Ferrous Valves

MSS SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components

BS 1873 "Steel Globe Stop and Check Valves For The Petroleum, Petrochemical and Allied Industries

BS 5352 Steel Wedge Gate, Globe and Check Valves 50mm (2") and Smaller For The Petroleum, Petrochemical an Allied Industries.

BS 5160Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type check valves

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Type of valves and strainers,steam Type of valves and strainers,steam traps introduction in Piping network.traps introduction in Piping network.

Valve Selection cratia, Moc / Valve Selection cratia, Moc / StandardsStandards

Function of various industrial valveFunction of various industrial valve How to control the flow of fluids/head How to control the flow of fluids/head

LossLoss Operational ,Size limitationsOperational ,Size limitations How to prepare to valve specificationHow to prepare to valve specification Type of hydraulic valves, hose fittingsType of hydraulic valves, hose fittings

Def’n: devices which control the Def’n: devices which control the amount and direction of fluid flow amount and direction of fluid flow in piping systemsin piping systems Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, Typically made of bronze, brass, iron,

or steel alloy, plasticor steel alloy, plastic.. Components:Components:

- - Valve bodyValve body - Packing- Packing- Disc- Disc - Packing gland/nut- Packing gland/nut

- Seat- Seat - Stem- Stem- Bonnet- Bonnet - Wheel - Wheel

FLUID VALVESVALVES

Valve Selection (6-Q)Valve Selection (6-Q)

What is the valve size?What is the valve size? What is the Media in Pipe line?What is the Media in Pipe line? What is the Temperature ?What is the Temperature ? What is the Pressure?What is the Pressure? What is the Material ?What is the Material ? What is the end connection?What is the end connection?

Valve Sizes/ApplicationValve Sizes/Application

 

Valve Types Purpose Example of a system

Gate ( From 6 NB) Isolation Pump suction,pipe line

Globe ( From 6 NB) steam, air, oil and water  

Ball ( from 15 NB) Isolation / Throttling Seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, air, hydraulic, and oil transfer  

Butterfly ( From 50 NB) Throttling freshwater, saltwater, lube oil, and chill water  

Check ( L.C 6 NB)Swing Ch. V/V- 50 NB(FE)

Allows fluid to flow in one direction; prevents backflow and damage to equipment

Any

Relief Protects a system from overpressure

High pressure system

Isolation / Throttling

MediaMedia

Water is the easy media can be Water is the easy media can be handled handled

any valves .any valves . Air is a very simple media.Air is a very simple media. Suspended solid,mixer of air & Suspended solid,mixer of air &

oil .oil . Hp. Steam for process.Hp. Steam for process. Acidic ,brine,clay application.Acidic ,brine,clay application.

Temperatute/ MaterialTemperatute/ Material Temp -50°C to Below 200°C use soft Temp -50°C to Below 200°C use soft

seated valve (Class VI)seated valve (Class VI) Cast iron valves to be use - 10°C to Cast iron valves to be use - 10°C to

210°C210°C Carbon steel - 20°C to 425°C Carbon steel - 20°C to 425°C Alloy steel - 20°C to 600°C Alloy steel - 20°C to 600°C SS Casting : -220°C to 815°CSS Casting : -220°C to 815°C Bronze :160°C to 280°CBronze :160°C to 280°C Inconel : 160°C to 650°C Inconel : 160°C to 650°C Monel : 160°C to 480°CMonel : 160°C to 480°C PVC : 100 °C to 125°CPVC : 100 °C to 125°C

PressurePressure Pressure is always connected with Pressure is always connected with

Temperature Temperature The material which can handle 16 bar The material which can handle 16 bar

Pr.in 20°CPr.in 20°C

Might not do that in 200°C.Might not do that in 200°C. Piping flange class is same of valve class.Piping flange class is same of valve class. Ex. #150 , #300 or PN10 . PN20, Ex. #150 , #300 or PN10 . PN20, Marked on V/V body as PN 10 men's at Marked on V/V body as PN 10 men's at

20°C20°C

End ConnectionsEnd Connections

Flanges end. (faces- flate,raised , Flanges end. (faces- flate,raised , Groove)Groove)

Welded end.( Rating #600 )Welded end.( Rating #600 ) Threaded end. ( BSP / NPT Threaded end. ( BSP / NPT

#2000 lbs )#2000 lbs ) Socket welded End (#3000 lbs)Socket welded End (#3000 lbs) Brazing / Soldering Ends. Brazing / Soldering Ends.

