Using Borehole Data for Ground Motion Prediction ......Conclusions zSource: • Borehole data...
Transcript of Using Borehole Data for Ground Motion Prediction ......Conclusions zSource: • Borehole data...
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CSNI Workshop – November 15-19, 2004 - Tsukuba, Japan
Using Borehole Data for Ground Motion Prediction:
Separating Source, Path, and Site Effects
Jamison Steidl, Dominic Assimaki, Kenichi Tsuda, and Ralph Archuleta
University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
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Ground Motion Deconvolution
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Estimation of Source and Path Parameters Using Borehole Data
2003 Miyagi-okiEarthquake SequenceKik-Net Borehole Stations28 Aftershocks M3-5 range used
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Source and Path Inversion19 Kik-Net Borehole StationsStation Selection• Mainshock PGA ≥ 300 Gal• 19 Kik-net, 16 K-net Stations• Site Response after Source
InversionData Selection (S-wave portion)• 10-sec: Aftershocks • 20-sec: Mainshock
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Source/Path Inversion: Method
Observed Spectrum (i-th event at j-th station):
*Source Spectrum (Boatwright 1978, Brune 1970)
*Attenuation Factor (Frequency Dependent)
Unknown Parameters
1( ) ( ) exp( ) ( )( )
iji j
s
fRO f S f R G f
Q f Vπ−= −
γfQo ⋅=Q(f)
γ,,, QofcMo
i4
i
2
i Mo)fc
f(1
)f2()Const()f(S+
π=
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Source/Path Simultaneous Inversion1) Iterative Determination of Path (using 6 reference events)
2) Determination of Source (using all individual events)
Residual converges
Moγ,,Qofc
Residuals from Inversion= Borehole Response
Solve for
Solve for
Solve for fcMo, fixed are,γQo
Attenuation & corner fixed (0.5 - 1.0 Hz)
Moment fixed (0.5 – 20 Hz)
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Inversion Results: Source
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Inversion Results: Path Attenuation Model (Quality Factor)
Result0.74Q(f) 116f=
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Borehole Residuals after fitting spectrum at 19 borehole stations
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Ground Motion Deconvolution
Site
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Site Response Results
19 Kik-Net Stations
Standard Surface/Borehole Spectral Ratio vs. Surface/Predicted Spectrum
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Near Surface Attenuation Properties and Soil Behavior
Near-surface soil attenuation inversion using borehole array data from Garner Valley, California.Hybrid global/local inversion of shear-wave velocity profile, attenuation profile, and density using borehole data from Kik-Net and SCEC.Nonlinear effects at Kik-Net stations
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Garner Valley (GVDA)NRC Sponsored Research Facility
Location in high seismicity region of Southern California
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Garner Valley Instrumentation
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Attenuation Analysis: Inversion Results at Garner ValleyFrequency dependent (red) and independent (black) attenuation with depth.
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Array Simulation at Garner ValleyFrequency Dependent Q inversion
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New NSF funded SFSI monitoring Project at Garner Valley
Future Analysis at GVDA
Simulation from Bedrock borehole motion to structural response, incorporating SFSI effects.
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Garner Valley SFSI Test Facility
Ancestral Lake Bed – Soft Sediments (~20 m) over weathered granite (~70 m) and crystalline granite.
