USE OF SPACE: TERRITORY AND HABITAT SELECTION. Some basics of Natural Selection Evolution –...
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Transcript of USE OF SPACE: TERRITORY AND HABITAT SELECTION. Some basics of Natural Selection Evolution –...
USE OF SPACE:TERRITORY AND HABITAT SELECTION
Some basics of Natural Selection
Evolution – pattern of change
Natural Selection – process by which evolution occurs-change in gene frequency in a population
Sexual Selection – subset of natural selection dealing with different reproductive interests of the sexes
Some basics of Natural Selection
Individuals do not evolve
Evolutionary change happens through the differential reproduction of organisms with different suites of characteristics
Behavioural Ecology
- Look at costs and benefits
Cost –any factor that reduces reproductive success (directly or indirectly)
Benefit –any factor that increases reproductive success (directly or indirectly)
Strategy – a set of behavioural courses of action with a given survival value under a particular set of conditions
In a successful strategy
C < B or CB
<1
Territory vs. Home Range
Territory vs. Home Range
Territory
- an area occupied by an animal or group of animals from which others are excluded by aggression or threat
Functional Classification of Territories
Mating Territory
Functional Classification of Territories
Breeding Territory
Functional Classification of Territories
Feeding Territory
Greater Shearwater (Puffinis gravis)
Functional Classification of Territories
Multipurpose Territory
Territory - Participation Level
Individual
Territory - Participation Level
Pair
Territory - Participation Level
Group
Territory - Structure
Size affected by:1) Species2) Function
Mating Breeding Feeding Multipurpose
Territory - Structure
Size affected by:1) Species2) Function3) Body Size
Log body size
Log territory size
Territory - Structure
Size affected by:1) Species2) Function3) Body Size4) Food habits
Non predator
Predator
Territory - Structure
Size affected by:1) Species2) Function3) Body Size4) Food habits5) Age
Territory - Structure
Size affected by:1) Species2) Function3) Body Size4) Food habits5) Age6) Population density7) Predator pressure8) Food abundance
Size
Population density or Predator pressure or Food abundance
Territory - Structure
Defining the Boundaries
Tendency to fightTendency to flee
Tendency High Low
Distance from centre of territory
Tendency
Fight Flee
Boundary
Territory - Advertising
Modalities
Visual
Territory - Advertising
Modalities
Acoustic
Territory - Advertising
Modalities
Chemical
Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits
Resource quality and distribution
Quality
Distribution
High
Low
Sparse Clumped
Defendability
Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits
Resource quality and distribution (Holldobler & Lumsden, 1980)
Honey AntMyrmecocystus mimicus
Harvester AntPogonomymex barbatus
Weaver AntOecophylla longinoda
Insects in vegetation
Uniform distribution in space and stable over time
Patches of seeds on the ground
Patchy distribution in space and stable over time
Termites under dung
Patchy distribution in space and unstable over
time
What kind of territory is most effective for each??
Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits
Resource quality and distribution (Holldobler & Lumsden, 1980)
Honey Ant - Myrmecocystus mimicusHarvester Ant - Pogonomymex barbatusWeaver Ant - Oecophylla longinoda
Insects in vegetation Patches of seeds on the ground Termites under dung
3 dimensional territorymultiple nests Central nest
temporary foraging trails
Temporary territory around resource
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Territory Size
costs
benefits
Costs orbenefits
x y
x = smallest economically defendable territory
y = largest economically defendable territory
Z
Z = territory with the greatest net benefit
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Territory Size
costs
benefits
Costs orbenefits
x yZ
= increased costs
Z’
decrease territory size
y’
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Territory Size
costs
benefits
Costs orbenefits
x yZ
= increased benefits
Z’
decrease territory size
x’
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Currency - what is being optimized
- maximum net calorie intake ?
- maximum net nutrient intake ?
- minimize daily variation in food intake ?
- decrease exposure to predators?
- maximize the number of mates attracted?
An currency is optimized within the context of the overall energy budget
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)
Day 1 Day 7
FlowersTerritories
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
20
15
10
5
0
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)
LogTerritory
Size
Log Flower Density
Predicted
Observed
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
LogTerritory
Size
Log Floral Unit Density
Predicted
Observed
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Motacilla alba Pied wagtail
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Motacilla albaRenewal time = 40 mins
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Motacilla albaRenewal time = 20 mins
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsResource quality and distribution
Motacilla alba
Food supply Behaviour
Very low - feed elsewhere- return to evict intruders
Moderate - stay & feed on territory- evict intruders
High - share territory with satellite
Very high - feed on territory- no attempts to defend
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Territoryholder
Satellite
Mnais pruinosa
Lif
esp
an (
day
s)
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Yarrow’s spiny lizard
Experimentals
Controls
Capture in non-territorial season
Implant with testosterone capsule
Release
Implant with empty capsuleRelease
Capture in non-territorial season
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Yarrow’s spiny lizard
Time of Day
0600 1200 1800
Implants
Controls
% a
ctiv
e
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Yarrow’s spiny lizard
Days
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Implants
Controls
% a
live
Controls + supplement
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Side blotched lizard
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsCosts of holding a territory
Side blotched lizard
Yellow Blue Orange
Tes
tost
eron
e le
vel
Surv
ivor
ship
Orange Blue Yellow
Large territories,multiple females
Small territories,one female
No territory,‘sneaker’
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsBenefits of holding a territory
American redstartSetophaga ruticilla
Winter territories
Territory - Economics and Costs vs BenefitsBenefits of holding a territory
American redstartSetophaga ruticilla
Winter territories
April May
12 30 1 15
% Departing
Mangrove residents
Forest residents