( #150,#300)( #150,#300)

Forged ValveForged Valve

Valve Material for non corrosives Valve Material for non corrosives applicationapplication cont..cont..

Material ASTM Service Condition Trim low Temp

Trim high Temp

Carbon steel A216 Gr WPB Non corrosive water, oil and gasTemp -30°C to 430 °C

1 or 8 8 or 5

CS Low Temp Services

A352 Gr LCBA352 Gr LC2A352 Gr LC3

Cryogenic services low Temp.Temp -46°C to 343°CTemp -73°C to 343°CTemp -101°C to 343 °C

2 or 12 12 or 5

Alloy Steel A217 Gr WC1 Non corrosive water, Oil and GasTemp -20°F to 875°F

2 or 12 12 or 5

11/4Cr-1/2 Mo A217 Gr WC6 Non corrosive water, Oil and GasTemp -20°C to 649°C

8 or 5 5

21/4Cr-1 Mo A217 Gr WC9 Non corrosive water, Oil and GasTemp -20°C to 649 °C

8 or 5 5

5%Cr-1/2 Mo A217 Gr C5 Corrosive water, Oil and GasTemp -20°C to 649 °C

8 or 5 5

9%Cr-1 Mo A217 Gr C12 Corrosive water, Oil and GasTemp -20°C to 649 °C

8 or 5 5

Valve Material for corrosives Valve Material for corrosives applicationapplication

Cast Stainless Steel Corrosive high Temp Applications

18% Cr-8% NiA351 Gr CF8

Temp -10°C to 816°C 10 or 12 5

18% Cr-8% Ni(L.Carbon)

A351 Gr CF5

Temp -10°C to 427°C 10 or 12 5

16%Cr-12%Ni-2%Mo

A351 Gr CF8M

Temp -254°C to 649°C 10 or 12 5

16%Cr-12%Ni-2%Mo (L.Carbon)

A351 Gr CF3M

Temp -10°C to 454°C 10 or 12 5

18% Cr-8% Ni-cbA351 Gr CF8C

Temp -10°C to 816°C 10 or 12 5

Alloy 20A351 Gr CN7M

Corrosive Viz hydrogen sulphide dry 13 13 or 14

Monel A94 M35-1Hydrochloric acid (Air free) all concentrated

13 9

Hastelloy B A94 N12MVHydro choleric acid <1% at ambient temp

13Hastelloy

C

Hastelloy C A94 N12MVCrrosive.CholrineGas,dry etcAll ambient temperature

13Hastelloy

C

Material and hardness of stem and backseat bushing or weld deposit STD-API 600

Trim No Material Type

Type Stem ( Hard-HB)

Backseat/bushing

1 13 Cr ASTM A276 T410 or T240

200min 275 Max

250 Min

2 18 Cr-8Ni ASTM A276 T304

Mfg Std Mfg Std

3 25 Cr-20Ni ASTM A276 T310

Mfg Std Mfg Std

4 to 8A 13 Cr ASTM A276 T410 or T240

200min 275 Max

250 Min

9 and 11 Ni Cu alloy Mfg Std Mfg Std Mfg Std

10 and 12 18 Cr-12Ni ASTM A276 T316

Mfg Std Mfg Std

13 and 14 19 Cr-29Ni ASTM B473 Mfg Std Mfg Std

ForgingsForgingsA105 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

A181 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

A182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service

A266 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components

A290 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

A336 Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

A350 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components

A372 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

A522 Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service

A565 Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

A592 Specification for High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts for Pressure Vessels

A638 Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Super alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

A646 Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings

A668 Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use

A694 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service

A707 Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service

CastingsCastingsA27 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application

A47 Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings

A48 Specification for Gray Iron Castings

A74 Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings

A126 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings

A128 Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese

A148 Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes

A216 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High- Temperature Service

A217 Specification for Steel Castings, Martens tic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure- Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service

A278M Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 350°C

A278 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F

A319 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing Parts

A351 Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts

A352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martens tic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service

