.

) . . . . . 3

.

1.1. 5 1.2. . . . 7

.2.1. 7

.2.2. 8

.2.3. 10'

.2.4. 10 ,2.5. 11 2.6. , , 12

1.3. . . . 12 2 . 0;

2.1. 17 1.1. 17 1.2. 18 1.3. 21 1.4. . . 21 1.5. . 2$ 1.6. 28 1.7. 30 1.8. 36 1.9. 37 1.10. . . . . 44

2.2. . . 46 2.1. 46 2.2. 47 2.3. 50 2.4. . 52

.

3 . 1 . 54 3.2. 55

2.1. 55 >.2. . . 58 >.3. 62 !.4. 65

3.3. 67 1.1. 67 1.2. 68 1.3. 70

3.4. 72

.

4.1. 77 .1. 77

. 4.1.2. 78 4.1.3.

80 4.1.4. . . . . 84

4.2. 88

4.2.1. 88 4.2.2. . . . 89 4.2.3. . . 91 4 2.4. . . . . . 93 4.2.5. . .

. . 94 4.3. . . . . 97

4.3.1. . . 97 4.3.2. . 97 4.3.3. . . . 98 4.3.4. 1 4.3.5. 101

4.4. . . . . 102 4.4.1.

. . . 102 4.4.2. 104

4.5. , 105

4.5.1. . . . . . . 105

4.5.2. 109 4.5.3. . . 6 4.5.4. ( ) 120 4.5.5.

124

.

5.1. 126 5.1.1. . 126 5.1.2. 132 5.1.3. . 134 5.1.4. 136

5.2. 139 5.2.1. 139 5.2.2. 139 5.2.3. . . 147 5.2.4.

151

.

6.1. . . . . 161 6.11. 161 6.1.2. . - . . 164

6.2. . . 170 6.2.1. 1"0 6.2.2. 171 6.2.3. 177 48237 753

. 2.4. 180*

.2.5. . 183-

.2.6. 185-2.7. -

188-.2.8. -

. . 195 2.9. . . . . 201 2.10.

. 205

2.11. . . . . 213 2.12- . . . . 215-

6.3. . . 217 .3.1. 217 3.2. 220 3.3. ' 222

6.4. . . . 228-

4.1. 228-

4.2. 231 4.3. ,

234 4.4.

242 1.5. ,

. . 244 6.5. 255

5.1. 255-1.2. ,

. . . 256 1.3. 258-

.

7.1. . . . 280 .1. 280' .2.

282 .3. 286 .4. 290 ,5. . . . . 295 6. 298

7.2. 309 1. 309 2. . 312 3. . . . 316' 4. . . 317 5. . . 320 S. . . . 321 7. 331 3. - 333

7.3. 337 1. 337 I. , . . . . 339 S. 343^

7.4. 346 . 346

7.4.2. . 348 7.4.3. 351 7.4.4. 360 7.4.5. 365 7.4.6. , . 366 7.4.7. 368

7.5. 379 7.5.1. 379 7.5.2.

388 7.5.3.

392 7.5.4.

. : . . . . - 393 7.5.5. - . . 406

7.6. 414 7.6.1. 414 7.6.2. 415 7.6.3. 419 7.6.4. . . . 423 7.6.5. . . . . 430

. 8.1. . , . 441

8.1.1. . . . 441 8.1.2. . . 444 8.1.3. 446 8.1.4. . 456 8.1.5.

. . . 464

8.2. 472 8.2.1. 472 8.2.2. 478 8.2.3. 480 8.2.4. 483 8.2.5.

. . . . 493 8.2.6. 502 8.2.7. 504 8.2.8.

518 8.3. 522

8.3.1. , 522

8.3.2. ' . . . 525 8.3.3. 536

8.4. 552 8.4.1. . . 552 8.4.2. . . 552

8.5. 559 8.5.1. 559 8.5.2. . 566 8.5.3. ,,

kc ka 573 8.5.4. 575 8.5.5. 585 8.5.6. 586 8.5.7. . . . . . . . . 5 9 0

48* 755

. .

9.1. 594 9.1.1. 594 9.1.2. . 595 9.1.3. 601 '9.1.4.

< . . . . . . . 606 9.2 609

'9.2.1. 610 9.2.2. 615 9.2.3. , 623 9.2.4. 630

9.3. 643 9.3.1. . . . . 643 9.3.2. 654 9.3.3. 661

. *

10.1. 663 10.1.1. 663 10.1.2.

. . . . . . 664 10.1.3. . 668 10.1.4. . '. . . . . . 673 10.1.5. ,

. . . . 680 10.1.6.

. . . . . . , , , , , , 684 10.1.7. ^ . . 690 10.1.8. .

. . . . . . 694 10.2. 700

10.2.1. - . . . . 700 10.2.2. . 703 10 2.3. . . . 715 10.24. \ 722 10.2.5.

724

1. 729 2.

730 3. . . . . 732 4.

. . . 734 5.

735

6. 738 7.

. 7 52 739 8.

. 7.52 744 748

'56

. .

. ^ ?

1959

|2f' , .

, ;

. . . . . . . . . . , . .

14'IV 1959 . . ' 1959 . , 6 0 9 2 / 1 9 47 25 . . 45.3 - . 20000 . -11213 . . 7766 24 . 65 .

, -, . 2.

. -, . , 40. . . 237 , , 17.

, . . .

, , , .

, , , ( ), , (, , .).

, .

' , , , , ,

, , ( ) , , .

, ( ) , , , , , .

, } , , . , , .

.

. . . . .

(-, , 2).

1.1.

, , , , , . , . , , , , , .

, , , , . , . , . , . >

. , , , , , , .

, , * .

, , -

5

.

, , , ; , .

, .

, , , , , ., , , , . , , 10~ 1 5 , - 1017 . -___ -~ , . , .

,

G 2 (. 11), (7j Z2 , . , G\. G; -

)

. 1.1.

, .

, , , , 1% 2, , , Uu

, , , , , , , . ; , , , , , , , , , , , , .

, , , 0,5 , 25 , . , , , , , .

. , .

, , ; , , , ( , ). , ; -' , , - .

1.2.

1.2.1.

, , (, ), (), , , .

, . , , . , -

7

, , , . . ; ..

, , . .

1.2.2.

, \, , U\ = u\(i), , . , , , , U\(t) , .

, , , , U\(t), , ( ).

Ui{t), , , , fc, 2fc, 3/, . . . ; fc , Ul7ll, Uimz, UlniS, . . . , 2, . . . , Ulcp, {() = lifc.

, dU () = F () d (>) . = 0 m = , , . .

*)= j | 4 / ^ ) 5 - ( > ) ] } . CD=0

, , , 8

\ [ fMUH > 0 ( ), \ .

, . . u2{t), , 1 (t) .

u2(t) Ui(t) :

1) , u 2 /i ( , Uz^KUi) );

2) UjUy ( , , ) {fMUH1)

3) .

, () , ; , , , ().

, , . , .

( ) .

, , .

, , , ; , .. ( ) , .

. , .

9

1.2.3.

, , , , , . .

1.2.4.

, , ().

. , ]1\ , , .

() , , , . , , , . , , , .

, , fMa.-JfMaH . , , /^ 0= 1000

, , , 50 -4-10 000 , ( ) : fMUH = 1000 - 10 = = 9Q0 f = = 1000 4-10=1010 ;

*. 1.2. - ^^ (, ) (, ) 1,02. 10

1 .

t,

. 1.2 . . 1.3.

- . Jllill]^ f 0 W e

0 " w - . 1 3. -

; , ( ), , . .

, , , (). , , .

, , [76].

1.2.5.

, fH /. , A F = fe/ , .

/. , , , , A F 20002500 5000 .

, , , , \F>2050 A F > 40 100 .

() (). f

-

11

1.2.6. , ,

.

, , . . (), ().

( ), .

1.3.

, , , . , , , (, ), (. 1.4).

, , , , ; . 3.2.2 3.2.4.

, , , , . 1.5.

I -

^

1 -_1

. 1.4. -

2 3-

- L

I

. 1.5. -

:

, , . 12

: Pi , (Z 2) , , , 2~0.

, , , , , , -

| |

j

L . ,

U I _ _ J

WWW .

I

I I

. 1.6.

- . , . , (. 1.6). - , : 1) , 2) ' ) .

, ' , . , -

') , .

13

. , ( )..

2, , , ,

-

Pi ~ 0 . , .

=

U\ U2.

, .

. , ( = 0) 2 Uv (0)\ , , 2, Ub

=

? , , [ ,

' 1

JT f~u

(^\ ! " ,

- | * I

2- /fad

1

1-30

1- 2-

2- /fad

1 1 1 1

1-30

1- 2-

2- /fad

1

1-30

1- 2-

Z- 2-

/t

. 1.7. -

(. 1.1), (\~. , , , 14

(7 2~0. ,

, - .

, (. 1.7). , , , . . , , , , , ( 2 >1050 ). ( P i < 1050 ) -.

, , . , , , , .

, - (. 1.7), , - , .

-. , - , , (), . , , 10s .

.

15

, ' ) , , , , , , . , , , ( ) . 109.

') \Zex\ , .

2.1.

2.1.1.

^ , , , , , ,

, . t= .

, ( , ) 1 ) .

, , , . , .

, .

') , , , , . 2 - 2 3 7 17

. ? *

, , : 1) , 2) , 3) , , , - , 4) , 5) , 6) .

.

2.1.2.

, , U-2 Ux )

, , . .

P i 2 .

, .

, /Ci/G/

, , , - . 1.5,

') 2=^/ ( ) , ( /2) , ( ~ i ) . 18

V 2^3 2 = >

Ks~u~

. .

. , - 2 23 t/l 2^3 ' l/l, '

. ,

, / (7i2, / 2 3, t/2 , . .

= = KiKi -

= 1 2 %

, .

' () (t.en).

, ,

Kd6=20]gK = 201g-.

, ,

= 1 = 1 = - .

:

1 = 0,115

6 = 8 J

1 = 8,7

= .. 19

; .

, . ,

= ,

2.1.3.

( ) / fg, .

, /(const 1== = 16 RofMaxc= 20 000 . , , , , . [1], 5 5010 000 . 5 2408000 1206000 . . , 596851, 1- 2 50 10 000 .

