Utility System Operation - Progress Energy IncUtility System Operation Presented by Scott Peele PE....
Transcript of Utility System Operation - Progress Energy IncUtility System Operation Presented by Scott Peele PE....
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Utility System OperationPresented by
Scott Peele PE
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Utility Power System
Utility System OverviewTransmission SystemDistribution System
How the System WorksTransmissionDistribution
Why It Works That WayDesign PhilosophyEvents & Causes
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Transmission System OverviewHigh Voltage
500 kV230 kV115 kV
Purchased Right-of-WayWideClearedUtility Has Some Control
Few AttachmentsVery ReliableFew Disturbances
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Distribution System Overview
Medium Voltage23 kV12 kV
Constructed Along Public Roads
Other Utility AttachmentsLess Clearance to TreesMore Public AccessMore Exposure
Most Customers Served This WayMore Disturbances
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System Design Philosophy
Protect Transmission & Distribution Lines and EquipmentMinimize Number of Extended OutagesMinimize Number of Customers Out Due to a FaultTrade-off is More Short Duration Events Automatic Reclosing Feeder
Breakers at a T-D Substation
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Protective Coordination Equipment
Automatic Reclosing Circuit Breakers
Transmission & Distribution
Automatic Line ReclosersDistribution System
Fuses - (Fused Cut-Outs)Mostly On Distribution
Grounding & BondingCritical for Safety & Protection
Lightning ArrestorsLimit Voltage, Divert Current
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Automatic Three Phase Line Recloser
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Single Phase Line Reclosers
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Three Phase Dip Pole Fuse
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Tap Line Fuse - Fused Cutout
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Faults cause voltage sags, interruptions and outages
SagInterruptionOutage
SagInterruptionOutage
Magnitude and DurationMagnitude and Duration Duration
- 10% and <1 minute- 90% and < 1 minute> 1 minute
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Simplified Transmission & Distribution System
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kV
23 k
V Fe
eder
FeederBreaker
Transmission to DistributionSubstation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transformer
Customer Substation
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Fault On Transmission System
Fault
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kV
23 k
V Fe
eder
FeederBreaker
Transmission to DistributionSubstation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transformer
Customer Substation
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Fault On Transmission SystemVo
ltage
All customers (transmission and distribution) served by the faulted transmission line will experience a short Voltage Sag.Customers served by other transmission lines which connect to the faulted transmission line may also experience a voltage sag.Depending on the configuration of the transmission line, some customers may experience a Momentary Interruption while a fault is clearing.
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Fault On Transmission Line
480
Fault occurs here
0
Volta
ge
Time
Breaker opens here
Breaker recloses here
Fault cleared
0
4 cycles(~0.067 sec)
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Four Cycle Voltage Sag
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Causes of Faults on the System
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Simplified Utility System
115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
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Example
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Simplified Utility System
115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
Outage
Momentary Interruption
Sag
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Fault On Your Feeder
115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
Outage
Momentary Interruption
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Fault On Your Feeder
480
Fault occurs here
0
Volta
ge
Time
Recloser opens here
recloses here
Fault cleared
0
7 cycles(~0.1 sec)
13 cycles(~0.2 sec)
~ 1/3 second
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Voltage Sag & Momentary Interruption
Breaker Tripped
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Squirrel Guard
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Fault On Adjacent Feeder
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
OutageSag
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Fault on Adjacent Feeder
480
Fault occurs here
0
Volta
ge
Time
Breaker opens here
Breaker recloses here
Fault cleared
0
7 cycles(~0.117 sec)
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Voltage Sag Due To Momentary Fault On Adjacent Feeder
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Fuse Blow and Breaker Operation Due to Fault On Adjacent FeederTransmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kV
23 k
V Fe
eder
FeederBreaker
115 kV SubstationRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Fault
Customer
Fuse
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Open or Blown Fused Cutout
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Voltage Sag Due To Momentary Fault On Adjacent Feeder
480
Fault occurs here
0
Volta
ge
Time
Breaker opens here
Breaker recloses here
Fault clearedBy Fuse
0
7 cycles(~0.117 sec) .3 to 2 seconds
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Fuse Blow and Breaker Operation Due to Fault On Adjacent Feeder
150.0V
75.0V
0.0V105.83 ms/div0sec 2.12sec
RMS Sag Disturbance PQPager/3100 PQNode
Silverline Plastics 10/26/97 06:44:49.00 PM
Three Phase Wye
2V
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Permanent Fault On Distribution Feeder
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kV
23 k
V Fe
eder
FeederBreaker
115 kV SubstationRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
PermanentFault
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Voltage During Permanent Fault
480
Fault occurs
0
Volta
ge
Time
open
lockout after3 tries
0
clos
e
open
clos
e
~ 1 minute
7 cycles
13 cycles 15 seconds 35 seconds
.3 - 2.0 seconds
10 seconds
clos
e
open
Ope
n
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Fault On Adjacent Feeder
Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kV
23 k
V Fe
eder
FeederBreaker
115 kV SubstationRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
PermanentFault
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Voltage During Permanent Fault on an Adjacent Feeder
480
Fault occurs
0
Volta
ge
Time
lockout after3 tries
0
~ 1 minute
7 cycles
12 cycles
15 seconds35 seconds
.3 - 2.0 seconds
open
clos
e
open
clos
e
clos
e
open
Ope
n
10 seconds
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Time
Quick Trip
6-12 cycles
.3 - 2.0 seconds
13 cycles 15 seconds 35 seconds
lockout
Load Current
FaultInitiated
FaultCurrent
13 cycles
13 cycles
6-12 cycles
6-12 cycles
15 seconds
15 seconds
35 seconds
35 seconds
.3 - 2.0 seconds
.3 - 2.0 seconds
Faulted Feeder
Adjacent Feeder
100%
0%
100%
0%
Voltage
Voltage
FeederBreakerOperation
Substation Voltages During a Feeder Fault
68% Cleared on FirstQuick trip
27% Cleared on Secondand Third Relay
5% Goes to Lock Out
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Single Line of Substation
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Utility Protection Coordination Schemes & Equipment
Fuse Save SchemeFuse Blow SchemeElectronic RecloserHydraulic RecloserUnderground NetworkElectronic Sectionalizer
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Capacitor BanksElectrical utilities use capacitor banks for power factor correction and voltage support.Capacitors are used to meet the reactive power requirements of inductive loads such as motors.Switching capacitors can produce oscillatory transients which may cause tripping of adjustable speed drives.
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Capacitor Bank Switching Transient
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Line Capacitor Bank
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Line Capacitor Bank
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Utility’s Power SystemUtility System Overview
Transmission SystemDistribution System
How the System WorksTransmissionDistribution
Why It Works That WayDesign PhilosophyEvents & Causes
Questions?