A487 Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service

A494 Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy

A518 Specification for Corrosion-Resistant High-Silicon Iron Castings

A703 Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

A732 Specification for Castings, Investment, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, and Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures

A743 Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application

MATERIAL DESIGNATIONS & ASTM STANDARDSFOR VALVES

Aluminum ASTM B-85 Die Cast

3% Ni-Iron ASTM A-126-Class B Modified

Copper ASTM B-75 Wrot & ASTM B-88

Ni-Plated Ductile Iron ASTM B-320 Plating

Bronze ASTM B-61 Cast ASTM B-62 CastASTM B-584, Alloy 844

400 Series Stainless Steel ASTM B-582 Type 416 WrotASTM A-217-Grade CA-15ASTM A-276 Type 410 Wrot

Silicon Bronze ASTM B-98 Alloy BASTM B-371 Wrot

316 Stainless ASTM 276 Type 316ASTM A-351-Grade CF-8M

Aluminum Bronze ASTM B-148 CastASTM B-150 Rod

Brass ASTM B-16 Wrot ASTM B-124 Forged

17-4 PH Stainless Steel ASTM A-564 Type 630

Ductile Iron ASTM A-395 Heat TreatedASTM A-536 As Cast

Carbon Steel ASTM A-216-Grade WCB CastASTM A-105 Forged ASTM A-352-Grade LCB Cast

Stellite AWS 5.13 Hard Face

Gray Iron ASTM A-126 Class B

Alloy 20 ASTM A-351-Grade CN-7MASTM B-473 20Cb-3

Monel ASTM B-164ASTM 494 Grade M-35-1

Hastelloy C ASTM B-574ASTM B-494 Grade CW-12 MW

Tank

Requirement valves in Piping Network

Pumps

P-1 303033HRHR P-

2

101033HRHR

101033HRHR

101033HRHR

303033HRHR

Cap 12012033

GLOBE VALVESGLOBE VALVES

Port Types Globe ValvePort Types Globe Valve Most common Most common

valve in the plantvalve in the plant Body may be Body may be

straight, angle, or straight, angle, or cross typecross type

Valve inlet and Valve inlet and outlet openings outlet openings are designed to are designed to suit varying suit varying requirements of requirements of flowflow

Valve may be Valve may be operated in the operated in the partially open partially open position (throttled)position (throttled)

Commonly used in Commonly used in steam, air, oil andsteam, air, oil and water lineswater lines

Used for a straight line Used for a straight line of flow where minimum of flow where minimum restriction is desiredrestriction is desired

Not suitable for Not suitable for throttlingthrottling

May be rising stem or May be rising stem or nonrising stemnonrising stem

Ball ValveBall Valve Most ball valves are quick acting - only require Most ball valves are quick acting - only require

9090oo turn to completely open or shut valve turn to completely open or shut valve Some ball valves may have gearing for easy of Some ball valves may have gearing for easy of

use (also increases operating time)use (also increases operating time) Used in seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, air, Used in seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, air,

hydraulic, and oil transfer systemshydraulic, and oil transfer systems

3 Way Ball 3 Way Ball ValveValve

3 way ball are mostly used for filter by pass lines.3 way ball are mostly used for filter by pass lines.

Dual flange TypeDual flange Type

Lug types lever operatedLug types lever operated

Butterfly ValveButterfly Valve Lightweight, relatively Lightweight, relatively

small, and quick actingsmall, and quick acting May be used for throttlingMay be used for throttling Used in freshwater, Used in freshwater,

saltwater,Utility servicessaltwater,Utility services

Check ValveCheck Valve Allows fluid to Allows fluid to

flow in a system flow in a system in only one in only one directiondirection

May be swing, May be swing, lift, or Ball type lift, or Ball type check valvescheck valves

Mounting as per Mounting as per valve Applicationvalve Application

Disc Check valve ( NRV)Disc Check valve ( NRV)Mount horizontal directionMount horizontal direction

Plate Type Lift Check valvePlate Type Lift Check valveCan be mount any directionCan be mount any direction

Ball type Lift Check valveBall type Lift Check valveCan be Vertical directionCan be Vertical directionDosing pumpDosing pump

Spring loades Lift Spring loades Lift Check valveCheck valveCan be Fix Vertical Can be Fix Vertical directiondirection