, , , , : 300 27003400 -

, .

, , / fe, , .

2.1.4.

, : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) - 5) .

. 2.1.

2 U\ , . . = ui(t) = 0imsin(u>t ).

u2=f(u\) , -

21

, , .

, . ii2 const , , .

. 2.1. , [ : ,

, , -,

\. (/1 ), - Ui u2=[(ui) (. 2.1.). , , , .

, , U\ {Uim ) , . , , , , , . . '). (

, . 4.1.4.

(. 2.16)

= *. = (/),

, .

(. 2.1).

. , f , (() = Z7 l m s in (u>/) 2 (t) = Uim cos ( t - f ).

- W (f) = F (f), f 0 . -

* = (?) (2-1) . f K=W(f) = F (f). = (?) (. 2.1 ), ,

= * (2-2)

. , ,

- .

U2m = f(Ulm). , . 2, .

2.1.5.

, .

23

, , , .

, , , ' - , , .

)

. 2.2. ,

("

(. )

)

: , , ;

(. 2.2). , (. 2.26). , , , }

= ~, =^. (2.3)

(. 2.2). 24

, . 2.2,

= 20 lg = 20 lg . = _ 20 IgM = (/) (2.5)

/ ( .

, . , , . .

= + + + (2-6>

- .

. , , ,

. , , , .

, .

, , \\ 23 . , , , \\* 0,1 1 . , , , , . , , ,, , .

, , , . , .

, ,

25

. , .

, , , , .

. 2.3.

, , (. 2.3), / ( 1) 2f ( 2), 3. , (. 2 36). 3 .

,

, :

,

,

Ui(t)= Ulms\n wt,

. 2 (0 = KUlm sin ( t + ) = U2m sin (2* ft + af),

. e.

M 9 = tf2sin2ir/^ + -iL) .

, ( > 0 ) ( < 0 )

, , .

, ,

. , , , , , . , , , . . 1936 . [53].

2.1.6.

, \ .

, , - . , , , , , B=f(H), , .

. 2.4 , ,

, ia ( 1). 2, , . 3 ; ia = (t) , ; , ia , . .

, . , ^, G (. 2.5), -28

. 2.4. ,

Uc0, . Ecm>\Uc0\, ti ,

. 2.5. ,

, t\ (. 2.56 ). , ^ ,

= ' '" "

t2 uc = Ucu-\-uc

k .

, _ , + 3+...

2, , , 1, 2, 3, . . . . , :

k= T i = j - . (2.8)

12, ls, Im%, Im3, . . . , a Ii Iml .

= = ^ ( 2 - 9 )

( . 8.2.5).

2.1.7.

, , \ , , ().

. 2 = } ()

= U m cos + Umcos

, (2.12), : Ucp , . . ,

Vcp = 0 + \ , ()2 + -2 (u'mf + . .

Uml Umi / / 2 . ,

mi = i"'m + { + u'm (Vmf + . . .

(2.13)

(2.14)

(2.15)

( / m 2 , t / m 2 Um3, U,m3 (2/j, 2/2) - (/i, 3/2) , ,

^ 2 =

9 = . KY

1

(2.16)

U'm3 = 3 ( ) 3 (2.17)

, (/j / 2) ( 2/2), (2 / 2) Umn / 2

6 . , .

(2.18>

(2.19)

12 , 10 .

: . . . 4 | 4- \ 4- . . . , .

, , , , .

31

, , . . , () , , , . . , , , , , .

, ( , , f\/2, /12/2, 2/i/2 ) , , .

, . , , . . .

, - , , , , . , , , . , 2/i, 2/2 / if 2 2 U\2 - (2.11).

, , . . a3uf, 55{, (. 2.6), , , 2 \ , 14* . . . , . . (. 2.66).

k2 = k3 =

Utnl U'ml kt= 4- 4 - . , . -32

: , , , , , , , ; -, .

. 2.6. () ()

, . , ,

= U'm sin mxt + U'm sin co2f,

, U'm () flt U'^, . , . 2.7, , , . () : fi : fx f2 f j -f- f2; , , , .

Uml } (. 2.66) 3 0, (2.14),

3237

U'm\ = 1-33

" / i /2 fi + /2> (2.18),

= ^ = - f l 2 ^ ^ = ^ (2-20)

t

t . 2.7.

, Um, kt, , ' Um2 /,,. (2.14) (2.16) 3 0,

U m a1Um 2 C l

- (2.20) (2.21) , kKOMf-, k2

= = ~~ W t f - (2.22)

, (. 2.6). = 4 = . . . = 0 }1 2/ 2 / 2 4- 2/ 2 .

34

, :

h * JL_i (if \2 ,,' ~ . \ w ) , \ * "1

, = ka

= = 4 **' ( 2 2 3 )

, .

, : , , . (] , , , kv k3

, ( 23%).

, . < 2 % , .

2.1.8.

, , . , , (), () .

, , Z2. .

2 = /cos 2 , . , , . . 2 2. , 2 02 Z 2

2

2 % | 7 | >

\L%\

, /.

, / fxt '2 " \z2\ \

, , , , 2., \1-\ .

2, , (), :,

^ 1

, ,, ( )

2 1 ,, ,

\ . _ I 1 1 ' 36

1 z:SJt | = ' 1

8 . .

, \ Zj= |Z-\- - .

2.1.9.

. : 1) , 2) , 3) 4) .

, ( 50100 ), () , . , , , , . [21, 82].

, , , . , . , - - .

, - , Z=r+ix, . fMUH = 0 f ~ , , , . ,

37

/ Z = 4- i , , Af, [76]

A L = IkTrbf. (2.24)

k , 1,38-10 , , , Af .

, ( = 293), (2.24)

{^)=^^. (2.25)

, , /, Z = 4- \ f, Af.

, g \,

z = J - = - i - . g+ib

, . , Z.

, '-

.,2 _ _ 4 * 7 7 / ' ~ |Z| _ '

. . 2 = AkTgAf. (2.26)

, , , .

, . . . , , . 38

, - .

/?, = dujdia . , , . - , 2,53 . , Af

\2 = 4kTeRt&fik () .

, R.

, ,

U2lua = 4kTegfif~4kpnglbf,

, ()

_ 1 _ dia [Ri

, , :

= 213, (2.27)

, 1 ,6- - 1 9 , Fr . ,

, ; () . , ,

h = i'c +

i'c i"c . , i'c i"r

39

, .

:

/L = + 2 ( / + ] |) /. (2.28)

/

g = f - = ^ l . (2.29)

. , , , , .

[76].

, , , , }^, .

5 (/), 1 Ia0 (), :

.2^5 ' S '

. 2.5 / , . 8130 \ /0 ' S \ S Jlao + I3(>

, 35 , .

2=^, (2.30)

. , . 2.8,

. 40

Gi G 2 , G 3 1). , / .

/f.

. 2.8. () ()

' /^i , 2, 2 AfLa , - (2.26), (2.28) (2.30),

1 **+2'{1+\1\)

\ 2 df Af, 6/ 2, ,

U2 = 2

4+'2{10+\1^\)

(g + gcrf + b* 4kTr K2df- (2.31)

- (2.31) g b ; , , , ; 3 0 0 , = 1,38-10 / = 1,6- 10~1 .

Ki (Ki < 25), .

g, b, gCK . . . , , , K'Ki-

= Vb'l2 + UZ ,

, , . , . , , . , , , , . 1000 .

(, ) , , .

, . , , , , , . , , , .

, , 0,1 10 . , , , .

, . .

, , -42

.

, , (. . 6.2.11).

, ,

const VT^Th-

, , , () , U0. , , Z .

, , 5 10.

, , , , , /, . . [14, 17], , . 9.2.3. , R, \/R~', / -

, R: = const R. '

, , ( ), ( ). , , , -

43

; - , , .

Zc , .

fcp = YfJe * .

, . . , . , , 50 ,

201g-^2_ = 50

. . , , U2, , () . . .

, , 10 . , .

, , . , , , , , . . . , , , .

, , - () [33, 34]). [65], - - , .

, , , , , , [5, 28]. . 2.

. , . , , .

45

2.2.

2.2.1.

, , , , . . , ' ) .

U\(t) , , ,

Ui(0 = ;

t tt, t < t-, t > tr

(2.32) U0 , i(0 , ,

) = 1 (0- (2.34)

ud ^ ^ U ^ _

(2.33)

. . 1 (t i;),

. 2.9. () ()

f/i(f) = 1(0 . 2.9 1,

1) , , , = ]/2 coj . . , , ( t = , , , t v 0).

46

1

-; -

^ , J K i e e ,

. , - | | , - 0 - 0 , t, tt], t12 . . . , (. 1.26) :

| ' u1(1)r--Ut\(t-t1)-Ua\{t-tl).

, - , , h(t), w2 (^ ! wx(t)= l(t). k(t), u2(t), Ui{t) = \(t), . .

*(0 = M 0 U , , I ( O . (2-35)

. 2 3 . 2.9. (f), = 0 = 0, u1(t)=\(t) 2(t) = k(t) , , :

2 ( =k(t) = K(f)^0 = K(0).

2.2.2.

, , , . , , , . . . , , km- \ {t), km =const.

47

, . . , , -, t (. 2.10), 0,1 0,9 ( ) 0> -, s, , , -, scn ( ), ,-(. 2.106),

. 2.10. () ()

, . . [53], , . . t4o6u( :

ty o6ui V4i + ^ + - + ^~

(. 2.11) ,1). , , .

, , 520% ; () ()

^ ' cnN- (2.38)

2.2.3.

, . , , . , : ,

, , [46, 60].

, , , , . , . 2.12, , ,

, . ,

*) ' sn , (. 2.106). 50

. 2.12.

( )

, .

, , , , .

, , , , . , , , ia f (), / 2 . 2.12, , 6 .

, . , , ,

Bu3 = f(Bo6), 3 ; , (, ) , , . , , , :

(2.39)

, :

BU3=kbb^k3Bnp,=kBl6. (2.40)

0,5, 1 ~ 2 3, "{ , 1. 2 = kzu^' 2 0,67 1. , , = 1,5 2. "f or , , , -

" 2, . * 5,

, , 2 = / 2 = AjjU'fj, "fc- , , , , "fc .