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Uni-axial Accelerometer
Tri-axial Accelerometer
Rotation Sensor
Pressure Cell and Sensor Displacement Transducer
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SFSI Monitoring at Garner Valley
: Natural Earthquake
Native Soil
Water Table 0-3 mPore Pressure
Accelerometer
F1
F2
F3
5m
5m
F2 : NEES@UCLA Shaker
F3 : NEES@UTexas Shaker
F1 : Permanent Shaker
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Iterative Hybrid Inversion
Forward Model• Haskell-Thompson method using SH motion in
borehole as input to starting soil model.Iterative Inversion for Vs, Q, & Rho• Global (Genetic)
• Cross correlation between synthetic and observed motion in wavelet (time) domain
• Local (non-linear least squares)• Non-linear least-squares fit to empirical transfer
function in frequency domain.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Accelaration [gals]
Tria l Synthe t icRe cording
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-4
-2
0
2
4
Re cordingTria l Synthe t ic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-10
-5
0
5
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-0 .0 1
-0 .0 0 5
0
0 .0 0 5
0
0 .0 1
t [s e c]
Acceleration [gals]
Kik-Net Station IWTH04
Starting velocity model from Kik-Net web site
0 1000 2000 3000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Shear Wave Velocity [m/ s]
Dphm
Best fit model
Initial vector
0 0.1 0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Attenuat ion [1/ Q]
1 2 3 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Density [kg/ cm 3]
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Kik-Net Station IWTH04
0 5 10 15 2 0
250
5 0 0
750
10 0 0
125 0
150 0
1750FFT (Surface Re cording)FFT (Tria l S ynt he t ic )FFT (Bore hole Re coding)
0 5 10 15 200
10
20
3 0
4 0
5 0
f [Hz]
Surface/Borehole transfer function
The ore t ica l us ing t rial ve c t orEmpirica l s it e amplifica t ion
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0-3 0
-20
-10
0
10
2 0
3 0
Acceleration [gals]
Surface re cordingSynt he t ic (Input @ -10 9 m)
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0-3 0
-20
-10
0
10
2 0
3 0Abs olut e bore hole re cording (-10 9 m)
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
t [s e c]
Re la t ive bore hole re cording (-10 9 m)
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Simulated and Observed:Ground Motion Details (top) Average Site Response (bottom)
22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25-40
-20
0
20
40
T i [ ]
Acceleration[gals]
Surface Observa t ionBest Fit Model
Opt imiza t ion 2.0s window
2 4 6 8 10 12 140
10
20
30
F [H ]
Surface/Borehole transfer function Best Fit Model
Average linear sit e response from 28 events (10s)
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Example 2: SCEC Borehole Data
Long Beach Water District (LBW)
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SCEC Borehole Site LBWSoil Property Inversion Results
Input at 350 meters depthComparison of empirical vs. simulated surface motion and site response.
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MainshockAnalysis
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
3 0
f [Hz]
FT (Surface) / FT (-109m)
Empirica l NL tra ns fe r func t ion ( -10 9 m)The ore t ica l us ing "be s t fit " e q. line ar mode lEmpirica l line a r tra nsfe r funct ion (-10 9 m)
Frequency (Hz)
Time (s)
2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5-10 0 0
-50 0
0
5 0 0
10 0 0
Acceleration [gals]
Synt het ic (Input @ -10 9 m)Surface Re cording
2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5-10 0 0
-50 0
0
5 0 0
10 0 0
Absolut e bore hole recording (-10 9m)
2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5
-10 0
0
10 0
t [s e c]
Relat ive bore hole recording (-10 9m)
Acceleration [gals]
Acceleration [gals]
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Mainshock – Nonlinear Behavior
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30-1000
0
1000
Surface Recording
SHAKEAcceleration [gals]
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30-1000
0
1000
[ ]
Surface Recording
Eq. Linear w/ G/ Gmax(f),Q(f)Acceleration [gals]
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
3 0
f [Hz]
FT (Surface) / FT (-109m)
Nonline ar s it e re s ponseElas t ic s it e re spons eEq Line ar w/ G/Gmax(f) , Q( f)SHAKE
Frequency (Hz)Time (seconds)
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Mainshock – Nonlinear Simulation
1-D wave seismic Wave propagation(Bonilla, 2000)Total Stress Analysis
(no pore pressure build up)
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Conclusions
Source:• Borehole data provide a clearer picture of the
earthquake source.Path:• Borehole data is useful for examining crustal
attenuation models.Site:• Borehole arrays are useful for improving simulation
techniques for ground motion modeling of local soil conditions.
• Borehole data provides critical observations for modeling dynamic soil behavior at large strain.