Plate Type Lift Plate Type Lift Check valveCheck valve

Dual Plate Lift Check valveDual Plate Lift Check valve

Foot Valves used for bottom lift pump Foot Valves used for bottom lift pump suctionsuction

Such as function as like check valvesSuch as function as like check valves

Foot ValvesFoot Valves

Diaphragm Diaphragm ValveValve

Used for corrosive acidic ApplicationUsed for corrosive acidic Application For rubber Diaphragan hence For rubber Diaphragan hence

temperature limittemperature limit

Automatic Automatic Operated ValveOperated Valve

This types of valve work Pressure This types of valve work Pressure Difference between inlet and OutletDifference between inlet and OutletLow Pressure ApplicationLow Pressure ApplicationAgricultural Water supply pumpAgricultural Water supply pumpActs as NRVActs as NRV

Niddle ValveNiddle Valve

Fine Regulating Fine Regulating valvevalve

Used in Used in Instruments, Instruments, Gauges OperatingGauges Operating

Relief ValveRelief Valve

Installed in piping Installed in piping systems to protect them systems to protect them from excessive pressurefrom excessive pressure

The relieving pressure is The relieving pressure is set by the force exerted set by the force exerted on the disk by the springon the disk by the spring

Relief valves may have a Relief valves may have a lever which allows manual lever which allows manual opening of the valve for opening of the valve for test purposestest purposes

Self Actuated Safety Relief Valve

Valve Operating DevicesValve Operating Devices

Manual lever or wheel ( up to 6”) Manual lever or wheel ( up to 6”) Handwheel or lever is directly connected to the stem and Handwheel or lever is directly connected to the stem and

is operated by handis operated by hand Gear operated above- 6”Gear operated above- 6”

Pneumatic ( up to 20”)Pneumatic ( up to 20”) Air pressure is applied to one side of a piston which is Air pressure is applied to one side of a piston which is

connected to the stem of the valveconnected to the stem of the valve Motor ( Above 24” )Motor ( Above 24” )

A hydraulic, electric, or air driven motor is used to turn A hydraulic, electric, or air driven motor is used to turn the stem of the valvethe stem of the valve

SolenoidSolenoid Uses an Electromagnet to open or close a valve against Uses an Electromagnet to open or close a valve against

spring pressurespring pressure

Valves Operating devices

Gear operatedGear operated Gear operated/ManualGear operated/ManualMotor operatedMotor operated

Diaphragm operatedDiaphragm operated Wheel Wheel operatedoperated

Pneumatic Pneumatic operatedoperated

Positinor devicePositinor device

Control Valves• There are many different ways to manipulate the flows of

material and energy into and out of a process; for example, the speed of a pump drive, screw conveyer, or blower can be adjusted.

• However, a simple and widely used method of accomplishing this result with fluids is to use a control valve, also called an automatic control valve.

• The control valve components include the valve body, trim, seat, and actuator.Dighparm, positioner,

Air-to-Open vs. Air-to-Close Control Valves

Hydraulic Open control valves

• Normally, the choice of A-O or A-C valve is based on safety considerations.

P& ID , Process Logic loop for AUTO P& ID , Process Logic loop for AUTO Control ValveControl Valve

FCVFCV Fine Flow control Fine Flow control

valvesvalves Automatics Automatics

Operating, Digital Operating, Digital Display.Display.

Used In Process Used In Process QCS/DCS SystemQCS/DCS System

Control valves Control valves Diaphragm Diaphragm operating device operating device can be operate can be operate liner motion.liner motion.

Relivetly less Relivetly less operating spanoperating span

Can be operate by Can be operate by AIR media.AIR media.

Use Globe type Use Globe type valvevalve..

Gate Valve Pneumatic OperatedGate Valve Pneumatic Operated•A Pneumatic control valve Provided cylinder (air-to-open) and closed by return spring action.

•This is liner movement device.

•A Pneumatic control valve (air-to-open) with spring return action.

•This is liner motion divice

Globe valve (Diaphragms Operated )

•This is Rotational Motion device.

•Uses an electromagnet to open or close a valve against spring pressureUses an electromagnet to open or close a valve against spring pressure

•Air to open and spring pressureAir to open and spring pressure close against positioner device controlclose against positioner device control

Butter fly valve ,Actuators Operating device.