, , '-, , . .

, () . , 5- (. 2.6),

du, , Ui = 0 - k0, dux

du, i i -2 k < k0;

du1 , . . [45], :

ft0 ft, (2.41)

(. 2.66) du, - (.

- ; kMUH dur

kMaKC, : (2.42)

2.2.4. .

, . , k(t) (. 2.9 2.10).

(. 2.26), 52

:

"77

. 2.13.

. u2(t) ux(t) (. 2.11).

, , , 1 1 .

2.13, tt ( ), () \jTt , , ,-; , .

dt , Rex, ( , , Rex ).

thaKC 1 uUaH, , ( ) R2 2.

3.1.

(. 1.6) , , , , (). , , ; , ( ), , - . , . 3.1, , .

, , , . - . 3.1, , . ( . , .) , : . 3.1, , .

, , ; . 3.1, , , , , .

, -54

, . . - 1929 ., , . . 1925 .

.

)

)

. 3.1. , : , ,

, , , , : () , . . ') , " , .

3.2.

3.2.1.

, , (. 1.6), , . 1.4.

') , .

55

(. 3.2). ^

. 3.2.

, , - , , , 01, 0 2. 2 ( ) 2 02. ; . 3.3.3.

, . , , - .

, Uc2/Uai . , (. 1.3), , .

, Ra (. 3.3), 56

(, ) .

Ra . , d -

chsu I 1

_l3_i i . I

. 3.3.

, Ua0 -\- \Uc0\ 50 250 ; ai~c2 , , , , 2 UaQ 4- \Uc0\, Gi .

2 2 Uc02, ; Rc. , Rc , 2 Ucu2 ( ) .

RK, , R3, 3 .

, ,

^

I

- 34-

57

. , , .

, , , RaB (. 3.4), ( ).

3.2.2.

, , , , , , , () .

-I

, , G Z 2 (. 3.5) , , -

' ,

'

# ' / 7 ' , , ' ' ' ' , , , ' "

- . . , ,~, . .. () (CD) v , v ' ; ,

0

(-) \ I 777-7777777 777&77777777

. 3.6. : Ub=Ua]

CD, .

, , , -

b , ( ') . ( ) (. 3.6), 1).

*) (-.

( ) -

58

, , , . . .

. 3.7.

, , . 3.7, - , ' .

. . ,

1 1. ,

' , , . . :

2 = + 1 1 21 + ] ~ . . .,

"2 = 0 + +

" i = 1 = 2,

= - f -1 (3-

' 4

- (3.1) (. 2.6), , .

. , , - , . (, ) , . . . , -, , .

. (. 3.23.4), , .

. 3.8. : ,

(. 3.8), , .

, , , -60

. . 3.9 , .

, ; 7.6, (. 3.10).

^ , Ra RK, . , Rc.

, 1 G (+) ^

. 3.9.

^

X T - * V Ra ^ f S L * r >

. . ()' Ra RK

. Ra ^

. , \ 61

' >

, . . , ,

Jli .

3.2,3

; , , , fHt , f4 .

- 3. . \1=0\

( / = 0) < ( , 3 - IJ ) , : ; ( , ) .

Rc , Ra , . Rt. & '' ~ b. jj

}>* ] , , ! ( . 3.12). Rc < , ; ( ^ . ) . Rc < , ( ) .

, * i/u,p . " tfwvo (, ), -

3JL\ ^ imKoarfii

it , ' . ' . 1\ [ -

I 1

J L _

PiJC, 3.13 - '? ! ^^^^' 1 , *

. , CCRC (. 3.13). , CCRC, Ra.

. 3.113.13 , , , , . . .

, , . .

, , (. 3.14).

, , , , ,

*

. 3.14. -

. 3.15.

. , , 64

, .

, , - .

- ( | Z x | > 100 ) . , (. 3.15).

.

( 2 < 3 6 ) - -, . . 1- .

. 3.16. : , ,

Z 2

(. 3.16).

3.2.4.

237 65

, , .

Z 2 23 . , Z 2 o n m . , , . , . La Ra .

/ , , .

3.17.

, , . , .

. 66

( 2 < 1050 ) (. 3.17), . 3.3.3.- -

, 3.18. , 9

U 0 (. 3.18),

^, Uc0=0 (. 3.186).

3.3.

3.3.1.

- -1 , .

", , ,

. , , , (-") - .

, ,

. -

. 67

3.3.2.

, -

. 3.19.

(. 3.19). V .

24 48 -

. 3,20.

(. 3.20); .

(. 3.21), , (. 3.22).

, 68

. 3.21.

(, ) , .

^ , , , . .

0

Uco

/

. 3.22.

, , (. 3.23) R ( ).

- 1^ - /-*-\

' , .

-^tfa , no- ^ -: {, ,

- (. 3.24).

CXRK , , , . 3.24 . , , , CRK ( RK) , .

69

r V W - j

. 3.23.

, UKHQ,

10 20 . , 3, , . , 50 100 , , 5 15 , .

\

, *

+ * i

/

. 3.24.

3.3.3.

. 3.25. Uc0

. 3.25.

Um R t R^. -70

10, , UC0 = RKLI0 UC02 = {RK1 + RJ / 0 , R2 R'2 R' , R'^, .

RKI R^ '2 R2, "2 R'2... 0,1 1 , 0,1 1 .

, . . 3.26

: R0 ( 3100 ) I 6^,(0,5 100 ).

(. 3.25) -

. F , ,

.

, RG (. 3.25) 0 , , R3IA0, 10 .

. ig ia , **_ 0 i3 ,

,

" = R3 iB.

( ) -! . 0,05 10 .

(. 3.20) . 1 -| , - U"H, 3 UC0S = RIH. -, d .

71

, . 3.25, ; , RK, R ^ . . . , . 3.26, () .

. 3.26. , Rc, /?/-.

RK / 0 = 1 + 1

< Uco = # -

( Rc ); ,

^(,02 = RJaOi-

R^ RK2, . . . , . , . , 2,... (5 1000 ).

[31].

3.4.

, , , . , 72

fy , -

|, , -I ( m ^ l ) ; | . I ,

, . . (

, .) ;

.

. , ,

, , , . .

^ .

|, }.(. . ). ( )

-, (, ) ' ) . ( ) -

-^,- . srfg -

, . ^^ . -tft? . 3.11.

^, [5].

, (-~, ), -" - , . '

') , ,' , .

73

. ( , UH), , . . 3.27.

. 3.27. , -7

- ( ) ; , , :

R -f i =

. Rj " (3.2)

= const.

. -53, , . 3.28. . ( 10 ) , , , (

74

10 ) . 20 , 2 10 - 6 .

(. 3.126 3.136), , ,

0,5

~ 3.28. , -53

, 0

* ae ft 9-

, . .

1 ,

.

. 3.27 3.28 - , - , - , - . . 3.28, -

75

10 .

, , , () . ' , , , , . - . 0,10,5 .

, , (. . 2.1.10), , , , , , , . , : , .

4.1.

4.1.1.

- , - .

, , - ia " () - 0 = const .

,

la = UH\

. , -" 3, 3, ^.

1 = ( , ).

(. 4.1), , =

const Za 0 , . .

77

ia . (, ), , = i (ia),

1 = (/ ( " ) 0 = const-

.

Ra, .

I

I

\lafia

tat)

' . 4.1. \ ,

, , ,

. , : 1) 2) .

4.1.2.

, , 0 , , Ra^0,

. 4.1,

(4.1)

(4.1) , ia ; - = Ut 0 = const ,

(4.2)

. (4.1) (4.2) ,

. (4.1) ia -78

, / 0 .= = Ea0'Ra (. 4.2). / 0 Ua0 b [ - (4.2)], . . . U'M, ' .

, 6% / 0 Ua0 ', ", , '"..., , t , , .

, i (. 4.26), ', ", , '"..., . -i

ia = / () , , ^

Ua0, /0 , 0, Ra 6%, ia , , . 4.26 .

. , 0 =-- 250 Ra = 50 ; 0 = = 250 (. 4.2)

-. - " * ' ) - )

. 4.2.

- -8 -* .1

50 250 = 5 = I,

79

0 0 . /, = 6 , : UaQ^\40 / 0 ^ 2 , 2 .

, . 4.2, Ra. Ra 0 , Ra ,

ctg = ^=~ = ^- (4-3>

, : '

ctg &, = /? '

1 1 , \ 1. , (4.3) ctgP0 , . . [3, 0 / 0 = ^ .

Ra

4.1.3.

, Za = ra (. 4.1), Ul0

= C/mcsinwt.

, :

" = Ua0 + " / 0 UaQ ( ^ = 0) , a ia^, ^, .

= UaO ia~r ~ ^ ^) '

ia-IaD=T("a-UJ- (4-4)

(4.4) , A (Ua0, la0). 1 / < 0 80

, -[ ri/2 (. 4.3),

tg f>i =

3 = .

tg3 = - ^ , ctg3 = r a . .

(4.5)

, { - , - ' ic

" , -

, ~~ ) - /

1

, -

. 4.3.

.

, " , ,

Ra ( = 0, ) .

*| , '& () ) () . , , | ^, ,

JffeHb ra = Ra. ; ;

(). \ s . , , . 3.3,

-$ Ra, , , . ,

^ (

, Ra Rc

= RgRc

Ra+Rc

LC (. 4.4) Ra = RL.

/?, ;

1 - , a Q . -

. 4.4. - 0 ' 4 1 0

, 3 R a

1! / 0 , , .

' 1 ( U ) -

\ = ( 1 = , . 4.5. .

: 1) ra>Ra, 2) ra

= U I ' ~ g

. 4.5. : () (00)

, ia ,

. 4,6. :

' (. 4.6). -1 iaManC / 0 / 0 iaMUH, ,

6 83

ia . . 4.6 ,

, , , , .

, ^ ( ) = / + ' ~ , Za = ra ( 4.1) , ^ , . . ^= +UCm< ia^= + lam ^ =

4.1.4.

. , , , . . .

, ( . 4.6) raia^,, , . , ( _ = r ai a^J), .

