VALVES & Manometers

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VALVES & MANOMETERS

Mohini Chaurasia


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Definition

Avalve is a device that regulates, directs orcontrols the flowby opening, closing, or partiallyobstructing various passageways.

Valves are technicallypipefittings, but are

usually discussed as a separate category.

In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction fromhigher pressure to lower pressure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics


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USES

Industrial

Oil and gas, power generation, mining,waterreticulation, sewerage and chemicalmanufacturing.

Military

Commercial Residential

Transport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:water_reticulationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:water_reticulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:water_reticulationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:water_reticulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum


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Operation

Manually, either by a handle, lever or pedal.

Automatic, driven by changes in pressure,temperature, or flow.

These changes may act upon a diaphragm or apiston which in turn activates the valve,

examples of this type of valve found commonlyare safety valves fitted to hot water systems orboilers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(grip)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(mechanical_device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(mechanical_device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(grip)


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Desired Features

1.Easy to operate

2.Simple construction

3. Corrosion resistance

4.Tough enough to withstand

Pressure

Temperature Strain from connected pipes

Distortion from sealing surface


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Valve_cross-section.PNG


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COMPONENTS

Body

Bonnet

Seal

Seat

Disc

Spring Stem

TrimThe main parts of a valve are thebodyand thebonnet. These two

parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve.


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BodyOuter casing of most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts

or trim.METAL Brass,bronze, gunmetal, cast iron, steel, alloy steels and stainless

steels .

Seawater applications, like desalination plants, often use duplexvalves, as well as super duplex valves, due to their corrosionresistant properties, particularly against warm seawater.

Alloy 20 valves are typically used in sulphuric acid plants, whilst monel valves are used in hydrofluoric acid (HF Acid) plants. Hastelloyvalves are often used in high temperature applications,

such as nuclear plants. inconel valves are often used in hydrogen applications.

PLASTICSbodies are used for relatively low pressures and temperatures. PVC,

PP, PVDF and glass-reinforced nylon are common plastics used for

valve bodies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass-reinforced_nylon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass-reinforced_nylon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass-reinforced_nylon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass-reinforced_nylon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass-reinforced_nylon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass


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Bonnet

The bonnet is the part of the encasing through which the stem (seebelow) passes and that forms a guide and seal for the stem. The

bonnet typically screws into or is bolted to the valve body. Abonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly semi-

permanently screwed into the valve body or bolted onto it. Duringmanufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put into the bodyand then the bonnet is attached to hold everything together inside.To access internal parts of a valve, a user would take off the bonnet,usually for maintenance. Many valves do not have bonnets; forexample, plug valves usually do not have bonnets. Many ball valvesdo not have bonnets since the valve body is put together in adifferent style, such as being screwed together at the middle of thevalve body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(borehole)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(bicycle_part)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(bicycle_part)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(borehole)


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PORTS Ports are passages that allow fluid to pass

through the valve.

Ports are obstructed by thevalve member ordisc to control flow.

Valves most commonly have 2 ports, but mayhave as many as 20. The valve is almost always

connected at its ports to pipes or othercomponents. Connection methods includethreadings, compression fittings, glue, cement,flanges, orwelding.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_threadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread


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HANDLE Ahandle is used to manually control a valve from

outside the valve body.

Automatically controlled valves do not have handles, butsome may have a handle (or something similar) tomanually override automatic control, such as a stop-check valve.

An actuator is a mechanism or device to automaticallyor remotely control a valve from outside the body.

Some valves have neither handle nor actuator becausethey automatically control themselves from inside; forexample, check valves and relief valves may have neither.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(grip)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(grip)


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SEAT The seat is the interior surface of the body which

contacts the disc to form a leak-tight seal. The disc comes into contact with the seat only when the

valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat is always incontact with the disk, but the area of contact changes asthe disc is turned.

The seat always remains stationary relative to the body. Hard seats are integral to the valve body. Nearly all

hard seated metal valves have a small amount ofleakage. Soft seats are fitted to the valve body and made of

softer materials such as PTFE or various elastomers suchas NBR, EPDM, or FKM depending on the maximumoperating temperature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTFEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile_rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile_rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTFEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak


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STEM The stem transmits motion from the handle or controlling

device to the disc.

The stem typically passes through thebonnet when present.In some cases, the stem and the disc can be combined in onepiece, or the stem and the handle are combined in one piece.

Valves whose disc is between the seat and the stem and where

the stem moves in a direction into the valve to shut it arenormally-seated or front seated. Valves whose seat is between the disc and the stem and where

the stem moves in a direction out of the valve to shut it arereverse-seated orback seated. These terms don't apply tovalves with no stem or valves using rotors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_(vehicle)


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TYPES

Plug Cock Valve

Globe Valve

Gate valve

Diaphram Valve

Quick Opening Valve

Check Valve Butterfly valve


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Plug cock Valve

Plug valves arevalves with cylindrical orconically-tapered "plugs" which can be rotatedinside the valve body to control flow through the

valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or morehollow passageways going sideways through theplug, so that fluid can flow through the plugwhen the valve is open. Plug valves are simple

and often economical. Complete open/close Difficult to regulate Not suitable for steam or water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve


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Globe Valve


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Globe valve

Globular Body

Horizontal internal partition

Disc is positioned on seat.

Installed in high pressure side.

USE:Use with pipe not larger than 50mm.

Prevent complete drainage in horizontal pipes


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Gate valve


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Types

Non rising Type

Rising Type

Advantages

1. Available in large size2. Varity of designs

3. Minimize differential pressure during opening


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Diaphram Valve


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Discription Made of reinforced Fiber. Rubber Fluorocarbon resins. Special Grade diaphram coated with PTFE are

resistant to repeat steam sterilization. Suitable for Suspensions and sterile products Can be installed in any position. Complete drainage is possible SimpleApplicable only 340 kp, Expensive


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CHECK VALVES

Used when unidirectional flow is desired

Opens Automatically when Pressure is build upon

1. Swing Check (Swing flap is removed)

2. Ball Check (Ball is displaced)3. Lift Check (body is lifted)


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Check Valve


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Quick Opening Valve


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Quick Opening Valve

Modification of GATE VALVE

Because ofWater Hammer effect these are usedonly in short lines.

On large lines valves should be closed slowly


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Simple Manometer


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VALVES & Manometers

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