Control Valve Operating Device.

Operating Divices ( Diphragm devices)Operating purpose required Air for 15 to 30 psi

Valve positioner device to regulate the valve flow control functionsAuto control and manual setting can done.

Positiner is Device in control valve loop of a Flow or Level Control Process that improves Valve response to change in the demand from a process controller

Valve Positioner operation logics

Setting can done by auto Mode or Manually

Required DC Supply 4 to 20 mA For valve Operating

The IP is an Electronic pressure regulator that converts a variable 4 to 20 mA signal to a proportional pneumatic output. Its compact housing, accessible ports and easy adjustments provide an ideal applications of Process. This economical instrument provides precision air pressure regulation to actuators, valves, positioner and other final control elements.

•Required DC Supply 4 to 20 mA- 10 to 12 volt Current

Electronic Pressure Regulator

Controller

Input SignalConversion

Pneumatic Amplifieroptional

Output signalGenerator

Output signalConversion

Input Signal Conversion;- The pneumatic input is converted to Mechanical Motion positioner used pneumatic Amplifier in such cases.Out put Signal:- A Mechanical motion causes a directional control valve to change position & supply Air the actuator, positioner gain will normally developed here usually through signal action.

Input Signal Conversion (I/P) :- The input signal sent positioner is two way

•A Pneumatic signalA Pneumatic signal can (3-15 psig) ( 6-30 psig) (3-27 Psig) Air directly from controller

•An Electrical signalAn Electrical signal (4-20 mA- 10 volt) from controller that is converted to a pneumatic signal by current to pneumatic (I/P) convector or Voltage to pneumatic ( E/P) convertThat is either external or internal to the positioner and regulate valve funection.

Signal Logice

Positioner unit Control valve

Feed back

To control valve

Pressure Loss in ValvesPressure Loss in Valves

g

V

D

Lf

g

VK

ph

g

VKE

eqvv

v

22

2

22

2

g

V

D

Lf

g

VK

ph

g

VKE

eqvv

v

22

2

22

2

Function of valve type and valve Function of valve type and valve positionposition

The complex flow path through The complex flow path through valves can result in high head loss valves can result in high head loss (of course, one of the purposes of a (of course, one of the purposes of a valve is to create head loss when it valve is to create head loss when it is not fully open)is not fully open)

EEvv are the loss in terms of velocity are the loss in terms of velocity headsheads

Determine for valve head Determine for valve head lossloss

1. Globe Valve -25 NB Fluid velocity-1.5 m/sec

2. Gate valve Valve -100 NB Fluid velocity-1.2 m/sec

Guide line for Making V/V specification• Type of valve (Ball , Gate, Globe, Butterfly)

• Size of valves ( Ex. 25 NB / 100 NB)

• End connections ( Screwed, Socketweld, Butweld,Flanged)

• Pressure Rating Class (#150 #300, #600,#800 )

• Body material ( Forged/ Casting)

• Trim of valves ( Hard face, stalite)

• Seat ( PTFE, Nylon, Metal)

• Operation ( Lever, Gear, Motorized)

• Ex….Ball valve 100 NB Flange end class 300 Body.A216 trim 13% cr, metal seat Lever operated…

STRAINERSSTRAINERS

FunctionFunction

• Strainers is to be used for piping design systemTo be remove foreign partial form water. ie sand, piping corrosive partial from Process Fluids.• Strainers are available for CI, CS,SS of fabricated from pipe shell or Plate.

Y-Type StrainerY-Type Strainer

Note:- Y- type strainer to be fixed in piping line always horizontal of pipe axis.

Basket strainerBasket strainerBasket strainer to be provided in Booster pump line , i.e. Shower system.SS wire mesh size 80 mesh/ 0.25micron

Conical StrainerConical Strainer•Conical strainer to be provided in large flow rate piping system, i.e. Cooling tower.• While fixing in piping system provide removal spool before strainer• SS wire mesh size 80 mesh/ 0.25micron

Auto / on line StrainerAuto / on line StrainerAutomatic Motorized operate, self cleaning Auto Strainer.Uses for continuo's operating system

Strainer SpecificationStrainer Specification

• Type;- Y type / Basket• Media:- water , air & oil• Size inlet/out :- 100 NB • Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr • Pressure drop:- 0.6 to 1 bar. • End connection:- Flanged / Threaded• Steel wire mesh:- 0.50u / 80 mesh • Body material :- CI / CS / SS/ fabricated

Steam Generation & Condensate Steam Generation & Condensate RecoveryRecovery

Ball Float Steam trapBall Float Steam trapCondensate is discharged when the rising level of condensate lifts a float attached to a level valve. A thermostatically operated vent discharges air from the top of the trap. Condensate is discharged continuously as it collects in the trap body.