1 ZJam

= a r c t '

Uan ZJ'am, 180. , Za

" - = I Z a I Km s i n W * = Uam S\nv>t. (4.6)

Iam | Z a | 1 , . .

*~ = Iansm(tot ? ) . ' (4.7) 84

F(ia^., _) = 0, /, (4.6), (4.7).

(4.6) (4.7) ,

Iam sin t cos lam cos t sin

- cos !. U \ "a \

sin

, . r a = 0, f l = 90 - (4.7) ,

Ur'-Vr

Uam. I am 1. (4.9)

= . 4.8. - (4.8)

'

. 4.8.

,

:

= \ 0>

I = 1 I (4.4). , ia -> 0, , , . , , .

, (4.8) . 4.7, , , U.

, , , .

( ), / . 4.7, ( 2) ( 3). .

, . , , - (4.8), , , , , -86

, . - , ,

Za ,

Sd = S4, ^

^. 4.10. ^

";; i\/(Rt + 0 2 -f 4 - -

Um + Um (. 4-11), , i =-- f ()

i = 0 + + 22 +

, 0, O i , Cj . . . Icp, I 12 . . . . 2.1.7; . 0, , 2 . . . , / , I 12 . . .

- . 4.11. 1, I m V l m 2 . . . 1 - , , 1

, , -

i: , /2, . . . , ) 0 - == , C O S ( t2,

cosa>rn. I'm ' Um

i = f () i2, :

I*

! h = hp + 7 m l C O S ^ -f- Im2 C O S 1 ^ 4 -

*2 = hp + tmi cos- t2 + Im2 C O S u> U - j -- ' - / m ( n - l ) C 0 S U ) ' l ]

} .(4.13)

= 7rp + 7 m l C O S tn + / , C O S (0 r + 7 m ( n - l ) C O S ) <

| , [ 1- , , , , . 4.6 4.7.

4.2.2.

i = f(u) , , i = aQ -J- + 22 , , , , . . . -

89

Icp, I1 Im2 ) / = = 0, /2 = ~ - 3 = (. 4.11).

(4.13), :

h = hp + 1 1 + 1- 1.

( )

hp (4.14)

: h ^ I ml 2 2, + (

(4.15)

(4.16)

ib i2 1 ia .

, , . 4.12, J'J = ia = 67 , 2 = ^ 0 = 41,5 / 3 = (',, . = 20,2 .. - :

& 2 + h fa hp ^

67 + 2-41,5 4- 20,2 = 42,5

:

1 I 67 20, 2

. 4.12. , ,

67 2-41,5 + 20.2

23,4 .

' = 1,05 -

, . .

J ana ( . 5 k, = = = 0,049 = 4 ,9%. In 23,4

90

. , (4.15) (4.16) ,

2/ 2 '3 2 (, 3)

(/, 2) (/2 (4.17)

. 4.12 , \il i2\ \i2 i3\, (4.17)

k = [ = - | 2 2 ( + )

: & = 0,049.

(4.18) ,

17

(4.18)

14 ,

^4

1 + 2fe;

1 - 2 6 , (4.19)

. , /_,

120 180 (. 4.13), , (4.13):

'2 = / + Ini 0,5 + / ( - 0,5) + LB - 1) + /* (~ 0,5), h = /, + / m i - 0 + / ( - 1) + / 3 - 0 + / 4 - 1 ,

h = / , + 11 ( - 0,5) + / , ( - 0,5) + / 3 1 + / 4 ( - 0,5). 4 = hp + lmv(~ 1) + / - 1 + / 3 - ( - 1) + 1-

:

' ml

( , + / , ) 4 - 2 ( 1 , +

(

- (4.20):

I - 1 - CO.?+ 2 , 2 ) + 2 ( 8 , 5 + 4,0) , ,' = ' ~ g = 6,31 ,

I - I - ( . 7 - 2 , 2 ) + ( 8 , 5 - 4 , 0 ) , ' ~ ' m l : ^,06 >

(10,7 + 2,2) 2-6,2

(10,7 2,2) 2(8,5 4,0) 6

= 0,125 ,

0,083 ,

j = (10,7 + 2 , 2 ) - 4 ( 8 , 5 + 4,0) + 6.6.2 = 12

] / / ^ 2 + / L s + !1 | , 125+ 0.083*+ 0,008* , = = = 0,035

4,33 = 3,5%.

, ilt i2 . . . , , iv i2 . . . .

4.2.4.

' (. 4.15) . i = f {), U = ii, i\ = h, i3 = 0 . " (), , .3.2.2, - , . -

;, (4.20) , h = iL, h k h =0

I 2, I1 - 1 ,

/ , 13 -

. 4.15.

93

:

' m l -

7 m 3

('x = 160 i = 95 ,

2(160 + 95) = 170 .

1602-95 = 10 '.

(4.21)

, , 1 11

10

/1 " - == 0,059 = 5 ,9%?

4.2.5. . .

i f(u) , -

t

. 4.16. ^

U% < i = i0 = 0, . 4.16, , = 2() , . - t0, . " , . . 4.16, , i > 0 10, . 4 .

t 2 L

2 =

= 180 - = ^

, i , $ 180, i > 0, , = uMaii{u>t = , . . . ), i .

ic = f(uc) (. 2.5) ia = / () i3 = f(uc).

, 01801"' , . , , t>0.

. . [8],

' CADB (.. 4.16). . 4.16 ,

cos V = , Um

(4.22)

& < 90 , > 90 3 .

BD :

i Um-U, - ( .

= Um cos , a Ub = Um cos &, , I, (cos t cos ) ...

I = '- = 2 (t). 1 cos 8 T w

.

\ ( ) 2* 9

1 . , , 1 h (cos / cos 9) , , = \ id (ID t) = d(wt) =

2* J v ' J 1 - cos 9 K ' sin ft cos 9 (1 cos

95

. 4 17. 0, 2 ' 3 ,

. .

k-ik

I mk

. .

2*

COS ka>td(u> t) ;'i (cos f cos 8) cos / cos 8

2 sin k 8 cos 8 k cos & 8 sin 9 - k{k2 I) (I cos 8)

(4.25)

(4.26)

k- . Icp, I /2, . . . .

ilt Um 0> . 4.16. . cos = -Um

. 4.17 0, 2 2 . 96

: / 1

1

"1 ~0

Jml = M l

7 m 3 = h 3

(4.27)

, ij = 2 , Um = 50 L'j = + 30 I . 4.13

,

cos 9 30

50 = - 0,5

: 0 = 0,218, Oj 0 ,391 , 2 = 0,276, 3 = 0,138. , - (4.22), : Jcp = 0,436 ., 11 = 0,782 , I = 0,552 / = 0,276 .

, , , = ( . 4.16) i .

4.3.

4.3.1.

, | | .

-[ , 2 , 2 , [ , 2 , Q 2 .

( ), -teKa.M - . , \ , . . . 2 \ .

.

4.3.2. '

, ,

JCIHHX , JKOM , , , ,

. 1237 97

(510%), , , .

,

=J-U I (4.28) * , g am am \ "-^)

:

romp U^ ' (4.29) ' 1 UamIam

, = = , (4.30) 9 / / / ' * ^'

I ( ) , a Uam 1 . . (4.30)

!j = ^ (4.31) Uao

*. I am

I :

2

(4.32)

. (4.33)

^ j i h l < 1, / ( < 1' (1'acp^i0),

] < 0,5.

, 50%.

4.3.3.

, ( ) .

U{0 . 98

, , , - ' (. 4.18) , . 4.19.

, , , I , >^ Pj, , L n !' , - .

, - , , 90 (. 4.19), , , .

ia :

cos2u> ^ 2 - cos 4( t + . . .(4.34) 1*3.~ 3 5 rc

. 4.18. '

In = + Is cos t

,

(4.25) (4.26). (4.26) & == 90", , ak.= 0 k, k 1. , , ak 1 = = 0,5. ( 9 = 0 & = 180') .

0 < & < 180, . 4.17.

, 7* 99

. 4.19.

3.2.2, ( ), .

, (4.34), ( , . 4.19) .

,

1 2 2

-

=0,785:

= = - - ( 4 - 3 5 ) 2 4

) < 0,785, (4.36) . . 1,57 , .

, , . , , , (. . ) , , ,

/ = - L / . 1

, , . . . . [32], 34 , - .

4.3.4.

. , (. 4.20). , , , . 100

IoCp /0> (. 3.17), .

/ ( 8

. 4.20. '

4.3.5.

, , , , -

. 4.21. '

90 (. 4.21).

, , .

. ,

= = , 1

(4.23) (4.26), 2 9 ^ 0 , , ] 1 ( - 0). , . , , , , .

4.4.

4.4.1.

. () .

. 4.22. () () . Zj , Z2

. . - [11], . . [43], . . [41] .

( . . ) , , . . Z\ (. 4.22) Z 2 . .

() , . , , Rit rax . .

, -(102

. ( ) :

h=Y110i + Y1&a, (4.37) h=Y21U1+ Y22U2. (4.38)

Yu . . . .

, , : K Ui/O-i (. 4.22), = = OilEi ( ), Zgx = Ut/'li, Zmx '). (. 4.226). Yex = /,/>! , = (foj02)o6p.

(4.37) (4.38) . (4.38) , h Y2V% (. 4.22)1),

U t =

, -it 4" 2

v = = ^ i . (4.39)

(4.37) U2 0

= = Yu + KYW (4.40)

,

r - < 4 - 4 1 )

Y (4.37) (4.38) Ux . 4.226 IilYv , / 1 ( 02 / 2 :

) . 4.22 , .

103

, , (. 4.22.)

=^=~ (4-43) i

" , + ( + ( 2 + 2 ) - 1 2 2 1

() . (4.39), (4.42) (4.44) ,

= 4 ^ - = 7 1 , (4.45)

. . =*- = . (4.46)

i ( + (* + )

4.4.2.

- , , . 4.23.

() = U2/U. 0 0.

. 4.23, ,

Za ~f~ Zab

Zab , ab. / Zab, Uab,j

V-UZab . 4.23.

Za ~f" Zab

,

1 4--

Zc + Za 104

1

Zab Zb Zc + Zd ab U

~ 1 1 Zb Zc + Za

zc + Zd

- u* - (4.47) U 1 + ZuYb + ZcYd + ZuYb-ZcYd + ZaYd

Yb = \;Zb Yd = 1/Zrf. ' (4.47), ,

. 4 23, .