Thormostatic Steam TrapThormostatic Steam Trap Operate on the difference in temperature between steam and condensate. When condensate reaches the trap, the filled thermal element opens a pilot valve to allow limited flow. Drain condensate continuously, closing only in the absence of condensate

Inverted Bucket TrapInverted Bucket Trap

Inverted bucket trap As the level of condensate rises, it is discharged. Inverted bucket traps require water, called the prime, within the bucket to operate. This trap is most appropriate for steady loads such as on distribution systems. Condensate is discharged intermittently.

Thermodynamic Steam Thermodynamic Steam TrapTrapHave a disk situated on a central orifice. As condensate

pressure builds, it lifts the disk, passes through the orifice at the centre of the disk and exits through smaller orifices surrounding the disk. Flash steam builds up pressure on top of the disk and closes the orifice. Condensate is discharged intermittently.

STEM TRAP STEM TRAP MOUNTINGSMOUNTINGS

Separator

Valve

Strainer

Condensate drain

valve

valveFlot ball trap

Inv.Bucket trap

Thermo Dy.trap

OIL SEPERATOR /FILTEROIL SEPERATOR /FILTER

Ball float trap SpecificationBall float trap Specification• Type;- Steam trap ball float• Size inlet/out :- 80 NB • PN / class :- 10 /150• Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr • Design pressure:- 6 bar. • Design temperature :- 220oC• Capacity :- 250 kg/hr• Back pressure:- 1 bar• End connection:- Flanged ANSI

B16.5• Body material :- A126 Gr WCB• Float Ball ;- SS 304

Thermodynamic trap Thermodynamic trap SpecificationSpecification

• Type;- Steam trap thermodynamic

• Size inlet/out :- 25 Nb• Class :- #800• Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr • Design pressure:- 6 bar. • Design temperature :- 220oC• Capacity :- 100 kg/hr• Back pressure :- 1 bar• End connection:- Socketweld, ANSI

B16.11 • Body material :- A A105• Internals ;- SS 304

HYDRAULICE HOSEHYDRAULICE HOSE

1.1. Matelice hose Matelice hose PipesPipes

2.2. Rubber hose Rubber hose pipespipes

HYDRAULICE PIPING VIEWHYDRAULICE PIPING VIEW

HYDRAULICE END HYDRAULICE END CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

HYDRAULICE FITTINGSHYDRAULICE FITTINGS

HYDRAULICEHYDRAULICEPOWERPACK&VALVESPOWERPACK&VALVES

Hydraulics Power PackHydraulics Power Pack Hydraulic Power SupplyHydraulic Power Supply

PumpPump Check valveCheck valve AccumulatorAccumulator Pressure relief valvePressure relief valve

Pneumatic vs HydraulicPneumatic vs Hydraulic

Common advantagesCommon advantages Power actuationPower actuation Move significant loadsMove significant loads

PneumaticPneumatic Compliance of airCompliance of air Mostly binary controlMostly binary control LightweightLightweight

HydraulicHydraulic ExpensiveExpensive Weight – heavyWeight – heavy Precision controlPrecision control Heavy LoadHeavy Load

Hyd.Control ValvesHyd.Control Valves

Directional controlDirectional control On-off (binary)On-off (binary) Spool valveSpool valve

Most commonMost common Requires three portsRequires three ports

Port 1 is air supplyPort 1 is air supply Port 2 goes to actuatorPort 2 goes to actuator Port 3 ventsPort 3 vents Only actuates in one directionOnly actuates in one direction

Five port spool valveFive port spool valve Port 1 is air supplyPort 1 is air supply Port 2 goes to actuator extensionPort 2 goes to actuator extension Port 3 vents actuator extensionPort 3 vents actuator extension Port 4 goes to actuator Port 4 goes to actuator

retractionretraction Port 5 vents actuator retractionPort 5 vents actuator retraction