4.5. ,

4.5.1. .

. 4.9 ,

. 4.24. , ; 5 p.Uc, ; SUC

; , . 4.246,

Ri + za (4.48)

= I = ~=

. , (4.48)

, 105-

G; SUC Rt , . 4.24s.

,

SUc=I + ia, (4.49)

= ^ . (4.50) I a Ri

(4.49) (4.50) / , I

, = - ^ . (4.51) 1 4- ^ -

Ri

/' = S U r S R'Uc = i^^r j Za Ri + Za Ri "T Za

Ri

SUr , .

. 4.9 4.24 , . - . * , ; , (. 4.25) : , .

, , , , , : 1) {. 4.256), , . , 3, -106

, , , ( . 4.256 , RK ) , , ; 2) , , ; 3) , , , . . .

" , , , =, = =.

1 , . , - : =(1, = = . g , gac gaK.

, 1).

gCK , [76].

. 4.25, () ()

(4.52)

(4.53)

107

goc , - }, 1 .

, i ~ 0, , -,

ic , \ * , , ) (6, 61 V 0 -)

.. fea . , d i

, gacgac 4 - ~ 0 . ,

1

g a n ^ g + d ^ = g + i ~ T = ' g i ( 4 - 5 4 )

^ 0 ' ' , ^ 3 0 " g ., ^ , a T o

, ^'- \ 4

: V = g + i w , = g 4-icoC ^ i i w C ,

& o c 1 '

(4.55)

(4.56)

(4.57)

- . 4.26.

. 4.26. ^

Y , \

, Y , S \ ' v \ ^ ^ ,

(. 4.266), (. 4.26) ( )

, - 1 ,, gi = -

Ri

i w C a K . , , (4.57), YAK_ ~2 . SUC 0.

(. 4.26) , Y , Y^ ; (. 4.266).

, . G l 5 .

4.5j2.

. . 4.27. , . 4.26,

. 4.27.

, , . / / 2 (. 4.22); SUL 0

. 4.276 ,

I^Y^U.+.YJU.-U,)

h=Ya02 + SU1-Yac{01-U2), 109

'!* = (S~YjUL + (YaK+Yac)lU.

(4.37) (4.38), ,

Y^=YCK + Yac, (4.58) Yu = -Ytt

2.

Ya=Y2 + iwCan, (4.69),

(4.70)

Tt+Y-

,, U2=Ua = 180\ () ZJ(Rl + Z f l). Z a , U Uc (. . 4.6 . 4.24).

, - . 4.24.

, . 4.24, ,

q = _ SUe

(4.70). .

- (4.66), (4.70), (4.55) (4.56), ,

Yex = YCK + Yac{\ ) = gCK +\o>CCK+i

, , (4.69),

, . .

= + i ba.

Ya (4.72), = g., Ri

V = 1 ; + ia,C + i o C e e f 1 + Si + 8a + i^ a

(4.73)

(4.74)

Yx, .

' = 8' + *, (4.75)

J ^ : : B \ 2 ( 4-7)

+ 1 + / , ' , 2 (4-77)

(gi + gu? + bi

, , , . ,

1 (4.78)

, G t (. 4.27) ( ) , : (.4.28).

(4.78) ,

S gt = , ga . , , , Cex = q(f).

( 0) ( g / ~i g")

(gi + ia)2 + bZa

Si

V- r a

Ri + (4.79)

- (4.78)

,. c e e ( i +. (4.80) (ga 0, 0)

- (4.80), | [ -

#(1COS?)

.

(4.78)

. | | < 6 %, .

. = , , (4.70), . = (/) (. 2.1 2.2) , , 0.

( = 0 Ya = gj; , (4.70),

-

| | < 45" > 3,

*ftr

4.28.

+ Ya

Ri+ ra

, , = (14)R t /( = (0,5 0,8) .. , , .

, , 62 [i = 55, = 5,5 = = 0,35 . = 0,6 (, . = 33 = + (1 + ) = 5,5 + 0,35 (1 + 33) = 17,4 .

- : ;i = 55, =55 = 45 . = 0,6 [ = 33,

=" 55 4- 45 (1 + 33) = 2035 .

; Rt > , . 250. 8237

, 64, 6} . 100, = 0,0035 0^=5,5 .

= 5,5 + 0,0035 101 - 5,5 + 0,35 = 5,85 .

\ 6 : . = 11 = 1 . ~ 16,

= 11 + 1(1 + 16) = 28 .

, , (1 + )- , (1 + ) . , -,,

-* (4-81)

g e j r , (4.52) (4.76),

. = g * + ~ + / * , (4-82) due (gi + gj2-rb*

gen , , ,

. , , < 0.

di , =0 = 0,

gd . ,

= 0 gd=0. > 0 gd > 0. < 0 gd < 0, . . . 114

, , , . (), , , , [22].

, . . , . gd , , .

, , , , , .

, , . , , 1 ) .

, .

, , . , ic = 0,

. (4.67),

, (4.65) , YaK + Y2, Y2 . -

') , , , ' , . . 0 (. . 284.

* 115

, , , Ya = Y2 -f- i ,

gi=~- -Ri

, , : g i , i i a C i i K 2 (. . 4.26).

4.5.3.

. . 4.29. .

. 4.29.

. , . . . , ( ) . . 4.26, , SUC, SUU Y.

SUx U . , . (. 4,296) ,

h = YeK U1 + SUl + Yait{Oi~Oi)

I ^ Y ^ - S U . - Y ^ - U , ) -

(4.37) (4.38), , :

^1 = 5 + ^ 4 - YaK, (4.84) Ya = -YaK, , (4.85)

Y21 = -(S + YJ, (4.86) Ya Y -f- Yac. (4.87)

116

(4.39) (4.42) V

' 8

= = S + Y"K , (4.88)

, = Y + S + YeK(l-k) = + llp^lY" + Y* , (4.89)

, , Y , 5 + + . (4.57), = 4 i ,

S + K = 5 + + i w C . 1 Rt

(^S -f- j2> ( ) 2 ,

S + F ~ S + - L = ! i i . (4.91)

, [- (4.55) (4.56)], ^ =g f 0 .+

+ i u )C w = iwC 1 ^ . , ^5+ -~j2> ^ (^^ " ^) 2 - , (4.88) (4.90).

= ~ ~ 1 (4-92)

Ya = Yt + \(CaK + Cae) = , (4.93)

117

, 180\ .

, . 4.30.

. - (4.89) :

Y. a +iu>C + (s+^)(r* + u c < )

(4.95) + Yt + i(CaK+Cae)

(4.92), Y2 + i"> - (4.95) ,

* = 8 + ] + {Y* + 1 )- ( 4 - 96)

17~ ^ 1

"

. 4.30. ,

: . , (4.72) (4.96), , | ( 1 ) \ (4.96) I {Y + i . ) \, | 2 | | YJ =

bex =

, = 0.

(5 + ft) \ga (gi + ga) + 6a ( - )\

8 d {gl + gaT+bl.

ba,

(4.99)

2

.. \ -ga(gi + ga) < +

" \ 2 ga(gi + 'ga) < (4.100)

, ( )2 > ga lgi - f g). 4

, (4.93), Ya=ga + iba=Y2+iu(CaK+Cj=g2~nb2yi(CaK+Cac), (4.101)

g2 63 Y2 (Ya , ).

(4.101) 2 = 2 +

. , Y Yv , ^, Y = gCK + i ^ , , (4.90) ,

-*** " - ( 4 L 0 3 ,

Zx= . Y\

(4.103) ,

Z t H X ^ R i + {l + v ) Z l t (4.104)

. 4.31. ( )

, , ( Z e u x ^ R i ) .

4.5.4. ( )

. . 4.31.

, , Y . YaK, , , , . SUC,

i]c = i\-(]%. , Y

, , .

,

l'i = YacUi + YCK(Vi-U*) 120

h = YaKUz-S(Ux-U, ) - YcK(Ux-0,). (4.37) (4.38),

, : Y11 = YCK + Yac, (4.105)

Yn = -YCK, (4.106) Yn = -(S + YCK), (4.107)

Yn-S+Y^ + Y^ (4.108)

- (4.39) (4.42), K,Yex. Yeur :

= ^ = iI _ (4.9) S + YCK + Y A K + Y 2

Y = Yac + Y j l - * ) - Yac + YCK 5 + ; ; + + ; a ; + n ,(4.110)

^ Y + V + Y)IY- + Yi) 4.111) ' ' ~ v J _ V _ i _ V

*~ l~ 1

1 '

, , , Y |-1 .

Ri

= ^ - ^ . (4.112) U l S + ~+io>CaK + Y2

Ki ,

1 ' YK ,

^ Z

= = 1 + ? (4.113) S + + Y - * - + Z K

R, 1 +

Z , = . * Yk

, (4.112) (4.1 ]3), . 4.32.

(7 2

180; ZK U2 Uv ,

. 4.32. ,

11 (JL, tl U2 :

(4.114)

(4.115)

(Jc = U1-U2 = (l-K)U1

2 = 1 '

. = gCK - f i ' Y = = i(oC o c , ^ :

= (1 - ) + i [ + (1 - )}. (4.116) '3 , , , . i Y , , . .

y

K = SK + ibK- (4.117)

(4.113) (4.116) (4.117), gexn bax:

^ eCK[(gj + gK)(S + g l + gK)+ b2K\ - s m

{S^gi+gKy+bl

r , r (s' + SK){S + gi + gK)+b2K

(4.118)

+ s S C K b K

(S + gi + gK f + 1 4.119)

gt

12?

{ = 0) (4.118) (4.119) :

g.x = gcV - ), (4.120)

bsx = , C a c + i o C C K ( \ - K ) . (4.121)

C e , = ^ = C a c + C j \ ~ K ) . (4.122) )

\\< (gi + gK) (S + gi + gK)\ -(4.122), ,

S

. ( > 0) , , , . , , ., , gd.

. ^ -' Zeux = 1 . , -

Y . , ~! Y=gc)c+ + icuC . , (4.111)

., S-4-K ^ S ,

^ ^ + S = ^ + i C e , + S - i - + S = = i i i - . (4.123)

7 ^* 1 4- .

(4.124)

123

S, Zmx .

, , ( ^ ) 1 ) ,

~ Y + S Y a c - . (4.125)

1 v

' ' '

\Yac\

. .

, , -

. ( ) , , (~1) . , , .

5.1.

5.1.1.

, , 1 (t), 1 ) ,

1 (0 = U l e p + 2 Vlmn COS ( 0) t - ]>), (5.1)

'

, fc .

.

^ P ^ ~ r \ u l { t ) d t ; (5.2) 0

- ( nfc)

, K = a r c t g ^ - , (5.4):

]) . . 1 (t) , ! ut (t) uj(/ + 0) (t0). 126

Vlmnc = 7~ j Ul(t)COSnb)ctdt

Ulmns =jr j" l (0s i r iCO c ^

(5.5)

, , .

(5.1)

cos(nK< ): ' ("ct ), cosna>ct sin noict, (5.3) (5.4), :

(5.8) (5.9)

, ,

(5.7) :

x(0 = - f J] ^ ' ^ -

", 00

I (0 = Y 2]

(5.10)

(5.11)

127

(5.8) (5.5),

i-mnc W lmns ino> f (5.12)

(5.12) (5.11),

i > =

j into J e c into f (5.13)

(5.14

to - , :

Ul(0 =

f iu>( (5.15)

. ,

, t, ti t2. , , Tc = t2tx. , , + 0 + . \

, , ), 1), , . t , . (5.15) , . (5.15) , Ui(t) .

2 _ 2 , 1 (iV

=

+ -1) ^ | () | di

-

128

-> , !

, a S (5.15) .

, -> (5.15)

dt Vol , . X)

+ 00

F (i ) = - i - j " U l () - ' " ' dt F () " 1 ^

(5.16)

(5.17)

F(w) ().

. (5.18)

(5.18) , 0> , ,

dUim F((o)d(D (5.19

(

tyF ( ) = b F (), | cos ^ d = 2 | cos d

jsintordu) = 0,

(/)--= j"/?(o)cos[Q)r ,()] d) .

i ( 0 = ^ o - l ( 0 (5 -22)

. . 2.9,

. , ~~' , (3 > 0, :

ul(t) = U0'-l(t).

- (5.17). / < 0 !(/) = 0,

-

F(ia>) = -1 J' ui(t)e~ia"dt= ^0-9'~ dt,

. .

F(1) = - = * . (5.23)

(5.23) :

F = ( 5 . 2 4 )

^ ..(..) = a rc tg - | - . (5.25)

130

-+ 0, :

F(i ) = -

70

(5.26)

(5.27)

(5.28)

(t) = /0 ' 1 () , (5.18) F (i ) [ (5.23)],

+ 00

^ f -2 J

1 ' = cos /* -f i sin , ,

M 0 + i - 0 = ^ COS ( /

d sin t J ' f i 2 + 2

d +

2:

Ul(t) = U0 "" 1 (0 = . ~" + ^ - d . (5.29) 2 it J

(5.29) (3 ->- 0,

1 (0 = (0 = + tdt. (5.32)

F (i ) , . . F ([ ).

sin ]) , t > 0 \ / = 1(f) = 1,

J 2 0

00 sin t

/ < 0 = 1 ) =0 . J 2

132

,

0 to) = F (i ) = J (0 ~ 1 / , (5.33

(i ) (t). ^ u(t)

(i ). - (5.16)

, 1 Ui(t) , (5.32),

eia"d . (5.34)

(5.33), - f

u(t)= j1

, + i

u2(t) = 1_ /(I>)i(i">)1'rf(i). (5.36) 2rc i J i

5.1.3. .

u(t), . (t) _ ' , ,

j | (t) [ - 'dt . u(t)e~?l, ,

(5.33)

9 (4 ) )= J u ( f ) e _ p f e _ w . '

= + i , (5.37)

, 00

p(iu>) = j u(t)e~ptdt.

, ( t ), (i ) (()

U(p)= j u(/.)e~p,dt, (5.38) 6

U(p) u(t), - (5.38) .

() U (), .

, u(f), , [ U ()] .

, Ui(t)= \(t), ,

J 1 - ' ' d i ,

1 , . .

( ( ) - 0 = - (5-39)

134

, u(t) U(). (5.34),

u(t) (/)

u(f)e" ,

(5.34) (5.38)

2 , 1 J =

9 ' -f- i = ,

"(0 = ^1 U{p)^di

(5.37) , = ( B)/i d^ = (dp)/i; , ,

3 + iso

U ( * ) = - L - U(p)eptdp, (5.40) 2 i J

. (5.33) (5.38) (5.35) (5.40), ,

i , = (3 -\- i . , = 3 -4- i , , 3 -> + 0, . .

= l im(3 - f iw).

, : , ,

135

i (t), , ' ) .

, , i , .

, , , , . . -- 2 ) .

, , :

) (t) U\ () - (5.38)

(7!()= j 1 ( - " ' ; (5-41)

)

U2(p) = K(p)Ul(p), (5.42)

()

{) = / ( ( !) ico = ; ) 2 (0

U2 () (5.40)

(3I , ,

, . . (t) U () .

5.1.4.

p + ico

(0 = ^ f U2(p)ep'dp, (5.44) 2rc I J

ico

[) .

2) . . -. . , 1862.

136

!

, , .

, , {) , Ui(p) Ui(t) = = 1 (t), tii(t) = at" e' 1 (t) {n ), (t) = cos t e1' 1 (t), Ui (t) = sh a t\ (t) . . .

U2(p) = K(p)U1(p),

, , . .

() V*.(P)-

Nip) (5.45>

() N () . ,

(5.44), 2() (5.45), :

* ) = P + f ^ - ^ d P = 2 * i J Nip) ' a o ( p ] p1 Ct> M (p2) e"/1

M (Pl) e*f

Ps) iPi-)"1 (Pi-Phz)"2--

+ 1)! a0 ( Pi)

ci"'- 1 (Pi Phi)"1 (Pi Pt)

M (p) e*"

+ 1

- 1)!

p t , p 2,

rfp .-1

a0 (P Pi) (P Pi) (P M (p) ept

-n )n' Pxif

p=p

a0 (P Pi)(p Pi)---(P P,a)n' + kk2 P2

(5.46)

N () = 0 " + + ... - ( Pi) ( 2 ) ( ^ ( "

, -0. (5.47)

.

1. , . . Ui{t), ,

Uiip) = \ ui(0e~"'dt. (5.48)

137

2. (), (), , , i , . .

*(/>) = [*(! )_, (5.49) 3.

() U2(p) = K(p)U1(p) = N(p) (5.50)

4. N(p)~0, ( ..) ( 2...) . 5. - (5.46). . 5.1. (1

, Uj (t) = U0e~ '-1 (t),

^1.2 1 +

1

. 1 " ' V1 () - (5.48)

tVi () j U l (0 e~pl dt = J U0 -' - ^ ' = - + 1

1 + 1

{) = () * ( ) = 2

( + ) +

4. V() = 0 , ; V () = 0 : p s = -[

1 ! = nt 2.

X 5. (5.4 )

_ (0 = KaUa -7'

( 2 - 1 ) ! . dp + =

( T t ) 2 " * '

( - 1 ) 2

138

+ (X 1 (2 1)

5.2.

5.2.1.

. . . [25], . . [85], . . [2], . . [80], . [9].

. , , - , . , , , , (, .).

, ; .

, , , .

5.2.2.

: .

, . , , , .

, , ()> . . .

139

, , , -, , (">) =

, () . , , , ,

( i ) = - , ' (,

if , 3-f-i a, a I . , "jf = = i = i j ^ L i C i , L x Cx ,

. (i >) = / (">) 1 ? < ) , () = = LjC^ , . , / v~-

2r. I ,

Z x = Rlt Z 2 io)C,

,Z 3 = R3n Z 4 = R4

/)-# 3 i f f l C ^ / ? !

(5.52)

R3 = Rit 1 l i / ? ,

7 2 1 + 1 C 2 # i . (5.53)

(5.53) , _ 5

/ const,

, ,

,

1 ~ ' ' / ? 1 = (1 i U) 2/?!)2,

1 + i C2Ri

,

( ) = 2 arc tg ( C2Ri). (5.54)

if)

/(() = const (p(to) = var , , , {) = 0 + ' 0 .

, . 5.2, , , - . . -, - - ; , , .

, , . 5.2, (5.52),

() =

= 0 = + R3

(Ri + RdO + pCzRd

() = 0

, Ri, 2, R3 Ri , () , . . 3 = C2RiRi/R3, , R4 Ra .

R4 4 (. 5.3), Z 4 -- - (5.52) i = i 4 :

( 4 3 - 2/?,) () (1 + pC s ff , ) ( l +pCaR3)

)

5

. 5.3.

; 142

()0 , . (. 5.36).

, , = 0 , .

, (. 5.4), Z x = R i , Z 2 = R2 + i L 2 + -j -, Z 3 = R s , Z 4 = R^

i to C 2 (5.51) , , :

. 5.4.

{1 ) (i ) 2L 3C7 2

i , (RtR - RiRi) + 1

( 1 + ~ l(i ) 2 ^ + ' i (RL + + 1 ] \ A3

/C(i">)=-(1 - 2 L 3 C 2 )

i 0)

~R! (R2Rs - RiRt)

(5.55)

(5.56) 1 + 1 ) 1 - tt2 L A ) + i

, , R2R3 = RiRi (. 5.3) . (5.55)

() = + ~ (R2R3 - RiRt) + 1

( 1 + ^ ) WLfit+pC^Ri + RJ + l]

: R2R3 > RiRi R2RS < RiR+. () = 0 , ,

-(R2R3 - RM (R2R3 RiRi

1,2 2 L 2 C 2

R2Ra> RiRi, px p2 , , - , R2R30 = 1 ^ ,

'

v ._ I *? - R& I (Rz + RtHRi + Rj'

, , , . 5.5- , , . . 180.