Control ValvesControl Valves

Direction controlDirection control Poppet valvePoppet valve

Two portsTwo ports Port 1 SupplyPort 1 Supply Port 2 ActuatorPort 2 Actuator

No return or No return or ventingventing

Controls the flow Controls the flow of fluid mediumof fluid medium

Hydraulic SymbolsHydraulic Symbols

TankTank

Pressure ReliefPressure Relief Dashed line is Dashed line is pilotpilot actuated actuated

Two position two way valveTwo position two way valve NO, plunger activated, spring NO, plunger activated, spring

return… return… PP for pressure port for pressure port Three position four way valveThree position four way valve

3 psn (boxes), 3 psn (boxes), PP pressure, pressure, TT tank, tank, BB port, port, AA port, port, C1C1 solenoid, solenoid, C2C2 solenoid, spring solenoid, spring returnreturn

Hydraulic Symbols (cont.)Hydraulic Symbols (cont.)

ActuatorActuator Two ports, double Two ports, double

acting: extension, acting: extension, retractionretraction

PumpPump Triangle points Triangle points

out for pump and out for pump and in for motor, in for motor, arrow indicates arrow indicates variablevariable

Mystery ValveMystery Valve

Review of symbolsReview of symbols

ActuatorsActuators

HydraulicHydraulic PneumaticPneumatic Single actingSingle acting Double actingDouble acting QuestionsQuestions

Actuation?Actuation? Neutral positionNeutral position

SizingSizing 1500 psi wp1500 psi wp ±±100 kip100 kip ±±0.2 inches0.2 inches Find cylinder Find cylinder

size, flow rate in size, flow rate in gal/mingal/min

Valves FunectionValves Funection..

If the pump is the heart of a hydraulic system then the valve is the brain.

Valves are used to perform a large variety of governing and controlling functions.

Function:

• Pressure control valves

• flow control valves

• check valves (non-return valves)

• directional control valves

Valves TypesValves Types..Pressure control valves:Pressure control valves:

• pressure relief valves

• pressure reducing valves

Pressure relief valve

Has the task to limit the pressure in a hydraulic system or in a part of the system.

The pressure can rise in a hydraulic system if:

• pressure difference valve

• pressure ratio valve

- the flow rate from the pump is larger than the flow rate through the actuator

- the volume of a closed system is reduced

- the load of the actuator rises

- heat is introduced into a closed system

- the hydraulic resistance of the system rises

Pressure relief valvePressure relief valveHydraulic aggregate:Hydraulic aggregate:

The simplest hydraulic system

Pump + pressure relief valve

M

Qrv

Qag userQp psys

reservoir

Pressure relief valvePressure relief valve

The pressure relief valve always has to be matched with the pump.

If for example the rotational speed is increased (orange curve) then there will be flow through the aggregate even with higher pressure. Wrong!

The last section of the curve has to be at the negative Q plane.

Pilot Pilot OOperated perated PPreassure relief reassure relief valvevalve

fc

AkC

2

Pressure relief vPressure relief valvesalvesPilot-operated pPilot-operated pressure relief valveressure relief valve

1 - főszelep, 2 - elővezérlő szelep,3 - főtolattyú, 4 - 5 - 11 - fojtás,6 - 7 - 13 - vezérlő vezeték,8 - szeleptest, 9 - rugó,15 - tehermentesítés

1 - Main valve

2 - Pilot valve

3 – Main spool

4 - 5 - 11 - Throttle

6 - 7 - 13 - Operation line

8 - Valve body

9 - Spring

15 - Discharging

Pressure Reducing valvePressure Reducing valvess

DDirect Operated check Valveirect Operated check Valvess

Flow Control ValveFlow Control Valvess

ValvesValves

FormForm a) Spherical

b) c) d) e) Conical

Poppet valve

f) Plate

g) Spool valve

Pressure relief valvePressure relief valve

Air Control AccessoriesAir Control Accessories

Storage WellStorage Well

Surface ConfigurationSurface Configuration

Cylinder Bank –Cylinder Bank –Compressed Gas Compressed Gas Bulk SystemBulk System

Thank you!Thank you!

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Prepared By. Rajesh Kumdale