, - , . 5.6. , :

= 3 , 2 3 / ?^ 2 / ? + 2 , 3 ^ 2 (/?, + Rs) + ( d + ) R2 4- 1

fCiC&RfoR, + * + + 1

144

= CiC3R2 (Ri + R3) + 2 (, + C s) RiR2 + C2C3RiR3 = (Ci + C3) R2 + C3 (Ri + R3) + C2Ri

(5.58)

(5.59)

K(f)

m too'

0

-IOD

-0 =5 ni.

(1)u&

-U,'t

ni

K(f)

-vj

(2) R2=0,5R,,Q=W

m

(2) R2=0,5R,,Q=W

a 6 0,7 0 8 0 9 f(f) (1) i 0 1, 1 % v 1, 5 1, 75 ,

-reef

4(f) -300" -350'

. 5.5. (1) (2)

. 5.4

. 5.6.

237

()0 , , .

, [48], 2 . . . , , () b0pm -\-bipm~: -...+ + _; + = 0, J>0 > 0:

=

2 = *> 2

b3

2

0 3 h b3 b7 b0 b2 bi b6 0 6i b3 bb 0 b0 b2 bx

6i b3 . . . 6 2 m _ ,

b0 b2 J2m2

0 0 . . . b

(5.60)

b, , , . , 2, . . . , , , , () = 0 , , .

1 ( &2 3. ,

^ = bl = ClCaRt(Rl + Ra), 2 = -3 = dCsRa (Rt + R3) R2 (, + Cs) - CtC&R&P,,

' 6 i b3 0

= bxb2b3 3 = 2 3 2 . 3 = 0 bo

0 6, 3 146

! , 2 3 R2 ( - f 3) (/?! - f R3) < C2RtR3, .

R2 (\ + 3) (ft 4- R3) > 2 Rt R3, 3 = 3 > 0 .

(Ci + 8) (/?! + /?) = (5-61)

, , (5.58), , ico. ,

V [l^o2 C A / ^ T T W T ^ 2 ! ^ ! + ) R2^ClC2C3RlR2R3\2

= =

^ 3/? 2 (/?! + /?3) C!C 2 C 3 /? i /? 2 /? 3

(5.62)

(5.61). , . 5.66,

. , . 5.4 5.6,

, , . 5.5.

, , , .

5.2.3.

, () dp, , (">) ?() , : 1) () (), 2) () () ,

, , & [9,80,:

:10* 147

fx = j J n c t h ^ l ^ ,

du

fx

(5.63)

(5.64)

(5.65)

(5.63) , \ = (/) = (f) .

, , , ,

2 W

/-fx (5.66)

f=fx, . . =0 (. 5.7), .

- (5.63).

W-lncthf --ln\l^t

OJ 0,15 0,2 0,3 Oh 0,5 0,7 1fl 1,5 2 3 4 5 7 W

(5.63) , ,

l n c t h A r f u = ^ , J 2 2

(5.67)

(5.68)

= Fi () =

(5.63) ,

= -1 2

(5.69)

/ -

. " N *

- 1 V .

= In .

.

. I

X -

. 5.9.

In 1 + dx

(5.70)

fn

(5.70) , .

? , = F () = F ) , = ^ i ( ^ ) = ^ i (j^ = 1 . 5.10.

= {f) ( ), . [80].

(f) = = (0) const f 0 fh a(f) = / ? ( ) = const ( > f > / ) 150

90

70

0 W / to'

0 02 0,6 0,8 1 0,8 0,6 0? 0

. 5.10

(. 5.11)

_2

/ = / ( 0 ) + ?(>) m ifr> fh

^ \ 1

2 '/

(5.75) :

= *. = , (5.76)

/0 = | - = const, (5.77)

= , (5.78)

=-^==, (5-79)

, J 02 U . \

_ ==='

.

- , - (. 5.12).

) 0$?- ) )

. 5.12. -

, . 5.13, (5.76) , ,

^ , (5.83)

.

, - , . 5.13, .

/ , t ( = 0 0, (? > 0). - > 0 , (. 5.12).

/ / , = 0. - , 3 i .

cp=s0, - (. 5.12).

153

. 5.13. , : /, , / /, , / / / ,

154

/ 0 /0> , : f0 ,

()

/ - (K)f4c . (5-85)

.

(5.83) , j _

2 \

f 0 i4 = f0 = , = 0. (5.76), (5.80), (5.81) (5.83)

, :

= % = , (5.87) 0 1 + i ( coxs -

/ = = = / cos , (5.88) 1 + .

c p ^ - a r c t g f c o T , , - - 1 - 4 ) . (5.89)

, 5.13, : , * , f0 .

/0, * , . , 1 (. 5.13) R

- V + , . . |

, - (4.47)

1 + ZJb + ZLYd + ZaY b-ZcY d + ZaYd

, 7 (. 5.13) ji = 1, Z 0 = R, Y = ico , 7 1 v 1 Z. = , Yrt ,

A 1

(7 CR CxRi

4 i 1

CxRx

(5.90)

(5.87) , (5.0) . 1 -| \-

CR ,

CiRt

^ Ri CiRL ' 1 ^

R CR / R CR \

(5.91) (5.91) (5.87), ,

1 / =

4 - ^ - 4 - - ^

/?

. . 10 (. 5.13)

. . , , . '' =

0' 72 . . = - , , (. . ) = . '

.4*.

'".

156

, 10 :

. U' R 1 ' = = =

1 . / 1

" = i w ] U' 1 1 + i ) Q/?! i ,

K = ' " = 1

0, 8 , . 5.13.

, - , / / / , , :

/ 1 1 ~~ = - = , (5.92)

\ / /

Q , a // / // / . (5.87) (5.92), ,

Q = \f 2jl = ,0-. = ! . (5.93) '

. 5.13, , , , = 0, , =

_ 1

1 V 1 + 1

(5.94)

(5.94) ~=,

1 /- fur , = = = ,

f

= ',

2nzH

(5.95)

(5.96)

(5.97)

. (5.89)

cp = a r c t g ^ (5.98)

* 70'

60'

SO'

30'

20

W

f

Mi

1 / \ i

1 / 1 1

U9I 0,03 > 02 QJr 06 I 2 3 >t 68 20 hO k

. 5.14. ,

, 45 ( 45" , ).

(5.96) (5.98) /. , . 5.14, ,

^ = 2 0 1 g A = _ i o i j 0

1 + (5.99)

15S

, , ,

1

'

-arctg - (5.102) lac

(5.103)

(5.100)

(5.101)

2.

- .

, (5.100) (5.103), . 5.15.

/, cpedt-ue , , : \ \ . 5^5 --

, - - , f 2 = (

- = 1 . f :

f*

:

/ . - 1 - . f,c-~- (5-) 2 2.-.

, ( f0, (5.100) (5.103) . 5.15.

, zH 4x g, (5.107) (5.108): '

%w = 2 0 I g - - = - 1 0 1 g ( l - 2 ) , (5.107)

0 > 0 < 0. , Q = 0,4

/ = 0,5 = 0,6, . 5,15 ^ =1,3 fo

= + .

, 6 /, 90, . 5.14 5.15.

6.1.

6.1.1.

, , , . , , .

. 6.1 , , , .

, . .

, , , , , . -, , . 11-237 161

. ifi-uem)

-2

. 6.1. .

, , / ( ) . . , , , , ( ), (, ) .

, . , . , , :

1. , ( ), .

2. .

3. , , .

4. , , , .

, , . , , , , , .

- .

, . 6.2.

. , . 162

, , [ , .

0

(~)f, ,

~\ -\:-:

- \ (-)

U 1

0\ \1 (~'

(/} -uf"tl\

l-fe

^ T ^ n rrb.

\ [ft -)

!

-

3 "

. 6.2. - : () () , () () .

.

, - , : Z2 , : , .

. 6.2 .

, , () .

.

. 6.3 - . , . . -I* 163

, 2, 3) {4, 5, 6) .

. 6.3, /2 Z2, 23 2 2 , 13 . . , . 6.3 , , . 6.2.

( -)

h

. 6.3. -

6.1.2. .

= . -

(. 6.2). , - |3-. [3- , - (Us) , ,

0=0+0. (6.1)

, . 6.2, Ux U3 . , (, U3; .

- (3, , . .

164

(6.2)

, ,

" = ^ - . (6.3)

U

= (6.1) U

03, 02, :

72

=^=-^~. (6-4) Ux 1-/

(6.4) . . , . . , .

-, 6.2, , . (6.4) 3 , , , .

= \ = $ (6-5) , , , . , , , .

= 1 = / = / 1 < (6.6)

, , , , ( ), . Ui .

165

, () (. 6.2) , , U ( = 0), , , . . KU, -. -, . . ( ), , 03 = U. , U3 0 , / , . .

= / = (6-7) U

(6.6) (6.7) , U3 - 0 , ( 02 0) - ( 03 02), . .

= = V (- 8)

(6.7) (6.8) , U\ = 0.

, , , . (6.4), ,

=1 / = 1 (6.9)

.

= / | = | 1 _ \ (6.10)

.

?=0. (61)

, (6.4), (6.5) (6.9),

= = - ^ (6.12)

=\~ / = 1 . (5.13) 166

, ? < 1. (6-12) (6.13). " ? < 1 K f S > ", , .

:

,

a = KP

. , (5 - - . .

, , , .

.

, . . . . [87].

, , , . 6.5, . ] Pi , , (6.4)

ice 1-Kl (6.22)

:

. . 1 KtfeKz ?2

Ki 2

(6.23)

(6.24)

. 6.5. - . , &i , > , '

, , , , , (. 6.3) . .

169

6.2.

6.2.1.

, . , , , , .

, , , , .

, , , , Yn, Yi2, Y2\, 2%

Yn, , , , .

. 6.6,

) i (+) 1

1

(ft.

(6.25)

(6.26)

(6.27)

. , (6.28)

PHC. 6.6. -

170

U, . 6.2. SyU ( , 5 yH[x v " .

, 180 (, ), S v p-v / 2 U2 . , , .

, , . 6.6, :

SY2U

+ 2 2 (6.29)

:

0 ;+2 2 r + Y*

(6.30)

6.2.2.

. 6.2 6.6, (. 6.7), -, , Z f i .

. 6.7. .

, , , - . . G 2 , ( , -

171

, (fS = )-

(. 6.7) , , t- - 1) -.

, , -, , (6.29) .

, Z x ^ O

U=Ui + U ,

03 = 02

zA +z.

U = U1 + 2 = + Z 2 / 2 . (6.30),

/ = /, + ,/,) _ % "" ^2

(6.34) / 2

f _ VyUi

(6.31)

(6.32)

(6.33)

(6.34)

1 ~

=

" 7

I

(6.35)

(6.36)

(6.37)

!) . . , \ZA + ZB , 2) Zj

Ztux Zex: (Zy\-Ztx). 172

. (6.35) (6.29), , 2 \ Z m x c e , - (6.36) (6.37).

, \>., , () \2\ , . 2 , . , U2, , Z 2 , -

, . ,

, , .

, |Z 2 | , , Ui = const, / 2 U2 Z 2 , () 2 .

Z 2 U2 = F (/2) (. 6.8),

| Z . J = -dl.

U, 2 I,

U, 2 -

I \ v U, - const

2 x j l

1

12(3 . ,

. U2xx , U2xx < U2xx , / 2 v 3 , , . 6.2, Z 2 = 0 . . 6.8 , ZHVXce Zejx, . .

. 6.8. (/)

(2)

< ^ '2

173

, . Z 2 , .

(6.35), . 2 Z 2

Ui CVj Z8bix -f- Z a

(6.38) Z 2 . , (\2\ 23 ? > 12. [i v > , ,. $ )>. 1, (6.36) (6.37) Zeblx.

\ice Zgux :

V-ce - (6-40>

1 *)

Z e u X c e ~ - - (6.41) SyP

') , , Sv ( - ( S v = S) (6.41) , Z6UXre , ( i r e , , t7a .

174

(6.40) , , . 6.7, 0 ( ) Uj

. , ,

Z = 4 - . (6.42)

, , . 6.7,

/ i = ~- , (6-43) ^

(6.31), (6.32) ,

= oL + 3 = + $2 = (1 + )

1

(6.4),

\ - \

0=[\ + - ) # 1 = = \ . (6.44)

(6.42), (6.43) (6.44), " ZgJt.

zeXce=zex{\-kv) = zHXA. (6.45) < 1,

, |Z s r ( , , J< |Z j X | , ( -.) we , ., > 1.

, , ,

iTo , 13 , |Z||< |ZeA.|, , i

, 1 , (.6.1.2) . 6.2 ,

a=Kh . .

a = ^ z J _ > ( 6 4 6 )

= 1 ? = 1 .

(6.46) , Z 2 ( a r r = ^), Z 2 = .

, , Z e x C 8 , Z6blXce .

, abed . 6.7, (4.39) (4.46) . . :

1 =

21 =

22~ +

\ +

Yi + ^ 2 , -f- ZeX ,

u- S v .

6.2.3.

fi- Zc,

. 6.9. .

. 6.9, , . 6.2 . 6.6.

, Z t ^ 0 \ZEX\ > |Zc |, , . 6.9, ,

/ 2 = ^ , (6.47) Z)blX ~\~ ZQ -f- Z j

03 = Zch, (6.48)

0 = 4- U, = Ox + Z C / 2 . '6.49)

U ~03 - (6.47) (6.49), / 2

/ . = ^ . (6-50) % + 0 f V ^ c + Z 2

(6.50) .

ZeUXCe = Z8UX + {l fV)Z C ) (6.51) 12237 177

Zeux

-

V = i v (6-52).

(6.50) :

/2 = _ ^ ^ ( 6 5 3 ) % + ^2

(6.35). (6.51) (6.52) ,

1, ZeurCK, . = \>- . , \Z I > \Z 1 / 2 ( - \Zebttce\ Zeblx z 2 It). ,

.

'Sv -const V S . .

, . . U2 / 2 = const.

I \ N . -J-J> >^ /.

(. 6.10), ,

t , ' h3 < 12 .

. 6.10. (1)

(2) , >\z& ,

'2

, , , Z2 12 , U2 .

, , , .

(6.50)

- * fy z.ux + 0 u-y)zc + z2

(6.54)

178

- (6.8)

, 1\

= till (6.55) Zeux + Zc " Z 2

\h = ^ - . (6-56)

' {3 f-, , Z 2 .

,

= $= b Z (6.57) Z- + 2 -f- Z2

, -/ bzc \ ' * = , \ % + z c I

. ,

(6.45), ' . ,

ZSxce = Zex(\-\K$\ (6.58)

" - (6.55) (6.56). (),

, , , JZ 2 | < | Z h l | ; , \ Z C \ ^ \ Z E U X \ . zeux + z c + z 2 ~ z e :

12*

(6.59) - S Y Z C , (6.59) t-HUX

= 1 ^ 1 SY ZC , (6.60)

(6.61) *-

1 .S ZQ

(6.62)

% ~ ZebtX 0 ^ ZQ ) (6.63) Zex ~ Z8X 0 S Z c )' (6.64)

179

(6.59) (6.64) .

- - (4.37), (4.33), (4.33) (4.46), , (. 6.6 . 6.9) :

v , _ ZCYx{Sy YRr) ' = ' +

1 ~" ZC ( Sy + Yex 4" Y)

zc Yex Y

Yn-

l + ZC(-Sy+YeX+YeHX)

4- ZQ Ygx Yeux

\ + Z C ( - S Y + Yex+Yebtx)

1 0 + ZC Yex) \ + Z c ( - S , + Y a x + Y b H X )

"

1 a = Sy Z c 7j Yt

(Yi + Yex) ( + Y2) + Z c [ t Yt (V e x + Ytux) + Yex Y (Yi+YJ)

V-y ZC Zex Zeux

(Zj -f- ZEX) (ZEBIX -4- Z 2 ) + ZQ (ZEX - j - Z T I T X

, , SY jxy -^ .

6.2.4.

- ZD, . 6.11. , , , . 6.116, ( . 4.27). , , YCK, Yac, YaK . 6.11 Yex, YD , K e w r , SUX SyU Sy = S, .

(4.62) (4.64), , 180

, :

= Ul + Y) +^2

Sy -}- - -4- ; . 1 ~ I D v

' - > " 2 1/ I S.y - -f \

1 > 1 D V J V j sT

)

j _ _ /- ]

~y,

S G,-. 02, , SyU Ycd , end. ,

v v _L v _L Y ( V ' + Y A X ) ' cd ' " ' a +

ft

SyU _ Sy 'cd Y,(Y1 + Ye,) Y "f" Yi +,

+ + Vi

c/2 , , , 0. ,

0 ' = 0 = U2 =

Yax + YD + ,

( + V D + Vi) (YMX + ) + (Ysx + Y,)

, 0' SVYD

= = ? . (6.69) V (Yex+Yi) (Y,ux+Y,) +YD (Ysx+Y^+YM)

(6.69) , , , = 1 ZX = 1 /K j . , ( \ ) , .

, . . , , / , -.

,

. ,

, , 8 = = , (6.68) F i = l / Z i = o o , Z i = 0 01 = 1 '

0 Y~i = < , , , .

, Yai , -182

, (6.69) . YD , , ( {) 1 . YD . ab ( Zu).

: \YD | < \ + \> \Y-,\Sy, [, + Yi\ S y , , :

= = = ^ ? = , (6.70) Yebix-\-Y2 Zux-]-Z2

Y,rce = Vs* + YDV-k), (6.71)

= ^ . ( 1 - ^ ) . (6-72)

(6.73) r_.e

Y,x + Y0+Yi K n c e = ^ - = ~ ^ ^ . (6.74)

: i 1

ex + YU+Y1 Sy YD

(6.75)

(Yex + YD + ) (Y8UX + YT)

- (6.72) , (. 6.2.2), :

= , ' - 5 . (6.76)

6.2.5.

, , . , , , ( S ) , , .

, -183

. , . , , ( ) , . .

, , . , , - , , (. 6.7 ) .

(. 6.11), , , , .

, , , , . (. 6.9) , , .

, , , , , , , . : .

, ( Z\) .

, , .

, ; . 184

6.2.6.

. , . - . , (, ) , .

, , .

, , .

.

, , (6.4), :

. ,

1 - (6.77)

, (6.6), -":

= *.

180

= /, (6.78)

" ,

= | 1 _ | = 1 + / .

(6.79)

(6.80)

185

(6.79) , " ( ) , .

, dKcgiKce,

dKrs d K dK (6.81)

, , , , , , , .

, .

, , +10%, 2 0 % . , +1%, , , 20. .

1 , 0 , 5 % . 20. + 1% - 202 =400 .

", %2> 1. , (6.79),

^ = ~ - ( 6 - 8 2 )

, (6.81) , ?, 1805.

, , , .

, (, , . 6.2.7), , -186

, a = 180=const (6.79) (6.80) .

, .

, (u. v ,u v, Zeu = r a u x , $ = ), (Z , '= kt).

, . 6.6, :

0 ?- + Z 2 -j- /? 2

(6.77) , .

, = ~ * R,

1 + R* 3

~\~ R*

, , , ,

- R i

, RTMUH RIMAHC' , UtMaH!UiMal(Cj Ui = const :

7 = . , " \ _ R i .

iu, = const / ? 2

\ + (1 + ) R t a ' A .(6.83) \ ^ 2 /(7i=const R^MOKC \ + 0 "f" - fO RtMan]

.

F-y R j ft

4 * = 1 = 1 + (6.84)

(6.83) ,

R i " 1

7 = 1 Ri.ua

1 + (6.85)

7, :

^2 1 R ,

(1 - ) + R i (6.86)

187

-. (6.84) (6.86) :

( %* \ . .

- 1 ~R~ V ~ R 1 \ **- ' . 1 )

(6,87)

= 2"" . (6-88

(* )

, (6.85) (6.87), * ,

rem, ^2 , 1.

6.2.7.

. , , , , , .

(6.4)

- * - *' , , . = ,

:

= - $ . (6.89)

, fJ , ( ^ = 0) ( ^ = 1 8 0 ) . = 02/U

1 < ? = 77-.

,

/ i. % () ?(">) = arc t g - i ) - ' : ()

= arc tgje.

(6.90) , ,

, =

. 3 ? = 0,

, ~- (. 6.126),

-}- .